美国文学
1THE LITERATURE OF COLONIAL AMERICA
1.1 The first permanent English settlement in North America was
established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
1.2 The first writing that we call American were the narratives and
journals of these settlements.
1.3The first American writer is Captain John Smith,settled in
Jamestown.
1.4 The first American poet is
1.5 Puritan Thoughts:the puritans establish their own moral and
religious principles known as American Puritanism, which became one of the enduring influences in American literature. American Puritanism stressed on predestination, depravity, original sin, and salvation of selected few from God's grace. With such doctrines in their minds, Puritans left Europe for America in order to establish a theocracy in the new world. over the years in new homeland they establish a new way of life stressed on hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety( 其中也包括个人主义再现)
1.6Anne Bradstreet
-------the first poet in America by crisis
-------the first woman poet in America
-------she settled in Massachusetts
------ The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
2THE LITERATURE OF REASON AND REVOLUTION
2.1主要文体------ politics essay
2.2 The War for Independence-----1776-1783---ended in the formation of
a Federative bourgeois democratic republic- the United States of
America
2.3 Benjamin Franklin-----思想：自助者天助（God helps those who help themselves）
2.4 Thomas Paine----- Great Commoner of Mankind
----- Rights of Man; The Age of Reason; Agrarian Justice
American Crisis (a series of 16 pamphlets)
2.5 P32 ①for though the flame of liberty may sometimes cease to shine,
the coal can never expire.------ spirit / enthusiasm of struggle
② but if a thief breaks into my house---- British government
2.6★Philip Freneau-----美国前期浪漫主义的代表诗人/ the most
outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period
----- “The Poet of Revolution”
----- “Father of American Poetry”(连线)
----- he settled in Mount Pleasant, near Freehold, New
Jersey
---- The Wild-Honey Suckle(If nothing once, you nothing lose)
3THE LITERATURE OF ROMANTICISM
3.1起止时间：Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book(1819-1820)---
Whitman’s Leaves of Grass(1858)
3.2浪漫主义的一般特点：moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of
individualism and intuitive perception, a presumption that the natural
world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of
corruption.
3.3Oversoul: an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things
come and of which all thing are a part.
3.4美国国歌：Star-Spangled Banner
3.5Literature from: novels, short stories, poems.
3.6The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became
a permanent convention of American literature.
3.7★Washington Irving---- Father of American short stories(连线)
-----the messenger sent from the new world to the
old world
----- the first great prose stylist of American
romanticism
----- Sketch Book (33篇文章+ 1篇自传)
----- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
3.8James Fenimore Cooper--------The founder of the frontier stories
-------- two kinds of immensely popular stories:
the sea adventure tale; the frontier saga.
The best of his many sea romances was The
Pilot
---------★连线Leatherstocking Tales(The
Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The
Pathfinder, The Pioneers, The Prairie)
------“The nearest approach yet to an
American epic”
3.9William Cullen Bryant-----Thanatopsis（意为view of death）
To a Waterfowl
3.10★Edgar Allan Poe------ the founder of detective stories
-------To Helen: perfumed sea(one’s home land)
of yore (cherish the ancient time/ancient beauty) bore to (brought to);
wont to (be accustomed to)
classic face (face of classic beauty) To the glory that was Greece, And the grandeur that
was Rome (the great achievement in Greece and Rome) --------Annabel Lee (①倒数第二个stanza 运用
comparison 的手法表现了对LEE 的爱。②
dissever: depart。③押韵: abbabcb )
------- The Fall of the House of Usher（连线）
3.11Ralph Waldo Emerson-----------his belief: individualism,
超验主义CLUB的发言人 Independence of mind, self-reliance
----------- Nature; The American Scholar;
The Divinity School Address
Representative Men; English Traits
----------选择The American Scholar was
regarded as intellectual Declaration of Independence
-----------P165 Nature ( ①maugre: in
spite of; ②什么样的人能看到真正的nature? Someone
who retains the spirit of infancy even into the era of
manhood。③I become a transparent eye-ball:
characterizes the paradoxical state of being in which
one is merged into nature even while retaining a unique
perception of the experience. ④ I am nothing. I am all:
体现了天人合一。)
3.12Henry David Thoreau----------Walden
----------he puts into practice many of Emerson’s theories 3.13Nathaniel Hawthorne(文学史上最受争议的作家)
---------- The House of the Seven Gables（小说集）
-----------The Scarlet Lette r（美国心理分析小说）
3.15 Herman Melville-------- Moby Dick(it is regarded as the first American prose epic. It is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. In the novel, the narrator is Ishmael. The voyage symbolizes the search for the truth. The giant Moby Dick symbolized the mystery of the universe, the power of the great nature, and the evil of the world. /the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces)
---------- Moby Dick was called “a shredded Shakespearean
play”
---------- Melville confided to Hawthorne that it had
been “broiled in hell-fire,”referring to the
turbulence of his own spirit from which the book
sprang.
----------- With flashes of Melville’s best fire,
Billy Budd, like Moby-Dick, uses a ship as
symbol of society and searchingly examines the
problems of good and evil.
3.14Henry Wadsworth Longfellow------------ A Psalm of Life
(第一首引入中国的英文诗)
第二册
1THE LITERATURE OF REALISM—Mark Twain called the ages The Gilded Age 1.1 现实主义起始时间：1865-1917（内战结束-美参战）
1.2 Naturalism:(具有自然主义倾向的一部作品Sister Carrie)
②5个特征：It emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.
③3 major concepts of literary naturalism in the broad abstract way: Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment; the universe is cold, Godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life becomes a struggle for survival; the literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists. The naturalists also describe real life, the way things really are.
④为什么说NATURALISM 是悲观的？
Because it believes man was the victim of the several forces hard to
control in this world. Man was a weak and incompetent animal, and man himself could not master his own fate, man was no longer free.
1.5 Free verve ---- poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.
1.6 Walt Whitman------- Leaves of Grass; Song of Myself
--------为什么以草叶命名？草叶代表大众，Whitman讴歌的是普通大众同时也是其代表。他深爱着这片土地，深爱着人民，深爱着祖国。（仅供参考，自由发挥）
--------评价Whitman的写作风格：he used free verse; he was good at parallel structure, repeating the first word in each line and envelope structure. His theme was democracy.
-------- Song of Myself中“I”：any individual in America/ the
self as part of American nation; “you”: anyone/common people;
loaf: wander; at my ease: in my wandering; formd: be created from;
in perfect health: in one’s prime; harbor: accept; without check:
without considering; original energy: real intention of nature.
1.7 Emily Dickinson-----唯一没有的诗歌主题是战争（选择）
1.8 Harriet Beecher Stowe------Uncle Tom’s cabin另一个名字是The Man
Was a Thing
1.9 Mark Twain------The Adventures of Tom Sawyer;
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(美国现代小说之源
said by Hemingway)
1.10 O.Henry------ Four Million; Retrieved Reformation; The Gift of the Magi; A Municipal Report; An Unfinished Story; Phoebe; A Lickpenny Lover; The Furnished Room
1.11 Henry James----- the father of stream of consciousness
------ The Portrait of A Lady女主名字：Isabel Archer ------- Jame’s theme is international theme which is the conflict between traditionless American and complexity of European
life(The American; Daisy Miller这两部被称作an outrage to American girlhood)
1.12 Stream of Consciousness--- The term was first used by Willam James in The Principles of Psychology. It is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions. It involves
sub-consciousness and is affected by psychology.
1.13 Jack London----- The people of the abyss
1.14 Theodore Dreiser----- Sister Carrie; Trilogy of Desire (In The Financier; The Titan; The Stoic);An American Tragedy(American greatest work)
2 TWENTIETH-CENTURY LITERATURE
2.1Ezra Pound---- In a Station of the Metro(①有4个意象：apparition，faces, petals and bough;②为什么用apparition 不用appearance？because apparition refers to sometimes something clear and sometimes not clear. Apparition makes the scene mysterious )
------ 对中国文化有一定了解，并写有《华夏集》Thaythey 2.3 Robert Frost----The Road Not Taken(road: life journey;主题：人生面临很多选择，一旦决定了走哪条路就要无悔地走下去。供参考，自由发挥 )
-----民族诗人，新英格兰诗人
2.4 Thomas Stearns Eliot-----The Hollow Men
2.5 F.Scott Fitzgerald------The Great Gatsby（narrator is Nick; it is from the selected omniscient point view）; Tender is the Night
------ Jazz Age 的代表人物
2.7 获得过诺贝尔文学奖的：Ernest Hemingway--- Farewell to Arms
John Steinbeck----- The Grapes of Wrath
William Faulkner------ 无
Eugene O’Neil
2.8 Ernest Hemingway---- 3部反战作品A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also
Rises, For Whom the Bell Tolls
-----第一部作品：Three Stories and Ten Poems
-----Iceberg Principle: understatement, implied things 2.9 Code Hero---The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly Masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action and one of few words. That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.
2.10 William Faulkner-------南方派的代表人物；Yoknapatawpha(杜撰)
------ A Rose for Emily
2.11 Catch-22------- has come to mean something like” a proviso that trips one up no matter which way one turns”. Today, the phrase is an idiomatic expression in the English language, meaning a self-contradictory dilemma.
-------- Joseph Heller
2.13 华裔作家-----J.S.Huang (黄玉雪,美国华裔文学之母)林语堂; 赵健秀
(Frank Qin); 任碧莲 (Jesse Ren)；
------汤亭亭 (Maxine Hong King);---The Woman Warrior
谭恩美 (Amy Tan);--- The Joy Luck Club喜福会
2.14 第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的黑人女作家---- Toni Morrison
美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案洁(部分) Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin Questions 1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight
I. Explain the following literary terms. 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. II. Questions and Answers. Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. 1. What is local color？ an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things immediately observable: the dialects, customs, sights, and sounds of regional America‖ 2. What is American Puritanism 1). Total Depravity - the concept of Original Si 2). Unconditional Election - the concept of predestination 3). Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone. 4). Irresistible Grace - God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. 5). Perseverance of the "saints" - those elected by God have full power to interpret the will of God, and to live uprightly. If anyone rejects grace after feeling its power in his life, he will be going against the will of God. 3. Analyze Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography. themes in autobiography: Self- Improvement Mind: Self-education Body: Physical Activity Behavior: Moral Perfection Religion: The best service to God is to be good to man Benjamin Franklin and aspects of The American Dream Rags to Riches: Impotence to Importance: A Philosophy of Individualism: Freewill vs. Determinism: Hope and Optimism:
1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. 1.simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. 2.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasure and religion . 3.with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature.to some extent it is a state of mind,a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 4.Actually it is a code of values,a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds,also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The American Romanticism(浪漫主义):a literary movement flourished as a cultural force the early period and the late period. associated with imagination and boundlessness, as an historical movement it arose in the 18th and 19th centuries.(Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe.) II.Features of American romanticism (1) It was the expression of “a real new experience(全新体验)”. (2) American Puritanism was a cultural heritage. Many American romantic writings intended to edify(启发) more than they entertained. (3) American Romanticism is full of “newness(新奇)” . Ideals：Individualism; political equality Dream：America: a new Garden of Eden (4)American romanticism was both imitative and independent. 3.Transcendentalism 超验主义 The major features of Transcendentalism: ① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙 ② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. ③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s ove rwhelming presence. 自然+上帝 Ralph Waldo Emerson. American Transcendentalism:As a philosophical and literary
2018年自学考试《美国文学选读》试题 Multiple choice; 1._________ works are marked by a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil. A.Emerson’s B. Hawthorne’s C. Thoreau’s D. Allan Poe’s 2. Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle”got ideas from _______ legends. A.B ritish B. German C. Italian D. French 3. “Rip Van Winkle”reveals the theme of ______ the past. A. nostalgia for B. rejectionn to C. detachment from D. dislike for 4. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter , “A”may stand for ____________. A. Angel B. Adultery C. Able D.all the above 4. According to Hawthorne, the scarlet letter “A”which originally stood for “____”finally obtained the meaning of “able”or “angel”through Hester’s efforts. A. adultery B. arrogance C. accomplishment D. agony 5. Which one is not the characteristics of the puritan style? A. Fresh B. Simple C. Grand D. Direct 6. In his ______, Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from rags to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.
Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The
美国文学史及作品选读模拟试题一 ) '×15=15I.Multiple Choice (1'______was the first colony in American history. C1. D.Georgia C. Virginia A. Massachusetts B. New Jersey War. the before Revolutionary only good American author 2. _B_____ was the
One “His shadow lies heavier than any other man's on of his fellow Americans said, this young nation.”D.Thomas Paine B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson A. John Smith 3. Romantics put emphasis on the following EXCEPT __A____. D. individualism C. intuition B. imagination A. common sense The Raven was written in 1844 by __B______ 4. B. Edgar Allan Poe A. Philip Freneau D. Emily Dickinson C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 5. The ship __C____ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts. D. Titanic C. Mayflower B. Armada A. Sunflower D____ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in 6. Melville's novel __ pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. Moby Dick D. C. White Jacket A. Typee B. Omoo 7. As a philosophical and literary movement, __D____ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. D.Transcendentalism C.Sentimentalism B.Rationalism A.Modernism 8. The theme of original sin is fully reflected in ___A______. B. Sister Carrie A. The Scarlet Letter The Old Man and Sea D. C. The Great Gatsby 9. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ___B___ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. 页1 第 A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious 10. Realism was a reaction against____B__ or a move away from the bias towards
仅作参考，最主要还是要自己消化，整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1