2020年整理美国文学选读复习提纲.pdf

History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。

在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。

2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。

History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学(at the beginning of 17th century)Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学(by the mid-18th century)1．Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence 独立宣言(1776年18世纪中后期)（仔细阅读知道意思）Benjamin Franklin: The AutobiographyThomas Paine: The American Crisis*一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790Symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment殖民地时期作家。

独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.2．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。

“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.二、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment.2．1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.3．1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起担任两届美国总统。

[ 美国⽂文学选读 ]!Ⅰ. Authors and their worksAlice Walker The Color PurpleAllen Ginsberg HowlA Supermarket in CaliforniaArthur Miller All My Sons!Death of a Salesman!A View from the Bridge!The Misfits!The Archbishop’s Ceiling!The Crucible!After the Fall!The Price!Situation Normal!The Man Who Had All the Luck!A memory of Two Mondays!The American Clock!Archibald MacLeish The Happy MarriageThe Poet of EarthConquistadorArs PoeticaTowers of IvoryStreets in the MoonNew Found LandThe Fall of The CityAirraidAmbrose Bierce The Fiend’s DelightNuggests and Dust Panned out in California Cobwebs from an Empty SkullTales of Soldiers and CiviliansIn the Midst of LifeCan Such Things Be?The Devil’s DictionaryThe ApplicantBenjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac !The Autobiography!The Way to Wealth!Bret Harte The Luck of Roaring CampBernard Malamud The FixerThe AssistantThe TenantThe Magic BarrelA New LifeGod’s GraceCarl Sandburg Chicago PoemsThe People, YesAlways the Young StrangerIn Reckless EcstasyThe Prairie YearsThe War YearsThe American SongbagHoney and SaltCorn-HuskerFogSmoke and SteelCharles Waddell Chesnutt The Conjure WomanThe Wife of His Youth and Other Story of the Color Line The Sheriff’s ChildrenThe Pioneer of the Color LineThe Marrow of TraditionClifford Odets Waiting for LeftyAwake and SingTill the Day I DieParadise LostGolden Boy’Clash by NightThe Big KnifeThe Country GirlThe Flowering PeachDu Bois E. B. White Stuart LittleCharlotte’s WebQuo Vadimus or the Case for the BicycleOne Man’s MeatThe Points of My CompassOnce More to the LakeE Cumings Tulips and ChimneysThe Enormous RoomVivaNo, ThanksEimiEdgar Allan Poe The Raven and Other Poems!Tamerlane and Other Poems!Al Araaf!Poems!Ligeia!Annabel Lee!The Fall of the House of Usher !The Masque of the Red Death!The Black Cat!The Cask of Amontillado!Murders in the Rue Morgue!The Purloined Letter!The Gold Bug!William Wilson!The Philosophy of Composition!The Poetic Principle!Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque!Sonnet — To Science!To Hellen !The City in the Sea!Israfel !Edgar Lee Masters A Book of VerseMaximilianSpoon River AnthologyEdward Arlington Robinson The Children of the NightCaptain CraigThe Town Down the RiverThe Man Against the SkyAvon’s HarvestEdward Albee The Zoo StoryThe American DreamWho’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?The sandboxEdward Bellamy Looking Backward 2000-1887EqualityThe Duck of Stockbridge :A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion The Blindman’s World and Other StoriesEdwin Charles Markham The Man With the HoeEdmund Wilson Travel in Two DemocraciesTo the Finland StationA Piece of My Mind: Reflection at SixtyAxel’s CastleThe Triple ThinkersThe Wound and the BowThe Shores of LightThe Fruits of the MLAEdith Wharton The House of MirthThe Age of InnocenceEthan FromeBunner SisterThe Customs of the CountryA Backward GlanceEzra Pound Hugh Selwyn Mauberley !The Cantos!Exultations!Personae!Cathy!The Spirit of Romance!The Anthology Des Imagistes!Literary Essays!A Few Don’ts by Imagiste!Polite Essays!In a Station of the Metro!Emily Dickinson To Make a Prairie!Success Is Counted Sweetest!I’m Nobody!!Because I could not Stop for Death!I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died!This is My Letter to the World!My Life Closed Twice Before its Close! Mine-by the Bight of the White Election! Wild Nights — Wild Nights!A narrow Fellow in the Grass!Apparently with no Surprise!I Died for Beauty — but was Scarce!Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant!I Like to See it Lap the Miles!The Brain is Wider than the Sky !As Imperceptibly as Grief!Elmer Rice The Adding MachineElizabeth Bishop North and SouthGeography ⅢIn the Waiting RoomEllen Glasgow The Barren GroundEugene O’Neill Beyond the Horizon!Emperor Jones!The Hairy Ape !Bound East for Cardiff!In the Zone!The Long Voyage Home!The Moon of the Carribeans!The Great God Brown!Strange Interlude!Desire Under the Elm!Morning Becomes Electra!A Touch of the Poet!Anna Christie!The Emperor Jones!All the God’s Children Got Wings!Long Day’s Journey Into Night!The Moon for the Misbegotten!Hughie!More Stately Mansions!The Iceman Cometh!Eudora Welty The Golden ApplesThe Bride of Innisfallen•Ernest Hemingway The Sun Also Rises!A Farewell to Arms!For Whom the Bell Tolls!The Old Man and the Sea!The Torrents of Spring!Men Without Woman!The Winters Take Nothing!To Have and Have Not!A Movable Feast!In Our Time!A Clean Well-Lighted Place!In Another Country!F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby !Tender In the Night!The Side of Paradise!The Beautiful and the Damned !Flappers and Philosophers!Tales of the Jazz Age!The Last Tycoon!Taps at Reveille !The Ice Palace!May Days!The Diamond as Big as the Ritz! Winter Dreams!The Rich Boy!Babylon Revisited!The Crack-Up!Flannery O’Connor A Good Man Is Hard to FindWise BloodThe ViolentBear it AwayFrancis Bret Harte The Luck of Roaring CampTennessee’s PartnerFrank Norris Moran of the Lady LettyMc-TeagueThe Epic of the WheatThe OctopusThe PitA Deal in Wheat and Other stories of the Old and New West Frederick Douglass My Bondage and My FreedomGeorge Santayana Skepticism and Animal FaithThe Realms BeingThree Philosophical PoetsThe Last PuritanGertrude Stein Tender ButtonThe Autobiography of Alice B ToklasHart Crane The BridgeMy Grandfather’s Love LettersWhite BuildingsPraise for an UrnFor the Marriage of Faustus and HellenVoyageHamlin Garland Crumbling IdolMan Travelled Roads/The Return of a PrivateRose of Ducher’s CoolyA Son of the Middle BorderHenry David Thoreau Walden / Life in the Woods!On the Duty of Civil Disobedience!A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River! Civil Disobedience!Life Without Principle!Henry Louis Mencken Bernard Shaw: His PlaysThe Philosophy of NietzscheThe American LanguageHappy DaysNewspaper DaysHeathe DaysHerman Melville Moby Dick / The White Whale!Typee !Omoo!Mardi!Redburn!White Jacket!The Confidence Man !Battle pieces!Clarel!Piazza!Pierre!John Marr and Other Sailors!Timoleon!Billy Budd!Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin!A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp!The Minister’s Wooing!The Pearl of Orr’s Island!Oldtown Folks!Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Song of Hiawatha!Voices of the Night !Ballads and Other Poems!Evangeline!I Shot an Arrow!A Psalm of Life!The Hymn of the Night!The Secret of the Sea!Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems!Tales of a Wayside Inn!An April Day!Paul Revere’s Ride!The Courtship of Miles Standish! Poems on Slavery!The Slave’s Dream!The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls! Henry James The Portrait of a Lady!The Wings of the Dove!The Ambassadors !The Golden Bowl!A Passionate Pilgrim !Roderick Hudson!The American!Daisy Miller!The BostoniansThe Princess of Casamassima!The Spoils of Poynton!The Turn of the Screw!The Awkward Age!The American Scene!The Jolly Corner !The Real Thing and other Tales!French Poets and Novelists !Hawthorne!Partial Portrait!Notes and Reviews!Art of Fiction and other Essays!Hilda Doolittle Sea GardenPear TreeOrchardThe Walls Do Not FallTribute to the AngelsThe Flowering of the RodTribute to FreudHellen in EgyptIrwin Shaw The Young LionsThe Naked and the DeadBury the DeadSailor Off the BremenThe Troubled AirLucy CrownTwo Weeks in Another TownVoices of A Summer DayRich ManPoor ManBeggarmanNightworkBread upon the WatersJack London The Call of the Wild!White Fang!The Law of Life!Love of Life!The Heathen!To Build a Fire!The Pearls of Parlay!The Son of the Wolf!The Sea-Wolf!The People of the Abyss!The Iron Heel!Marti Eden !How I Become a Socialist!The War of the Classes!What Life Means to Me!Revolution!The Mexican !Under the Deck Awings!Jack Kerouac On the RoadThe Town and the CityThe SubterraneansThe Dharma BumsVisions of Cody Doctor SaxMaggie CassidyMexico City BluesLonesome TravellerJean Toomer CaneJohn Greenleaf Whittier Snow-boundVoice of FreedomThe Tent on the Beach and Other Poems IchabodA Winter IdylJohn Dos Passos The Three SoldiersManhattan TransferU. S. A.(The 42 Parallel;1919;The Big Money) District of ColumbiaThe Adventures of a Young ManNumber OneThe Grand DesignOrient ExpressJohn Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath!In Dubious Battle!Cup of Gold!Tortilla Flat!The Moon is Down!Of Mice and Men!Cannery Row!The Pearl!The Red Pony(The Leader of the People;!The Gift;The Great Mountains;The Promise)! John Updike Rabbit Run, Redux, Is Rich, at RestJoseph Heller Catch-22We Bombed in New HavenSomething HappenedGood as GoldGod KnowsJames Langston Hughes Mulatto !The Weary Blues!Fine Clothes to the Jew!The Dream Keeper and Other Poems! Shakespeare in Harlem!Dreams!Me and the Mule!Boarder Line !Dear Lovely Death!I Wonder as I Wander!The Best of Simple!James Fenimore Cooper The Leather-stocking Tales!The Spy!The Pilot!The Littlepage Manus Cripts!The Pioneer!The Last of Mohicans!The Prairie!The Pathfinder !The Deerslayer!James Farrel Studs LoniganJudgement dayDanny O’NeilBernard CarrCalico ShoesGuillotine PartyA Note on Literary CriticismLiterature and MoralityJames Jones From Here to EternityJames Baldwin Go Tell It on the Mountain!Nobody Knows My Name!The Fire Next Time!Note of a Native Son!J. D. Salinger Catcher in the RyeThe Young FolksFrannyZooeyRaise High the Roof BeamCarpentersSeymour: An IntroductionJoel Chandler Harris Uncle Remus: His Songs and Sayings Kate Chopin The Awakening !Katherine Anne Porter The Leaning Tower and Other StoriesA Ship of FoolsThe Flowering JudasPale Horse, Pale RiderThe Old OrderOld MortalityThe Jilting of Granny WeathrallMaria ConceptionThe Never Ending WrongLillian Hellman The Children’s HourThe Little FoxesWatch on the RhineThe Searching WindThe Autumn GardenTos in the AtticThe Days to ComeAnother Part of the ForrestAn Unfinished WomanPentimentoScoundrel TimeLorraine Hansberry Raisin in the SunLouise Erdrich Love MedicineThe Beet QueenTracksThe Crown of ColumbusThe Bingo PalaceTales of Burning LoveThe Antelope WifeThe Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Hors The Master Butchers Singing ClubFour SoulsThe Painted DrumThe Plague of DovesShadow TagLulu’s BoysMalcolm Cowley Blue JuniataThe Dry SeasonThe Exile’s ReturnA Second Flowering / The Other War •Mark Twain !The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County !The Innocents Abroad!The Gilded Age!The Adventure of Tom Sawyer!The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn!Life on the Mississippi!A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court! The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson!Following the Equator!The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg!The Mysterious Stranger !The Prince and the Pauper!How to Tell a Story!Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc!Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have a DreamStride Toward FreedomStrength To LoveWhy We Can’t WaitWhere Do We Go From HereMaya Angelou Still I RiseMichael Gold 120 MillionChange The WorldThe Hollow ManJew Without MoneyHoboken BluesFiesta Battle Hymn!Nathaniel Hawthorne Twice-told Tales!Mosses from an Old Manse!The Blithedale Romance !The Scarlet Letter!The House of the Seven Gables!The Minister’s Black Veil!Young Goodman Brown!The Birthmark!The Snow-Image!Rappaccini’s Daughter!Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment!The Marble Faun!Nathanael West The Dream Life of Balso SnellThe Day of LocustMiss LoneyheartsNorman Mailer The Armies of the NightBarbary ShoreThe Deer ParkAn American DreamThe White NegroO Henry The Man Higher UpSixes and SevensThe Gift of MagiThe Police and the HymnThe Last LeafPaul Lawrence Dumbar We Wear the MaskPhilip Roth Goodbye, ColumbusPortnoy’s ComplaintThe Ghost WriterZuckerman UnboundThe Anatomy LessonPhilip Freneau Rising Glory of America!The British Prison Ship!To the Memory of the Brave Americans! The Wild Honeysuckle!The Indian Burying Ground !Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay!Nature!Self-reliance!Representative Men!English Traits!The Conduct of Life!May-Day and Other Pieces!The American Scholar!Days !The Humble Bee!The Rhodo!The Transcendentalist !Divinity!The Oversoul!Ralph Waldo Ellison Invisible Man!Shadow and Act!Going to the Territory!Robert Bly The Light Around the BodyThe SixtiesRobert Frost A Boy’s WillWest-Running BrookA Further RangeMending WallAfter Apple-PickingThe BirchesNorth of BostonNew HamphshireMountain IntervalA Witness TreeFire and IceStopping by Woods on a Song EveningThe Road Not Taken!Robert Penn Warren All the King’s MenRobert Lowell Life StudiesLord Weary’s CastleThe DolphinSkunk HourFor SaleWalking in the BlueFor the Union DeadRichard Wright Native SonUncle Tom’s ChildrenBlack Boy: A Record of ChildhoodThe OutsidersThe Long DreamEight MenSarah Orne Jewett Deephaven and Other StoriesThe Country of Pointed FirsSaul Bellow Dangling ManMr. Sammler’s PlanetThe VictimAnderson the Rain KingHerzogSeize the DayThe Adventure of Augie MarchThe Dean’s DecemberMore Die of HeartbreakThe TheftThe ActualRavelsteinThe Last AnalysisLooking for Mr. GreenHumboldt’s GiftStephen Crane Maggie: A Girl of the Streets!The Red Badge of Courage!The Open Boat!The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky!The Blue Hotel!Sinclair Lewis Main StreetBabbittDur Mr WrennThe JobArrowsmithElmer GantryDodsworthIt can’s Happen HereKingsblood RoyalSherwood Anderson Winesburg, OhioWindy McPherson’s SonMarching MenMid-American ChantsThe Book of the GrotesquePoor WhiteThe Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories Horses and MenI Want to Know WhyMany MarriagesDark LaughterDeath in the Woods and Other Stories Sylvia Plath The ColossusArielWinter TreesThe Bell JarPoint ShirleyTennessee Williams A Streetcar Named DesireThe Glass MenagerieCat on a Hot Tin RoofSummer and SmokeThe Rose TattooCamino RealOrpheus DescendingSuddenly Last SummerThe Sweet Bird of Youth The Night of the LguanaT. S. Eliot The Waste Land !Prufrock and Other Observations!The Burial of the Dead!A Game of Chess!The Fire Sermon!Death By Water!What the Thunder Said!Ash Wednesday!Four Quarters!Murder in the Cathedral!Family Reunion!Cocktail Party!Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie!Jannie Gerhardt!An American Tragedy!Trilogy of Desire!Financer / The Titan / The Stoic!Nigger Jeff!Theodore Roethke The Waking PoemsOn the Poet and His Craft: Selected Prose Thomas Paine Common Sense!American Crisis !Rights of Man!The Age of Reason!Thomas Wolfe Look Homeward, AngelOf Time and the RiverThe Web and the RockYou Can’t Go Home AgainThe Hills BeyondFrom Death to MorningThomas Jefferson Declaration of IndependenceTruman Capote In Cold BloodToni Morrison Song of Solomon!Beloved!The Bluest Eye!Sula!Tar Baby!Jazz!Paradise!Love!A Mercy!Recitatif!Upton Sinclair The JungleSpring and HarvestKing CoalOilBostonDragon’s TeethVilla Cather Oh, Pioneers!My AntoniaA Lost LadyThe Professor’s HouseDeath Comes to the ArchbishopMiss JewettWashington Irving The Sketch Book!The Legend of Sleepy Hollow!Rip Van Winkle!History of New York!The Life of George Washington!Bracebridge Hall!Talks of Traveller!The Alhambra!William Cullen Bryant To a Waterfowl!The Fountain!The Yellow Violet!Thanatoppsis!The White Footed Deer!A Forest Hymn!The Flood of Years!William E.B Dubois Souls of Black Folk!The Philadelphia Negro!John Brown!The Black Flame!William Dean Howells Criticism and Fiction!The Rise of Silas Lapham!A Modern Instance!A Hazard of Now Fortunes!A Traveller from Altruia!From the Eye of the Needle!Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading! William Carlos Williams PatersonDes ImagistesCollected Later PoemsCollected Early PoemsThe Red WheelbarrowSpring and AllSour GrapesThe Desert MusicThe Journey of LovePictures from BrueghelAsphodalThat Green FlowerThe Widow’s Lament in Spring The Dead BabyThe Sparrow, to My FatherIn the American GrainThe Great American NovelProletarian PortraitWilliam Faulkner The Sound and the Fury!Light in August! Absalom! Absalom!!Go down, Moses!Soldier’s Pay!As I Lay Dying!Sartoris!The Hamlet!The Town!The Mansion!The Marble Faun!Dry September!Barn Burning!William Inge Come Back, Little ShebaPicnicWalt Whitman Leaves of Grass!One’s Self I Sing!O Captain! My Captain!!Song of Myself!I Hear America Singing!Song of the Broad-Axe!When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d! Democratic vistas!The Tramp and Strike Question !I Sit and Look Out!Wallace Stevens The Man with the Blue GuitarThe Necessary AngelAnecdote of the JarHarmoniumNotes Toward a Supreme FictionPeter Quince at the ClavierSunday MorningThe Auroras of Autumn!!!Ⅱ解释术语!!Aestheticism 唯美主义：is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.!Angry young man 奋⻘青：a group of mostly working and middle class British playwrights and novelists who became prominent in the 1950s. The group's leading members included John Osborne and Kingsley Amis .They showed an equally uninhibited disdain for the drabness of the postwar welfare state, and their writings frequently expressed raw anger and frustration as the postwar re forms failed to meet exalted aspirations for genuine change.!Allegory 寓⾔言:An allegory is a narrative, whether in prose or verse, in which the agents and action, and sometimes the setting as well, are contrived by the author to make coherent sense on the primary level of signification, and at the same time to signify a second, correlated order of signification.!Criticism 批判主义：is the practice of judging the merits and faults of something. To criticize does not necessarily imply "to find fault", but the word is often taken to mean the simple expression of an objection against prejudice, or a disapproval of something. Often criticism involves active disagreement, but it may only mean "taking sides". It could just be an exploration of the different sides of an issue.!Critical realism 批判现实主义:is the theory that some of our sense-data (for example, those of primary qualities) can and do accurately represent external objects, properties, and events, while other of our sense-data (for example, those of secondary qualities and perceptual illusions) do not accurately represent any external objects, properties, and events. In short, critical realism refers to any position that maintains that there exists an objectively knowable, mind-independent reality, whilst acknowledging the roles of perception and cognition.!Classicism古典主义：the ideas and styles that are common in the literature, art, and architecture of ancient Greece and Rome; a traditional style of art, literature, music, architecture, etc., that is usually graceful and simple with parts that are organized in a pleasing way!Dadaism 达达主义: a form of artistic anarchy born out of disgust for the social, political and cultural values of the time. It embraced elements of art, music, poetry, theatre, dance and politics. Dada was not so much a style of art like Cubism or Fauvism; it was more a protest movement with an anti-establishment manifesto.!Determinism 决定论:is the philosophical position that for every event, including human interactions, there exist conditions that could cause no other event. "There are many determinisms, depending on what pre-conditions are considered to be determinative of an event or action.” Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have sprung from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations.!Existentialism 存在主义:is a term that has been applied to the work of a number of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, took the human subject — not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual and his or her conditions of existence — as a starting point for philosophical thought.!Free verse ⾃自由体诗:Free verse, or “open form” verse, is printed like traditional verse in short lines instead of with the continuity of prose, but it differs from traditional verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is not organized into a regular metrical form. Most free verse also has irregular lengths, and either lacks rhyme or uses it only sporadically.!golden age ⻩黄⾦金时代：the most flourishing period in the history of a nation, literature, people, etc.!Gilded age 镀⾦金时代：the age of wealth and poverty, of progress and decline, and the age of gaudy excesses.!Hippie 嬉⽪皮⼠士：a member of a counterculture, originally a youth movement that started in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid-1960s and spread to other countries around the world.!Imagism 意象主义:Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. Imagism has been described as the most influential movement in English poetry since the activity of the Pre-Raphaelites. As a poetic style it gave Modernism its start in the early 20th century, and is considered to be the first organized Modernist literary movement in the English language. Imagism is sometimes viewed as 'a succession of creative moments' rather than any continuous or sustained period of development.!Idealism 理想主义:In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas—especially beliefs and values—shape society.!Industrialism 产业主义:An economic and social system based on the development of large-scale industries and marked by the production of large quantities of inexpensive manufactured goods and the concentration of employment in urban factories.! Individualism 个⼈人主义:is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the government.!Local colorism 乡⼟土特⾊色(主义）：literary works that emphasizes the characteristics of their own region, deeply rooted in America, in local soil and culture. For the first time, the rich variety of American life and American people are fully presented in literary works.Local colorist is mostly concerned with the characteristics of people and life of their own regions. As a result, local colorists in different regions together presented a most colorful and comprehensive picture of America and American life, best presented not only the history of the country but the development of the nation and its culture.Literature ⽂文学：language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages.! Modernism 现代主义:It is the term referring to the literary, artistic and general culture of the first half of the twentieth century. Modernism is distinguished by its general rejection of previous literary traditions, particularly those of the late nineteenth century and of bourgeois society.!Materialism 唯物主义:Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.!Magic realism 魔幻现实主义： is an artistic genre in which magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or even “normal” setting, which has been widely used in relation to literature, art and film. The magical realists aim to highlight reality as opposed to traditional way of presenting or reflecting reality, to express the irony in everyday events that we tend to ignore and to blur the boundary between real and unreal.!Naturalism ⾃自然主义: Naturalism is a growth of realism, a prominent literacy movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as romanticism or surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic or even supernatural treatment. !New criticism 新批判主义:was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. It emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object.!Primitivism 原始主义:Primitivism is a preference for the supposedly free and contented existence found in a “primitive” way of life as opposed to the artificialities of urban civilization. It had a particular prominence in the 18th century Europe and 19th century America, contributing to the values of Romanticism.!Predestination 宿命论:in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the "paradox of free will", whereby God's omniscience seems incompatible with human free will. In this usage, predestination can be regarded as a form of religious determinism; and usually predeterminism.!Psychological realism ⼼心理现实主义:refers to works of prose fiction which places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization, and on the motives, circumstances, and internal action which springs from, and develops, external action. The psychological realism is not content to state what happens but goes on to explain the motivation of this action. In this type of writing character and characterization are more important than usual, and they often delve deeper into the mind of a character than novels of other genres.!Post-romanticism 后浪漫主义:refers to a range of cultural endeavors and attitudes emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, after the period of Romanticism. Herman Melville and Thomas Carlyle are post-Romantic writers. Flaubert's Madame Bovary is a post-Romantic novel. The period of post-romanticism in poetry is defined as the late nineteenth century, and includes the poetry of Tennyson.!Post-modernism 后现代主义:is a late-20th-century movement in the arts, architecture, and criticism that was a departure from modernism. Postmodernism includes skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism. It is often associated with deconstruction and post-structuralism because its usage as a term gained significant popularity at the same time as twentieth-century post-structural thought.!Postmodernism is a blanket term covering a wide range of diverse experimentation that has been going on since the end of World War II. It is applied to a cultural condition prevailing in the advanced capitalist societies since the 1960s, characterized by a superabundance of disconnected images and styles — most noticeably in television, advertising, commercial design, and pop video.!。

美国文学史复习大纲一：作家作品1.Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio(小镇畸人，1919) The Triumph of the Egg(鸡蛋的胜利，1921)2.John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath(愤怒的葡萄，1939，strong sociological novel,1940年获普利策奖（Pulitzer Prize)),1962年获诺贝尔文学奖①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。

②代表作：“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers “The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece ,showed the migration of the Okies from the Dust Bowls to California ,a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. Theme : strength comes from unity i-we ;faith in life; struggle to live better2.John Dos Passos: 约翰多斯帕索斯His trilogy U.S.A(美利坚)---The 42nd Parallel(北纬42度，1930), 1919(1932), The Big Money(1936), Three Soldiers。

American Puritanism 殖民地时期( roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明•富兰克林作品：1、Poor Richard's Almanac 《格言历书》--- A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.2、The Autobiography 《自传》---“美国梦”的根源3、参与起草《独立宣言》浪漫主义American RomanticismThe Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature.The social and cultural background of RomanticismThe young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country.The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in va lue of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a sourc e of goodness and man’s societies as a source of corruption.二、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡---poet, short story writer and literary critic (48 poems,70 short stories)He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”He was father of psychoanalytic criticism (心理分析批评), and the detective story. 诗歌的精髓就是追求美小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。

（完整word版）美国文学史复习要点整理【手动】美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut.2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain andhonest.4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人权》The Age of Reason《理性时代》②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。

1. The Colonial PeriodThe settlement of America in the early 17th century--- the end of the 18th century.The major topicThe major figures2. The Romantic PeriodCovering the first half of the19th century.•The major points:3. The Age of RealismThe Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. Covering the end of the 19th century and the first decade of 20th century.•It expresses the concern for the commonplace and the low, and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.•4. American Naturalism•From the first decade of twentieth century to the First World War.•The major figures: Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, and O. Henry5 American ModernismThe literature between the two world wars. This is the most important period in6. American Postmodernism•From the World War II up to now.•Postmodernist writers: John Barth, Philip Roth, Thomas Pinchon, Ishmael Reed and Don Delillo.•The flourishing of minoritarian literature: Jewish-American, African-American and Asian-American literatureis an account of a person’s life written by that person or a book written by oneself about one’s own life. It is characterized by the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression, lucidity of the narrative. Benjamin Franklin…s Autobiography is a good example.Puritanism:Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans, who became American‟s founding fathers. They advocated highly religious and moral principles.The American Puritans were idealists. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.Puritanism has a profound influence on the early American mind and literaturePoor Richard’s Almanac Autobiography Romanticism1800-1865Characteristics of Romanticism (derivative independent)o an innate and intuitive perception of man, nature and society—reliance on the subconscious, the inner life, the abnormal psychologyo an emphasis on freedom, individualism and imagination—rebellion against neoclassicism which stressed formality, order and authority o a profound love for nature—nature as a source of knowledge, nature asa refuge from the present, nature as a revelation of the holy spirito the quest for beauty—pure beautyo the use of antique and fanciful subject matters—sense of terror, Gothic, grotesque, odd and queerMoby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic. His ideas:The world is at once Godless and purposelessMan cannot influence and overcome nature at its sourceThemes 1 alienation 2 Rejection and Quest3criticism against Emersonian self-reliant individualSymbolThe Pequod -------- of human society. The voyage ----- search and discovery. The whale Moby Dick------nature Queequeg's coffin ---- symbolizes life and death. The whiteness of Moby Dick --- death and corruption and purity, innocence and youth; final mystery of the universe.The ship on the ocean----- symbol of the whole world with people in quest of its瓦尔登湖A psalm of lifeSonnet—To science abab cdcd efef ggTo Helen ABABB CDCDC AEEAE五行诗节1. Free from the traditional iambic pentameter and writes free verse2. Parallelism3. Phonetic recurrence systematic repetition of words and phrases or sounds4. Long catalogs, giving free rein to poetic imaginationHer poetry is a clear illustration of her religious-ethical and political-social ideas.largest portion of Dickinson‟s poetry concerns andoriginal in art and famous for the economy of expression in diction and the frequent use of dashes.Her poems are short and implicit in meaning. She is regarded as the forerunner of modernism in American poetryThemes: death love natureFrequent use of dashesTranscendentalism.浪漫主义运动的表现形式-超验主义it‟s Romanticism on the Puritan soil Transcendentalism has been defined as the recognition in man of the capacity of acquiring knowledge transcending the reach of the five senses, or of knowing truth intuitively, or of reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor.placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul as the most important thing in the universe stressed the importance of the individualoffered a fresh perception of nature a symbolic of the Spirit or Godstressed the power of intuition.He firmly believes in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”.2. Emerson’s Idealism. He sees the world as phenomenal, and emphasizes theneed for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God3. Emerson’s View on Spirit. He sees spirit pervading everywhere4.Emerson’sView on Man. man is made in the image of God and is just a little less then Him.man is divine.5. Emerson’s View on Individuality and Self-Reliance. The individual is the mostimportant of all. E For him, if man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect.So men should and could be self-reliant.6. Emerson’s Nature. A natural implication of Emerson‟s view on nature is that the world around is symbolicRealismHis later works become darker and more obscure, showing his discontent and disappointment toward the social reality. His last works shows his acute pessimism, despair, skepticism determinism.Humor local color satireThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County”The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Gilded Age Life on the Mississippi A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug The Mysterious StrangerThe Innocents Abroad Roughing It Pudd'nhead WilsonAmerican ClaimantNaturalismIs a critical term applied to the method of literary composition that aims at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man•It is thus more inclusive and less selective than realism, and holds to the philosophy of determinism.•It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by its social and economic environment and circumstances.•Since in this view man has no free will, the naturalistic writer does not attempt to make moral judgments•Since in this view man has no free will, the naturalistic writer does not attempt to make moral judgments.•In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author‟s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.CharacteristicsA literary trend that prevailed in 1890s in America.1) Emphasis on reality, objectivity, no exaggeration, give no comments andcriticizing;2) The naturalists would go to the slums and describe the poverty and crime;3) Be concerned about the influence of social environment. According to them,human beings are victims of the crushing forces of heredity and environment.Explain human activities and human society according to biological law, highlight the effect of animal instincts and heredity on human beings.5) Apply scientific experiment to writing, try to test human feelings in variouskinds of environment.6) The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile.7) Hold very pessimistic attitude towards human society, and this pessimism oftengoes to determinism.Representatives: CharacteristicFrank Norris（弗兰克·诺里斯）dehumanizedStephen Crane（斯蒂芬·克莱恩）- determinedTheodore Dreiser（西奥多·德莱塞）- moved by inner and outer forcesJack London（杰克·伦敦beyond conscious moral control McTeague Octopus the Pit Vandover and the BruteMaggie: A Girl of the Streets The red badge of courage Sister Carrie Modernism现代主义时期•During the first decades of the 20th century, modernism became an international tendency against positivism and representational art in art and literature. Modernism was the consequence of the transformation of society brought about by industrialism and technology. The essence of modernism wasa break with the past, and it also fostered a belief in art and literature as anavenue to self-fulfillment. The feature was its strong and conscious break with traditional forms, perceptions, and techniques of expressions, and its great concern with language and all aspects of its medium.•It was persistently experimental. Stream of consciousness, the use of myth as a structural principle, and the primary status given to the poetic image, all challenged traditional representation.•Generally speaking, this new desire in craftsmanship and skill was one of the hallmarks of the early decades of the 20th century.Imagism意象派（诞生于现代主义时期）It is a Movement in U.S. and English poetry characterized by the use of concrete language and figures of speech, modern subject matter, metrical freedom, and avoidance of romantic or mystical themes, aiming at clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images. It was initially led by Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell.（no fuss, frill, or ornament）,（precision and economy of expression）,（free verse form and music）.Launch Imagism setting down the Imagist principlesThe Cantos 《诗章》威廉·卡洛·威廉斯avoided complexity andobscure华莱士·斯蒂文斯Simple lines: an emphasis on vocabulary and imagery rather than prosodyThe faith in poetry : when no one believes in God, it is necessary to believe in something else, such as poetry, a thing created by imaginationAnecdote of the Jar罗伯特The most popular 20th Century American Poet, A four-timeStyl e 1rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosingthe old-fashioned way to be new.• 2 employ the plain speech of rural New Englanders.3 use the simple, short, traditional forms of lyrics and Narrative, can probemysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where man stand alone, unaided and perplexed.Fire and ice Fire - a symbol of desire, or love. Ice - a symbol of hatredtwo weaknesses of human beings that are as destructive as natural disasters The road not taken it does not moralize about choice, it simply says that choice is inevitable but you never know what your choice will mean until you have lived itStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The poem is primarily oriented towards the pleasures of the scene and the responsibility of life. Metaphors:• Promises –Our own promises or duties that we must fulfill.Miles - experience we must travel through before deathThe apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black boughthe Great Gatsby 1926The Sun Also Rises 1926, A Farewell to Arms , 1929,the Wasteland.Main Street 1920an American TragedyAmerican Dream:The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is not a dream of martial wealth, but a dream of social order. People try to get success no matter what kind of circumstances of birth or position they came from.The lost generationIt refers to the writers who were devoid of faith, values and ideals and who were alienated from the civilization the capitalist society advocated. It includes Ernst Hemingway, F. S.Fitzgerald, Thomas Wolfe, Louis Bromfield., and E.E.Cummings, Ezra Pound，who rebelled against former values and ideas, but replaced them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. They were frustrated by the WWI and returned from that “Great War”to their own country only to find the grim reality that the social values and civilization were hollow.Short storyIt is a fictional prose tale of no specified length, but too short to be published as a volume on its own. It concentrates on a single event with one or two characters. It flourished in the magazines of the 19th and early 20th centuries, especially in the USA, which has a particularly strong tradition. Edgar Allen Poe was considered as the father of modern short story. His short stories like the cast of Amontillado and the Black cat are famous.Jazz Age⏹American industry developed fast. The nation is full of bouncingebullience, fearful of nothing, confident smug isolationism.⏹Socially, decline of idealism. Patriotism became cynical disillusionment.Unity of family weakened. There appeared the revolt of the Younger Generation. They escaped responsibility and assumed immorality.⏹After WWI, people found that the war which cost millions of lives failedto provide an abiding solutions to the world’s problems, that the war was just the traps of political leaders. Such a disillusionment about the value of war, accompanied by the booming of American economy drove people to cynical hedonism. People experiment with new amusements. They restlessly pursued stimulus and pleasures, wallow in heavy drinking, fast driving and casual sex. By these, they hoped to seek relief from serious problems.Hemingway heroThey live adventures-filled lives that were driven by courage and limited by fear. They hide a sensitive heart from tough exterior.” Grace under press” is their motto. Its heroes are hemmed in by forces beyond their control.AntiheroIt is a central character in a dramatic or narrative work who lacks the qualities ofnobility and magnanimity expected of traditional heroes in romances and epic.Like the character “Henry” in the work of a farewell to arms.SymbolTraditional FormsBallad(民谣)A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. “The Geste of Robin HoodHeroic CoupletIt refers to a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter and written in an elevated style. Sonnet 18Spenserian stanza•It is a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c. The Faerie QueeneBlank verse素体诗，无韵诗•Unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter.•It became widely used in dramatic poetry and narratives.Now that/ the gloo/my sha/dow of /the night,Longing/ to view/ Orion/’s drizz/ling look,Leaps from/ the an/tarc/tic world/ unto/ the skyAnd dims/ the wel/kin with/ her pi/tchy breath ----Doctor FaustusFree verseMeans the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conventional rules of meter. It can free the poets from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech.Beat GenerationTheatre of absurd. the 1950sBlack humor.the 1960s。

美国文学选读PPTI. Romantic periodWashington IrvingEdgar Allan PoeNathanial HawthorneWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonII. Realist periodMark TwainSherwood AndersonStephen CraneTheodore DreiserIII. Modern periodF. S. FitzgeraldErnest HemingwayWilliam FaulknerI. Early Romantics1.1. Backgrounda. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, romanticism occurredand developed in Europe.b. Industrial Revolution and French Revolution (1789) (fighting forliberty, equality and fraternity)c. Inspiration initially came from two great men: one is Frenchphilosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Goethe (also related to lake poets)Goethe, Rousseau & Lake PoetsJohann Wolfgang von Goethe(1749-1832): stressing feelings and individualityJean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): to free the individual personality and feelings, to return to natureIn 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads” , which marked the break with the classicism and the beginning of romanticism.d. Neoclassicism, as represented by John Dryden (1631-1700) and Alexander Pope (1688-1744), esteemed objectivity, harmony, rationality, dignity, proportion, and moderation.1.2. Features of the romantic literature1.2.1.Expressiveness:Wordsworth: “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”The romanticists held that the writers should express their emotions, feelings, impressions, instinct, intuition, or their beliefs in their works instead of the imitation of the classical writers.1.2.2. Imagination:1.2.3. Worship of nature：1.2.4. Simplicity：turned to the humble people and the everyday life，adopted the everyday languageRomanticismRomanticism is a term applied to literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. It can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified classicism in general and late 18th-century neoclassicism in particular. (to be continued)It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general.Inspired in part by the libertarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantics believed in a return to nature and in the innate goodness of humans, as expressed by Jean Jacques Rousseau. (to be continued)They emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental. They also showed interest in the medieval, exotic, primitive, and nationalistic. Critics date English literary Romanticism from the publication of William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first reform bill in the Parliament in 1832.II. American Romanticism(from the end of 18th to the Civil War)2.1. BackgroundA. American PuritanismB. America was striving for political, economic, and culturalindependence from Britain, radical changes took place: Development of industrialism, great immigration, westward expansion, etc. The buoyant mood of the nation called for a new literary expression, and romanticism answered the call.C. The European influence.2.2. Representative romanticists:In poetry: Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Henry Longfellow In fiction: James Cooper, Washington Irving, Nathaniel HawthorneLecture 1 .Washington Irving (1783 to 1859)3.3.Appreciation of Rip V an Winkle3.3.1. Main idea(reference to page406)3.3.2. Analysis of the characterRip Van Winkle:Hen-pecked, good-tempered, well-oiled, warm-hearted, lazy, care-free, simple-minded, obedient, irresponsible, a little foolish, etc.His wife:nagging, sharp-tongued, hard-working, uneducated country woman 3.3.3. Analysis of the theme1. A story of man who has difficulty in f acing his age or the author’sconservative attitude towards the American Revolution and the young Republic, and his dissatisfaction with American development2. Criticism of some teachings of Puritanism:Unceasing labor, no play, all kinds of pleasures are condemned, greedy for wealthExpress a strong desire for leisure3. The theme of escape from one’s responsibility and even one’shistory4. The loss of identity3.3.4. Analysis of writing style1. The use of humorHumor (sentences written in a funny way in order to amuse the reader)Jocular humor—Irving (for fun, for amusement)Satirical humor—Mark Twain (to satire, to criticize)Tearful humor—O’ Henry (arouse sympathy on the poor)Black humor—Joseph Heller (humor in facing death)2. Graceful, refined, fluent, dignified and standard language. Hisessays are models of English.3. Romantic imagination and fantasies4. Vivid and picturesque description of setting3.4. Comment on IrvingHe was the first American man of letters to support himself as a professional writer.He was the first American author who explored native themes.He was the first American writer to win international recognition, and was extremely popular in Europe.His popularity came from his humor (use dignified words to for unimportant things/ exaggerate the seriousness of the situation)Conservative in his attitude toward the social changes.Lecture 2 . Edgar Allan PoeIntroduction to poetry1.1. What is poetrya. Emily Dickinson: “when I read something I feel so cold that no fire ca n warm me, I know its poetry; when I read something I feel my head is chopped off, I know it’s poetry.”b. The poet has found the emotion, the emotion has found the word.c. Wordsworth: “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”.d.“A good poem is the crystalization of word and emotions.”1.2.Types of poetry• 1.2.1. Narrative poetry• a. Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures of a hero whose exploits [brave or adventurous deeds or action] are important to the history of a nation. As Homeric epics (a blind bard): The Iliad and The Odyssey• b. Ballad: a simple poem(less ambitious than epics) that tells a story.• c. Romance: another type of narrative poem, in which adventure is a central feature.1.2.2. Lyric poetry• a. Epigram[诙谐诗]: short poem expressing an idea in clear and amusing way• b. Elegy: a lament for the dead.• c. Ode: a long stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form.• d. Sonnet: 14 lines, the Italian (or Petrarchan: 8-line octave + 6-line sestet; typical rhyming: abbaabba+cdcdcd/cdecde) and the English (or Shakespearean: three 4-line quatrains + a concluding 2-line couplet)1.3. Elements of poetry• 1.3.1. V oice: speaker and tone• 1.3.2. Diction: the best words in the best order (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)• 1.3.3. Imagery: a concrete representation of a sense impression, a feeling, or an idea.•Images: visual, aural, tactile, olfactory (something smelled), gustatory (sth tasted)• 1.3.4. Figures of speech: simile and metaphor• 1.3.5. Symbolism: a symbol is any object or action that means more than itself, any object or action that represents sth beyond itself.• 1.3.6. Syntax: the grammatical structure of words in sentences and the development of sentences in longer units throughout the poem.1.3.7. SoundRhyme:two or more words or phrases contain an identical or similar vowel-sound, usually stressed, and the consonant sounds that follow the vowel-sound are identical and preceded by different consonants. eg. bright and night heaven and seven see and theeOn the basis of sound:Exact rhyme: repeat end sounds precisely eg. day — waySlant rhyme: provide an approximate sound eg.sun — boneIdentical rhyme: repeating the entire sound, including the initial consonant, sometimes by repeating the same word in a rhyme position and sometimes by repeating the sound with two senses. eg. two — tooEye rhyme: look alike, but sound different .eg. laughter —daughterOn the basis of the number of syllables:Masculine rhyme: the recurrence of sound is restricted to the final stressed syllable . eg. cold — boldFeminine rhyme: the stressed rhyming syllables are followed by identical unstressed syllableseg. spiteful— delightfulTriple rhyme: the rhyming stressed syllable is followed by two identical unstressed syllableseg. tenderly —slenderlyOn the basis of the position in a lineInternal rhyme: occurs at the beginning, sometimes combined with end rhyme eg. the grains beyond age, the dark veins of her motherEnd rhyme: occurs at the end of a lineeg. Three poets, in three distant ages born,Greece, Italy, and England did adorn.Alliteration is the repetition of consonants, especially at the beginning of words or stressed syllables. Eg. The willows waved violently in the wind. Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds within a noticeable range. Eg. All day the wind breathes low with mellower toneThro’ every holl ow cave and alley lone.Consonance is the repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels.Eg. tit and tat creak and crack• 1.3.8. Rhythm and meter• a. rhythm: beat we feel in a phrase of music or a line of poetry, the regular recurrence of the accent or stress in poem.• b. foot[音步]: unit of rhythm in a line of poetry containing one stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllables, as in the four division of “four m an/may c ome/and m en /may g o”• c. meter[格律]: poetic metre with a given number of feet, or fixed arrangement of accented and unaccented syllables.•Rising feet/meter: iamb (iambic), anapest (anapestic)•Falling feet/meter: trochee (trochaic), dactyl (dactylic)•Number of feet per line Mo n ometer Tr imeter Te tr ameter Pentameter Hexameter Hep t ameter Oc t ameter1.4. Some features of poetry• 1.4.1. emotional, passionate,•Expressing and arousing strong feeling such as love, pity, fear, sadness, joy, etc from the author or from the reader• 1.4.2. Symbolic• A symbol is something that stands for something else. In literature, it refers to any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes a range of additional meaning and significance.•Imagery is the use of figurative language to produce a picture in the minds of readers or hearers.• 1.4.3. Condensed and vivid language•Language is the most important thing in poetry. Poetic language is the most vivid and condensed language in literature.2.3. Poe’s featuresa. A short story writerstories two kinds:Horror Ratiocination（推理）b. A poetfifty poems typically Romantic in both form and contentc. A literary criticPoe’s poetictheories“The Philosophy of Composition ““The Poetic Principle”Poetry should be short and readable at one sitting, should appeal only to “beauty” (aiming at “an elevating excitement of the soul”)True poetry is “the rhythmical creation of beauty”Poe’s aesthetic theory•a. “Beauty is the sole purpose of the poem.” Poetry must concern itself just with “supernal beauty”, not with the narration of a s tory, nor even with the beauty of particular things.•b. The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth. The function of poetry is not to summarize, nor interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars.•c. Melancholy is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones. Sickness, abnormal love, death of a beautiful woman, are to him, unquestionably, the most poetical topics in the world.•d. The length of writing, both of tales and poetry, should be about 100 lines, so that the reader can be well engaged in it without any interruption. Understanding “The Raven”3.1. Topic of the poem:death: “the death of a beautiful woman is , unquestionably, the most poetic in the world”→a sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman 3.2. Setting of the poem:midnight: a time associated with the end of lifebleak December: a season associated with the end of lifethe room: warmed and lighted by “dying embers”, associated with the supernaturalthe purple curtains: a color associated with Fu n ereal custom3.3. Mood of the personamelancholic, sorrowful, even desperate (The repetition of the word “Nevermore”increases the speaker’s feelings of pain and loss. This pattern of self-inflicted torture builds in intensity until the speaker breaks down emotionally and demands that the raven “Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door”).3.4. SoundIt takes Poe 4 years to complete “The Raven”→a marvel of regularity:719 feet of which 705 are perfect trochees (1 strong + 1 weak), 10 doubtful trochees and only 4 clearly dactyls (1 strong + 2 weak)Rhyme scheme: abcbbbAlliteration (flirt, flutter; stately, saintly…)Assonance (dreary, weary; napping, tapping, rapping;morrow, borrow, sorrow, with the sound “o”to show one’s sad,sorrow and grief mood; …)Sound and rhythm make the poem musical and melodious. They contribute a lot to the mood and the theme of the writing at the same time.3.5 symbolism3.5.1 Raven: disaster and misfortuneRaven, the large bird-like crow with black feathers, in Western countries, as well as it is in China, is conventionally regarded as an ominous fowl, a symbol of misfortune. Thus with the repetition of the "napping and tapping" the poet was filled "with fantastic terrors never felt before."3.5.2 the "lost Lenore" : the soul of the radiant maiden, beauty and hopeAt the moment when the poet was in the darkness peering, wondering, expecting and whispering Lenore but was just responded with a "nothing more," the Raven, "with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door." A conversation was held and the poet was so comforted with it. For twice, the poet felt the bird "beguiling my sad fancy into smiling."3.5.3 The poet’s strong passion to Lenore: the sub-consciousness of the poetIn the conversation the poet distinctly expressed his strong passion to Lenore. However, the only response from the Raven was "Nevermore." It seems what the poet had expressed is simply the view out of the "id", while the Raven 's words are rather restrictive and seem out of "ego." The poet was too affectionate to Lenore to be restrictive, while the Raven was what warned him to be rational and that what had been lost would return "nevermore."3.5.4 The poet’s frustration: the modern realityThe poet was of the firm belief that in modern society human beings are apa th etic creatures. He was deeply resentful at the people's indifference towards his mourning to Lenore; therefore, he turned to the Raven for comfort. But quite to his disappointment, he was merely responded with a cold "nevermore."Lecture 3:Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804—1864)Introduction to the writerthe great romantic novelist in the nineteenth century . the pioneer of psychological analyst in the history of American literature.1.2. Point of viewBlack vision of human nature: Obsessed by the Calvinistic concept of the original sin, Hawthorne believes human beings are evil-natured and sinful and this sin and evil is ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another. His writings are to show how we are all wronged and wrongers, and avenge one another.1.4. Themes of Hawthorne’s writing⏹ 1. Explore the relationship between the past and the present⏹ 2. Explore the hidden motivations of his characters.⏹ 3. Examine the effect of hidden sin and secret guilt⏹ 4. Moral or immoral, right or wrong is the question Hawthorne alwaystalks about in his works.1.5. Style⏹ 1. His style was soft, flowing and almost feminine.⏹ nguage: smooth, clear, beautiful in sound and meaning⏹ 3.He also frequently uses symbols and settings to reveal thepsychology of the characters.II. Appreciation of “Young Goodman Brown”2.1. The main idea of the work2.2. Understanding of the excerpt2.3. Analysis of the structure⏹At sunset, Goodman Brown leaves his wife Faith, spends the night inthe forest, and at dawn returns a changed man. Within this basic structure, the story further divides into four separate scenes, the first and last of which, that is, the departure from and the return to Salem, are balanced. (to be continued)⏹The night in the forest falls naturally into two parts: the temptation bythe Devil and the meeting of the witch. The two scenes, particularly the former, make full and careful use of the dramatic devices of suspense and climatic arrangement. The climax of the story comes when Brown calls upon his wife to look up to heaven, and resist the wicked one, which is cut off abruptly by anticlimax as the meeting vanishes in a roaring wind, and Brown leaning against the rock finds it chill and damp to his touch.2.4. Analysis of the theme⏹Everyone possesses some evil secret.2.5. Analysis of the writing style⏹ 2.5.1. Ambiguity:⏹Whether the events of the night are actual or dreamlike⏹Whether Brown is lost to the devil or saved by Faith2.5.2. Contrast⏹Day and night⏹Good and Evil⏹The red of fire and blood and the black of night and forest2.5.3. Symbolism⏹day and the town: human convention and society⏹night and forest: symbols of doubt and wandering⏹red: Sin or Evil⏹black: doubt of the reality of either Evil or Good that tortures Brown2.5.4. Allegory⏹The story is often read as a conventional allegory in the sense thatYoung Goodman is everyman, and his journey to the dark forest and his encounter with the devil are symbolic of man’s life journey from innocence to knowledge, from good to evil.⏹Faith, if taken as an allegorical figure, is the incarnation of Christianbelief.III. Comment on the writer⏹ 3.1. the great romantic novelist in the nineteenth century⏹ 3.2. the pioneer of psychological analyst in the history of Americanliterature.Appreciation of The Scarlet Letter⏹1. Main Character:Hester Prynne.Roger Chillingworth.Arthur Dimmesdale3. Character Analysis⏹Hester: brave, strong-minded, warm-hearted, intelligent, sacrificing, decisive⏹Dimmesdale: timid, selfish, irresponsible, cowardly, weak-minded⏹Chillingworth: cold-blooded, dehumanizedTheme of The Scarlet Letter⏹To escape the bondage of religion either on people’s spirit or on people’s natural desire⏹4. Abundant use of symbols⏹A ---adultery⏹angel⏹able⏹Prison—the place that deprived people of spiritual freedom⏹Forest---the nature⏹Rose near the prison—Hester and her love⏹Cap—sth controlling one’s beautyLecture 4:Walt Whitman(1819-1892)1.1. Background of the 1820’s♦ 1. Democratic idealism began to exert influence, the antislavery movement.♦ 2. Democratic and abolitionist literature began to rise. In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published her Uncle Tom’s Cabin which was greatly honored by President Lincoln. “the little lady who wrote the book that made this big war.”♦ 3. The American literary field in the 19th century blossomed also with poetry. The most popular poet was Longfellow, because he was most interested in such subjects as home, family, nature and religion and his style was lyrical as well as conventional. But the best poet is no doubt Whitman.1.3. Major work♦Leaves Of Grass: a collection of Whitman’s poems, his lifelong achievement. The most famous pieces are “Song of Myself”, “There Was a Child Went Forth”, “Pioneers! Pioneers!” etc. Whitman experimented in his works with new poetic form of free verse and oral lg. Thus, Leaves of Grass has become landmark in American literary history, which represents the poet, the people, and the nation in the 19th America and celebrates the future of the nation and the ideals of equality and democracy.II. Appreciation of the selected readings2.1. “I hear American singing”♦ 2.1.1.Main idea: This poem is shortest among Whitman’s poems. It presents the reader a picture of the modern Americans: people from all walks of life are singing for their cheerful and creative work and their dream through out American.♦ 2.1.2.Themes: an eulogy to the thriving American nation, the laboring people; the poet’s optimistic attitude toward the world and life.♦ 2.1.3.Tone: Proud, cheerful, optimistic2.2. “There was a child went forth”2.2.1. Understanding of the poem:♦It is a poem about the experience of Whitman the child-poet as well as that of America the newly founded nation. Between the lines, Whitman recaptures the awakening consciousness of the child-poet and the lovely landscape in which the American child matures.♦The child went through several stages to know nature, human beings, his own origin, and at last the wide and endless world of sea. He was energetic, thirsty for knowledge. And the future for him is bright, for he will always go forth every day. By comparing the young nation to a child, Whitman made his optimistic view on its future felt and self-evident.2.2.2. Structure:The structure of the poem is a circular one. The first stanza is an introduction to the child. In the second stanza, it turns out to be a beautiful idyllic landscape where the child came to know nature. However, he went from the idyllic peaceful Eden to the noisy human city in the next stanza, and then came to know the conception of himself in the fourth stanza.♦In the last stanza, he saw his parents and other people in the crowding world. But the poem changes here into another idyllic episode: the beautiful scene on the sea. It is just like a circle. The child came in peace, grew in the crowded society, but went back to peace at the sea. The return to peace is just the beginning of another one. The child will mature day in and day out.2.3. “Song of myself”Theme:♦“Song of myself” , consisting 1345 lines, is the longest poem in Leaves of Grass. “Myself” is the central and principal image in this poem. It refers not only to the poet himself but also to a group of people who had the American national characteristics and the democratic ideals like Whitman.They were pioneers on the American continent: the ironsmiths, the carpenters, the butcher, and the waiters, etc., as listed in the poem.♦These people were optimistic in spirit and strong physically. They live harmoniously with other people in this world as well as with nature. In this song, Whitman sings of nationalism and of the nature of the self in relation to the cosmos and the meaning and purpose of birth and death.Individualism, nationalism, and internationalism or cosmopolitanism, the three contradicting beliefs are reasonably united.♦The selec ted part is the first and the sixth sections of “Song of myself”. In Section one, Whitman talks about the contradictory but also harmonious relations between myself and you, his willingness to live on this soil, and the importance of nature. These ideas are essential to understand Whitman’s philosophy and esp. the whole “Song of myself”♦In Section Six, the poet turns his attention to the grass. He probes into the relationships between the grass and himself/the Lord/a child or a new life/death and so on. The grass is a symbol of life and equality. He suggests the central underlying truth in nature is death. To him, death is not an ending, but the ultimate source of equality and unity. As a natural part of the cycle of life, in death the body becomes part of nature in a different way. Death is immortality, though people do not recognize that.2.4. Analysis of the artistic features♦ 2.4.1. form: free verse♦Oral and powerful lg: Although free verse, he wrote with repeated and parallel sentences to strengthen the feelings. He express what he wanted to express freely, smoothly, and heatedly. His poems are like waves of the sea that rushed to the beach violently, one after another.♦ 2.4.2 the first person narrator: direct and sympathetic to the reader♦ 2.4.3. topic: sex.♦To use his own expression, “he saw the world as a vision of love.” He believes that life is the source of poems, love and enthusiasm are the motives of creation.III. Comments on the writer♦ 3.1. Subject: son of time, feels the pulse of the time. As a romanticist and transcendentalist, he broke the conventional poetic materials, no myth,no romance, no story of king and lords. He sings for self, common people, America, city life, nature, etc.♦ 3.2. Form: (Free verse) poetry without fixed beat or regular rhyme.Whitman is the first great American poet to use this form of poetry, he also used it more skillfully than any other poet.Lecture 5:Emily Dickinson（1830-1886）1.2. Points of viewEmily Dickinson lived a life of self-seclusion. She was a sensitive woman and preferred to explore the inner life of herself other than the social one. Therefore, her poetry usually concerns her meditations on love, religion, death, immortality, and nature. Her world on one hand was small, because it was only a secluded woman’s world. But on the other hand, it was a cosmos, making up of the human inner world and natural outer one.1.2.1. Religious viewsCalvinism with its doctrine of predestination and its pessimistic ideas about life and man’s original sin haunted her during her childhood and adolescence. Because of the Calvinist influence, her view of life is pessimistic and her tone in the poems sounds tragic. In her poetry, we can strongly sense the doubts about the existence of God and the realization of after-life. She was so obsessed with this religious uncertainty that about one third of her poems are about death and immortality, themes that lie at the center of her poetic world.1.2.2. Ideas on loveLove is another subject Dickinson showed great interest in. She herself had lived a lonely life of a spinster. She had once or twice fallen in love with someone. But each time she was frustrated. Some of her love poems reflect the unhappy experiences of hers, such as “I never lost as much but twice”. There are also poems about the longing of physical love, the union of the bodies.1.2.3. Ideas on natureDickinson was also a nature poet. To her, nature is both simple and harmonious. She writes about nature to reveal its simplicity and profundity on one hand, and tries to establish a connection between nature and man on the other, like the transcendentalists. Her poems are full of insights intonature and human life.1.2.4. Ideas on poetry writingEmily Dickinson seemed to consider poetry writing as a private thing.When she was in her early twenties, she began to write poetry. Sometimes she would send her poems with letters to her friends. But she never approved of publishing her poems, for she thought, “Publication is the auction of the mind of man.”So she kept her poems to herself throughout the life. She did not regard herself as a poet. But in her opinion, a poet’s responsibility is to use concrete images to present abstract ideas. Her poems are terse and suggestive.1.3. Special features1.3.1. Experimentation on poetic forms: In poetic style, Dickinsonwas terse, suggestive, and indirect.1.3.2. PersonaDickinson’s poems present no identifiable speaker. It was only a supposed person in the poems. The speaker rarely has an age and often no gender; it emerges from no background and has no purpose beyond the moment of the speech. Her poetry is about personal crises of no particular individuals, nor is it about Emily Dickinson herself: instead, it speaks generally—addressing the human conditions.II. Appreciation of the selected works2.1. Wild Nights—Wild Night!2.1.1. Understanding the poemThis is a poem on love. Although Dickinson is a spinster, she is skillful in writing poems on love.2.1.2. Symbols:boat and the sea: male and female loverswild nights: passionate or wild love2.2. This is my letter to the world2.2.1. Understanding the poem：This is a poem on life.2.2.2. Theme: Dickinson’s proud expectation of a public place among her sweet countrymen.2.2.3. Structure2 stanzas: The first stanza is one sentence. There is a contrast in thisstanza: the World and Nature. The former never wrote to “me”the simple news, while the latter told “me”with tender Majesty. Thus the world is indifferent but nature is amiable. The second stanza is composed of 2 sentences. The first 2 lines reveal the way in which nature commits the news and the last two lines the poet’s request to the countrymen: judge tenderly to me.2.3. I died for Beauty—but was Scarce。

1、Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）本杰明·富兰克林He is the representative of the Enlightenment in America in 18th century. Humanist, statesman, writer, scientist, inventor.The Autobiography《自传》♂简析：The book is about the course of Franklin's struggle for success. It tells us the importance of being diligent. The book had a great influence on American people,and changed the destinies of many youth.It is the first America successful biographical work（传记文学）, has an important position in the history of American Literaturel.Poor Richard’s Almanac 《格言历书》♂简析：A collection of maxims （格言），or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.2、Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849) 埃德加·爱伦·坡 Novelist,poet,critic.Good at writing Gothic（哥特式）and detective fiction.Father of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism.（扩展：文学理论建树不容忽视，影响深远。