语篇结构知识
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语篇中的主位结构分析提要:主位结构是功能语法重要组成部分之一。
本文概括介绍了两位语言学家关于主位结构的论述,包括主位的分类,各种句式中的主位分析,传统语法中的主语和主位的区别及主位结构对语篇分析的作用等内容。
关键词:功能语法;语篇;主位;结构1、引言主位结构即主位(Theme)和述位(Rheme)系统,是功能语法(Functional Grammar)中语篇功能中的关键概念之一。
韩礼德(Halliday)是从功能的角度而不是从成分分布的角度界定主位的。
他(1985)认为,主位是话语的出发点,是句子的第一个成分,是小句所关心的成分;述位是围绕主位所说的话,往往是话语的核心内容,主位必须先于述位。
1994年他又将主位定义为:“主位是信息的起点,是分句的出发点。
”(“the Theme is the starting point for the message; it is the ground from which the clause is taking off.”)(2000:38)他还指出,作为一般原则,主位可以识别为“分句中出现在前面的成分”(“that element which com es in first position in the clause”)(2000:38)。
汤普森(Thompson 2000:119)也指出:“主位是小句的第一个成分”(“the theme is the first constituent of the clause.”)。
他们的定义都清楚的表明了主位是句子的开端,是信息的出发点。
2、主位的分类主位可以根据本身的复杂程度分为:1、单项主位(simple theme);2、复项主位(multiple theme);3、句项主位(clausal theme)。
韩礼德指出,单项主位和复项主位的根本区别在于有没有内部结构(internal structure),复项主位有内部结构,并可以进一步划分为语篇主位(textual theme)、人际主位(interpersonal theme)和话题主位(topical theme)。
语篇之结构一、开篇(beginning)★时间对比1.Nowadays,2.The recent years have witnessed an unfavorable social phenomenon…3.Presently,4.At present,tely,1.Traditionally,2.In the past,3.Past surveys have shown that…★“强调重要性”式1.It is essential / vital to maintain a good health.2.Nothing is more important than to maintain a good health.3.It is a critical point to …★“强调轰动性”式1.There has been a heated discussion about…2.There have been heated dispute and debate about…3.There has been much talk recently about…on TVs and Radios and in newspapers.4.It is universally acknowledged that…★“观点对比”1. There are generally/ mainly/ primarily two points of view on ……Some believe that……Others hold the view that……2. Many people suppose /contend that…..But what they fail to see is……3. People’s opinions are always different once they talk about job-hunting.4. There has been much talk recently about……Some……while others……5. When asked about / When it comes to / Faced with / ….., many people believe that…★“主题首句”式——开门见山1.As we can see from the table…2.From the two charts, we can see…3.As is shown / indictated / demonstrated / betrayed in the charts above…二、推展(body)●两个推展者:1.For one thing…For the other…2.On the one hand…On the other hand…●三个或三个以上推展者1.第一:In the first place,First things first,First and foremost,To start with,To begin with,2.第二:In the second place,Beyond that,Also,In addition,Additionally,Besides,3.第三:Finally,Last but not the least,At final last,最后:In a word,All in all,By and large,To draw a conclusion,To sum up,To conclude,2.高分句型1.There is no sport I enjoy more than swimming.2.Nothing is more important than perseverance in achieving success.3.I don’t imagine anything we cannot do so long as we persist.4.There is no denying that our economy is developing by leaps and bounds.5.It is universally acknowledged that what he has done was a mistake.6.It is conceivable(可想而知的) / obvious(明显的) / apparent / that there will be anew economic crisis throughout the world, but we hope it won't happen.".7.It goes without saying(不言而喻)that we have to work hard if we want to learna foreign language well.8.Great changes have taken place since our country entered WTO.9.On no account can we lie.10.Under no circumstances should we reveal our secret.11.There is no one but longs to communicate with others12.So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.13.It is high time we did something to change the situation.14.The situation will worsen unless some steps are taken to stop it.15.The reasons why I am the most partial to blue are threefold.16.We should spare no effort to make a success of our career.17.It pays to take part in social works in order to know the outside world better.18.Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.19.We should bring home to people the value of working hard.20.Taking exercise is closely related to health.21.The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.22.…change the course of history……turn over a new leaf……shape the destiny of a nation……shape the world……break a new ground…23.Smoking has a great influence on our health.24.Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.25.We shall do our utmost to change and reverse the current situation.26.Time is more than money.3.画龙点睛之笔(1) 人类的共同智慧——格言1.To open a book is always beneficial.2.Time and tide waits for no man.3. A little learning is a dangerous thing. (一知半解,危害不浅)4.Failure is the mother of success.5.Fortune never helps the man whose courage fails.6. A contented mind is a perpetual feast. (知足常乐)7.Self-trust is the first secret of success.8.Cover 10,000 miles of road, and read 10,000 books.9.We must not only grasp opportunities, but also make efforts to create them.10. Good fortune and success are always trying to find the best prepared.11. Every bird has its own food, but the food never falls to its nest.12. We are supposed to count nights not by the shadows but by the stars.13. Life is a mirror. If you frown to it, it frowns back to you; if you smile to it, it does thesame thing to you.14. The most effective teaching method is to teach by example.15. Honesty is the best policy.16. You make a living by what you get; you make a life by what you give.(2)作家文采---最简单的即是最美的—重复1.In our daily life, we often hear one complain that he is always the wrong person in the wrongplace at the wrong time.2.With gratitude in our hearts, we will be in a cheerful world living a cheerful life.3.With no gratitude in our hearts, we will be in a lonely world living a lonely life.4.The only thing that is not changing is changing.5.We are now living in a changing world in a changing time.(3) 作家文采—对比公式A- at best and A+ at worstTo those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.公式only A- not A+1. People are only concerned, not panicked.公式A not B1.We will make change our friend not our enemy.2.Giving gift is a virtue not a vice.公式not A but B3.Ask not what China can do for you but ask what you can do for your own country.4.Y our critics are not your enemy but your friends because they point out your mistakes.5.Hope is not on horizon but is here.公式If …, then…6.If we want light, then we must first conquer darkness.7.If we want friendship, then we must first conquer hostility.8.If we want knowledge, then we must first conquer ignorance.语义对比9.We shall hew out of a mountain of despair a stone of hope.10. This is not a good system under which people have to work harder to make less money. 英语四级写作精彩句型一、比较1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that…4.It is reasonable to maintain that …but it would be foolish to claim that…5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.6.Like anything else, it has its faults.7.A and B has several points in common.8.A bears some resemblances to B.9.However, the same is not applicable to B.10. A and B differ in several ways.11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.12. People used to think …, but things are different now.13. The same is true of B.14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.15. It is true that A …, but the chief faults (obvious defects )are …二、原因1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that…4. The factors that contribute to this situation include…5. The change in …largely results from the fact that…6. We may blame …,but the real causes are…7. Part of the explanations for it is that …One of the most common factors (causes ) is that …Another contributing factor (cause ) is …Perhaps the primary factor is that …But the fundamental cause is that …三、后果1. It may give rise to a host of problems.2. The immediate result it produces is …3. It will exercise a profound influence upon…4. Its consequence can be so great that…四、批驳1)It is true that …, but one vital point is being left out.2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.3) Some people say …, but it does not hold water.4) Many of us have been under the illusion that…5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.6) It makes no sense to argue for …7) Too much stress placed on …may lead to …8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that …9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that …五、举例1) A good case in point is …2) As an illustration, we may take …3) Such examples might be given easily.4) ……is often cited as an example.六、证明1) No one can deny the fact that …2) The idea is hardly supported by facts.3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows …4) Recent studies indicate that …5) There is sufficient evidence to show that …6) According to statistics proved by …, it can be seen that …其他1)With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up…2)When it comes to…,some people think /believe…that…,others argue /claim that..., There is probably…some truth in both arguments/statements,but…当说到……,有些人认为……,但另一些人则持相反的观点……。
语篇结构分析与写作语篇结构是指文章的整体组织结构,包括段落间的逻辑关系、主题句的表达以及论述的层次结构等。
一个合理结构的文章能够使读者更好地理解作者的观点,并能够流畅地阅读。
本文将介绍语篇结构的分析方法,并给出一些写作技巧以帮助读者更好地进行写作。
一、语篇结构的分析方法语篇结构的分析方法可以按照时间顺序、空间顺序、因果关系和对比对照等多种方式进行。
下面以一个描述旅游经历的文章为例,具体说明这些分析方法。
1. 按时间顺序按时间顺序分析文章的语篇结构,可以从开始到结束描述事物的发展过程。
比如,在描述旅游经历时,可以首先介绍旅程的起点、时间,然后逐步叙述途经的地点和所见所闻,最后以旅程结束的时间作为结尾。
2. 按空间顺序按空间顺序分析文章的语篇结构,可以从一个地点出发,逐步扩展为多个地点的描写。
以旅游经历为例,可以从旅程的起点出发,先描述一个地点的景色和体验,然后逐步转移到下一个地点,直至旅程的终点。
3. 按因果关系按因果关系分析文章的语篇结构,可以从一个事件的发生和原因进行描述,然后逐步展开对后果和影响的分析。
以旅游经历为例,可以先描述旅游的原因,比如出于休闲度假或者文化体验的目的,然后逐步叙述旅游的过程和所带来的影响。
4. 对比对照通过对比对照来分析文章的语篇结构,可以突出事物之间的异同和差异。
以旅游经历为例,可以先描述一个地点的特点和体验,然后再对比下一个地点的异同之处,逐步展开全文。
二、写作技巧在进行写作时,我们可以根据题目和主题选择适合的语篇结构,以使文章更具条理和逻辑。
下面给出一些写作技巧供大家参考。
1. 确定主题句在每个段落的开头,使用一个具有概括性的主题句来表达该段的中心思想。
主题句应该明确、简洁,并且具有一定的概括性,可以引导读者理解段落的内容。
2. 使用过渡词通过使用过渡词或短语,如“首先”、“其次”、“然后”等,来连接段落,使文章的语言更加流畅,层次结构更加清晰。
3. 注意段落间的衔接每个段落的开头和结尾应该有明显的衔接,以避免断章取义或重复论述的情况出现。
【文本解读】语篇分析:语篇结构、语篇衔接方式.语篇生成如何有效发挥《左传》选篇的价值。
一、明确叙事目的,整理语篇结构明确叙事目的其实是文本解读的关键。
《左传》作为编年体史书,叙事目的是“资鉴劝惩,作者希望通过对历史事件的总结,找到规律性的法则,传达“礼”“德”的价值信念,传递战争成败、国家存亡的智慧。
作者通常要根据叙事需要,对事件进行重新的剪辑、编排,通过叙事结构与人物形象的塑造等方式来引导读者,使他们能更好地体会作者传达的叙事意图C 语篇结构特征:“背景(事)+情节(言语对话)+议论(言语),二、梳理语篇衔接方式,降低文本阅读难度通过对《曹刿论战》语篇的梳理,我们可以从指称、省略、替代、重复等方面,发现《左传》语篇衔接的特点。
指称:《左传》语篇常以人物名字或其他表示身份的名词表示,较少用第三人称代词。
省略:指某结构中未出现的词语可从语篇的其他小句或句子中回找。
从形式上说,省略只是在语句中留出空位;但从意义上看,省略则在读者心中留下了预设,提示读者某个词汇或内容在前文已经出现。
这就在保证语篇整体简洁的同时,促使读者进行寻找与判断。
替代:用某些词语代替上文中已经出现的语句。
重复:词汇衔接方式有两种:一是靠逻辑衔接,二是靠重复衔接C用连词“故”来表示前后句之间的语义关系。
其原因在前,结果在后,正说明“克”“逐”的原因。
三、结合生成语境,领会语篇内在思想语篇的生成不能脱离其所处的历史文化语境,而要受到特定历史条件、思维方式等因素影响。
从语篇内容看,《左传》在同类事件连缀的叙事中,往往采用相近的叙事方式来呈现相近情节。
在词语、句式的选择和运用上,《左传》的叙事也多强调礼貌和委婉。
例如《曹刿论战》中用“肉食者”委婉指代“当权者”,用“弗敢专也”“弗敢加也”的礼貌句式表达鲁庄公的态度。
《左传》这些语篇特征的形成其实都离不开当时的历史文化语境。
“先秦时期是中国文化由原始思维、宗教精神转化为理性思维、人文精神的过渡时期。
听力速记:语篇结构图*在“高效阅读”系列的前两篇文章中,我们介绍了两种高效阅读法,即“首尾呼应法——阅读加速器”和“文中脚注法——阅读挖掘机”。
在“首尾呼应法”中,同大家探讨了“先问题、后文章”、详略问题判断、把握中心句、线索词、意群、篇章主线等解题技巧;在“文中脚注法”中,建议大家在平时的泛读(Comprehensive Reading)阅读训练中,选择适合自己的阅读材料(如Economist 中英文版、《北京周报》的黄页、《中国翻译》等),通过在语篇(Discourse)当中添加脚注的方式挖掘知识要点,用“精读(Intensive Reading)”的方式提高语感,用阅读笔记帮助自己强化记忆、巩固所学,并通过搜索引擎跟踪热点、扩宽视野,持之以恒、金石可镂。
以上两种阅读思路可以较好地克服阅读量较大、速度跟不上、可能做不完的恐惧心理,当再次看到满纸密密麻麻的英文时,可以做到心中有数、胸有成竹。
能够保证做完和基本做对,我们就已经向前迈进了一大步。
那么,现在留下来的问题就是,怎样才能在做完并有检查时间的情况下,回过头来对自己的语篇理解正确与否进行检验?我们在去年的一篇文章里提到过用笔记作为篇章阅读助力的方法,包括“迷你账本”、“实词选择”、“符号速记”、“数字速记”、“化解长句”、“竖排列举”、“建词汇库”以及用“正(+)负(-)”记号协助判断文中作者观点的一系列方法。
总之,只要开始借助“烂笔头”了,就为自己回头检查信息奠定了书面基础。
在先前介绍的阅读速记方法中,主要强调的是微观速记,也就是“看到什么记什么”,将考研阅读中的要点在笔记里尽量不漏地“抢拍”下来,本身需要阅读者对篇章有较高的理解力。
当速记训练逐步熟练之后,就要学会“二次速记”,也就是“抢拍”过后,回过头来分析语篇的宏观结构,将原有的信息在文章的整体结构里定位,搞清重要信息点以及上下文(Context)之间的关系,最重要的是找出篇章的“问题(?)”在哪里,以及作者是怎样解答这个问题的。
英语语篇知识包括哪些内容英语语篇知识指的是关于英语语言在语篇(discourse)中的使用规律和技巧的知识体系。
语篇是由一系列语言单位有机组合而成的完整表达意义的文段或篇章,它是对话或文章中的一部分,是语言在连续性、上下文和语用等方面的表现形式。
掌握英语语篇知识对于提高交流、表达和理解能力至关重要。
下面将介绍英语语篇知识中包括的一些重要内容。
1. 主题句(Topic Sentence)主题句是一个段落的核心句,它概括了整个段落的主题和要点。
一个好的主题句能够帮助读者快速理解段落的中心思想。
在写作中,正确使用主题句可以帮助组织文章结构,使文章内容更加清晰和连贯。
2. 段落结构(Paragraph Structure)段落结构指的是一个段落内部各句之间的逻辑关系和连接方式。
一个良好的段落结构通常包括主题句、支持句和结论句,通过这些句子的有机组合,构成一个完整的段落,使得段落内容具有一定的逻辑性和连贯性。
3. 衔接手段(Coherence Devices)衔接手段是指用来连接句子、段落和篇章之间关系的手段,常见的衔接手段包括引言承接、列举、比较、对比、因果关系等。
正确使用衔接手段可以使得语篇更加连贯,在表达和理解上更加自然流畅。
4. 上下文推断(Contextual Inference)上下文推断是通过上下文信息对语句中的指代、省略等现象进行推断理解的能力。
在阅读和书写过程中,上下文推断能够帮助读者理解含蓄的信息、把握语言的隐含意义,对于准确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。
5. 语篇结构分析(Discourse Analysis)语篇结构分析是对语篇整体结构和内容的研究和分析,通过对语篇中的词汇、语法、语用和语气等要素的综合考量,揭示语篇中的意图、组织结构和语言风格。
语篇结构分析可以帮助读者更深入地理解语篇,把握作者的写作意图和语言特点。
6. 语用知识(Pragmatic Knowledge)语用知识是指在特定语境下,合乎语境和交际需要的语言运用规范。
语篇结构分析言简意赅,是布局与排版的灵魂,也是文章表达思路和观点的重要依据。
一篇好的文章,除了内容和语言的流畅外,语篇结构的合理安排同样不可忽视。
本文将从整体结构、段落结构和句子结构三个方面进行语篇结构分析,以期为读者提供一种清晰且易于阅读的文章体验。
一、整体结构文章的整体结构是指整篇文章的框架和呈现方式。
优秀的整体结构能够使读者从容理解作者的观点并沉浸其中。
在大部分文章中,通常会采取开头、主体和结尾的结构。
1. 开头:开头部分通常包含引言、背景介绍、问题陈述或引发读者兴趣的引子等,以吸引读者的注意力,引导读者进入主题。
2. 主体:主体部分是核心内容的展开,通常采用举例、引证、分析对比等方式来论证观点,并详细阐述各个方面的论证论点。
3. 结尾:结尾部分是对文章内容进行总结和归纳,提出建议或展望未来的发展方向,并给读者留下一个深思的结尾。
二、段落结构段落结构是指文章中各个段落之间的内在关系和逻辑连贯性。
良好的段落结构可以使读者更好地理解文章的内容和思路。
1.段落首句:段落的开头通常由一个主题句引导,简洁明了地表达该段落的中心思想。
2.段落主体:主体部分是对主题句进行进一步展开的地方,可以包括论证、解释、举例、对比等内容,以确保文章的逻辑连贯性。
3.段落过渡:合理的段落过渡可以使文章各个段落之间的关系更加紧密,使读者能够顺畅地阅读。
过渡可以采用连接词或词组,如"此外","因此","然而"等,引导读者理解前后段落之间的关系。
三、句子结构句子结构是指文章中各个句子之间的逻辑关系和表达方式。
句子结构的合理安排可以增强文章的流畅性和可读性。
1. 句型多样化:适当运用简单句、并列句、复合句、短语和复杂句等不同句型,使文章表达更加丰富,给读者带来新鲜感。
2. 长短搭配:长句和短句的搭配使用可以增强文章的节奏感和变化感,使整个文章更富有韵律。
3. 句子连接:通过适当的连接词和过渡词,将句子之间的关系更加紧密,确保文章的逻辑连贯性,使读者更易于理解。
语段结构知识英语语段有多种发展模式,其中最为常见的有因果型、转折型、举例型、列举型、对比型、递进型、综合型等。
英语行文重视形式逻辑和思维分析,因此衔接在语段写作中至关重要。
有时英语语段中没有逻辑衔接语,句间衔接是借助其他衔接手段实现的,其中最常见的是主语重复、代词指称和平型结构。
一、因果型语段提出问题---分析问题果---因因---果果—因---果Example:The two-day weekend is sincerely popular with college students. It offers students moreleisure time for their hobbies and entertainments, which help them relax completelyafter five-day hard work. It also relieves the pressure on them from too many coursesand assignments. Therefore, many students try to enjoy themselves in many interestingways such as going camping and having a potluck party.用于因果性语段的逻辑连接词主要有:--For one thing, …For another,….Therefore, thus, as a result, consequently, for this reasonThe first reason is that….the second one is….,the third one is….It is mainly(partly) because…It is not that…, but that…it is not because….but because…..This is why…二、转折型语段:在对主题句展开论述的过程中,经常会转到问题的另一个方面或相反的方面进行深入论证。
用于“转折型语段”的逻辑连接语有but, however, nevertheless, whereas, on the other hand 等。
There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization.You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the tree, of making general judgments.三、举例型语段:英语举例型的逻辑衔接语,除了最常用的for example, for instance 外,还有namely,a case in point, such as, take something for example. 注意:for example, for instance 是用,一个句子做例子,而such as 是并列两个以上的名词(或动名词)短语作例子。
I have many hobbies. For example, I like playing badminton very much.I have many hobbies such as playing badminton, collecting stamps and going camping.Example:Women can work as well as man in many fields. For example, many female scientists have greatly contributed to the development of human civilization. Most important of all, they have made such achievements while working as wives and mothers. In this case, they are more successful and respectable because they have to take on too much pressure insociety and in family.四、列举型语段当作这需要从几个方面论述“主题”时,而且这几个方面是并列关系,而不是对立关系时,比如有几个原因,几个问题,几个方法时,就可以采用列举型语段。
“列举型语段”的逻辑衔接与一般应成组出现,如first, second(ly), finally; The first reason is that…,the second reason is that….; In the first position,…in the second position…Sample:We have three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we must investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation(恶化),and not merely hold it back.五、对比型语段对比型语段分为一般性队逼和说明性对比,逻辑衔接语有:while, but, however, on the contrary, in(by contrast),for some people (for others…)等,如果比较三个以上的观点,常用的逻辑衔接语组合有:1) Some people think that…Others maintain that…As far as I am concerned,…2) Some people argue that…Others insist that …Still others maintain that….Sample 1:People have different choices of where to live. Some people choose to live in the city because they can acquire many conveniences in life and entertainment. Others like to settle downin the country, for they can’t endure the noise pollution and the crowded streets as well. As far as I am concerned, I prefer to live in the city only because of much more opportunities to achieve myself.Sample 2:The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of your body temperature is at its risk. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so.六、递进型语段:在论述过程中,有时要对“观点”层层剖析,由表及里,由末逐本地挖掘问题的实质,探讨事物的本源,这是就常常采用“递进法”发展语段。
用于“递进型语段”的逻辑衔接语有:moreover, further, and, also, furthermore, besides, in addition,what’s more, moreover, and what’s worse, worst of all 等Sample:It is, however, presumptuous(自以为是)to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many businessmen, so many scientists, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations..。