I. Background HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN DEFAULT REASONING

Face tracking with automatic model constructionJesus Nuevo,Luis M.Bergasa ⁎,David F.Llorca,Manuel OcañaDepartment of Electronics,Universidad de Alcala.Esc.Politecnica,Crta Madrid-Barcelona,Km 33,600.28871Alcala de Henares,Madrid,Spaina b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 12November 2009Received in revised form 26August 2010Accepted 15November 2010Available online xxxx Keywords:Face trackingAppearance modeling Incremental clustering Robust fittingDriver monitoringThis paper describes an active model with a robust texture model built on-line.The model uses one camera and it is able to operate without active illumination.The texture model is de fined by a series of clusters,which are built in a video sequence using previously encountered samples.This model is used to search for the corresponding element in the following frames.An on-line clustering method,named leaderP is described and evaluated on an application of face tracking.A 20-point shape model is used.This model is built of fline,and a robust fitting function is used to restrict the position of the points.Our proposal is to serve as one of the stages in a driver monitoring system.To test it,a new set of sequences of drivers recorded outdoors and in a realistic simulator has been compiled.Experimental results for typical outdoor driving scenarios,with frequent head movement,turns and occlusions are presented.Our approach is tested and compared with the Simultaneous Modeling and Tracking (SMAT)[1],and the recently presented Stacked Trimmed Active Shape Model (STASM)[2],and shows better results than SMAT and similar fitting error levels to STASM,with much faster execution times and improved robustness.©2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Contents 1.Introduction ...............................................................02.Background ...............................................................03.Robust simultaneous modeling and tracking ................................................03.1.Appearance modeling .......................................................03.2.Shape model ...........................................................04.Tests and results .............................................................04.1.Test set ..............................................................04.2.Performance evaluation ......................................................04.3.Results ..............................................................04.3.1.R-SMAT with automatic initialization...........................................04.4.Timings..............................................................05.Conclusions and future work .......................................................0Acknowledgments...............................................................0References ..................................................................1.IntroductionDriver inattention is a major cause of traf fic accidents,and it has been found to be involved in some form in 80%of the crashes and 65%of the near crashes within 3s of the event [3].Monitoring a driver to detect inattention is a complex problem that involves physiological and behavioural elements.Different works have been presented in recentyears,focused mainly in drowsiness,with a broad range of techniques.Physiological measurements such as electro-encephalography (EEG)[4]or electro-oculography (EOG),provide the best data for detection [4].The problem with these techniques is that they are intrusive to the subject.Moreover,medical equipment is always expensive.Lateral position of the vehicle inside the lane,steering wheel movements and time-to-line crossing are commonly used,and some commercial systems have been developed [5,6].These techniques are not invasive,and to date they obtain the most reliable results.However,the measurements they use may not re flect behaviours such as the so-called micro-sleeps [7].They also require a trainingImage and Vision Computing 29(2011)209–218⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+34918856569.E-mail addresses:jnuevo@depeca.uah.es (J.Nuevo),bergasa@depeca.uah.es(L.M.Bergasa),llorca@depeca.uah.es (D.F.Llorca),mocana@depeca.uah.es (M.Ocaña).0262-8856/$–see front matter ©2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2010.11.004Contents lists available at ScienceDirectImage and Vision Computingj o u r na l ho m e p a g e :w w w.e l s ev i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /i m av i speriod for each person,and thus are not applicable to the occasional driver.Drivers in fatigue exhibit changes in the way their eyes perform some actions,like moving or blinking.These actions are known as visual behaviours,and are readily observable in drowsy and distracted drivers.Face pose[8]and gaze direction also contain information and have been used as another element of inattention detection systems [9].Computer vision has been the tool of choice for many researchers to be used to monitor visual behaviours,as it is non-intrusive.Most systems use one or two cameras to track the head and eyes of the subject[10–14].A few companies commercialize systems[15,16]as accessories for installation in vehicles.These systems require user-specific calibration,and some of them use near-IR lighting,which is known to produce eye fatigue.Reliability of these systems is still not high enough for car companies to take on the responsibility of its production and possible liability in case of malfunctioning.Face location and tracking are thefirst processing stages of most computer vision systems for driver monitoring.Some of the most successful systems to date use near-IR active illumination[17–19],to simplify the detection of the eyes thanks to the bright pupil effect. Near-IR illumination is not as useful during the day because sunlight also has a near-IR component.As mentioned above,near-IR can produce eye fatigue and thus limits the amount of time these systems can be used on a person.Given the complexity of the problem,it has been divided in parts and in this work only the problem of face tracking is addressed.This paper presents a new active model with the texture model built incrementally.We use it to characterize and track the face in video sequences.The tracker can operate without active illumination. The texture model of the face is created online,and thus specific for each person without requiring a training phase.A new online clustering algorithm is described,and its performance compared with the method proposed in[1].Two shape models,trained online and off-line,are compared.This paper also presents a new video sequence database,recorded in a car moving outdoors and in a simulator.The database is used to assess the performance of the proposed face tracking method in the challenging environment a driver monitoring application would meet.No evaluations of face pose estimation and driver inattention detection are performed.The rest of the paper is structured as follows.Section2presents a few remarkable works in face tracking in the literature that are related to our proposal.Section3describes our approach.Section4describes the video dataset used for performance evaluation,and experimental results.This paper closes with conclusions and future work.2.BackgroundHuman face tracking is a broadfield in computing research[20], and a myriad of techniques have been developed in the last decades.It is of the greatest interest,as vast amounts of information are contained in face features,movements and gestures,which are constantly used for human communication.Systems that work on such data often use face tracking[21,22].Non-rigid object tracking has been a major focus of research in later years,and general purpose template-based trackers have been used to track faces in the literature with success.Several efficient approaches have been presented[23–26].Statistical models have been used for face modeling and tracking. Active Shape Models[27](ASM)are similar to the active contours (snakes),but include constraints from a Point Distribution Model (PDM)[28]computed in advance from a training set.Advances in late years have increased their robustness and precision to remarkable levels(STASM,[2]).Extensions of ASM that include modeling of texture have been presented,of which Active Appearance Models (AAMs)[29]are arguably the best known.Active Appearance Models are global models in the sense that the minimization is performed over all pixels that fall inside the mesh defined by the mean of the PDM.All these models have an offline training phase,which require comprehensive training sets so they can generalize properly to unseen instances of the object.This is time consuming process,and there is still the risk that perfectly valid instances of the object would not be modeled correctly.Several methods that work without a priori models have been presented in the literature.Most of them focus on patch tracking on a video sequence.The classic approach is to use the image patch extracted on thefirst frame of the sequence to search for similar patches on the following frames.Lukas–Kanade method[30]was one of thefirst proposed solutions and it is still widely used.Jepson et al.[31]presented a system with appearance model based on three components:a stable component that is learned over a long period based on wavelets,a2-frame tracker and an outlier rejection process.Yin and Collins[32]build an adaptive view-dependent appearance model on-line.The model is made of patches selected around Harris corners.Model and target patches are matched using correlation,and the change in position, rotation and scale is obtained with the Procrustes algorithm.Another successful line of work in object tracking without a priori training is based on classification instead of modeling.Collins and Liu [33]presented a system based on background/foreground discrimi-nation.Avidan[34]presents one of the many systems that use machine learning to classify patches[35,36].Avidan uses weak classifiers trained every frame and AdaBoost to combine them.Pilet et al.[37]train keypoint classifiers using Random Trees that are able to recognize hundreds of keypoints in real-time.Simultaneous Modeling and Tracking(SMAT)[1]is in line with methods like Lucas–Kanade,relaying on matching to track patches. Lukas–Kanade extracts a template at the beginning of the sequence and uses it for tracking,and will fail if the appearance of the patch changes considerably.Matthews et al.[38]proposed an strategic update of the template,which keeps the template from thefirst frame to correct errors that appear in the localization.When the error is too high,the update is blocked.In[39],a solution is proposed withfixed template that adaptively detected and selected the window around the features.SMAT builds a more complex model based on incremental clustering.In this paper we combine concepts from active models with the incremental clustering proposed in SMAT.The texture model is created online,making the model adaptative,while the shape model is learnt offline.The clustering used by SMAT has some limitations,and we propose some modifications to obtain a more robust model and better tracking.We name the approach Robust SMAT for this reason.Evaluation of face tracking methods is performed in most works with images captured indoors.Some authors use freely available image sets,but most of them test on internal datasets created by them,which limits the validity of a comparison with other systems.Only a few authors[40,41]have used images recorded in a vehicle,but the number of samples is limited.To the best of our knowledge,there is no publicly available video dataset of people driving,either in a simulator or in a real road.We propose a new dataset that covers such scenarios.3.Robust simultaneous modeling and trackingThis section describes the Simultaneous Modeling and Tracking (SMAT)of Dowson and Bowden[1],and some modifications we propose to improve its performance.SMAT tries to build a model of appearance of features and how their positions are related(the structure model,or shape),from samples of texture and shape obtained in previous frames.The models of appearance and shape are independent.Fitting is performed in the same fashion of ASM:the features arefirst found separately using correlation,and then theirfinal positions are constrained by the shape model.If thefinal positions are found to be reliable and not caused byfitting errors,the appearance model is updated,otherwise it is left unchanged.Fig.1shows aflow chart of the algorithm.210J.Nuevo et al./Image and Vision Computing29(2011)209–2183.1.Appearance modelingEach one of the possible appearances of an object,or a feature of it,can be considered as a point in a feature space.Similar appearances will be close in this space,away from other points representing dissimilar appearances of the object.These groups of points,or clusters,form a mixture model that can be used to de fine the appearance of the object.SMAT builds a library of exemplars obtained from previous frames,image patches in this case.Dowson and Bowden de fined a series of clusters by their median patch,also known as representative ,and their variance.A new incoming patch is made part of the cluster if the distance between it and the median of the cluster is below a threshold that is a function of the variance.The median and variance of a cluster are recalculated every time a patch is added to it.Up to M exemplars per cluster are kept.If the size limit is reached,the most distant element from the representative is removed.Every time a cluster is updated,the weight of the clusters is recalculated as in Eq.(1):w t +1ðÞk=w t ðÞk +α11+αifk =k u w t ðÞk11+αotherwise8>><>>:ð1Þwhere α∈[0,1)is the learning rate,and k u is the index of the updatedcluster.The number of clusters is also limited to K .If K is reached,the cluster with the lowest weight is discarded.In a later work,Dowson et al.[42],introduced a different condition for membership,that compares the probability of the exemplar belonging to foreground (a cluster)or to the background p fg j d x ;μn ðÞ;σfg n p bg j d x ;μn ðÞ;σbg nð2Þwhere σfg n is obtained from the distances between the representative and the other exemplars in the cluster,and σbg n is obtained from the distances between the representative and the exemplars in the cluster offset by 1pixel.We have found that this clustering method can be improved in several ways.The adapting nature of the clusters could theoretically lead two or more clusters to overlap.However,in our tests we have observed that the opposite is much more frequent:the representative of thecluster rarely changes after the cluster has reached a certain number of elements.Outliers can be introduced in the model in the event of an occlusion of the face by a hand or other elements like a scarf.In most cases,these exemplars would be far away from the representative in the cluster.To remove them and reduce memory footprint,SMAT keeps up to M exemplars per cluster.If the size limit is reached,the most distant element from the representative is removed.When very similar patches are constantly introduced,one of them will be finally chosen as the median,and the variance will decrease,over fitting the cluster and discarding valuable exemplars.At a frame rate of 30fps,with M set to 50,the cluster will over fit in less than 2s.This would happen even if the exemplar to be removed is chosen randomly.This procedure will discard valuable information and future,subtle changes to the feature will lead to the creation of another cluster.We propose an alternative clustering method,named leaderP ,to partially solve these and other problems.The method is a modi fication of the leader algorithm [43,44],arguably the simplest and most frequently used incremental clustering method.In leader ,each cluster C i is de fined by only one exemplar,and a fixed membership threshold T .It starts by making the first exemplar the representative of a cluster.If an incoming exemplar ful fills being within the threshold T it is marked as member of that cluster,otherwise it becomes a cluster on its own.The pseudocode is shown in Algorithm 1.Algorithm 1.Leader clustering.1:Let C ={C 1,…,C n }be a set of n clusters,withweights {w 1t ,…,w n t}2:procedure leader (E ,C )cluster patch E 3:for all C i ∈C do 4:if d (C k ,E )b T thenCheck if patch E ∈C k 5:UpdateWeights (w 1t ,…,w n t)As in Eq.(1)6:return 7:End If 8:End For 9:Create new cluster C n +1,with E asrepresentative.10:Set w n +1t +1←0Weight of new cluster C n +111:C ←C ∪C n +1Add new cluster to the model12:if n +1N K thenRemove the cluster with lowest weight13:Find C k |w k ≤w i i =1,…,n 14:C ←C ∖C k 15:end if16:end procedureFig.1.SMAT block diagram.211J.Nuevo et al./Image and Vision Computing 29(2011)209–218On the other hand,leaderP keeps the first few exemplars added to the cluster are kept,up to P .The median of the cluster is chosen as the representative,as in the original clustering of Dowson and Bowden.When the number of exemplars in the cluster reaches P ,all exemplars but the representative are discarded,and it starts to work under the leader algorithm.P is chosen as a small number (we use P =10).The membership threshold is however flexible:the distances between the representative and each of the exemplars that are found to be members of the cluster is saved,and the variance of those distances is used to calculate the threshold.Because the representative is fixed and distance is a scalar,many values can be kept in memory without having a impact on the overall performance.Keeping more values reduces the risk of over fitting.The original proposal of SMAT used Mutual Information (MI)as a distance measure to compare the image patches,and found it to perform better that Sum of Squared Differences (SSD),and slightly better than correlation in some tests.Any de finition of distance could be used.We have also tested Zero-mean Normalized Cross-Correlation (ZNCC).Several types of warping were tested in [42]:translation,Euclidean,similarity and af fine.The results showed an increasing failure rate as the degrees of freedom of the warps increased.Based on this,we have chosen to use the simplest,and the patches are only translated depending on the point distribution model.3.2.Shape modelIn the original SMAT of Dowson and Bowden,the shape was also learned on-line.The same clustering algorithm was used,but themembership of a new shape to a cluster was calculated using Mahalanobis distance.Our method relies on the pre-learned shape model.The restric-tions on using a pre-learned model for shape are less than those for an appearance model,as it is of lower dimensionality and the deforma-tions are easier to model.It has been shown [45]that location and tracking errors are mainly due to appearance,and that a generic shape model for faces is easier to construct.We use the method of classic ASM [27],which applies PCA to a set of samples created by hand and extracts the mean s 0and an orthogonal vector basis (s 1,…,s N ).The shapes are first normalized and aligned using Generalized Procrustes Analysis [46].Let s =(x 0,y 0,…,x n −1,y n −1)be a shape.A shape can be generated from this base as s =s 0+∑mi =1p i ·s i :ð3ÞUsing L 2norm,the coef ficients p =p 1;…;p N ðÞcan be obtained for a given shape s as a projection of s on the vector basis p =S Ts −s 0ðÞ;p i =s −s 0ðÞ·s i ð4Þwhere S is a matrix with the eigenvectors s i as rows.The estimation of p with Eq.(4)is very sensitive to the presence of outlier points:a high error value from one point will severely in fluence the values of p .We use M-estimators [47]to solve this problem.This technique hasbeenFig.2.Trayectory of the vehicle (map from ).Fig.3.Samples of outdoor videos.212J.Nuevo et al./Image and Vision Computing 29(2011)209–218applied to ASM and AAM in previous works [48,49],so it is only brie fly presented here.Let s be a shape,obtained by fitting each feature independently.The function to minimize is arg min p∑2ni =1ρr i;θð5Þwhere ρ:R ×R þ→R þis an M-estimator,and θis obtained from the standard deviation of the residues [50].r i is the residue for coordinate i of the shaper i=x i−s i o+∑mj =1p j s i j!!ð6Þwhere x i are the points of the shape s ,and s i j is the i th element of the vector s j .Minimizing function 5is a case of re-weighted least squared.The weight decreases more rapidly than the square of the residue,and thus a point with error tending to in finite will have zero weight in the estimation.Several robust estimators have been tested:Huber ,Cauchy ,Gaussian and Tukey functions [50].A study was made in [19]that resulted in similar performance for all of them in a similar scenario to that of this paper,and Huber function was chosen.Huber function performs correctly up to a number of outliers of 50%of the points.We use the 20-point distribution of the BioID database [51].Data from this database was used to train the model.This distribution places the points in some of the most salient locations of the face,and has been used in several other works [40].4.Tests and resultsThis section presents the video sequences used to test different tracking algorithms in a driving scenario.The dataset contains most actions that appear in everyday driving situations.A comparison between our approach and SMAT is presented.Additionally,we compare R-SMAT results with the recently introduced Stacked Trimmed ASM (STASM).4.1.Test setDriving scenarios present a series of challenges for a face tracking algorithm.Drivers move constantly,rotate their head (self-occluding part of the face)or occlude their face with their hands (or other elements such as glasses).If other people are in the car,talking and gesturing are common.There are also constant background changes and,more importantly,frequent illumination changes,produced by shadows of trees or buildings,streets lights,other vehicles,etc.A considerable amount of test data is needed to properly evaluate the performance of a system under all these situations.A new video dataset has been created,with sequences of subjects driving outdoor,and in a simulator.The RobeSafe Driver Monitoring Video (RS-DMV)dataset contains 10sequences,7recorded outdoors (Type A )and 3in a simulator (TypeB ).Outdoor sequences were recorded on RobeSafe's vehicle moving at the campus of the University of Alcala.Drivers were fully awake,talked frequently with other passengers in the vehicle and were asked to look regularly to the rear-view mirrors and operate the car sound system.The cameras are placed over the dashboard,to avoid occlusions caused by the wheel.All subjects drove the same streets,shown in Fig.2.The length of the track is around 1.1km.The weather conditions during the recordings were mostly sunny,which made noticeable shadows appear on the face.Fig.3shows a few samples from these video sequences.Type B sequences were recorded in a realistic truck simulator.Drivers were fully awake,and were presented with a demanding driving environment were many other vehicles were presentandFig.4.Samples of sequences in simulator.m e 17m e 17C u m u l a t i v e E r rD i s t r i b u t i o n00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91C u m u l a t i v e E r rD i s t r i b u t i o n(a)(b)Fig.5.Performance of different shape models,with leaderP clustering.213J.Nuevo et al./Image and Vision Computing 29(2011)209–218potentially dangerous situations took place.These situations increase the probability of small periods of distraction leading to crashes or near-crashes.The sequences try to capture both distracted behaviour and the reaction to dangerous driving situations.A few images from TypeB sequences can be seen in Fig.4.The recording took place in a low-light scenario that approached nighttime conditions.This forced the camera to increase exposure time to a maximum,which lead to motion blur being present during head movements.Low power near-IR illumination was used in some of the sequences to increase the available light.The outdoor sequences are around 2min long,and sequences in the simulator are close to 10min in length.The algorithms in this paper were tested on images of approximately 320×240pixels,but high resolution images were acquired so they can be used in other research projects.The images are 960×480pixels for the outdoor sequences and 1392×480for the simulator sequences,and are stored without compression.Frame rate is 30frames per second in both cases.The camera has a 2/3″sensor,and used 9mm standard lenses.Images are grayscale.The recording software controlled camera gain using values of the pixels that fell directly on the face of the driver.The RS-DMV is publicly available,free of charge,for research purposes.Samples and information on how to obtain the database are available at the authors'webpage.14.2.Performance evaluationPerformance of the algorithms is evaluated as the error between the estimated position of the features and their actual position,asgiven by a human operator.Hand-marking is a time consuming task,and thus not all frames in all videos have been marked.Approximately 1in 30frames (1per second)has been marked in the sequences in RS-DMV.We call this frames keyframes .We used the metric m e ,introduced by Cristinacce and Cootes [40].Let x i be the points of the ground-truth shape s ,and let ^xi be the points of the estimated shape ^s .Then,m e =1ns ∑n i =1d i ;d i=ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffix i −^x i T x i −^x ir ð7Þwhere n is the number of points and s is the inter-ocular distance.Wealso discard the point on the chin and the exterior of the eyes,because their location changes much from person to person.Moreover,the variance of their position when marked by human operators is greater than for the other points.Because only 17points are used,we note the metric as m e 17.In the event of a tracking loss,of if the face cannot be found,the value of m e 17for that frame is set to ∞.During head turns,the inter-eye distance reduces with the cosine of the angle.In these frames,s is not valid and is calculated from its value on previous frames.Handmarked points and software used to ease the marking process are distributed with the RS-DMV dataset.4.3.ResultsWe tested the performance of R-SMAT approach on the RS-DMV dataset,as well as that of SMAT.We compared these results with those obtained by STASM,using the implementation in [2].One of the most remarkable problems of (R-)SMAT is that it needs to be properly initialized,and the first frames of the sequence are key1/personal/jnuevo.Fig.7.Samples of type A sequence #1.Outlier points are drawn in red.m e 17FrameFig.6.m e 17error for a sequence.214J.Nuevo et al./Image and Vision Computing 29(2011)209–218to building a good model.We propose STASM to initialize (R-)SMAT in the first frame.STASM has been shown to be very accurate when the face is frontal.Nonetheless,a slightly incorrect initialization will make (R-)SMAT track the (slightly)erroneous points.To decouple this error from the evaluation of accuracy of (R-)SMAT in the tests,the shape was initialized in the first frame with positions from the ground-truth data.At the end of this section,the performance of R-SMAT with automatic initialization is evaluated.First,a comparison of the shape models is presented.With the best shape model,the original clustering algorithm and the proposed alternative are evaluated.Results are presented for outdoor and simulator sequences separately,as each has speci fic characteristics on their own.The incremental shape model of SMAT was found to produce much higher error than the pre-learned model.Fig.5shows the cumulative distribution error of the incremental shape model (on-line )with the robust pre-learned model (using Huber function)(robust ).Forcomparison purposes,the figure also shows the performance for the pre-learned shape model fitted using a L 2norm (non-robust ).All models use leaderP clustering,and patches of 15×15pixels.Clear improvements in performance are made by the change to a pre-learned model with robust fitting.The robust,pre-learned shape model is very important in the first frames,because it allows the model to have bigger certainties that the patches that are being included correspond to correct positions.Robust shape model is used in the rest of the experiments in this paper.Fig.6shows the plot of the m e 17distance of both models in a sequence.A clear example of the bene fits of the robust model is depicted in Fig.7.The online model diverges as soon as a few points are occluded by the hand,while the robust model keeps track of the face.The method is also able to keep track of the face during head rotations,although with increased fitting error.This is quite remarkable for a model that has only been trained with fully frontal faces.Fig.8shows the performance of the original SMAT clustering compared with the proposed leaderP clustering algorithm,as implemented in R-SMAT.R-SMAT presents much better performance than the original SMAT clustering.This is specially clear in Fig.8(b).We stated in Section 3.1that the original clustering method could lead to over fitting,and type B sequences are specially prone to this:patches are usually dark and do not change much from frame to frame,and the subject does not move frequently.When a movement takes place,it leads to high error values,because the model has problems finding the features.m e 17m e 17C u m u l a t i v e E r rD i s t r i b u t i o nC u m u l a t i v e E r rD i s t r i b u t i o n(a)(b)parison of the performance of clustering algorithms.Table 1Track losses for different clustering methods.MeanMaximum Minimum R-SMATType A 0.99% 2.08%(seq.#7)0%(seq.#1,#2,#6)Type B 0.71% 1.96%(seq.#9)0%(seq.#10)SMATType A 1.77% 5.03%(seq.#4)0%(seq.#1,#2,#5)TypeB1.03%2.45%(seq.#9)0%(seq.#10)m e 17m e 17C u m u l a t i v e E r rD i s t r i b u t i o n00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91C u m u l a t i v e E r r D i s t r i b u t i o n(a)(b)parison of the performance of STASM and SMAT.215J.Nuevo et al./Image and Vision Computing 29(2011)209–218。

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：安静一下不被打扰英语作文英语作文分论点全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Necessity of Quiet, Uninterrupted TimeWe live in a world of constant noise, distractions, and interruptions. From the moment we wake up to the second we fall asleep, we are bombarded with stimuli from all directions –notifications dinging on our phones, endless email chains, background music or TV noise, and the general hustle and bustle of modern life. In this overwhelming sea of inputs, it can be incredibly challenging to find moments of true peace and quiet to simply exist, breathe, and think.As a student, I have come to deeply value and prioritize having blocks of uninterrupted time to myself. This quiet solitude is essential for my ability to focus, reflect, recharge, and ultimately perform at my highest level academically and creatively. In this essay, I will explore three key reasons why dedicated quiet time is so vital: its impact on learning and productivity, its benefits for mental health and wellbeing, and its role in nurturing creativity and original thinking.First and foremost, having stretches of silent, distraction-free time is critical for optimizing learning and academic performance. When we are constantly being pinged and pulled in different directions by notifications, background noise, and fragmented inputs, it becomes extremely difficult to gain depth of understanding or achieve any meaningful flow state in our work. Multitasking and chronic interruptions have been shown again and again in studies to severely impair cognitive function, memory formation, and overall productivity.In contrast, working or studying in a quiet, contained environment allows our brains to fully concentrate and go into a state of deep focus. We can explore concepts and information with intense attention, make connections between ideas, and solidify our understanding through periods of absorbed concentration. Some of my most productive times as a student have occurred during quiet Saturday mornings at the library or late nights at home when the world is asleep and silent. These respites of tranquility are precious opportunities for me to delve wholeheartedly into my schoolwork without interference.Additionally, quiet solitude plays an essential role in memory consolidation and retention of the material we are attempting to learn. The human brain requires periods of reflection, where new information can be processed, connected to existing knowledge, and committed to long-term memory storage. This crucial transition from working memory to stable, lasting memories is impaired when we are constantly context-switching between tasks and dealing with incessant interruptions. Finding quiet moments to mindfully review, reinforce, and make sense of what I've learned in class has been a critical study technique that has served me well.Beyond academics, having pockets of quiet time is profoundly beneficial for mental health and overall wellbeing. In our frenetic, over-stimulated modern world, many people report feelings of constant exhaustion, anxiety, and an inability to simply be present and at peace. Taking intentional breaks from the commotion and chaos of daily life is incredibly restorative. During my own periods of solitary quiet, I am able to breathe deeply, release the tensions of the day, and re-center myself both emotionally and spiritually.These reprieves act as a reset button, allowing my overstimulated mind to finally find stillness and anchor itself in the present moment rather than being caught up in the swirling winds of fragmented thoughts and inputs. Quiet introspection has helped me become more self-aware, gain perspective on stressors or challenges I may be facing, and cultivate an inner calm and equanimity that is invaluable for overall mentalwell-being.Finally, quiet, uninterrupted solitude is absolutely vital for nurturing creativity, allowing our minds to wander, and having original thoughts and breakthroughs. Some of humanity's greatest ideas, discoveries, and works of art were born during periods of blessed tranquility, when the outside world fell awayand the depths of the inner world were given space to emerge. From Watson and Crick's Nobel Prize-winning insights into the structure of DNA to Wordsworth's revelations about the restorative powers of nature, moments of creative genesis so often arise in silence and stillness.For me personally, many of my most innovative ideas and imaginative bursts happen when I am able to simply be, without distractions – on a long walk while lost in my own thoughts, lying in bed before falling asleep, or during a rare quiet hour with a book or journal. The loud, frenetic nature of our current era can be incredibly stifling for original thinking. Consistent access to quiet offers a way to break free from the incessant noise, access different modes of cognition, and tap into the unstructured daydreaming and mind-wandering so crucial for novel ideas to take shape.In essence, quiet solitude is oxygen for the mind. It clears the mental clutter, stills the cacophony, and provides a canvas for learning, introspection, and creativity to flourish unimpeded. The human brain was not engineered to operate optimally in an environment of constant partial attention and stimuli overload. We require intervals of true peace and focus to function at the highest levels.As both a student and a human being living in this increasingly frenetic world, I have come to deeply value and consciously prioritize having pockets of quiet solitude each day. These windows of tranquility are sacred spaces for me to learn, recharge, reflect, and create in a way that is simply not possible when bombarded by nonstop noise and interruptions. They are not luxuries or expendable indulgences, but basic necessities for my academic success, emotional equilibrium, and ability to do my best work.In this age of endless inputs and scattered attention, the understated power of quiet cannot be overstated. Amidst all the commotion and motion, may we all find pockets of restorative silence and learn to grant ourselves the gift of uninterrupted presence, even if just for a few blessed moments each day.篇2Let Me Have Some Peace and Quiet, PleaseAs a student, my life is a constant juggling act. Between classes, homework, extracurriculars, and trying to maintain some semblance of a social life, it feels like there's always something demanding my attention. Don't get me wrong, I'm grateful for the opportunities I have, but sometimes it all becomes a bitoverwhelming. That's why I firmly believe that having moments of peace and quiet, free from distractions and interruptions, is crucial for my well-being and academic success. In this essay, I'll outline three key reasons why we all need to occasionally hit the pause button and embrace the sweet sound of silence.I. Preventing Burnout and Promoting Mental HealthThe first and arguably most important reason for having some uninterrupted quiet time is to safeguard our mental health. The constant barrage of stimuli we face daily – from the pings of our phones to the cacophony of city life – can take a serious toll on our psyches. Without respite, it's all too easy to become overwhelmed, leading to increased stress, anxiety, and even burnout.As students, we're expected to juggle a multitude of responsibilities, from attending classes and completing assignments to participating in extracurriculars and, for some, holding down part-time jobs. It's a lot to handle, and if we don't intentionally carve out moments to decompress and recharge, the weight of it all can quickly become too much to bear.During these quiet interludes, our minds have a chance to rest and reset, allowing us to process our thoughts and emotions more effectively. This, in turn, can help us better manage stress,improve our focus and concentration, and even boost our overall mood and sense of well-being.II. Fostering Creativity and ProductivityWhile it may seem counterintuitive, having periods of silence and solitude can actually enhance our creativity and productivity. In our constantly connected, fast-paced world, it's easy to get caught up in the frenzy and lose sight of the bigger picture. By consciously unplugging and creating space for stillness, we give our minds the freedom to wander, make new connections, and come up with innovative ideas.Think about some of history's greatest thinkers, writers, and artists – many of them actively sought out quiet retreats to fuel their creative processes. From Henry David Thoreau's sojourn at Walden Pond to J.K. Rowling's writing sessions in cafés, these individuals understood the value of escaping the noise and distractions of everyday life.For students, this quiet time can be instrumental in helping us tackle challenging assignments, brainstorm ideas for projects, or simply gain a fresh perspective on the material we're studying. When we're not constantly bombarded by external stimuli, our minds are free to roam, explore, and make unexpected connections that might otherwise go unnoticed.III. Strengthening Focus and ConcentrationIn today's age of constant digital distractions, maintaining focus and concentration has become an increasingly daunting challenge. From the allure of social media notifications to the temptation of multitasking, it's all too easy to find ourselves fragmented and struggling to stay on task.However, by deliberately creating pockets of uninterrupted quiet time, we can train our brains to better resist these distractions and maintain a deeper level of concentration. Just as muscles grow stronger through regular exercise, our ability to focus improves with practice – and what better practice than immersing ourselves in complete silence?During these quiet moments, without the constant barrage of external stimuli vying for our attention, we can fully immerse ourselves in the task at hand, whether it's studying for an exam, working on a research paper, or simply reading a good book. This heightened focus not only enhances our productivity and comprehension but can also lead to a greater sense of satisfaction and accomplishment.In ConclusionIn a world that often seems determined to bombard us with noise and distractions at every turn, the ability to carve out moments of peace and quiet is not just a luxury – it's a necessity. By intentionally embracing silence and solitude, we safeguard our mental health, foster creativity and productivity, and strengthen our focus and concentration.As students, our academic and personal success hinges on our ability to effectively manage the countless demands on our time and attention. By prioritizing quiet time, we give ourselves the space to recharge, reflect, and approach our responsibilities with renewed vigor and clarity.So, the next time you find yourself feeling overwhelmed or struggling to concentrate, resist the urge to power through the chaos. Instead, give yourself permission to step away from the noise, even if just for a few precious moments. Embrace the stillness, listen to the sound of your own thoughts, and let the restorative power of silence work its magic. Your mind, body, and academic pursuits will thank you for it.篇3Please Be Quiet and Don't DisturbHave you ever been in the middle of something really important and focused, only to be rudely interrupted by loud noises or disruptive people around you? It's one of the most frustrating experiences, isn't it? Whether you're trying to study for a big test, working on a major project, or just trying to relax and enjoy some peaceful downtime, being disturbed can completely throw you off and ruin your flow. That's why I'm arguing today that we all need to be more conscious about keeping quiet and not disturbing others.My main points are: 1) Noise and distractions make it extremely difficult to concentrate and be productive. 2) Constant interruptions and loud environments are major sources of stress.3) Having quiet zones and respecting others' need for silence improves everyone's mental wellbeing. Let me expand on each of these points.Concentration and ProductivityWhen you're deep in thought, researching a topic, or working through a difficult problem, the human brain needs focused, uninterrupted time to process information effectively. Even small noises or micro-distractions can completely derail your train of thought and force you to restart from the beginning. It's incredibly inefficient and frustrating. I know from experiencethat whenever I'm disturbed while studying, it takes me at least 5-10 minutes to get back into the same focused mindset I was in before. Over the course of a few hours, those little disruptions really start to add up in wasted time and mental energy.The effects on productivity are even more pronounced for complex, creative work. When you're trying to write an essay, analyze literature, or code a program, you need long stretches of quiet concentration to develop your ideas, make connections, and produce quality output. Distractions and noise literally block the brain's ability to engage in higher-order thinking and creative flow. I've had so many promising ideas and paragraphs get derailed because of an ill-timed loud conversation or notification sound going off nearby. It's so immensely demotivating.Simple fact: humans are not multi-tasking machines. We have limited attentional resources that become quickly overwhelmed and maxed out in noisy environments. Quiet allows us to hyper-focus our cognitive energy on the task at hand. But constant interruptions and cacophony cause attention to be divided, making work suffer immensely. For anything requiring real mental effort, silence is absolutely essential for peak performance.Stress and Mental HealthBeyond just impacting our productivity though, distracting noises and interruptions are also major sources of ambient stress. Even if we try to block them out or ignore them, our brains still automatically process sudden sounds and movements happening around us. This activates the fight-or-flight stress response and causes cortisol and adrenaline to spike, increasing feelings of anxiety and annoyance.Living or working in a continually loud, chaotic environment keeps the body's stress levels elevated all the time, never getting a break. This constant biochemical stress has immensely harmful effects over time, from impairing memory and concentration, to disrupting sleep, suppressing immune function, increasing inflammation, and even contributing to more serious conditions like depression, heart disease, and high blood pressure. The brain and body simply cannot stay in peak condition when they never get peace and quiet to recharge their batteries.I know I personally get so much more tense, snappy, and drained whenever I have to deal with noisy distractions for extended periods while I'm trying to get work done. The stress and mental fatigue build up quickly, leaving me completely depleted by the end of the day. In contrast, when I'm able towork or relax in a quiet, peaceful setting, I feel so much calmer, happier, and more mentally resilient and capable of handling challenges. Silence truly is a major key to psychological wellbeing.Community and RespectThe final point is that maintaining quiet spaces and giving others peace from disturbances isn't just a personal preference — it's a community responsibility that we all need to respect. We're living in increasingly dense, crowded spaces, whether in cities, dorms, apartment complexes, or shared offices. Our individual choices regarding noise and disruptions now impact those around us more than ever before.In such close quarters, even if we're willing to put up with noise and chaos ourselves, we need to be considerate that others may have very different needs and sensitivities. Maybe they're night owls trying to sleep during the day. Maybe they have ADHD, autism, or other conditions that make them struggle more with noise and overstimulation. Maybe they just value quiet, peaceful environments to take care of their mental health. No matter the reason, we should respect that and not impose our preferences on others.That's why I think it's so important for communities, residences, libraries, cafes, transit systems, and workplaces to provide clear quiet zones and rules around noise to accommodate a range of needs. Open office plans with no privacy, blasting music in shared spaces, and loudly talking on speaker phones in public areas are incredibly inconsiderate and disruptive. Sure, maybe some people are fine tuning it out, but likely many others are silently suffering and having their wellbeing, health, and productivity undermined on a daily basis.We should be proactively creating more pockets of silence and calm, while also being respectful about keeping voices down, wearing headphones, and being aware of our volume and movements when around others who may not want to be disturbed. A little consideration and environmental awareness from each of us can go a long way in reducing stress and frustration for everyone.In ClosingIn our increasingly fast-paced, hectic modern world, being able to find precious moments of quiet concentration and mental stillness is so important, yet decreasingly available. I really believe we need to reprioritize silence and freedom from disruptions as a societal value. It's not about being rude orantisocial — it's about respecting our fundamental human needs for focused thought, reduced stress, and mental rejuvenation.The negative impacts of persistent noise and interruptions on our productivity, health, and overall wellbeing are just too high and detrimental to keep overlooking. We simply cannot perform our best cognitively or be our healthiest selves without sufficient periods of peace and quiet built into our daily lives and environments.So I urge everyone, let's all be a bit more conscious about keeping the volume down, avoiding unnecessary disturbances, respecting others' boundaries around quiet time, and proactively creating more silent spaces in our communities. Our minds will be sharper, our stress reduced, and our general quality of life enhanced immensely if we can just be a little more quiet. Please be quiet and don't disturb — our collective mental wellbeing may depend on it.。

为人力部门写求职信英文Dear Hiring Manager,I am writing to express my interest in the open position within your Human Resources department. With a strong background in human resources and a passion for effective people management, I am confident in my ability to contribute positively to your team.I have over five years of experience working in various HR roles, including recruitment, employee relations, and training and development. Throughout my career, I have developed a keen understanding of HR best practices and have successfully implemented strategies to improve employee engagement and retention.One of my key strengths is my ability to effectively communicate and build relationships with employees at all levels of an organization. I believe that strong communication is essential for creating a positive work environment and fostering a culture of collaboration and teamwork. I have experience conducting employee surveys, facilitating team-building activities, and providing coaching and mentorship to help employees reach their full potential.In addition to my hands-on experience in HR, I hold a Bachelor's degree in Human Resource Management from a reputable university. I have also completed various professional development courses, including training in conflict resolution, performance management, and diversity and inclusion.I am particularly drawn to your company's commitment to promoting a diverse and inclusive workplace. I believe that fostering a culture of diversity not only enriches the work environment but also leads to better business outcomes. I am dedicated to promoting diversity and inclusion initiatives and have experience developing and implementing programs to support underrepresented groups within an organization.I am excited about the opportunity to bring my skills and expertise to your Human Resources department. I am confident that my background and experience make me a strong candidate for this position, and I am eager to contribute to the continued success of your organization. I look forward to the possibility of discussing my application with you further.Thank you for considering my application. I hope to hear from you soon.Sincerely,[Your Name]。

Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。

Key to Exercises of CollegeEnglish Book 2Unit 1★Text AVocabularyI.1.1) insert 2) on occasion 3) investigate 4) In retrospect5) initial 6)phenomena7) attached 8) make up for9) is awaiting 10) not…in the least11) promote12) emerged2. 1) There is a striking contrast between the standards of living in the north ofthe country and the south.2) Natural fiber is said to be superior to synthetic fiber.3) The city’s importance as a financial center has evolved slowly.4) His nationality is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer.5) The poems by a little-known sixteenth-century Italian poet have found theirway into some English magazines.3. 1) be picked up, can’t accomplish, am exaggerating2) somewhat, performance, have neglected, they apply to3) assist, On the other hand, are valid, a superiorII.1.1) continual 2) continuous 3) continual 4) continuous2.1) principal 2) principal 3) principle 4) principles 5) principalIII.1. themselves2. himself/herself3. herself/by herself/on her own4. itself5. ourselves6. yourself/ by yourself/on your ownComprehensive ExerciseI. Cloze1. 1) contrast 2) exaggerating 3) priority 4) on the other hand 5) promoting6) pick up 7) assist 8) accomplish 9) on occasion 10) neglecting11) worthwhile 12) superior2. 1) end 2) perform 3) facing 4) competent 5) equipped 6) designed 7) approach 8) rest 9) definitely 10) qualityII. Translation1.1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.2) Tom used to be very shy,but this time he was bold enough to give a performancein front of a large audience.3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the childat an early age.4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’sworthwhile to buy/purchase it?5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem weare investigating.2. To improve our English, it is critical todo more reading, writing, listeningand speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result.As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English.★ Text BComprehension check: c c d a c bLanguage Practice1.g h e c f a b d2.1) adopt 2) account 3) from your point of view 4) ended up5) furthermore 6)fund 7) annual 8) keeping track of 9) pace 10) intends11) perspective 12) deviseUnit 2★Text AVocabularyI. 1. 1) abrupt 2) emotional 3) bless 4) wear and tear 5) dated6）consequences 7）seemingly 8) in contrast to 9) Curiosity 10) genuine 11) primarily 12) sentiments2. 1) When you are confronted with more than one problem, try to solvethe easiest one first.2) Water is vital to the existence of all forms of life.3) There is still some confusion among the students about what to doafter class to follow up on the subject.4) As a person of simple living habits, he needs nothing more thana job and an apartment to be happy.5) It tickled him to think that she’d come to as his advice.3. 1) a lingering, fabricating, sentiments2) fill out, every item, vital, consequences3) be denied, tangible, cherish, attainII.1.It’s a long trip and will take us five hours by bus.2.She arrived early and took a front row seat.3.Don’t take me for a fool.4.It takes a lot of imagination to fabricate such a story.5.My uncle will take me (along on his trip) to the Arctic this summer.6.He took the dinner plate I passed to him.7.Kevin took second prize in the weight-lifting competition.8.If you don’t take my advice, you will regret it.III.1.hanging2. to give3. to return4. being praised5. not havingwritten6. to say7. to open8. being helpedComprehensive ExerciseI.1. 1) well-off/affluent 2) dated 3) falling into 4) bracket 5) deny6) tangible 7) pursuit 8) cherishes 9) out of place 10) abrupt11) focus 12) donations2. 1) consume 2) fueled 3) annual 4) plain 5) physically 6) security7) indicates 8) equally 9) traditional 10) followsII. Translation1.1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.2) Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.3) Education is the most cherished tradition in our family.That’s why myparents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.4) Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus hadto go through another difficult phase of his life.5) In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but theyhave always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.2. With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much betteroff financially next year. We will thus be able to focus on the most important task that we, educators, must take on: to encourage students to attain their scholarly/academic goals, to train them to be dependable and responsible individuals, to prepare them for the life ahead, and to guide them in their pursuit of spiritual as well as material satisfaction.★ Text BComprehension Check: b b d c d dLanguage Practice1.fcgebahd2.1) stunned 2) hold (fast) to 3) folks 4) generosity 5) discount6) liable7) ranks 8) on the run 9) make up 10) blends in 11) by all accounts 12) comesinto contact withUnit 3★Text AVocabularyI.1．1) typical 2)dumb 3) junior 4) glorious 5) welfare 6)came over 7) interference 8)fading 9) narrowed down 10) frank 11)schemes 12) at any rate2. 1) The Security council consists of five generals and four police officers.2) The new hotel will be in a location overlooking the lake.3) I was humiliated by her comments about my family background in front of somany people.4) Do you have any proof that it was Henry who stole the computer?5) the boy was exhausted after the long cycle ride.3. 1) hysterical。

保研面试英语自我介绍5篇范文模板:保研是被保送者不经过笔试等初试一些程序,通过一个考评形式鉴定学生的学习成绩、综合素质等,在一个允许的.范围内,直接由学校保送读研究生。

下面给大家分享保研面试英语自我介绍内容，希望能够帮助大家!保研面试英语自我介绍1Good morning,my name is karies.Its a great honur to have the opportunity for this interview. I would like to answer whatever you may raise,and I hope I could make a good performance today.Now I will introduce myself briefly.Im 21 years old,and I have been living wuhan for nearly 21 years.In the past years ,I spent most of my time on study.Iv passed CET 4 6 with a ease.And I have my acedemic records kept distinguished among the whole department.Now all my hard work has got a result,since I have the chance to be interviewed here.I cant describe my character well,but I know Im optimistic and confident. I like to stay alone,reading or listening music.though Im alone ,but Im not lonely.I have many friends here.After the summer intership in shengzhen,I hope to form a systermatic view of IE and to build a solid foundation for future profession after two years study.Doctor Jocob Chen once said Aim high ,vertical launch ,fly fast,complete your mission with style. Now given the chance,I will try my best to make it.Good afternoon (morning), professors：It is my great pleasure to be here. My name is mingmingzhou , graduated fromComputer Science Department of Wuhan niversity.During my four-year study in the university as an under-graduate student, I have built up a solid foundation of professional knowledge, as well as a rich experience of social activities. I am a determined person, always willing to achieve higher goals.Whats more, I am good at analysis, with a strong sense of cooperation. All of these led me to the success of passing the first round of the entrance examination to the Masters degree. Personally, I am very humorous and easy-going, enjoying a goodrelationship among my classmates. In my spare time, I like to read books regarding how to be myself and how to deal with problems. Music and movies are my favorite entertainments. As for my sportinterest, I could not deny my greatest interest is football. Playing this game brings me a lot of glory, happiness and passion.All in all, Wuhan University, with a highly qualified facultyand strong academic environment is the university I have long admired. I believe that I am a very qualified applicant for admission into your Master of IT program and can contribute to the enrichment or diversity of your university.保研面试英语自我介绍2Good afternoon,professors:It is my great honor to introduce myself here .My name is liuxiaobing . I come from maoyi sheng class ,the college of civil engineering .And my major is track engineering .During my three-year study in the university ,I have built up a solid foundation of professional knowledge ,as well as a rich experience of social activities .I attained a practice in an internet company on summer vacation of freshman year .This practice not only brought the first bucket of gold to me ,but also let me learn how to cooperate with a wide range of people . When Iwas a sophomore ,I took part in the national undergraduate innovation program as a group leaderandImade impressive progress .There is no doubt that joining this program is so rewarding to me .I learned that a considerate plan could make everything less work and it is of much significance to do what you like andthen insist it. what’s more ,Ialso acquired lots ofprofessional knowledge and knew how to think independently .I am an ambitious person ,always willing to achieve higher goals .I am very interested in my major course ,and I’d like to study it more systematically .This is why I hope to join this class .If I have the chance to be a member of the team ,I’ll try to improve my ability on innovation and learn more skills about professional softwares . I’ll try my best to be an expert in rail transit. Thank you .The content of our program is test study on DX piles performance in frozen soils under lateral loads .We did a series of experiments about DX piles and finally proved DX piles performance is better than straight piles .保研面试英语自我介绍3Hello, my name is ______, it is really a great honor to have this opportunity for a interview, i would like to answer whatever you may raise, and i hope i can make a good performance today, eventually eoll in this prestigious university in september. now i will introduce myself briefly,i am ____years old,born in ______8 province ,northeast of china,and i am curruently a senior student at ________.my major ispackaging engineering.and i will receive my bachelor degree after my graduation in june.in the past __years,i spend most of my time on study,i have passed ________with a ease. and i have acquired basic knowledge of packaging and publishing both in theory and in practice. besides, i have attend several packaging exhibition hold in Beijing, this is our advantage study here, i have taken a tour to some big factory and company. through these i have a deeplyunderstanding of domestic packaging industry. compared to developed countries such as us, unfortunately, although we have made extraordinary progress since 1978,our packaging industry are still underdeveloped, mess, unstable, the situation of employees in this field are awkard. but i have full confidence in a bright future if only our economy can keep the growth pace still. i guess you maybe interested in the reason itch to law, and what is my plan during graduate study life, i would like to tell you that pursue law is one of my lifelong goal,i like my major packaging and i wont give up,if i can pursue my master degree here i will combine law with my former education. i will work hard inthesefields ,patent ,trademark, copyright, on the base of my years study in department of pp, my character? i cannotdescribe it well, but i know i am optimistic and confident. sometimes i prefer to stay alone, reading, listening to music, but i am not lonely, i like to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favorite pastime is valleyball,playing cards or surf online. through college life,i learn how to balance between study and entertainment. by the way, i was a actor of our amazing drama club. . Thank you保研面试英语自我介绍4Hello!Everyone.I am so happy to stand here to introduce myself.And my name is __x,Im from __x,this is a beautiful place ,you know .And I have graduated from Binhai Middle School in JIANG su this year,in the shcool,I had a lot of friends.We palyed together,studied together and we had the same favourite,so I enjoyed it.My hobbies are various,such as YO-YO，Four-wheel-drive and so on.Of course,I am export at these most.And I also have many other hobbies you dont know,I wish you could find my hobbies in the summer camp.And also I can find your hobbies,maybe wehave the same hobbies.Do you think it will be exciting.Yes,yes,I believe ，I believe we will have a good tme,and we will leave a deep,a beautiful,an unforgettable impression!So everything is waiting for you and me to createtogether. Iam so happy to enjoy with you in next ten days.In conclusion,I wish to grow together,study together and we can be good friends at last.thank you!保研面试英语自我介绍5Im from nanjing university of __, very honored to receive my dream schools research interview, what came to my desire of learning, one step closer to my ideal goal.Then I think from three aspects to introduce my personal situation, teachers professional learning respectively introduced, practice experience and personal career planning.First of all, I very pay attention to professional knowledge learning in college.I usually study very hard, always stay in every exam grade 10, won the first scholarship twice, once a second-class scholarship, also with excellent academic performance and overall quality, won the national scholarship.In addition to strengthen the professional performance, but also a lot of reading various books in my spare time, accumulative total more than 100, an average of 1 week to complete at least two books to read, but also self-study completed common office software such as SPSS, strengthened my knowledge background and speaking skills.Secondly, I also very pay attention to the accumulation ofpractical experience.During the university, I took an active part in all kinds of professional activities organized by the school, such as business planning competition, in the game, Im using professional knowledge to write a business plan, in the field of more than 200 copies of a business plan, before entering the top 10, the qualification for the finals, and through several rounds of fierce competition, eventually won the second prize.By attending these fully improve their business ability, in the process of several modifications to deepen the understanding of this professional knowledge.In addition to participate in school activities, I also actively assist the teacher to participate in the two enterprise comprehensive management consulting projects, to help enterprises set up operational management system, in-depth enterprise actual contact with marketing, finance, human resources management work, these precious enterprise field experience make me to the enterprise management and operation with vivid cognition, also more deepened my interest in business management.Finally, I design the detailed career planning.I know that in order to understand how the enterprise operation, undergraduate knowledge alone is not enough, so I choseyour school of business management professional postgraduate student.Your school is in the field of enterprise management has a pivotal position, I always dreamed that your school has a strong faculty team, let me very yearning.If I can enter your school, I want to be under the guidance of teachers, further in-depth study of human resource management in enterprise management knowledge.。

英文招聘简历范文As a highly motivated and detail-oriented professional with a strong background in human resources, I am seeking new opportunities to contribute to a dynamic and forward-thinking organization. 作为一名积极进取、注重细节的专业人士，我在人力资源领域有着坚实的背景，我正在寻求新的机会，为充满活力和前瞻性的组织做出贡献。

With over 5 years of experience in talent acquisition, employee relations, and performance management, I have honed my skills in identifying top talent, fostering a positive work environment, and driving employee engagement. 在人才招聘、员工关系和绩效管理方面拥有超过5年的经验，我在识别顶尖人才、营造积极的工作环境和推动员工参与方面有着独到的见解。

I am proficient in using various HRIS and ATS systems, and have a proven track record of streamlining recruitment processes and enhancing data-driven decision making. 我精通各种人力资源信息系统和申请追踪系统，并且在简化招聘流程和增强基于数据的决策方面有着丰富的经验。

In my previous role, I successfully implemented a new employee wellness program that resulted in a 15% increase in employee satisfaction and a 10% decrease in turnover. 在我之前的工作中，我成功实施了一个新的员工健康项目，导致员工满意度上升了15%，员工流失率降低了10%。