208.The Worker as Creator or Machine

作业习题BOOK ONEUNIT ONE The Middle Eastern BazaarI Give brief answers to the following questions, using your own words as much as possible:1) What is a bazaar? Can you name some of the Middle Eastern countries in which such bazaars are likely to be found?2) Name all the markets of the bazaar. What kind of economy do you think they represent? Give facts to support your view.3) Could a blind man know which part of the bazaar he was in? How?4) Why is the cloth-market “muted”?5) What scene do you find most picturesque in the bazaar? Why?II Explain how the following nouns are formed . Give examples to illustrate the different ways of compounding nouns.1) gateway, courtyard 2) godsend, sunset3) scarecrow, grindstone 4) hardboard, highlight5) outcome, inflow 6) breakthrough , blackoutIII Topic for oral workThe writer of this piece tries to evoke the atmosphere of the bazaar by his choice of language. Give examples of the methods he employs to achieve this.IV Written work1) Imagine yourself to be a blind man and describe the cloth-market and thecopper-smiths‟ market.2) Describe the activities at a rural market.UNIT TWO Hiroshima ----the “Liveliest” City in JapanI Give brief answers to the following questions, using your own words as much as possible:1) Can you guess the writer‟s occupation, and perhaps, his nationality?2) What do you think was the aim of the visit?3) What was his attitude towards Hiroshima?4) Was Hiroshima in any way different from other Japanese cities?5) What thoughts were on his mind ? Were there other visitors from abroad? Didthey share his views? How do you know?6) What was his answer he read in every eye?II Explain how the meaning of the following sentences is affected when the italicized words are replaced with the words in brackets. Pay attention to the shades of meanings of the words.1) That must be what the man shouted.(was)2) Was I not at the scene of the crime? ( Was I at the scene…..?)3) Elderly ladies rubbed shoulders with teen-agers.( old)4) He grinned at me in the rear-view mirror.( smiled, laughed)5) He s ketched a little map on tatami matting.(carefully)III Topics for oral work.1) How do the Japanese themselves look at Haroshima? Why?2) Why did the writer go to Haroshima? What effect did the visit have on him?IV Write a short composition on either of the topics1) “Time Marchers on in Haroshima” --- a Chinese newsman‟s report on his recent visit to Haroshima2) My visit to….UNIT THREE Ships in the DesertI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible:1) Why did the writer go to the Aral Sea? What did he see there/2) What was “ the tunnel through time” the scientist was digging?3) What were scientist doing in the Antarctic region?4) Why would the thinning of the polar rice cap be disastrous to the world?5) How will the destruction of the Amazon rain forest affect the earth‟s ecological balance?6) What does the writer call “ ghosts in the sky” ? How are they formed?II Study the formation of the following nouns in each group. Give further examples of nouns with the same suffix.1) radiation pollution 2) environment measurement3) image damage 4) coldness thickness5) emission collision 6) activity fragility7) nature temperature 8) crisis paralysisIII Replace the italicized words with simple, everyday words or expressions:1) My research for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel around the world to examine and study many of these images of destruction.( ) ( )2) Scientists monitor the air several times every day to chart the course of that inexorable change.( )3) I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles further north to a rendezvous point.( )4) with horizon defined by little hummocks….. where separate sheets collide( )5) Our challenge is to recognize that the startling images of environmental destruction…..awaken us.( )IV Write a short composition on :We must protect our ecological system.UNIT FOUR Everyday Use for Your GrandmaI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible:1) In real life what kind of woman is the mother?2) What kind of woman would Dee like her mother?3) How does the mother act when she meets a strange white man?4) What kind of girl is Maggie?5) Why did Dee want the quilt so much?6) What is implied by the subtitle … for your grandmama‟?II The following sentences all contain metaphors or similes. Explain their meaning in plain ,non-figurative language.1) I am the way my daughter would want me to be :…. my skin like an uncooked barley pancake.2) It seems to me I have talked to them always with one foot raised in flight.3) Impressed with her they worshiped her well-turned phrases ,the cute shape, t he scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.4) He flew to marry a cheap city girl from a family of ignorant flashy people.5) And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe.III The following are rhetorical questions requiring no answers. Turn them into statement without changing the main ideas.1) A pleasant surprise , of course : What would they do if parent and child came on the show only to curse out and insult each other?2) Who ever knew Johnson with a quick tongue?3) Who can ever imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye?4) Why don‟t you do a dance around the ashes/5) “Why don‟t you take one or two of the others?” I asked.IV Topic for oral workCompare the three women in the story.UNIT FIVE Speech on Hitler‟s Invasion of the U.S.S.RI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible1)When and how did the Germans attack the Soviet Union?2) What was Churchill‟s reaction to the news of Hitler‟s invasion of Russia? Why?3) Why did Churchill side with the Soviet Union since he had always been an avowed enemy of communism?4) What policy did Churchill declare Britain would pursue?5) What , according to Churchill, was Hitler‟s motive in invading Russia? Do you agree with him?II Look up the following words in the dictionary and explain the meaning of …anti-… in each case, put them into Chinese and give further examples.1) anti-imperialist, antichrist2) antibacterial, antifreeze3) antiaircraft, anti-ballistic missile4) antithesis , antiheroIII Topic for oral work1) What “crimes”, “follies” and “tragedies” was Churchill referring to?2) Comment on Churchill‟s speech?UNIT SIX BlackmailI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible1) Did Ogilvie deliberately delay his call at the Croydons‟ suite? Why?2) Why did the Duchess send her maid and secretary out?3) Why do you think Ogilvie was being deliberately offensive to the Croydons in the beginning?4) How did the Duchess know where the Duke had gone the night the accident occurred?5) How did Ogilvie come to suspect the Croydons of the hit-…n-run crime?6) What is a …brush trace‟?II Make sentences with the following words, using the parts of speech indicated in the brackets:1) sound( v.) 2) figure( v.)3) go (n.) 4) try (n.)5) dust( v.) 6) square( v.)7) good( n.) 8) head( v.)9) make (n.) 10) reason( v.)III Translate the following into Chinese:1 He is never put out by unexpected questions.2 They will put out more rice next year.3 Here is a pretty go.4 He is itching to have a go at it.5 The old man is still full of go.6 This small shop sells fancy goods.7 Do you fancy anything to drink?IV Write a short summary of the story within 400 words.UNIT SEVEN The Age of Miracle ChipsI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible:1) What does a miracle chip look like? What is it made of?2) What was the computer of 25 years ago like? What is the miracle chip of today like?3) Describe a day of Mr.A and his wife.4) How will a household computer work?5) How will a hospital computer work?6) How will the tiny computers help motorists of the future?7) What is the significance of the computer revolution?II Proper names and trade names are sometimes used as common nouns. Point out what the italicized words stand for.1) Ford co. now offers buyers of its Continental Mark Vs an option called “miles to empty‟.2) Drivers of General Motors‟ 1978 Cadillac Seville are also able to punch a button and find out the miles yet to go to a preset destination and the estimated arrival time.3) She drove in her Fiat to the theatre.4) Those photos were taken with a Kodak.5) Would you care for a cup of longjing?III Topics for oral work:1) Is the computer a humanizing or dehumanizing factor?2) The author tries to make his science writing interesting and popular. What are some of the methods he employs to achieve this?UNIT EIGHT An Interactive LifeIt Will put the world at your fingertips, changing the ways you shop, play and learn. But when will the future arrive?I Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible:1) What will an interactive life of the future be like ?Describe some of its possible features.2) Why should a person step into the past to get an idea of what the future might bring?3) How would Peter Jennings become obsolete?4) What is called “fake interactive”?5) What does “complete viewer control” mean?II The noun-forming suffixes –ism has different meanings that should not always be translated into “主义”.Put the following into Chinese, paying attention to the different meanings of –ism:1) elitism 2) populism3) terrorism 4) pauperism5) nationalism 6) alcoholism7) multi-culturalism 8) symbolismIII Topics for oral work:1) What impact will interactivity have on future leisure activities?2) What impact will interactivity have on future businesses?3) What other possible scenarios do you envisage for interactivity?UNIT NINE Mark Twain--- Mirror of AmericaI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as muchas possible:1Why is Mark Twain one of America‟s best-loved authors?2 Give a brief account of Mark Twain‟s experience before he became a writer.3 Why did the writer adopt …Mark Twain‟ as his pen name?4 Why did Mark Twain leave the river country? What did he do then?5 What story did he write that made him known as …the wild humorist of the Pacific slope‟?II Give the antonyms of the words listed below:1 ) optimist 2) savage3) keen 4) to rebuff5) diligently 6) sluggish7) to acknowledge 8) colossal9) tedious 10) drearyIII Replace the italicized words and phrases with more formal words or expressions:1) Indeed, this nation‟s best-loved author was every bit as adventurous…as anyone had imagined.( )2) Broke and discouraged, he accepted a job as reporter( )3) that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises( )4) and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring( )5) “Well, that is California all over” ( )IV Write a summary of the life to Mark Twain within 200 words.UNIT TEN The Trial That Rocked the WorldI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible:1) How much do you know about the author from his article?2) What do you think of the struggles between fundamentalists and modernists? What did that show?3) Why was so much attention paid to this trial in an out-of-the-way small town in the U.S.?4) Try to elaborate the views of Darrow and Malone and that of Bryan‟s.5) What have you learned about the Bible?6) What do you think is the message of this article?II Explain the implied meaning or satirical meaning of the following:1) “Today it is the teachers ,”he continued , “and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers.”2) “There is some doubt about that,” Darrow shorted.3) One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT-INSIDE.4) The truth does not need Mr. Bryan.5) Of the 12 juniors , three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn‟t read.III The following sentences contain metaphors or similes. Explain their meanings in plain, non-figurative language.1) no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snow-ball into one of the most famous trials in U.S.‟s history.2) By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere.3) he thundered in his sonorous organ tones.4) Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan.5) But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with BryanIV Written workDescribe the climax of the trial within 250 words.UNIT ELEVEN But What‟s a Dictionary For?I Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible:1) What critical views did the popular press express on the publication of Webster‟s Third New International Dictionary?2) How much effort and money was spent on the making of this dictionary?3) Why are new dictionaries needed?4) What does the writer say about spelling and pronunciation?5) Has the Third New International Dictionary any faults?II Spell the following words in another accepted way:Model: 1) theatre—theater2) traveled---traveled1) anaemia 9) dialogue2) anaesthesia 10) gramme3) behaviour 11) programme4) favourite 12) modeled5) cheque 13) practice6) centre 14) manoeuvre7) metre 15) Muslim8) defence 16) fulfilIII Topic for oral workDescribe the merits and faults of a dictionary you‟re familiar with.IV Write an outline of the text.UNIT TWELVE The LoonsI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible:1) Were the Tonnerres rich or poor? Substantiate your answer with facts.2) What would happen sometimes to old Jules or his son Lazarus on Sunday nights?3) Why did the doctor propose taking Piquette to Diamond Lake for the summer?4) Why did the narrator‟s mother first object and then agree to take Piquette along?5) What is the full name of the narrator?II Replace the italicized colloquial or slangy words with more formal words or expressions:1) Sometimes Old Jules, or his son Lazarus , would get mixed up in a Saturday-night brawl.( )2) I hate like the dickens to send her home again.( )3) “I‟ll bet anything she has nits in her hair.‟( )4) “So what?” Her voice was distant.5) “I bet you know a lot about the woods and all that, eh?”( )III Topics for oral work1) What kind of life did Piquette live after her summer holidays at Diamond lake?2) Did Piquette commit suicide or die an accidental death? Give your reasons.UNIT THIRTEEN Britannia Rues the WavesI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible:1) Comment on the title of the article. What is the implied meaning?2) Why does the author think shipping is a major success story?What are the reasons foe the success?3) What stiff foreign competition threatens the British fleet?4) What is a conference? What role does it play?5) Why could the foreign liner services stand the slump better?II Explain how the meaning of the following sentences is affected when the italicized words are replaced by the words in brackets. Pay attention to the shades of meaning of the words.1) But today, this vital British industry is more in peril than ever before.( danger)2) In the early 1960s, the shipping companies cashed in on government grants and tax concessions.( loans)3) and price-cutting ruined many long-established companies( affected)4) so they were not so badly affected( influenced)5) Containers, for example, were an American invention.( discovery)III Write a short composition on the topic within 400 words.The Shipping Industry in ChinaUNIT FOURTEEN Argentina BayI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible:1) Why was it considered a joke when the President said, “I‟ve never heard …My Country‟ Tis of Thee‟ played better?2) Why did Henry think he went from peace to war when he passed from the Augusta to the Prince of Wales?3) On the problem of aid to Russia, did Churchill and Roosevelt see eye to eye? In what way did their opinions differ?4) Who was after all Number One Man, according to the author.5) What was Britain‟s immediate need? Why did the author consider this need pathetic?II Rewrite the following sentences without using transferred epithet:Model: He threw a reassuring arm round my shoulder.--- He threw his arm round my shoulder reassuringly.1) Gray peace pervaded the wilderness-ringed Argentia Bay in Newfoundland.2) droves of bluejackets were doing an animated scrub-down.3) They prolonged the clasp for the photographer, exchanging smiling words.4) Pug observed that not one of them was shooting this crippled walk.5) The sailors swarmed into a laughing , cheering ring around the two men.III Topics for oral work1) Why did Churchill undertake such a dangerous ocean voyage? Did the result justify the risks he took?2) Comment on the different roles Britain , the United States and Soviet Union played in World War II.UNIT FIFTEEN No Signposts in the SeaI Give brief answers to the following questions , using your own words as much as possible:1) What effects does the moon and the cool water of the swimming pool have on him?2) What kind of coastline does he like? Why?3) Who is in charge of the lighthouse? Does he like the job?4) Why does he say: “God, is there no escape from suffering and sin?”5) What is the …green flash‟?II Point out the figures of speech used in the following sentences:1) in the evening she wears soft rich colors( )2) he says he used to read me ( )3) I want my fill of beauty before I go.( )4) and the cool support of the water( )5) I had no temptation to take a flying holiday to the south( )III Topics for oral work1) Who is Edmund Carr? How has he changed?2) How does the writer manage to make her description of the sea and the coastline so vivid and beautiful?IV Written workDescribe a beautiful place that you have visited.UNIT SIXTEEN 1776I Replace the following italicized words with more formal words or expressions:1) If you‟ll be wantin‟ anything at all just holler out. ( )2) Where does Georgia stand on the question of independence? ( )3) Y‟know perfectly well neither Rodney nor I can stand this little wart.( )4) You‟ve got your way at last.( )5) Let‟s get on with it.( )6) The South‟s done us in.( )II Explain the meaning of the metaphors and similes in the following sentences, using plain , non-figurative language;1) WILSON: for if we do not determine the nature of the beast before we set it free, it will end by consuming us all( Scene 3)2) JOHN: You keep to the rear of every issue so if we should go under you‟ll still remain afloat.( Scene 3)3) JOHN: Would you whip it and beat it till you break its spirit? ( Scene 6)4) FRANKLIN( angrily): but in any case, stop acting like a Boston fishwife( Scene6)5) HANCOCK: We are about to brave the storm in a skiff made of paper( Scene 7) III Topics for oral work1) Which character do you like best? Why?2) Which character do you dislike most? Why?3) What new facts have you learned about American history?IV Write a summary of Scene Three within 400 words.BOOK TWOUnit OneFace to Face with Hurricane CamilleExercisesⅠ.Questions on appreciation:1.What is the organizational pattern of this piece of narration? How would youclassify the first six paragraphs?2.What dose the writer focus chiefly on ---developing character, action (plot),or idea(theme)?3.Who is the protagonist or leading character in the story?4.What opposing forces make up the conflict?5.How does the writer give order and logical movement to the sequence of happenings?6.At what point would you have ended the story? Why?Ⅱ.Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:1.demolish, destroy, raze, annihilate2.disintegrate, decay, rot, spoil, molder, decomposeSuggested Reference Books [SRB]1.Webster’s New World Dictionary of American Language2.Webster’s New Dictionary of Synonyms3.Reader’s Digest, Use the Right WordⅢ. Topics for oral work:1.What are the strong and weak points of the narration?2.Whom do you admire most in this story? Why?3.What have you learned about people and society in the United States? Does the story give atrue and complete picture?Ⅳ. Write a short narration of around 300 words relating your experience of an earthquake, a flood, a typhoon or a hailstorm.Unit Two MarrakechExercisesⅠ.Questions on appreciation:1.The things of value, Orwell says in “Why I Write”, are always political. Isthis essay political? Has the writer said anything of value?2.Orwell describes human suffering and misery rather objectively. How then canyou tell that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery?3.Why does the writer reveal his feelings about the donkeys but conceal his feelings about thepeople? What effect does this contrast have on the reader?4.Could paras4-7 just as well come after 8-15 as before? Could other groups of paragraphs berearranged? What does this indicate about the organization? What gives the essay coherence?5.Does this essay give readers a new insight into imperialism? Has the Writer succeeded inshowing that imperialism is an “evil thing”?ment on Orwell‟s lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details.Ⅱ.Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:1.wail, cry, weep, sob, whimper, moan2.frenzy, mania, delirium, hysteria3.glisten, glitter, flash, shimmer, sparkleSuggested Reference Books [SRB]1.Webster’s New World Dictionary of American Language2.Webster’s New Dictionary of Synonyms3..Reader’s Digest, Use the Right WordⅢ. Topics for oral work:1.What can you infer about the author‟s political attitude from this essay?2.Do you like Orwell‟s style? Give examples to support your views.In this essay, the writer makes effective use of specific verbs. List 10specific verbs you consider used most effectively and give your reasons.IV. Write a short composition describing objectively the suffering and poverty of pre-liberation China or of any city. Try to maintain an objective tone, but your real feelings should be evident to the reader.Unit Three Pub Talk and the King‟s EnglishⅠ.Questions on appreciation:1.In what way is “pub talk” concerned with “the King‟s English” Is the title of the piece wellchosen?2.Point out the literary and historical allusions used in this piece and comment on their use.3.What is the function of para 5?Is the change from “pub talk”to “the King‟s English”tooabrupt?4.Do the simple idiomatic expressions like “to be on the rocks, out of bed on the wrong side,ect.,”go well with the copious literary and historical allusions the writer uses? Give your reasons.5.Does the writer reveal his political inclination in this piece of writing? How?Ⅱ.Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:1.ignorant, illiterate, uneducated, unlearned2.jeer, scoff, sneer, gibe, floutSuggested Reference Books [SRB]1.Webster’s New World Dictionary of American Language2.Webster’s New Dictionary of Synonyms3..Reader’s Digest, Use the Right WordⅢ. Topics for oral work:1.In your opinion, what makes or spoils a good conversation?2.Is spoken English different from written English? In what ways are they different?IV. Write a short composition describing some of the peculiarities of spoken English.Unit Four Inaugural AddressⅠ.Questions on appreciation:1.Speeches are generally highly rhetorical. Point out some of the differentrhetorical devices Kennedy employs to make his inaugural address as forceful and impressive as possible.2.Is the address well organized? Comment on the order in which he addressed the differentgroups of nations and people.3.Cite examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice and use ofwords.4.Is his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses? Give your reasons.5.This inaugural address is regarded by many in the United States as a classical speech, andmany passages are often quoted. Could you pick out some passages likely to be quoted by Americans? Give reasons for your choice.6.Is Kennedy‟s argument and persuasion based mainly on facts and logic or on an appeal toemotions? Would this type of speech be successful on all occasions?II Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:1.mortal, fatal, deadly, lethal2.faithful, loyal, constant, staunch, resoluteIII topics for oral work:1.To what ,do you think ,is the United States committed at home and around the world?ment on U.S. policies as laid down by Kennedy in his inaugural address.Unit Five Love is a FallacyI Write a short note on :Ruskin.[SRB]1.Oxford Companion to English Literature2 any book on the history of English literature3 any standard encyclopediaII Questions on appreciation :1 Comment on the title of this essay. Is it humourous?2 Can you find any evidence to support the view that writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man?3 What is the purpose of this essay or story? What method does the writer employ?4 Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create?5 In what sense is the conclusion ironic.III Write a short composition on one of the following topics ,using the method of classification for developing your ideas:1.Farm Work in My Village2.Physical Training in Our School3.Some Successful Study MethodsUnite Six Disappearing Through The SkylightI Write short notes on the following :Lysenko and Leonardo(davinci)[SRB]any standard encyclopediaII Shorten the sentences ,omitting repeated words ,helping verbs, etc.1 The theories we use in meteorology are complicated and they don‟t cover all aspects of the weather.2 The raw material are weighed ,then they are mixed automatically in the correct proportions and then they are fed into the granulator.3 When they are thoroughly mixed with the suspension ,these substances separate the virus particles from the rest of the suspension.4 The plastic material is fed into a hopper and then it is heated.5 Local calls, long-distance calls and intercontinental calls are connected automatically in this exchange.6 The steel is heated . Then it is quenched rapidly in water. It is heated again and this time it is cooled slowly.III Topics for oral work:1 Is history really in the process of disappearing ?2 Is the world becoming more uniform or more diverse?Unit Seven The Libido for the UglyI Write a short note on H.L.Mencken.[SRB]1 The Author’s and Writer’s Who’s Who2 The Oxford Companion to American LiteratureII Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words:1 coming out of Pittsburgh on one of the expresses of the Pennsylvania Railroad ( para. 1)2 I rolled eastward for an hour (para. 1)3 the sheer revolting monstrousness (para 2)4 somewhere further down the line (para 3)5 they are streaked in grime(para 3)6 and it is still slightly (para 4)III Replace the italicized words with simple, everyday words or expressions:1.Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristics activity( )2. and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.(…)。

LESSON8：TheworkerasCreatororMachine补充练习题专业四八级The worker as Creator or Machine 补充练习题/test | 英语大学Skip navigation.英语课程博客/日记英语视频我的账户英语论坛首页《高级英语》Advanced English 高级英语课程辅导高级英语第二册辅导Unit 8 The worker asCreator or MachineThe worker as Creator or Machine 补充练习题/testThe Worker as Creator or MachineI. Word explanation1. cathedralA. religionB. churchC. templeD. warehouse2. moldA. formB. deformD. ascend3. lucidlyA. a cleverlyB. reliablyC. obscurelyD. clearly4. feverishA. cruelB. savageC. excitedD. rash5. alienateA. allyB. separateC. uniteD. oppose6. devoidA. lackingB. preventingC. avoidingD. damagingA. positioB. functionC. resultD. value8. slovenlyA. clean and tidyB. careful and cleanC. careless and untidyD. slow and neat9. frictionA. divisionB. conflictC. connectionD. section10. amassA. spoilB. putrefyC. accumulateD. collapse11. intoxicatioA. exhilarationC. extinctionD. extraction12. fraudulentA. confusingB. worryingC. trustfulD. deceitful13. cravingA. craftB. desireC. statueD. design14. gadgetA. applianceB. figureC. planD. handtool15. spontaneousA. compulsiveB. forcedC. instinctiveD. submissive16. infuseA. fillB. confuseC. containD. misuse17. asceticismA. aestheticsB. self-denialC. self-criticismD. ascent18. obligationA. responsibilityB. dutyC. burdenD. all the above19. stultifyingA. stupidB. amazingC. not stimulatingD. not dull20. succinctlyA. clearlyB. successfullyC. obviouslyD. continuouslyII. Fill in the blanks with words given below:obligation, manipulation, passivity, hostility, spontaneous, receptivity,underlying, formulation, transformation, prosecution, rationalization1. In the Chinese history, there were专业四八级manypeasant rebellions.2. Their friendship is regarded with suspicion and3. The ideals of womanhood have been produced by men who desire women tobe of4. He has been promoted, for he is a man with ready to new ideas.5. In the western world, many women resent the reality of maleSo theygo in for the Women Liberation Movement.6. Deng Xiaoping's on the problem of Hong Kong, Taiwan andMacao is “onecountry, two systems".7. The theme of the story is very serious and meaningful.8. Belgium replied that she had always been faithful to her international9. A policeman was injured in the of his duties.10. The Cultural Revolution caused a in her character.11. He lent an open ear to all those proposals.III. Determine the word according to the explanation. The first letter of the word is given:1. B is a situation of feeling that gives you a great deal of pleasureand makes you very happy.2. A c is a food made from grain and often other things such as sugar orfruit, which is usually mixed with milk and eaten for breakfast.3. A person who acts without thinking about what they are doing is oftencalled an a .4. If you c someone, you meet them face to face.5. A p is a doctor who treats mental and emotional disorders.6. Someone who is employed by a business at a senior level is the e .7. If someone or something is your s , they save you from seriousharm oran extremely unpleasant situation.8. D is work that is not enjoyable to do because it is hard or boring.9. If someone has u motives or reasons for doing sth. they do not showtheir motives openly but hide them.10. If you say someone is a p thinker, you mean he is a deep thinker.IV. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Put a“T”, if the statement is true and put a “F”, if the statement is false.1. According to Fromm, the breakdown of the chains of the feudal societymakes people confident and free; so they feel safe and secure in their profession.2. According to Mills craftsmanship involves the control of the workprocess by the individual worker.3. Work, besides its intrinsic positive aspects, becomes purely and simplya method to achieve wealth and success.4. According to Fromm work as duty and as a means for saving one's soulonly existed for those who had only their physical energy to sell.5. The central theme of this exposition is that in capitalist society theworker feels estranged fromor hostile to the work he is doing.6. Fromm agrees to the activities of those industrial psychologists, whoseconcerns and the objectives专业四八级are to increase the productivity of workers.7. The businessman hates his competitors, his customers and even himself.He feels excited over his success only for a short time.8. Fromm thinks bourgeois advertising now appeals more to sexual appeal ofwomen in order to sell their goods than to laziness and passivity.9. Fromm is attacking the capitalist's increasing attention paid to thepsychology of the worker and to the 'human problem of industry.'10. In the capitalist society, worker is simply a machine. Machines can doanything which can't be performed by human being.VII. Translation:1. 社会主义现代化应该有.繁荣的经济，也应该有繁荣的文化。

The Worker as Creator or Machine 工人是创造者还是机器Erich Fromm1 Unless man exploits others, he has to work in order to live. However primitive and simple his method of work may be, by the very fact of production, he has risen above the animal kingdom; rightly has he been defined as "the animal that produces." But work is not only an inescapable necessity for man. Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independent being. In the process of work, that is, the molding and changing of nature outside of himself, man molds and changes himself. He emerges from nature by mastering her; he develops his powers of co-operation, of reason, his sense of beauty. He separates himself from nature, from the original unity with her, but at the same time unites himself with her again as her master and builder. The more his work develops, the more his individuality develops. In molding nature and re-creating her, he learns to make use of his powers, increasing his skill and creativeness. Whether we think of the beautiful paintings in the caves of Southern France, the ornaments on weapons among primitive people, the statues and temples of Greece, the cathedrals of the Middle Ages, the chairs and tables made by skilled craftsmen, or the cultivation of flowers, trees or corn by peasants--all are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man's reason and skill.2 In Western history, craftsmanship, especially as it developed in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, constitutes one of the peaks in the evolution of creative work. Work was not only a useful activity, but one which carried with it a profound satisfaction. The main features of craftsmanship have been very lucidly expressed by C. W. Mills. "There is no ulterior motive in work other than the product being made and the processes of its creation. The details of dally work are meaningful because they are not detached in the worker's mind from the product of the work. The worker is free to control his own working action. The craftsman is thus able to learn from his work; and to use and develop his capacities and skills in its prosecution. There is no split of work and play, or work and culture. The craftsman' s way of livelihooddetermines and infuses his entire mode of living."3 3 With the collapse of the medieval structure, and the beginning of the modern mode of production, the meaning and function of work changed fundamentally, especially in the Protestantcountries. Man, being afraid of his newly won freedom, was obsessed by the need to subdue his doubts and fears by developing a feverish activity. Theout-come of this activity, success or failure, decided his salvation, indicating whether he was among the saved or the lost souls. Work, instead of being an activity satisfying in itself and pleasurable, became a duty and an obsession . The more it was possible to gain riches by work, the more it became a pure means to the aim of wealth and success. Work became, in Max Weber's terms, the chief factor in a system of "inner-worldly asceticism ," an answer to man's sense of aloneness and isolation.4 However, work in this sense existed only for the upper and middle classes, those who could amass some capital and employ the work of others. For the vast majority of those who had only their physical energy to sell, work became nothing but forced labor. The worker in the eighteenth or nineteenth century who had to work sixteen hours if he did not want to starve was not doing it because he served the Lord in this way, nor because his success would show that he was among the "chosen " ones,, but because he was forced to sell his energy to those who had the means of exploiting it. The first centuries of the modern era find the meaning of work divided into that of duty among the middle class, and that of forced labor among those without property.5 The religious attitude toward work as a duty, which was still so prevalent in the nineteenth century, has been changing considerably in the last decades. Modern man does not know what to do with himself, how to spend his lifetime meaningfully, and he is driven to work in order to avoid an unbearable boredom. But work has ceased to be a moral and religious obligation in the sense of the middle class attitude of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Something new has emerged. Ever-increasing production, the drive to make bigger and better things, have become aims in themselves, new ideals. Work has become alienated from the working person.6 What happens to the industrial worker? He spends his best energy for seven or eight hours a day in producing "something." He needs his work in order to make a living, but his role is essentially a passive one. He fulfills a small isolated function in a complicated and highly organized process of production, and is never confronted with "his" product as a whole, at least not as a producer, but only as a consumer, provided he has the money to buy "his" product in a store. He is concerned neither with the whole product in its physical aspects nor with its wider economic and social aspects. He is put in a certain place, has to carry out a certain task, but does not participate in the organization or management of the work. He is not interested nor does he know why one produces this, instead of another commodity--what relation it has to the needs of society as a whole. The shoes, the cars, the electric bulbs, are produced by "the enterprise," using the machines. He is a part of the machine, rather than its master as anactive agent. The machine, instead of being in his service to do work for him which once had to be performed by sheer physical energy, has become his master. Instead of the machine being the substitute for human energy, man has become a substitute for the machine. His work can be defined as the performance of acts which cannot yet be performedby machines.7 Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaningful human activity. P. Drucker, observing workers in the automobile industry, expresses this idea very succinctly "For the great majority of automobile workers, the only meaning of the job is in the pay check, not in anything connected with the work or the product. Work appears as something unnatural, a disagreeable, meaningless and stultifying condition of getting the pay check, devoid of dignity as well as of importance. No wonder that this puts a premium on slovenly work, on slowdowns , and on other tricks to get the same pay check with less work. No wonder that this results in an unhappy and discontented worker--because a pay check is not enough to base one's self-respect on."8 This relationship of the worker to his work is an outcome of the whole social organization of which he is a part. Being "employed," he is not an active agent, has no responsibility except the proper performance of the isolated piece of work he is doing, and has little interest except the one of bringing home enough money to support himself and his family. Nothing more is expected of him, or wanted from him. He is part of the equipment hired by capital, and his role and function are determined by this quality of being a piece of equipment. In recent decades, increasing attention has been paid to the psychology of the worker, and to his attitude toward his work, to the "human problem of industry"; but this very formulation is indicative of the underlying attitude; there is a human being spending most of his lifetime at work, and what should be discussed is the "industrial problem of human beings," rather than "the human problem of industry."9 Most investigations in the field of industrial psychology are concerned with the question of how the productivity of the individual worker can be increased, and how he can be made to work with less friction; psychology has lent its services to "human engineering," an attempt to treat the worker and employee like a machine which runs better when it is well oiled. While Taylor was primarily concerned with a better organization of the technical use of the worker's physical powers, most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of the worker's psyche The underlying idea can be formulated like this: if he works better when he is happy, then let us make him happy, secure, satisfied, or anything else, provided it raiseshis output and diminishes friction. In the name of " human relations," the worker is treated with all devices which suit values are recommended in the interest of better relations a completely alienated person; even happiness and human with the public. Thus, for instance, according to Time magazine, one of the best-known American psychiatrists said to a group of fifteen hundred Supermarket executives: "It's going to be an increased satisfaction to our customers if we are happy... It is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management, if we could put some of these general principles of values, human relationships, really into practice." One speaks of "human relations" and one means the most inhuman relations, those between alienated automatons ; one speaks of happiness and means the perfect routinization which has driven out the last doubt and all spontaneity10 The alienated and profoundly unsatisfactory character of work results in two reactions: one, the ideal of complete laziness; the other a deep-seated, though often unconscious hostility toward work and everything and everybody connected with it.11 It is not difficult to recognize the widespread longing for the state of complete laziness and passivity. Our advertising appeals to it even more than to sex, There are, of course, many useful and labor saving gadgets . But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to complete passivity and receptivity. A package of breakfast cereal is being advertised as "new--easier to eat." An electric toaster is advertised with these words: "... the most distinctly different toaster in the world! Everything is done for you with this new toaster. You need not even bother to lower the bread.Power-action, through a unique electric motor, gently takes the bread right out of your fingers!" How many courses in languages, or other subjects, are announced with the slogan" effortless learn- ins, no more of the old drudgery." Everybody knows the picture of the elderly couple in the advertisement of a life-insurance company, who have retired at the age of sixty, and spend their life in the complete bliss of having nothing to do except just travel.12 Radio and television exhibit another element of this yearning for laziness: the idea of "push-button power"; by pushing a button, or turning a knob on my machine, I have the power to produce music, speeches, ball games, and on the television set, to command events of the world to appear before my eyes. The pleasure of driving cars certainly rests partly upon this same satisfaction of the wish forpush-button power. By the effortless pushing of a button, a powerful machine is set in motion; little skill and effort are needed to make the driver feel that he is the ruler of space.13 But there is far more serious and deep-seated reaction to the meaninglessness and boredom of work. It is a hostility toward workwhich is much less conscious than our craving for laziness and inactivity. Many a businessman feels himself the prisoner of his business and the commodities he sells; he has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it. He hates his customers, who force him to put up a show in order to sell. He hates his competitors because they are a threat; his employees as well as his superiors, because he is in a constant competitive fight with them. Most important of all, he hates himself, because he sees his life passing by, without making any sense beyond the momentary intoxication of success. Of course, this hate and contempt for others and for oneself, and for the very things one produces, is mainly unconscious, and only occasionally comes up to awareness in a fleeting thought, which is sufficiently disturbing to be set aside as quickly as possible.(from A Rhetorical Reader, Invention and Design,by Forrest D. Burt and E. Cleve Want) NOTES1. Fromm: Erich Fromm (1900- 1980), German-born psychoanalyst, has taught at universities in the United States and Mexico. Among his many books are: Psychoanalysis and Religion ; Marx' s Concept of Man ; Escape from Freedom ; The Sane Society; and The Crisis of Psychoanalysis.2. beautiful paintings in the caves of Southern France: referring to paintings and engravings on the rock face in the caves in France and Spain made by primitive man during the old stone age around 50,000 to 100,000 B. C.3. C. W. Mills: author of White Collar ( 1951 ), from which this quotation is taken.4. Protestant countries: referring to Germany, Switzerland, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, the British Isles and Early America5. Weber: Max Weber (1864- 1920), German sociologist, economist, and political writer. On the origin of capitalism in the West, his famous theory was as follows: Calvinism, Anabaptism, and their various combinations consider that man's economic success, achieved by an industrious life, proves that he is a chosen child of God. These religions thus provide an impulse to build up capital and to develop a capitalistic society, as occurred especially in the United States.Lesson Eight The Worker as Creator or MachineI . Drucker: professor Peter (Ferdinand) Drucker, American writer, teacher and management consultant, born on November 19, 1909, in Vienna, Austria; Professor of Man agement, New York University, since 1954; Clarke profes sor of Social Science; Clairemont Graduate School, Claire mont, California, since 1971; Management Consultant (own firm), since 1945; Fellow of AmericanAssociation for Ad vancement; Honorary Fellow of British Institute of Manage ment. Publications.The End of Economic Man (1939), The Future of Industrial Man (1942), Concept of the Corporation (1946), The New Society ( 1950), The Practice of Manage- ment (1954), Managing for Results (1964), Technology, Management and Society (1970), Manage~nent. Tasks, Re sponsibilities, Practices (1974), The Unseen Revolution IIow Pension Fund Socialism Came to America (1976), and text books and educational films.II.1. Man is the only animal that produces his own food and things he uses. He has to produce (or to work) in order to live.2. In the process of work man molds and changes himself. He emerges from nature by mastering her.3. Work was not only useful, but one which carried with it a profound satisfaction. Even the details of daily work were meaningful because they were not detached in the worker' s mind from the product of the work. The worker used and developed his capacities and skills in the process of production. There was no split of work andplay, or work and culture.4. Doubtful and fearful of his new freedom, man developed a feverish activity that became the index to the condition of his soul.saved and successful, or lost and unsuccessful. Work became a "duty and an obsession".5. Work was a duty for the upper classes and middle classes and forced labor for the lower classes, those without prop- erty. Those who had amassed capital and employed others to work looked upon it as a duty.6. Those who had to work long hours to keep from starving to death looked upon it as forced labor.7. He does not care about the relation between what he pro duces and society as a Whole. "Instead of the machine be ing the substitute for human energy, man has become a substitute for the machine.8. Work means getting money. The job itself is "disagree- able, meaningless and stultifying" and places a premium on "slovenly work", resulting in unhappy workers.9. The chief concern is to increase individual production. Whatever increases output and lessons frictions is valued. 10. The "ideal of complete laziness" and "deep-seated,though often unconscious hostility toward work".1. The ideas presented in paragraph 1 are only general ones. So in paragraph2 the author gives a more detailed explana tion of creative work by examples and a quotation of C. W. Mills' remark.2. The definition of an ideal kind of work in paragraph 2 is provided by the use of a direct quotation of C. W. Mills' re mark of craftsmanship--one of the peaks in the evolution of creative work, esp. in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.3. The first two paragraphs are very important. The role they play in the whole essay is that they provide a contrast of how creative work develops to itscontrary.4. Mills emphasizes both the process and the product. Druck er cites an instance of how Fromm' s statement is true a mong automobile workers. The direct quotations give au- thority to the position Fromm is taking, a paraphrase would not provide that directness and authenticity.5. The concerns and the objectives of industrial psychologists are to increase the productivity of workers. Their model is the machine. Fromm does not approve of this model or the activities of these industrial psychologists. He makes his attitude clear through his use of certain words and phrases -- "manipulation of the worker's psyche", "relations be- tween .. automations ".6. Work began to be alienated from people when it ceased to be "an activity satisfying in itself" and became instead "a duty and an obsession", this process came with the end of the medieval age and has continued ever since. Man is now subordinated to the machines he operates, and as a result he has lost hisself-respect and hates his work.7. The method employed by the writer to develop his theme and to convince his readers may be called the method of causal analysis or just simply causation. Everything that exists and every event that takes place has a cause, and most things produce effects or results. "The worker is no longer a creator but has become a machine" is the effect or result as well as the theme of the text, with Fromm's sur vey of the history of people's attitude toward work serves as the causes, so it is essential to the development of his causal analysis.8. Yes. Fromm does not employ the basic tenets of Marxism -- the existence of classes and class struggle -- to evalute and analyse the sociological problems in the United States. His basic approach is still that of a psychoanalyst, evaluat ing the psychological reaction of the worker to the working conditions and environment he finds himself in.IV.1. Because of the fact itself that man produces, he has devel oped far beyond all other animals.2. Work also frees man from nature and makes him into a so cial being independent of nature.3. All the above-mentioned work shows how man has trans formed nature through his reason and skill.4. Therefore pleasure and work went together so did the cul tural development of the worker go hand in hand with the work he was doing.5. Work became the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life. Work was the only thing that brought relief to those who felt alone and isolat ed leading this kind of ascetic life.6. In capitalist society the worker feels estranged from or hos tile to the work he is doing.7. Work helps the worker to earn some money; and earning money only is an activity without much significance or pur pose.8. Just earning some money is not enough to make a worker have a properrespect of himself.9. Most industrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the mind of the worker.10. Better relations with the public will yield larger profits to management. The management will earn larger profits ifit has better relations with the public.11. The fact that many gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a more "high-minded" cover for what is really a vulgar, base appeal to idleness and willingness to accept things.12. The businessman knows the quality or usefulness of his product is not what it should be. He despises the goods he produces, conscious of the deception involved.V. See the translation of the text.VI.1. kingdom: any one of the three divisions of the natural world2. being : a human being : one who lives or exists, or assumed to do so3. prosecution: the carrying on or engaging in something.This word is more commonly used in its legal sense of con ducting legal proceedings against somebody.4. chosen. (religious term) favored by God ; chosen by God to go to heaven after death5. alienated, estranged, detached6. physical: material7. agent: a person that brings forming a certain action about a certain result by per8. premium: an unusual or high value9. friction : conflict, strife10. psyche : mind11. pay off: yield full recompense or retrun, for either good or evil12. gadget: any small, especially mechanical contrivance or deviceⅦ. producer, maker, manufacturer, creator, author, originator, founder, inventor, builder, growerⅧ. 1. appropriateness, appropriation 2. precision, preciseness 3. subtlety, subtleness 4. preference, preferment 5. accep tance, acceptation 6. assembly, assemblage 7. absent mindedness 8. sincerity, sincereness 9. carriage 10. in heritance 11. English, England, Englishman, Englishwom an 12. ambiguity, ambiguousness 13. amassment 14. dis appointment 15. disallowance 16. physiology 17. provoca tion 18. judgement 19. understanding 20. extension IX. 1. falsehood 2. officialdom 3. bachelorhood, bachelorship 4. womanhood 5.lordship 6. deanship 7. priesthood 8. kingship, kingdom 9. brotherhood 10. trusteeship 11. guardianship 12. seamanship 13. knighthood 14. duke dom 15. marksmanship 16. princedom 17. township 18. censorship 19. serfdom 20. citizenshipX.1. backward 为消极词，表达一种具有消极意义的比较，主要起直接描述作用，如a backward mountain region。

中考英语工业机械单选题80题1. In the factory, the workers use a lot of ______ to produce goods.A. machinesB. carsC. bikesD. buses答案：A。

本题考查工业机械相关名词。

选项A“machines”意为“机器”，符合工厂生产货物的场景；选项B“cars”指“汽车”；选项C“bikes”指“自行车”；选项D“buses”指“公共汽车”，这三个选项都不是工厂用于生产货物的主要设备。

2. The ______ in the workshop need to be repaired.A. printersB. computersC. lathesD. televisions答案：C。

“lathes”意为“车床”，是车间里常见的工业机械。

选项A“printers”是“打印机”；选项B“computers”是“电脑”；选项D“televisions”是“电视机”，都不属于车间里需要维修的典型工业机械。

3. The factory bought some new ______ to improve production.A. planesB. shipsC. robots答案：C。

“robots”即“机器人”，可用于提高工厂的生产效率。

选项A“planes”是“飞机”；选项B“ships”是“轮船”；选项D“houses”是“房子”，均与提高工厂生产无关。

4. The ______ is the most important equipment in this factory.A. ovenB. fridgeC. craneD. sofa答案：C。

“crane”指“起重机”，在工厂中是重要的设备。

选项A“oven”是“烤箱”；选项B“fridge”是“冰箱”；选项D“sofa”是“沙发”，都不是工厂的重要设备。

5. We can see many different kinds of ______ in the industrial park.A. flowersB. animalsC. toolsD. books答案：C。

八年级英语科技发明原理深奥解析单选题40题(答案解析)1.The most important part of a computer is the _____.A.keyboardB.mouseC.monitorD.processor答案：D。

“keyboard”是键盘，“mouse”是鼠标，“monitor”是显示器，“processor”是处理器。

在计算机中，处理器是最重要的部分，因为它负责执行指令和处理数据。

2.Inventions can make our lives _____.A.easierB.harderC.busierD.worse答案：A。

“easier”是更容易，“harder”是更难，“busier”是更忙，“worse”是更糟。

发明通常会让我们的生活更容易。

3.The light bulb is a great _____.A.inventionB.discoveryC.creationD.production答案：A。

“invention”是发明，“discovery”是发现，“creation”是创造，“production”是生产。

电灯泡是一项伟大的发明。

4.A new type of robot can help people do _____ jobs.A.dangerousB.easyC.interestingD.boring答案：A。

“dangerous”是危险的，“easy”是容易的，“interesting”是有趣的，“boring”是无聊的。

新型机器人可以帮助人们做危险的工作。

5.The telephone was invented by _____.A.Thomas EdisonB.Alexander Graham BellC.Guglielmo MarconiD.James Watt答案：B。

托马斯·爱迪生发明了电灯等，亚历山大·格拉汉姆·贝尔发明了电话，古列尔莫·马可尼发明了无线电，詹姆斯·瓦特改良了蒸汽机。

中考英语游戏产业发展单选题40题1.The most popular form of entertainment in the gaming industry is _____.A.gamesB.moviesC.musicD.books答案：A。

本题考查游戏产业中最受欢迎的娱乐形式。

选项B“movies”是电影；选项C“music”是音乐；选项D“books”是书籍。

而游戏产业中最受欢迎的娱乐形式是游戏，所以答案是A。

2.In the gaming industry, a person who designs games is called a _____.A.game designerB.programmerC.artistD.writer答案：A。

在游戏产业中，设计游戏的人被称为游戏设计师。

选项B“programmer”是程序员；选项C“artist”是艺术家；选项D“writer”是作家。

所以答案是A。

3.The thing that players use to control characters in a game is called a _____.A.controllerB.keyboardC.mouseD.monitor答案：A。

玩家用来控制游戏中角色的东西被称为控制器。

选项B“keyboard”是键盘；选项C“mouse”是鼠标；选项D“monitor”是显示器。

所以答案是A。

4.A game that is played on a mobile phone is called a _____.A.mobile gameputer gameC.console gameD.board game答案：A。

在手机上玩的游戏被称为手机游戏。

选项B“computer game”是电脑游戏；选项C“console game”是主机游戏；选项D“board game”是桌游。

所以答案是A。

Lesson EightThe Worker as Creator or MachineI. Word explanation1. cathedrala. religionb. churchc. templed. warehouse2. molda. formb. deformc. handled. ascend3. lucidlya. cleverlyb. reliablyc. obscurelyd. clearly4. feverisha. cruelb. savagec. excitedd. rash5. alienatea. allyb. separatec. united. oppose6. devoida. lackingb. preventingc. avoidingd. damaging7. premiuma. positionb. functionc. resultd. value8. slovenlya. clean and tidyb. careful and cleanc. careless and untidyd. slow and neat9. frictiona. divisionb. conflictc. connectiond. section10. amassa. spoilb. putrefyc. accumulated. collapse11. intoxicationa. exhilarationb. extricationc. extinctiond. extraction12. fraudulenta. confusingb. worryingc. trustfuld. deceitful13. cravinga. craftb. desirec. statued. design14. gadgeta. applianceb. figurec. pland. handtool15. spontaneousa. compulsiveb. forcedc. instinctived. submissive16. infusea. fillb. confusec. containd. misuse17. asceticisma. aestheticsb. self-denialc. self-criticismd. ascent18. obligationa. responsibilityb. dutyc. burdend. all the above19. stultifyinga. stupidb. amazingc. not stimulatingd. not dull20. succinctlya. clearlyb. successfullyc. obviouslyd. continuouslyII. Fill in the blanks with words given below:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------obligation, manipulation, passivity, hostility, spontaneous, receptivity, underlying, formulation, transformation,prosecution, rationalization----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. In the Chinese history, there were many ________________ peasant rebellions.2. Their friendship is regarded with suspicion and _____________.3. The ideals of womanhood have been produced by men who desire women to be of ________________.4. He has been promoted, for he is a man with ready ____________ to new ideas.5. In the western world, many women resent the reality of male ________________ So they go in for the Women Liberation Movement.6. Deng Xiaoping's _________________ on the problem of Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao is "one country, two systems".7. The ___________ theme of the story is very serious and meaningful.8. Belgium replied that she had always been faithful to her international_____________.9. A policeman was injured in the ______________ of his duties.10. The Cultural Revolution caused a ______________ in her character.11. He lent an open ear to all those ________ proposals.III. Determine the word according to the explanation. The first letter of the word is given:1. B____________ is a situation of feeling that gives you a great deal of pleasure and makes you very happy.2. A c____________ is a food made from grain and often other things such as sugar or fruit, which is usually mixed with milk and eaten for breakfast.3. A person who acts without thinking about what they are doing is often called an a________________.4. If you c___________ someone, you meet them face to face.5. A p_______________ is a doctor who treats mental and emotional disorders.6. Someone who is employed by a business at a senior level is the e__________.7. If someone or something is your s________________, they save you from serious harm or an extremely unpleasant situation.8. D_______________ is work that is not enjoyable to do because it is hard or boring.9. If someone has u_____________ motives or reasons for doing sth. they do not show their motives openly but hide them.10. If you say someone is a p______ thinker, you mean he is a deep thinker.IV. True or False:1. According to Fromm, the breakdown of the chains of the feudal society makes people confident and free; so they feel safe and secure in their profession.2. According to Mills craftsmanship involves the control of the work process by the individual worker.3. Work, besides its intrinsic positive aspects, becomes purely and simply a method to achieve wealth and success.4. According to Fromm work as duty and as a means for saving one's soul only existed for those who had only their physical energy to sell.5. The central theme of this exposition is that in capitalist society the worker feels estranged from or hostile to the work he is doing.6. Fromm agrees to the activities of those industrial psychologists, whose concerns and the objectives are to increase the productivity of workers.7. The businessman hates his competitors, his customers and even himself. He feels excited over his success only for a short time.8. Fromm thinks bourgeois advertising now appeals more to sexual appeal of women in order to sell their goods than to laziness and passivity.9. Fromm is attacking the capitalist's increasing attention paid to the psychology of the worker and to the "human problem of industry."10. In the capitalist society, worker is simply a machine. Machines can do anything which can't be performed by human being.V. Translation:1. 社会主义现代化应该有.繁荣的经济,也应该有繁荣的文化.我国现代化建设的进程,在很大程度上取决国民素质的提高和人才资源的开发.2. 科学技术是第一生产力,科技进步是经济发展的决定性因素.人才是科技进步和经济社会发展最重要的资源.3. 我们为实现祖国和平统一做了大量卓有成效的工作,我国政府恢复对香港行使主权,洗雪了中华民族的百年屈辱,可以告慰无数的革命先烈和前辈.4. 我们要把握"抓住机遇,深化改革,扩大开放,促进发展,保持稳定"的基本方针,全面推进物质文明和精神文明建设.Key to Lesson Eight:1. b a d c b a b c b ca db ac a bd c aIIspontaneous 2. hostilitypassivity 4. receptivitymanipulation 6. formulationunderlying 8. obligationprosecution 10. transformation11.rationalizationIII.blisscerealautomatonconfrontpsychiatristexecutivesalvationdrudgeryulteriorprofoundIV.F T F F T F T F T FV.1. Socialist modernization requires both a prosperous economy and a flourishing culture. The process of the modernization drive is largely dependent on the enhancement of the quality of the entire population and the exploitation of intellectual resources.2. Science and technology being a primary productive force, their progress is a decisive factor in economic development. Talented people are the most important resource for scientific and technological progress and economic and social development.3. We have done a great deal of work with marked results in the peaceful reunification of the motherland. The Chinese government has resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, which is a consolation to numerous revolutionary martyrs and veterans as it has wiped out the century-old humiliation of the Chinese nation.4. We should adhere to the basic principle of "seizing the current opportunity to deepen the reform and open China wider to the outside world, promoting development and maintaining stability" for an all-round fostering of both material progress and cultural and ethical progress。