2016云南师范大学专业学位研究生英语学位考试试卷

2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In Cambodia,the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends,1those of the young woman,but alsoa matchmaker.A young man can2a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to3the marriage negotiations,or the young man’s parents may make the choice ofa spouse,giving the child little to say in the selection.4,a girl may veto thespouse her parents have chosen.5a spouse has been selected,each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted threedays,7by the1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offera short sermon and8prayers of blessing.Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,9cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists,and10a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to blessthe11.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may12with them up to a year,13they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to14,but not common.Divorced persons are15with some disapproval.Each spouse retains16property he or she17into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is18equally.Divorced persons may remarry,but a gender prejudice19up:The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before hecan remarry20the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of[B]on behalf of[C]as well as[D]with regard to2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 . [A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone. [A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example. [A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless. [A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying0. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving1. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union2. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live3. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for4. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid5. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed6. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever7. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed8. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided9. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears0. [A]so that [B]while [C]once [D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each textby choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion,has decided itsfashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crimeto employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that“incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health.That’s a start.And theban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it musttake responsibility for the signal it sends women,especially teenage girls,aboutthe social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans,if fully enforced,would suggest to women(and many men)that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly,they hintthat people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect ratherthan dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures,however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing.Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a$85,000fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark,the United States,and a few other countries,it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion imagesthat rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions,Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last monthon rules and sanctions regarding the age,health,and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:“We are aware ofand take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals,especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to denyaccess for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 1.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?A] Physical beauty would be redefined.B] New runways would be constructed.C] Websites about dieting would thrive.D] The fashion industry would decline.2.The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2,Para 2) is closest in meaning toA] heightening the value of.B] indicating the state of.C] losing faith in.D] doing harm to.3.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?A] The French measures have already failed.B] New standards are being set in Denmark.C] Model are no longer under peer pressure.D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.4. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ A] setting a high age threshold for models.B] caring too much about models’ character.C] showing little concern for health factors.D] pursuing perfect physical conditions.5.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.D] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “thecountryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylishhouses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.”Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of nationalparks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off -plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with thosepleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London are alone, with no intrusion on green bet. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk.The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain isEurope’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-densityurban living. There is no doubt of the alternative —the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ 6.Britain’s public sentiment about the countrysideA] didn ’t start till the Shakespearean age.B] has brought much benefit to the NHS.C] is fully backed by the royal family.D] is not well reflected in politics.7.According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now beA] gradually destroyed.B] effectively reinforced.[ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ C] largely overshadowed.D] properly protected.8.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.B] The Conservatives may abandon “off -plan” building.C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.9.The author holds that George Osborne’s preferenceA] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.C] stresses the necessity f easing the housing crisis.D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.0.In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of\A] the size of population in Britain.B] the political life in today’s Britain.C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.D] the town-and-country planning in Britain.Text 3“ There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses,” Wrote MiltonFriedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit”. But even if you accept Firedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggestthe CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15billiona year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add valueto their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second,customers maybe willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse“halo effect,”whereby its gooddeeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate themby looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that,among prosecuted firms,those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such aschild labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%results in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials,”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they decide theirdo-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies getinto trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ A] toleranceB] skepticismC] uncertaintyD] approval2.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company byA] winning trust from consumers.B] guarding it against malpractices.C] protecting it from being defamed.D] raising the quality of its products.3. The expression “more lenient” (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning toA] more effectiveB] less controversialC] less severeD] more lasting4.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR recordA] has an impact on their decision.B] comes across as reliable evidence.C] increases the chance of being penalized.D] constitutes part of the investigation.5.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[ [ [B]The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.C]Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated.D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.“Sometime inthe future，”the paper’s publisher said back in2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physicalnewspaper-printing presses,delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive;it’s excessiveat a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times should’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to acceleratethat transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming.“It was seenas a blunder,”he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti werein charge at the Times?“I wouldn’t pick a year to end pr int,”he said.“I wouldraise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believein.“So if you’re overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said.“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words,if you’re going to make a print product,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year —more than twice as mush as a digital-only subscription.“ It’s a really hard thing to do and it ’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeeddoesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to havequestions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 6.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly dueA] the high cost of operation.B] the pressure from its investors.C] the complaints from its readers.D] the increasing online ad sales.7. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times shouldA] seek new sources of readership.B] end the print edition for good.C] aim for efficient management.D] make strategic adjustments.8.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”A] helps restore the glory of former times.B] is meant for the most loyal customers.C] will have the cost of printing reduced.D] expands the popularity of the paper.9.Peretti believes that, in a changing world.[ [ [ [ 4 [ [ [ [ A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated.B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.C] aggressiveness better meets challenges.D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.0.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at OnceB] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandC] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury GoodD] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[ [ [ [ [ [ [ A] Create a new image of yourselfB] Have confidence in yourselfC] Decide if the time is rightD] Understood the contextE] Work with professionalsF] Make it efficientG] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According toresearch from Princeton University,people assess your competence,trustworthiness,and like ability in just a tenth of a second,solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for success”era isthat the range of options is so much broader,Norms have evolved and fragmented.In some settings,red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status;in others notso much.Plus,whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like decade or two lennials,it seems,face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding.It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in an upgrade?And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals?Here are some tips:41As an executive coach,I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions--when looking for a new job,stepping into a new or more public role,or changing work environments.If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuckand in a rut,now may be a good time.If you’re not sure,ask for honest feedbackfrom trusted friends,colleagues,and professionals.Look for cues about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.42Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have.Are you looking to refreshyour image or pivot it?For one person,the goal may be to be taken more seriouslyand enhance their professional image.For another,it may be to be perceived as more approachable,or more modern and stylish.For someone moving from finance to advertising,maybe they want to look more“SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizationslike that.)43Look at your work environment like an anthropologist.What are the norms of your environment?What convey status?Who are your most important audiences?How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves?The better you understand the cultural context,the more control you can have over your impact.44Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist,or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew.Try a hair stylist instead of a barber.Work with a professional photographer insteadof your spouse or friend.It’s not as expensive as you might think.45The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear.Instead,use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue.Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options.Buy all your clothesat once with a stylist instead of shopping alone,one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Mental health is our birthright.(46)We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy;it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cutor mend a broken bone.Mental health can’t be learned,only reawakened.It is likethe immune system of the body,which under stress or through lack of nutrition of exercise can be weakened,but which never leaves us.When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it,mental health will remain hidden from us,(47)Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere;likethe sun behind a cloud,it can be temporarily hidden from view,but it is fully capableof being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense.It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously,to laugh at ourselves,to see the bigger picture,and to see that things will work out.It’s a from ofinnate or unlearned optimism.(48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles,with kindness of they are in pain,and with unconditional love no matter who they are.Mental health is the source of creativityfor solving problems,resolving conflict,making our surroundings more beautiful,managing our home life,or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier.It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as wellas patience while driving,catching a fish,working on our car,or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature,in culture,in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfectlyordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,good from bad,friend from foe.Mental health has commonly been called conscience,instinct,wisdom,common sense,or the inner voice.We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50)As you will come to see,knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.SectionШWritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevantinformation about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)52.Directions:Write an essay of160~200words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3 ) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)I cloze1 . As well as2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 . Decide on. Arrange. Above all. After. Into. But. Recite. Tying0. Lighting1. Union1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 2. Live3. Until4. Obtain5. Persuaded6. Whatever7. Brought8. Divided9. Shows0. WhileII Reading comprehensionPart AText12 2 2 2 2 1. Physical beauty would be redefined.2. Doing harm to.3. New standards are being set in Denmark.4. Showing little concern for health factors.5. A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 22 2 2 6.is not well reflected in politics7. gradually destroyed8. The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence2 3 9. highlight his firm stand against lobby pressure0. the town-and-country planning in BritainText 33 3 3 3 3 1. uncertainty2. winning3. less severe4. has an impact on their decision5. the necessaryText 43 3 3 34 6. the high cost of operation7. make strategic adjustments8. is meant for the most loyal customers9. Aggressiveness better meets challenges0. Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandPart B4 4 4 4 4 1. Decide if the time is right2. Know your goals3. Understand the context4. Work with professionals5. Make it efficientPart C46.我们不必学习如何保持健康的心理;它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何让伤口痊愈，如何让骨折好转。

云师大英语考研题目及答案云南师范大学英语考研题目及答案一、阅读理解（共4篇，每篇5题，每题2分，共40分）1. 文章文章摘要：本文探讨了技术在教育领域的影响，包括在线学习、远程教育和个性化学习工具的发展。

问题1：技术对教育的积极影响是什么？答案：技术提高了教育资源的可访问性，促进了个性化学习，并且使远程教育成为可能。

问题2：在线学习的主要优势是什么？答案：在线学习允许学生根据自己的时间表学习，提供了灵活的学习环境。

问题3：个性化学习工具如何帮助学生？答案：个性化学习工具通过适应每个学生的学习速度和风格，帮助他们更有效地学习。

问题4：远程教育面临的挑战有哪些？答案：远程教育面临的挑战包括学生参与度不足、技术问题以及缺乏面对面交流。

问题5：作者对技术在教育中应用的总体看法是什么？答案：作者认为技术极大地改善了教育的质量和可及性，但也强调了需要解决的挑战。

2. 文章标题：The Role of Social Media in Modern Society文章摘要：本文分析了社交媒体在现代社会中的角色，包括信息传播、社交互动和商业营销。

问题1：社交媒体在信息传播中的作用是什么？答案：社交媒体作为快速传播信息的平台，对公众意识的形成和事件的快速响应具有重要作用。

问题2：社交媒体如何影响人们的社交互动？答案：社交媒体改变了人们的交流方式，提供了新的社交渠道，但同时也可能导致面对面交流的减少。

问题3：商业营销在社交媒体上的应用有哪些？答案：商业营销利用社交媒体的广泛覆盖和定向广告功能，以吸引潜在客户并提高品牌知名度。

问题4：社交媒体对个人隐私的影响是什么？答案：社交媒体可能导致个人信息的泄露和隐私侵犯，需要用户更加注意个人信息的保护。

问题5：作者对社交媒体的总体评价是什么？答案：作者认为社交媒体是现代社会不可或缺的一部分，但同时也强调了需要对其潜在负面影响保持警惕。

3. 文章标题：Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development文章摘要：本文讨论了环境保护与可持续发展之间的关系，以及实现这一目标的策略。

2016年云南学位英语考试题答案+抠 [3751，6206]， bao通过Passage 8Can authority be criticized? In (1) of the world, authority is not (2) either out of respect or out of (3) In such countries children are not expected to (4) their teachers in school and (5)young scholars or (6) industrial men are hampered (受阻) in the technical research because they don't feel free to (7) with their superiors. Clever researchers may be considered too (8) to have"any right" to present (9) that are different from knowledge and wisdom of men of old ages.(10), the American is (11) from childhood to question, analyze and search. School tasks are (12) to encourage the use of a (13) range of materials. A composition topic like "Write a paper (14) the world's supply of sugar" will send even (15) in search of completely unfamiliar ideas.(16) in the primary grades, children are taught to (17) libraries, and to search for (18) ideas of various sorts. (19) the time you are 14, 15 and 16, many young scholars are making original and (20) contributions in all fields of science.1. A. suchB. anyC. muchD. many2. A. acceptedB. claimedC. isolatedD. challenged3. A. fearB. mercyC. hateD. sympathy4. A. questionC. changeD. charge5. A. famousB. brilliantC. employedD. curious6. A. originalB. sensibleC. imaginativeD. affective7. A. disagreeB. complainC. linkD. cooperate8. A. oldB. braveC. youngD. nervous9. A. functionsB. awardsC. rewardsD. findings10. A. SecondlyC. ThereforeD. However11. A. treatedB. trainedC. tracedD. transformed12. A. doneB. designedC. fulfilledD. neglected13. A. moderateB. limitedC. wideD. various14. A. ofB. onC. forD. to15. A. a childB. a boyC. a girlD. an adult16. A. SinceC. IfD. Even17. A. organizeB. useC. cleanD. manage18. A. conventionalB. sameC. NewD. familiar19. A. WhenB. SinceC. DuringD. By20. A. preciousB. pricelessC. worthD. valuablePassage 8参考答案及解析1.【解析】C。

2016年12月研究生英语学位课统考（GET）真题试卷听力对话1.(B)A. He failed to catch the bus.B. There are few gas stations.C. There are various risks.D. He didn’t hear clearly.解析：女士说：我们离沙漠还有多远?男士说：大约300英里。

我们必须给车加油。

高速路上加油站很少。

女士说：好。

few and far between 是个成语，意思是“少见”或“彼此距离很远”。

2.(D)A. He failed to catch the bus.B. He didn’t enjoy walking.C. He thought differently.D. He didn’t hear clearly.解析：男士说：您能告诉我从这儿去时代广场的路吗?女士说：好。

你可以坐地铁或公交车。

如果现在感觉不累，你也可以走着去。

男士说：对不起，我没听懂。

3.(A)A. A tour guide.B. A bus driver.C. A hotel attendant.D. A traffic policewoman.解析：女士说：各位请注意。

我们今天的日程安排是首先参观故宫。

在故宫附近的饭店午餐后，我们去颐和园。

我们很可能晚上七点左右回到宾馆。

男士说：我们晚上自由活动吧?女士说：是的，我们没有什么特别安排。

4.(C)A. He was rude to his mother.B. He loves his girlfriend.C. He can tolerate his girlfriend no more.D. He insulted his girlfriend.解析：女士说：我听说你跟女朋友分手了。

是吗?男士说：是的。

她对我一直很不友好。

最无法忍受的是她说我妈妈的坏话。

the last straw 的含义是it is the latest in a series of bad events，and it makes you unable to deal with a situation any longer，也就是“一系列令人不愉快的事情中，最后一件让你忍无可忍的事”。

2016考研英语(一)真题及参考答案2015年12月28日Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man’s pa rents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’s main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’ character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside”alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing “off–plan”building where local people might object. Theconcept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today’s BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business”wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act （FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A] uncertainty[B] skepticism[C] approval[D] tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A] guarding it against malpractices[B] protecting it from consumers[C] winning trust from consumers.[D] raising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A] less controversial[B] more lasting[C] more effective[D] less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A] comes across as reliable evidence[B] has an impact on their decision[C] increases the chance of being penalized[D] constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper―printing presses, delivery trucks ― isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,”he said “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year ― more than twice as much as a digital ― only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,”Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36. The New York Times is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a “ legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numberedparagraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark youranswers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D] Understand the context[E] Work with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success”era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK42Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that )43Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere, like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions: Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about100 words. Providing the newly-enrolled international students withrelevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures Inyour essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly2) interpret the meaning , and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)【参考答案】：Section I1-5 BDCAC 6-10 ACCDB 11-15 DDBAC 16-20 DBACASection IIPart A21-25. ADBCA 26-30. ADCDD 31-35. ACDBA 36-40. DABCDPart B41-45. BGDEFPart C46. 我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康，这种能力植根于我们自身，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口，如何修复断骨。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语[1A]考生须知1．选择题的答案须用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷上的答案无效。

2．其他题一律用蓝色钢笔或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在指定位置的答案无效。

3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。

否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷1ASection I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In modern digital era, more and more people feel their lives are disturbed by the ill content which search engines link to their names and want to change it.Many European politicians are 1 to this feeling. Governments such as France and Britain have long allowed the deletion of criminal records in any 2 once punishment is 3 . The European Parliament has backed a 4 known as “a right to forgotten”, but to become law it would need the 5 of all the European Union’s 28 members states. Recently, as a advocate of “a right to forgotten”, Mr. Mosley has won the first round of a 6 battle in Germany to block his “dirty” images appearing on Google 7 there.8 , the right to be forgotten would also undermine the internet’s great strength. 9 ，the internet is similar to a library of unimaginable 10 –full, as all libraries are, of useful news, tips, document material 11 some stuff which may to different degrees be irrelevant, wrong or mad. Internet has made the best and worst of information more freely and readily 12 than ever before. Then, search engines should be 13 library catalogues and should be comprehensive and 14 , without fear or favor of what the contents may reveal, or of 15 they may be used.It should be the right of 16 , rather than governments or institutions, to distinguish what is right or wrong, useful or immaterial and factual or false. People should be 17 of giving the power to make that very 18 , even to a court that thinks hard about it and backs the disadvantaged mass. As James Madison 19 it: I believe there are more instances of the depriving of the freedom of the people by gradual and silent invasion of those in power than by 20 and violent seizure.1. A. indifferent B. sympathetic C. prudent D. ignorant2. A. searches B. explorers C. servers D. engines3. A. on B. out C. over D. off4. A schedule B. practice C. prospect D. campaign5. A. cooperation B. approval C. integration D. intelligence6. A. lateral B. literate C. liberal D. legal7. A. agent B. explorer C. search D. server8. A. Indeed B. However C. Therefore D. Moreover9. A. In turn B. In vain C. In particular D. In effect10. A. size B. roof C. home D. grade11. A. as well as B. as long as C. as far as D. as soon as12. A. available B. feasible C. eligible D. reasonable13. A. with B. like C. against D. among14. A. biased B. diverse C. neutral D. logical15. A. what B. which C. whether D. how16. A. inhabitants B. natives C. individuals D. peoples17. A. tired B. aware C. cautious D. fond18. A. contribution B. judgment C. opportunity D. option19. A puts B. makes C. carries D. lets20. A. random B. normal C. forceful D. sudenSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Lots of states would love to be California, having their own little Hollywood, and then film crews would come to town and spend money in hair salons and hotels. Last year, more than 40 states had incentives like huge tax credits to lure film producers, costing them a record $1.4 billion. Yet, the huge tax credits can be justified in no way.California is reluctant but has no way but to be in that game, with the assumption that it has to take actions to defend itself against the new-coming hunters. In 2003, when only a few states offered incentives, California made two-thirds of America’s big-studio films, but now it makes far fewer than half. Film LA, an organization that co-ordinates permits for film shoots in Los Angeles, says that without California’s own tax credit, “2010 would have been the worst year” since the mid-1990s for filming in Hollywood.All this costs money, which legislators volunteer on behalf of taxpayers. Many tax credits exceed the filmmaker’s total tax liability to that state. The credits have even become an industr y unto themselves. In Iowa some filmmakers were transferring their credits to others as transactions until the state shut its program in 2009. Last month an Iowa judge sentenced a producer to ten years in prison for cheating credits. Incentives do not necessarily have to call for the involvement of tax credits. Some states simplify the paperwork by just giving out cash and others remit film-makers from sales or hotel taxes or give them other subsidies.According to Joseph Henchman at the Tax Foundation, even when a state succeeds in luring film crews, they rarely boost the economy or tax revenues enough to justify the costs of the incentives. After all, film companies usually import their staff and export them again when the shoot is over, and thus the local jobs they create are mostly temporary. In addition, since virtually all statesare at it, the programs largely cancel out one another and no state gets a lasting advantage. The craze resembles a war with mutually destructive tariffs with its loopholes for every lobby and thus higher rates for all. The only winner is the film industry.It begins sinking in. Arizona, Arkansas, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, New Jersey and Washington have recently ended, suspended or shrunk their programs, and many others, struggling with budget deficits, intend to do the same, diverting the money into something permanent or even leaving it to taxpayers.21. The fact that California makes fewer films is mentioned to illustrate it ________.A. loses its advantages in film shoot technologiesB. does not regard film shoot as a main industryC. gives importance to the attack and defend gameD. is compelled to attract film crews with incentives22. According to paragraph 3, some filmmakers ______.A. are willing to shoulder some tax of taxpayersB. spend more in filmmaking to get subsidiesC. sell their tax credits for profits illegallyD. do not have to pay for their hotel fees23. According to paragraph 4, Joseph Henchman believes ______.A. film companies creates permanent employmentsB. it is not wise to attract film crews by incentivesC. film companies help local in imports and exportsD. film shootings create lasting advantage to a state24. By saying “It begins sinking in” (last paragraph), the author implies that ______.A. some states refuse to accept film shootingB. some states reduce the state deficitsC. some states reconsider attracting film shootingD. some states give in to California in films25. The most appropriate title for this text would be ______.A. Film Shooting: Hard to LoveB. Film Shooting: Thriving BusinessC. Film Shooting: Engine for DevelopmentD. Film Shooting: High-cost IndustryText 2More often than not, it appears, we are told that our American children’s poor performance in tests of math and science, and about new initiatives from universities or foundations to expand STEM courses and deemphasize the humanities. From President Obama on down, public officials have cautioned against pursuing degrees like art, language or history, which are seen as luxuries in today’s world and they contend that a liberal education is irrelevant, and technical training is the only new path forward. It is the only way, we are told, to ensure that Americans survive in an age defined by technology and shaped by global competition. If we are to find what Americans areunited in any conviction currently, it is that we urgently need to shift the country’s education toward the teaching of specific, technical skills.This dismissal of broad-based learning stems from a fundamental misinterpreting of the facts and puts America on a significantly dangerously narrow path for the future. A broad general education helps nurture critical thinking and creativity, and exposure to a variety of fields produces synergy and cross fertilization, which renders it possible that the United States has led the world in economic dynamism, innovation, entrepreneurship and other fields. When unveiling a new edition of the iPad, Jobs explained that “it’s in Apple’s DNA that technology al one is inadequate —that it’s technology married with liberal arts, married with the humanities, that yields us the result that makes our hearts sing.”In their well-known comprehensive research “The Race Between Education and Technology”, Harvard’s Cl audia Goldin and Lawrence Katz point out that in late 18th and 19th century, countries like Britain, France and Germany educated only a few and put them through narrow programs designed to impart only the skills crucial to their professions. America, by contrast, provided mass general education because people were not rooted in specific locations with long-established trades, and the American economy changed so quickly that the nature of work and the qualifications for above-average tended to vary from one generation to the next and people didn’t want to lock themselves into one professional guild for life.In truth, though, the United States has never done well on international tests, and they are not good predictors of our national success. Since 1964, when the first such exam was administered to 13-year-olds in 12 countries, America has lagged behind its peers, rarely rising above the middle of the pack and doing particularly poorly in science and math. Yet, over these past five decades, that same laggard country has dominated the world of science, technology, research and innovation.26. According to the text, the American society generally believe that ______.A. public servants in America are poor at humanitiesB. American education has to change its emphasisC. it’s hard currently to survive in the global competitionD. STEM courses are too difficult to get good text scores27. The quotation of Jobs in paragraph 2 is used to illustrate ______.A. comprehensive education is crucial for the U. S. to keep leadB. America’s education policies are misunderstood in the worldC. world leaders are advanced in critical thinking and creativityD. intermarriage is a well established trend in American society28. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz’s study reveals that compared with other countries’, American’s education is more ______.A. formal in styleB. radical in contentC. variable in devicesD. desirable in design29. The American’s fast changing economy probably calls for people’s ______.A. loyalty to a particular profession they qualifyB. variable skills necessary for potential professionsC. outstanding acquisition of professional knowledgeD. proficiency in a certain skill needed for trade30. The author’s attitude toward the American’s present education is ______.A. skepticalB. biasedC. optimisticD. ironicText 3The number of people who believe they could be born poor, work hard and get rich is at a two-decade low in New York Times polling, further evidence of the fade of the long-held idea of the American Dream. Over the past decade of the Times asking the same question, the proportion of respondents with the belief of starting off impoverished and achieving rich has steadily declined.Another low appeared in the poll conducted in 1983, and this low is worth exploring. It occurred right during a grievous economic recession and unemployment nationwide was over 10 percent and had touched the high teens or even low 20s in some states. In Ronald Reagan's 1983 State of the Union address,he began this way: "As we gather here tonight, the state of our Union is strong, but our economy is stagnant. For too many of our fellow citizens – farmers, steel and auto workers, lumbermen, black teenagers, working mothers – this is a painful period." Of course, 1983 was also a turn-around year for the economy. By year's end, the unemployment rate had dipped by almost two points and Reagan’s reelection a year later went from questionable to certain.It's easy to acknowledge that there exists direct correlation between people not having faith in the American Dream and prolonged periods of economic struggle. Whether the current slow recovery is what's to blame for the extended pessimistic mentalities or whether we, as a country, have simply entered a different stage in our relationship with the idea of the American Dream, remains a question.However, asking people whether they can be born poor and get rich through hard work is not, for everyone, a definition of the American Dream, and "rich" and "successful" are not synonymous. So there may well be people who believe you can be born to humble circumstances and achieve success who don't buy into the poor/rich dynamic presented in the Times questionnaire. In addition, comparing people who say they believe you can be born poor and get rich to people who say things either will or won't be better for future generations isn't apples to apples.There seem to be a dip in the twin ideas that a) the country is moving, inexorably, in a better direction and b) the opportunity to succeed exists for all of us (mostly) equally. That presents a major challenge for some politicians who have spent the last two decades leaning too heavily on what now looks like a somewhat outdated idea of not only the American Dream but whether it can be achieved.31. We can learn from paragraph 1 that ______.A. people from poor families are gradually losing faith in American DreamB. people born to different eras hold different opinions of American dreamC. people believe they are able to realize their dreams by working harderD. people born to rich families get rich more easily than those to poor ones32. According to the text, which of the following is true about 1983’s America?A. Unemployment rate reached historical peak.B. Reagan achieved success in general reelection.C. Fellow citizens were short of life necessities.D. Economy began to recover from former recession.33. According to paragraph 3, it’s hard to decide whether ________.A. lengthy economic recession destroys American DreamB. period of economic recovery pace affects people’s attitudeC. the US has entered a different era of economic growthD. people’s relation loosens during economic recessions34. The author’ attitude toward Times questionnaires is _________.A. positiveB. objectiveC. skepticalD. ironic35. According to the author, some politicians should _________.A. stick to their belief in American DreamB. pursue realization of American dreamC. rely on the ideal of American DreamD. update their idea of American DreamText 4Mention price cartels and many people will think of big, visible ones like the one OPEC runs to fix oil prices and the now-extinct one for diamonds. Nevertheless, at least as damaging are the many insidious cartels in such unattractive areas as ball-bearings and cargo rates, which go unnoticed for years, quietly pushing up the end cost to consumers of all manner of goods and services.Alliances or collusion among manufacturers to manipulate prices and carve up markets is thriving, with the cartels growing ever more complex and global in scope. A Competition Committee’s investigation have uncovered several big conspiracies, including one in which more than 20 airlines worldwide had fixed prices on perhaps 20 billion of freight shipments. They were fined a total of 3 billion. One academic study conducted by the Committee revealed that the typical cartel raised the price of the goods or services in question by 20%.Investigators are still addressing the problem of a huge global cartel network among suppliers of wide range of car parts. Makers of seat belts, radiators and foam seat-stuffing have had substantial fine imposed on them. Earlier this month, the European Council fined five makers of automotive bearings a total of 953m. This week its investigators raided a bunch of makers of car exhausts. Also in recent days, Brazilian officials have charged executives from a dozen foreign train-makers accused of m anipulating bids for rail and subway contracts in the country’s main cities.Anyway, we there are reasons to be optimistic because enforcement has got tougher, smarter, more coordinated, and thus more effective and efficient. Gone are the days when price-fixers got a slap on the wrist. Firms are likely to expect severe fines and bosses are likely to go to jail. Whilemany cartels now operate across boarders, so do investigators. American and Japanese bureau joined forces to flush out the car parts cartels. And incentives for whistle blowers have also increased: around 50 countries now offer immunity or reduced penalties for informers.The best study of the issue so far concluded that, given the still low risk of detection, price alliance manipulation pays. Yet, The preferable answer is stiffer prison sentences, particularly for senior executives. American courts, only too ready to lock up other types of offenders for a long time, have rarely jailed wicked price-fixers for anything like the maximum of ten years that the legislation allows. Or, the other way? Beyond a certain point – which the fines now imposed by American and European regulators have probably reached – fines constitute so much damage on guilty companies that they undermine competition rather than enhance it.36. The best title of the text probably is _________.A. Breaking Overlooked Price-fix AlliancesB. Establishing Proper Price-fix MechanismC. Reversing the Recent Price Rising TrendD. Sustaining the Present Cost of Consumers37. According to paragraph 2, A Competition Committee _________.A. protected 20 airlines from price discriminationB. fixed the prices of airline freight shipmentsC. determined the prices of goods and servicesD. found some companies united to fix prices38. According to the text, punishment of price monopoly has involved all the following industries EXCEPT _________.A. aviationB. tourismC. automobileD. railway39. By “Gone are the days … the wrist” (paragraph 3), the author implies price-fixers _________.A. will possibly be preventedB. are getting less efficientC. employ reliable informersD. cooperate with each other40. The author advocates stiffer prison sentence of price-fixers because _________.A. criminals have to be sentenced to prison longB. laws allow sentence of price-fixers to prisonC. this alternative way helps protect competitionD. price offenders deserve longer imprisonmentPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the left column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The first question people ask me when they learn that my husband lost his job, our house went underwater and we went from middle class to barely working poor during the 2008 economic crisis is: How did you stay together?It always struck me as a strange question. But it’s actually a reasonable one. Overall, America’s divorce rate has fallen. But like many things, the poor have not reaped the benefits of this trend. The number of married, college-educated couples splitting by their seventh anniversary has dropped from more than 20 percent in the early 1980s to just 11 percent today.Why this discrepancy? To start, money is a major source of tension for all couples. And less money can equal more problems. Raevan Zayas stays at home with her 1-year-old baby in California while her husband struggles at a low-paying job. “I can’t afford child care to go to work. We can barely afford groceries. Our kid needs new shoes and clothes, and I can’t remember the last time Isaac and I did something nice together,” she said. “Our relationship is so stra ined. How are you supposed to work through the problems in your relationship when you’re worried about how you’re going to buy milk for your kid?”University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said he’s also found that working-class families have more stringent views about men as providers and that the economy has shifted so that those without college degrees have more trouble finding such work, which contributes not only to financial hardship but also to relationship stress. As Johns Hopkins sociologist Andrew Cherbin explains: “I’ve looked at the marriage gap between men with high- and low-earning occupations, and it varies directly with the amount of economic inequality in the country.Two-thirds of all divorces are initiated by women, according to Bill Doherty, professor of family social science at the University of Minnesota. In the 1960s and ’70s, he said, highly educated mothers got divorced at about the same rate of less educated mothers. Doherty theorizes that the reason for this has something to do with the changing expectations women have for their partners. “What we have is historically high expectations for what young people call a 50-50 marriage,” he said. “People are looking for a high-intimacy, high-income marriage where both partners contribute, regardless of income bracket.Cece Azadi of Alabama said the anticipations that working-class couples have of each other shouldn’t be unrealistic. It’s not that she needed a man to provide for her, she said, she simply wanted a partner who would work with her rather than against her. “With my first divorce, poverty was an issue, for sure,” she said. “He kept working and quitting, and eventually I realized that since I was the only reliable person in the family making money, there wasn’t m uch reason to hold onto the marriage.”Examples like this ring especially true during periods of high inequality. As we came out of the recession, unemployment levels dropped from their historic highs, but more so for women than men.In the summer of 2013, about 7.5 percent of men over age 20 were unemployed, compared with 6.5 percent of women, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.The workforce has also polarized, with high- and low-income jobs increasing, and middle-income jobs that men without a college degree previously performed disappearing.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)120 presidents and prime ministers will gather in New York for a UN conference on climate change. It is the first time the subject has brought so many leaders together since the ill-fated Copenhagen summit of 2009. Now, as then, they will assert that reining in global warming is a political priority. Some may commit their governments to policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.According to scientists, cutting carbon-dioxide emission is an essential part of reducing catastrophic risk from climate change. Yet governments are persistently reluctant to provide estimates of how much carbon a policy saves. That may because, in countries where climate change is controversial, it makes more sense to talk about the other benefits a scheme offers rather than its effect on carbon. Or it may be that, in countries which are enthusiastic about renewable energy, pointing out that it may not save that much carbon is seen as unhelpful. Or perhaps governments think climate change is so serious that all measures must be taken, regardless of cost.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: You are supposed to write for the Postgraduate’s Association a notice to rec ruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relative.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own but use “Postgraduate’s Association” at the end of the letter.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart:1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)十年间城镇居民上下班交通方式变化图。

云南师范大学学位英语考试作者: 日期:专业PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY ( 20 min utes, 10 poi nts)Section A ( 0.5 point each)Directions: In this section there are ten sentences,each with one word or phrase un derl in ed. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sen ten ce. The n mark the corresp onding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a sin gle line through the cen ter.1. Outbreaks of teenage violenee here are confined to technical schools students fighting mindless.A. restrictedB. con firmedC. releva ntD. dedicated2. Something clearly disturbs Thai youth and parents who need to do something beforethi ngs get worse.A. boostsB. disruptsC. annoysD. stuns3. They came from differe nt backgro un ds, but both resorted to the use of handguns toresolve their problems.A. objected toB. took toC. amoun ted toD. turned to4. Children do not learn what it is to lose and will seek violenee to restrain their disappoin tme nt.A. releaseB. checkC. elimi nateD. restore5. Streep possesses a fragile, fleeting beauty that allows her to be as earthy and plainas she can be glamorous and radia nt.A. fragme ntaryB. perma nentC. delicateD. ten der6. Faced with such a dilemma, the top executives had to weigh one optio n aga inst another.A. scaleB. seekC. bala neeD. reject7. Despite con flicts and disagreeme nts, the fun dame ntal sympathies and similaritiesbetween the two countries will continue.A. esse ntialB. intenseC. n ecessaryD. difficult8. The car broke down about five kilometers short of the destination, so they had togo on foot.A. lack ing inB. except forC. up toD. away from9. Kant revolutionized philosophy, questioned_established authorities and placed reas on and freedom at the cen ter of his thinking.A. foun dedB. acceptedC. overthrow nD. stereotyped10.The freshmen will be in troduced to some methods of coping w ith stress anddepressi on.A. han dli ngB. executi ngC. cooperati onD. consumingSection B (0.5 point each)Directi ons: In this sect ion there are ten senten ces.Each sentence has someth ingomitted. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best completes each senten ce. The n mark the corresp onding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11. I had expected to win the race, but things did not _____ at way.A. break outB. work outC. pass outD. figure out12. Anyone employing people and paying them a fair wage, in my view, makes a(n) contributi on to society.A. imme nseB. giga nticC. largeD. spacious13. I have time to enjoy family and friends, ___ activities such as reading, writing,liste ning to music and play ing sports.A. chaseB. invo IveC. pursueD. capture14. And not one of these pleasures is _____ taxation under the Internal RevenueCode.A. committed toB. subject toC. attached toD. in differe nt to15. Middle-aged ladies somehow tend t ____ weight more easily even if they arevegetaria ns.A. put onB. put upC. put forwardD. put away16. As _____ China, reform and ope nin g-up have led to substa ntial improveme nt oflives.A. in the case ofB. in the face ofC. in the name ofD. in the middle of17. Niagara Falls is a great tourist______ , drawing millions of visitors every year.A. atte nti onB. attract ionC. appo in tme ntD. arran geme nt18. The man ager spoke highly of such _____ as loyalty, courage and truthf uln essshow n by his employees.A. virtuesB. featuresC. propertiesD. characteristics19. Some old people do'like pop songs because they ca'n _______ s o much no ise.A. resistB. susta inC. tolerateD. un dergo20. Since the matter was extremely ______ , we dealt with it immediately.A. toughB. tenseC. urge ntD. in sta ntPART II CLOZE TEST ( 20 mi nutes 10 poi nts)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C or D for each bla nk in the passage. Mark the corresp onding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Deaths and injuries from motor-vehicle accidents are reaching epidemic proporti ons in develop ing coun tries around the world, accordi ng to the World Health Orga ni zati on. Traffic accide nts in the young n atio ns of 21 amount to a social scourge (祸害)” ,and all too often the victims are young, educated Africa ns 22 in creased earning power has en abled them to buy a motorcycle or an automobile. Statistics 23 - three Latin-American countries, Chile, Costa Ricaand Venezuela, 24 that, AS in the US, traffic accidents have become the leading cause of 25 among young adults.About 250 000 people throughout the world are 26 in traffic accidents each year, and more than seven million are injured. 27_the US has the highest nu mber of people killed in traffic accide nts of 28 country （about 50 000 per year）, it has one of the lowest rates of fatalities （死亡）per motor vehicle or passenger mile, 29 , in the US there are six fatalities per 100 million passengemiles, 30 in Kenya and Uganda there are from 55 to 65 fatalities per 100 31 passengermiles. In India the fatality rate per motor vehicle is 10 to 15 times higher than it is in the US. In all countries the death rate from traffic accidents is higher for 32 than it is for females.-The majority of developing countries 33 a higher incidenee of traffic accidents involving pedestrians （行人）than of accidents 34 motor vehicles alone. Among the causes, the WHO reports, are_ 35_ roads, pedestrian ignorance of road sig ns, lack of in struct ion in the use of roads and heavy pedestria n and bicycle traffic on the roads.To 36 the grow ing epidemic of traffic accide nts, the WHO has 37 a worldwide epidemiological study of road traffic accidents and is encouraging the development of preventive programs If traffic accidents are 38 by methods similar to those used aga inst the great "killi ng diseases", the orga ni zatio n states, the prese nt epidemic of road deaths could be made to disappear39 as plague （瘟疫）and smallpox have now been 40 almost everywhere in the world.21 A. America B. Asia C. Africa D. E urope22 A. whose B. which C. as D. t hat23 A. aga inst B. with C.upon D. f rom24 A. remark B. reveal C. i nv olve D. d oubt25 A. accide nt B. jam C. crash D. d eath26 A. killed B. injured C. wounded D. i n cluded27 A. Now that B. Provided C. Once D. Although28 A.every B. some C. any D.the29 A. at last B. for example C. however D. i n additi on30 A. Because B.Before C. Whereas D. I f31 A. hun dred B. millio n C. thousand D. b illi on32 A. in habita nts B. drivers C. males D. i njured33 A. possesses B.had C. has D. h ave34 A. inv olvi ng B. containing C. result ing in D. existi ng in35 A. firm B. poor C.good D. depe ndent36 A. harde n B. study C. struggle D. c ombat37 A. overtake n B. explored C. un dertake n D. r egarded38 A. tackled B. recog ni zed C. shifted D. t hreate39 A. such B.just C.so D. a lsoned40 A. elimi nated B. knocked C. sought D. adjustedPART III READING COMPREHENSION (60 minu tes, 50 poi nts)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and hen do the questi ons that follow. Choose the best an swer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D and the n mark the corresp onding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a sin gle line through the cen ter.Passage OnePeng Gon gli n was n't an importa nt man. He lived in a bare con crete house in a small village of Deng Zhua ng where wome n stoop beside ponds to scrub clothes in buckets and the men ofte n harvest crops by hand.Whe n his rice fields came up empty last October, Peng had no in flue nce and little cash. The 43-year-old farmer had spent almost all of his family's savings and borrowed more to lease the land and buy seeds.County experts in the central province of Henan tested the seeds he'd planted and determ ined that he'd bee n sold in ferior goods. Peng begged for finan cial or legal help from the local agricultural bureau and its county seed station.He took what remained of his family's money and tried to bribe two local officials to in terve ne. They accepted the meals, massages and prostitutes, but they did no thi ng in retur n, accordi ng to a letter he later wrote.Fi nally, on March 29 he returned to the county seed statio n to plead once more. Men there beat Peng about the head un til he went home, humiliated.Faci ng finan cial ruin, he carried out one last act of protest. Early the n ext morning, Peng Gon gli n's body was found hanging at the seed stati on.The story of Peng'slonely suicide reveals the pitfalls beneath the glossy surface of China's booming economy. Ordinary Chinese who've been cheated or defrauded, especially in rural areas, find themselves trapped in neo-feudal conditions with no protect ion bey ond the mercy of corrupt officials.Outsiders are sometimes baffled by the emphasis Chin ese leaders put on order and harm ony, and their crushi ng resp onse to any sig ns of un rest. From the turmoil in a village such as Deng Zhua ng, though, it's clear that the n ati on sits un easily on deep social fault lin es.41. __________________________ People like Pe ng Go nglin .A. live simple and humble lifeB. try to bribe officialsC. have no land and have to lease from othersD. hate the officials42. What happe ned to the seeds Peng Gon gli n had bought?A. They were tested in ferior.B. They were illegal.C. They were cheated.D. They were too expe nsive.43. He bribed local officials hop ing that _____ .A. they may help him get financial compensation or legal aidB. they may accept the meals, massages and prostitutesC. they may in terfere the affairD. they may offer plea for him44. Which of the following statements is NOT the reason of Peng Gongli' suicide?A. He was beate n by the men at the seed stati on and felt humiliated.B. It was his final cry for protest in the face of financial ruin.C. The desperati on was bey ond his psychological en dura nee.D. He feared that his bribe may be discovered.45. Pen g's Ion ely suicide reveals that ______ .A. the ordinary people seize n eo-feudal con diti onsB. the ordinary people can get protection if the corrupt officials ignore themC. there are social problems un der the fast develop ing economyD. people baffle the emphasis on order and harm onyPassage TwoComputers have bee n taught to play not only checkers, but also champi on ship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuri ng the computer' progress inthe ability to lear n from experie nee.Becausethe game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluat ing the con seque nces of every possible resp onse to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can an alyze 40 000 moves a sec ond. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess— literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be, give n eno ugh people and eno ugh time), there is no computer capable of holdi ng that much data.Therefore, if the computer is to compete at champi on ship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experienee, to modify its own program, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to f hink” for itself. In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champi on chess players, but several have beate n human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mecha ni cal stages of their chess games. But theyhave gone on from there to reas on and lear n, and sometimes to win the game.There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficie nt to dem on strate the point. Gran ted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshak ing eve nt eve n whe n a computer does it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Departme nt uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for deali ng with intern ati onal tensions. Other problems— intern ati onal and in terpers onal relati ons , ecology and econo mics , and the ever- in creas ing threat of world famin—ca n perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of huma n beings and truly in tellige nt computers .46. The purpose of creati ng chess-play ing computers is _____ .A. to win the world chess champi onB. to pave the way for further in tellige nt computersC. to work out strategies for intern ati onal warsD. to find an accurate yardstick for measuri ng computer progress47. Today, a chess-play ing computer can be programmed to ______ .A. give trillions of responses in a second to each possible move and win the gameB. function with complete data and beat the best playersC. learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the gameD. evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right resp onse each time48. For a computer to f hink”，it is necessary to _____ .A. mange to process as much data as possible in a sec ondB. program it so that it can learn from its experiencesC. prepare it for chess-play ing firstD. en able it to deal with un structured situati ons49. The authorsattitude towards the Defense Departme nt is_ .A. criticalB. unconcernedC. positiveD. n egative50. I n the author'op inion, _______ .A. winning a chess game is an uni mporta nt eve ntB. serious huma n problems should'be regarded as play ing a gameC. ecological problems are more urge nt to be solvedD. there is hope for more intelligent computersPassage ThreeYou have to have lived in the 1950s and 1960s to have experieneed a good economy. In the period between 1950 and 1970 it was the rule—rather than the exception—that an ordinary family, without higher education, could sustain itself dece ntly on the in come of a sin gle breadw inn er. I n 1955, whe n I was 19 and liv ing in Brooklyn, N. Y., my father, who had a sixth-grade education, maintained our family of five on a wage of $82 a week as a bookbinder. My mother taught us fairness and compassi on; my father, discipli ne and en terprise.The U. S. economy in those years was good. Then where did this good economy go? It was in flated away. The price of gold, which I take as proxy for the prices of all goods, was $35 an ounce in those years. It is at roughly ten times that price today. There is another answer, though: inflation caused the entire work force to be moved into higher tax groups, thus reduci ng after-tax purchas ing power. That is, my father s bin dery job in 1954 paid $82 a week, with $80 after deductio ns; today, at $ 820 per week the net would be $662.To ordi nary people, the economy does'look very good at all. After-tax in comes con ti nue to decreasei n purchas ing power. The jobs offered in the employme nt ads pay only a little more than the minimum wage, maybe $5 an hour, which, after payroll deduct ions, yields $4 an hour. Compare that with min imu m-wage jobs of the early 1950s, whe n 75 cents was worth toda'$7.50 before and after taxes.51. In the author' opinion, a good economy, to ordi nary people can be expressed interms of ______ .A. the amount of wageB. after-tax in comeC. the actual purchasing powerD. the minimum wage per hour52. In the period between 1950 and 1970, ______ .A. there was not much differenee in the living standards between people of higherand lower educati onB. an ordinary family of five without exception could live on one person in comeC. the in come of an ordinary family was more tha n eno ugh for buying foodD. for an average family the in come was sufficie nt to support all the members53. Today a bookb in der'wage is ten times that of the 1950' but its in come tax ratehas in creased _____ .A. 50 timesB.60timesC. 70 timesD. 80 times54. The worse ning of a bookb in derslivelihood results from ____A. his low educati on and the amount of wageB. the high-taxati on and the in come deduct ionsC. the high taxation and cost of livingD. the low wage and higher prices55. The passage implies that while the cost of liv ing is gett ing high _____ .A. the valueof labor actually is shri nkingB. the mi nimum wage level is in creas ing likewiseC. the in come tax rate is risi ng alongD. the employment ads naturally offer a higher minimum wagePassage FourCulture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace.This system of learned behavior patter ns characteristic of the members of a give nsociety is con sta ntly shaped by a set of dyn amic variables: Ian guage, religi on, valuesand attitudes, mannersand customs, aesthetics, tech no logy, educati on, and social instituti ons. To cope with this system, an intern ati onal man ager n eeds both factual andinterpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned;its interpretation comes only through experienee.The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem fromthe fact that one cannot learn culture- one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist inthe bus in ess world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that bus in ess is bus iness the world around, follow ing the model of Pepsi and McDon ald cases,globalization iss. I n some a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from conv ergi ng.The other school proposes that compa nies must tailor bus in ess approaches to individual cultures. Sett ing up policies and procedures in each country has bee ncompared to an orga n tran spla nt; the critical questio n cen ters around accepta nceorrejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or eve n bli ndn ess.Fort une exam ined the intern ati onal performa nee of a doze n large compa niesthat earn 20 perce nt or more of their reve nue overseas. The intern ati on ally successfulcompanies all share an important quality: patienee. They have not rushed into situationsbut rather built their operations carefully by following the most basic bus in ess principles. These prin ciples are to know your adversary, know your audie nee, and knowyour customer.56. According to the passage, which of the following is true?A. All intern ati onal man agers can lear n culture.B. Bus in ess diversity is not n ecessary.C. Views differ on how to treat culture in bus in ess world.D. Most people do not know foreig n culture well.57. According to the author, the model of Pepsi ___ .A. is in line with the theories of the school advocat ing the bus in ess is bus iness the world aroundB. is different from the model of McDonald ' sC. shows the reverse of globalizatio nD. has conv erged cultural differe nces58. The two schools of thought ____ .A. both propose that compa nies should tailor bus in ess approaches to individual culturesB. both advocate that differe nt policies be set up in differe nt coun triesC. admit the existe nce of cultural diversity in bus in ess worldD. Both A and B59. This article is supposed to be most useful for those ___ .A. who are interested in researching the topic of cultural diversityB. who have conn ecti ons to more tha n one type of cultureC. who want to travel abroadD. who want to run bus in ess on Intern ati onal Scale60. According to Fortune, successful international compani ____ .A. earn 20 perce nt or more of their reve nue overseasB. all have the quality of patie nceC. will follow the overseas local culturesD. adopt the policy of in ternatio nalizatio nPassage FiveWhe n one looks back upon the fiftee n hun dred years that are the life spa n of the English Ianguage, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our Ianguage has always been a history of constant chan—at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two Ianguages. Our Ianguage has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that Ianguage at all times has bee n the possessi on not of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it has bee n the property of the com mon, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily bus in ess of their liv ing, much as they have used their ani mals or the kitche n pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible, a little beauty.As we con sider our cha nging Ian guage, we should note here two developme nts that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the An glo-Sax ons there has bee n an almost complete reversal of the differe nt devices for show ing the relati on ship of words in a senten ce.A nglo-Sax on (old En glish) was a Ianguage of many inflections. Modern English has few inflections. We must now depe nd largely on word order and fun cti on words to convey the meanings that the older Ian guage did by means of cha nges in the forms of words. Function words, you should un dersta nd, are words such as prepositi ons, conjun cti ons, and a few others that are used primarily to show relati on ships among other words. A few in flect ions, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the Ian guage, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. Thesec ond fact we must con sider is that as Ian guage itself cha nges, our attitudes toward Ianguage forms change also. The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the Ian guage into patter ns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate Ianguage practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.61. In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to ___ .A. attempt to con ti nue the sta ndardizati on of the Ian guageB. evaluate Ianguage practices in terms of current speech rather than standards or proper patter nsC. b e more concerned about the improvement of the Ianguage than its an alysisor historyD. be more aware of the rules of the Ian guage usage62. Choose the appropriate meaning for the word “ inflection ” used in line 4 ofparagraph 2.A. Chan ges in the forms of words.B. Chan ges in sentence structures.C. Chan ges in spelli ng rules.D. Words that have similar meanin gs.63. Which of the follow ing stateme nts is not men tio ned in the passage?A. 11 is gen erally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beg inning ofthe moder n En glish Ian guage.B. Some other Ian guages had great in flue nee on the En glish Ian guage atsome stages of its developme nt.C. T he English Ianguage has been and still in a state of relatively constant change.D. M any classes or groups have contributed to the development of the En glishIan guage.64. The author of these paragraphs is probably a(an) .A. historia nB. philosopherC. an thropologistD. li nguist65. Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?A. The history of the En glish Ian guage.B. Our cha nging attitude towards the En glish Ian guage.C. Our cha nging Ian guage.D. Some characteristics of moder n En glish.PAPER TWO译写答题注意事项一、本试卷答题一律写在答题纸（ANSWER SHEET）上，草稿纸上的答题内容一律不予记分。

2017年云南师范⼤学硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试学科教育⾼级英语真题云南师范⼤学2017年硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试⾃命题科⽬试卷报考专业：学科教学（英语）考试科⽬及代码：⾼级英语821考试时量：150分钟试卷编号：（A卷）考号：姓名：I. Vocabulary and Structure (每题2分, 共40分)Directions:Choose the best word or phrase to complete each of the following statements.1. ______，Marcia walked up to the podium and deliverer an animated acceptance speech．A．Excited about winning the award．B．Been excited with winning the award．C．To be excited about winning the awardD．Exciting with winning the award2. As a scientific document, the book should stand for several years until further make revision .A. development; impossibleB. experiments; optionalC. advances; necessaryD. attempts; undesirable3. When I was a teenager，I______a lot and people couldn’t understand what I was saying．A．complainedB．mumbledC．utteredD．gossiped4. Dry farming is a type of agriculture used in areas less than 20 inches of rainfall.A. there areB. where there isC. in which isD. which has5. Not until 1942______a drying patient’s life using penicillin．A．when John Bumstead and Orvan Hess saved B．saved John Bumstead and Orvan HessC．did John Bumstead and Orvan Hess saveD．that John Bumstead and Orvan Hess saved6. Birds that breed on high cliffs have pear－ shaped eggs that roll ina tight circle，making_____less likely to roll off the cliff．A．somewhereB．sometimesC．somethingD．somewhat7. ______，the condor in Peru is threatened by the rapid encroachment of humans．A．As isolated as its few remaining habitats may be．B．As its few remaining isolated habitats may be．C．May its few remaining habitats be as isolated．D．Its few remaining habitats may be as isolatcd．8.When the limestone or other carbonate rock just below the ground surface dissolves naturally, ______ collapses and forms sinkholes.A．a landB．the landC．the landsD．lands9. We look with pride at our new bridges and dams, for they are works of art as well as of______.A．leisureB．aestheticsC．drudgeryD．utility10. When two people feel the same way about each other, their feelings are ______.A．habitualB．mutualC．relevantD．equivalent11.American schools tend to put more emphasis on developing ______ skills than they do on acquiring quantities of facts. Students are encouraged to ask questions, think for themselves and express their own opinions. A．critical-thinking B．interpersonalC．intellectualD．social12. At each end of the tube ______, one which gathers light and one which magnifies the image.A．are two lenses thereB．two lenses areC．are two lensesD．two lenses are there13. Reports have recommended that universities should prize good teaching______ good research.A．the same asB．much asC．as well asD．in accordance with14.The county of Kent is known as the "Garden of England"______it yieldsa bountiful harvest of fruits and vegetables.A．althoughB．becauseC．so thatD．such as15.______ almost every major city in the world.A．Air pollution that now afflictsB．Not only does air pollution now afflictC．Air pollution now afflictsD．Air pollution is now afflicted16.it has been estimated that one hundred thousand men participated in the gold rush of 1898.A.approximatelyB.untilC.moreD.as much as17.It is generally true that the lower the stock market falls,A. higher the price of gold risesB. the price of gold rises highC. the higher the price of gold risesD. rises high the price of gold18. Famous for his punctuation, typography, and language, Edward Estlin Cummings published his collected poems in 1954.A. new innovations forB. innovations newly approached inC. newly approachedD. innovations in19. The average elevation of the Himalayas is twenty thousand feet, and Mount Qomolangma to more than twenty-nine thousand feet at its apexA.risesB.raisesC. arosesD.arises20. Unless protected areas are established, the Bengal tiger, the blue whale, and the California condor face of extinction.A. possibleB. the possibilityC. being possibleD. possiblyII. Close Test (每题2分, 共40分)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and fill in each blank with the best choice.Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an 1 should be made even before choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, 2 , most people make several job choices during their working lives, 3 because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve their position. The "one perfect job" does not exist. Young people should 4 enter into a broad flexible training program that will fit them for a 5 of work rather than for a single job. Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans 6 benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing 7 about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss 8 . Some drift from job to job. Others 9 to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted.One common mistake is choosing an occupation for its real or 10 prestige. Too many high school students or their parents for them choose the professional field, 11 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal 12 . The prestige that people tend to 13 to a profession or a white-collar job is no good reason for choosing it as life's work.14 , these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large 15 of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the majority of young people should give serious 16 to these fields.Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants 17 life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual 18 . Some want security; others are willing to take 19 for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its 20 .1. ［A］identification ［B］entertainment ［C］accommodation ［D］occupation2. ［A］however ［B］therefore ［C］though ［D］thereby3. ［A］entirely ［B］mainly ［C］partly ［D］his4. ［A］since ［B］therefore ［C］furthermore ［D］forever5. ［A］place ［B］chance ［C］field ［D］opening6. ［A］to ［B］for ［C］without ［D］with7. ［A］little ［B］few ［C］much ［D］a lot8. ［A］chance ［B］basis ［C］purpose ［D］opportunity9. ［A］apply ［B］appeal ［C］stick ［D］turn10. ［A］imagined ［B］substantial ［C］acquired ［D］demanded11. ［A］concerning ［B］following ［C］considering ［D］disregarding12. ［A］preferences ［B］requirements ［C］tendencies ［D］ambitions13. ［A］contribute ［B］attach ［C］attribute ［D］allot14. ［A］Therefore ［B］However ［C］Nevertheless ［D］Moreover15. ［A］proportion ［B］part ［C］quanitity ［D］batch16. ［A］proposal ［B］suggestion ［C］consideration ［D］appraisal17. ［A］towards ［B］against ［C］out of ［D］without18. ［A］knowledge ［B］satisfaction ［C］culture ［D］sensitivity19. ［A］turns ［B］parts ［C］choices ［D］risks20. ［A］awards ［B］requirements ［C］results ［D］needsIII. Reading Comprehension (每题2分, 共40分)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Read them carefully and choose the best answer for each question that follows. Passage 1In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition of each new skill---the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is usual that parents hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, and a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, other are severe over time of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child’s own happiness.As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parent teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is not foundation for morality. Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept”. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach, their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents’ principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.1: Eagerly watching the child’s acquisition of new skills ________. A．should be avoidedB．is universal among parentsC．sets up dangerous states of worry in the childD．will make him lose interest in learning new things2:When children are learning new skills, parents should _________. A．encourage them to read before they know the meaning of the words they readB．not expect too much of themC．achieve a balance between pushing them too hard and leaving them on their ownD．create as many learning opportunities as possible3:The second paragraph mainly tells us_________.A．parents should be strict with their childrenB．parents controls satisfy only the needs of the parents and the values of the communityC．parental restrictions vary, and are not always enforced for the benefit of the children aloneD．parents vary in their strictness towards their children according to the situation4:In moral matters, parents should _________.A．observe the rules themselvesB．be aware of the marked difference between adults and children C．forbid things which have no foundation in moralityD．satisfy their children’s needsPassage 2It's very interesting to note where the debate about diversity is taking place. It is taking place primari1y in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instrumentsthat produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the g1oba1 village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting,corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants. Corporate leadersknow that if that doesn't occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need.Likewise, I don't hear people in the academy saying, "Let's go backward. Let's go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy (which was never true-we never had a meritocracy, although we've come closer to it in the last 30 years, ) I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media-not in corporate board rooms or on college campuses.6. The underlined word "imperative"( in Para.1) most probably refers tosomething .A. superficialB. remarkableC. debatableD. essential7. Which of the following groups of people still differ in their views on diversity?A. MinoritiesB. PoliticiansC. ProfessorsD. Managers8. High corporate leaders seem to be in favor of promoting diversity so as to .A. lower the rate of unemploymentB. win equal political rights for minoritiesC. be competitive in the world marketD. satisfy the demands of a growing popu1ation9. It can be inferred from the passage that __________.A. meritocracy can never be realized without diversityB. American political circles will not accept diversityC. it is unlikely that diversity will occur in the U. S. mediaD. minorities can only enter the fields where no debate is heard about diversity10. According to the passage diversity can be achieved in American society by .A. expanding the pool of potential employeesB. promoting policies that provide skills to employeesC. training more engineers, scientists，lawyers and business managersD. providing education for all regardless of race or sexPassage 3There is no denying that students should learn something about how computers work, just as we expect them at least to understand that the internal-combustion engine has something to do with burning fuel, expanding gases and pistons being driven. For people should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do. Further, students might be helped by a course that considers the computer’s impact on society. But that is not what is meant by computer literacy. For computer literacy is not a form of literacy; it is a trade skill that should not be taught as a liberal art.Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct activities. A case might be made that the competent citizens of tomorrow should free themselves from their fear of computers. But this is quite different from saying that all ought to know how to program one.Leave that to people who have chosen programming as a career. While programming can be lots of fun, and while our society needs some people who are experts at it, the same is true of auto repaid and violin-making.Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult, and it gets easier all the time as programs become more “user-friendly”. Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen. What does the phrase “learning to use a computer” mean? It sounds like “learning to drive a car”, that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer.In fact, “learning to use a computer” is much more like “learning to play a game”, but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. There is no such a thing as teaching someone how to usea computer. One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished.11. To be the competent citizens of tomorrow, people should ________.A) try to lay a solid foundation in computer scienceB) be aware of how the things that they use do what they doC) learn to use a computer by acquiring a certain set of skillsD) understand that programming a computer is more essential than repairing a car12. In the second paragraph “violin-making” is mentioned to show that ________.A) programming a computer is as interesting as making a violinB) our society needs experts in different fieldsC) violin-making requires as much skill as computer programmingD) people who can use a computer don’t necessarily have to know computer programming13. Learning to use a computer is getting easier all the time because ________.A) programs are becoming less complicatedB) programs are designed to be convenient to usersC) programming is becoming easier and easierD) programs are becoming readily available to computer users14. According to the author, the phrase “learning to use a computer” (Lines 3-4, Para. 3) means learning ________.A) a set of rulesB) the fundamentals of computer scienceC) specific programsD) general principles of programming（C）15. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is ________.A) to stress the impact of the computer on societyB) to explain the concept of the computer literacyC) to illustrate the requirements for being competent citizens of tomorrowD) to emphasize that computer programming is an interesting and challenging jobIV. Translation (总分20分)Directions: Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.Tucked away in our subconsciousness is an idyllic vision. We see ourselves on a long trip that spans the continent. We are traveling by train. Out the windows, we drink in the passing scene of cars on nearby highways, of children waving at a crossing, of cattle grazing on a distant hillside, of smoke pouring from a power plant, of row upon row of corn and wheat, of flatlands and valleys, of mountains and rolling hillsides, of city skylines and village halls.But uppermost in our minds is the final destination. On a certain day at a certain hour, we will pull into the station. Bands will be playing and flags waving. Once we get there, so many wonderful dreams will come true and the pieces of our lives will fit together like a completed jigsaw puzzle. How restlessly we pace the aisles, damning the minutes for loitering -waiting, waiting, waiting for the station."When we reach the station, that will be it!" we cry. "When I'm 18." "When I buy a new 450SL Mercedes Benz!""When I put the last kid through college.""When I have paid off the mortgage!" "When I get a promotion." "When I reach the age of retirement, I shall live happily ever after!"Sooner or later, we must realize there is no station, no one place to arrive at once and for all. The true joy of life is the trip. The station is only a dream. It constantly outdistances us.It isn't the burdens of today that drive men mad. It is the regrets over yesterday and the fear of tomorrow. Regret and fear are twin thieves who rob us of today.V. Writing (总分20分)Directions: Write a composition of about 400 words on the given topic.Proper Ways to Cope with Stress in Modern Life。

专业PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5 point each)Directions: In this section there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Outbreaks of teenage violence here are confined to technical schools students fighting mindless.A.restrictedB. confirmedC. relevantD. dedicated2. Something clearly disturbs Thai youth and parents who need to do somethingbefore things get worse.A. boostsB. disruptsC.annoysD. stuns3. They came from different backgrounds, but both resorted to the use of handguns toresolve their problems.A. objected toB. took toC. amounted toD.turned to4. Children do not learn what it is to lose and will seek violence to restrain theirdisappointment.A. releaseB.checkC. eliminateD. restore5. Streep possesses a fragile, fleeting beauty that allows her to be as earthy and plainas she can be glamorous and radiant.A. fragmentaryB. permanentC. delicateD. tender6. Faced with such a dilemma, the top executives had to weigh one option againstanother.A. scaleB. seekC.balanceD. reject7. Despite conflicts and disagreements, the fundamental sympathies and similaritiesbetween the two countries will continue.A.essentialB. intenseC. necessaryD. difficult8. The car broke down about five kilometers short of the destination, so they had togo on foot.A. lacking inB. except forC. up toD.away from9. Kant revolutionized philosophy, questioned established authorities and placedreason and freedom at the center of his thinking.A. foundedB.acceptedC. overthrownD. stereotyped10. T he freshmen will be introduced to some methods of coping with stress anddepression.A.handlingB. executingC. cooperationD. consumingSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section there are ten sentences. Each sentence has somethingomitted. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best completes each sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11. I had expected to win the race, but things did not ______ t hat way.A. break outB.work outC. pass outD. figure out12. Anyone employing people and paying them a fair wage, in my view, makes a(n)______ contribution to society.A. immenseB. giganticC. largeD. spacious13. I have time to enjoy family and friends, ____ activities such as reading, writing,listening to music and playing sports.A. chaseB. involveC. pursueD. capture14. And not one of these pleasures is ______ taxation under the Internal RevenueCode.A. committed toB.subject toC. attached toD. indifferent to15. Middle-aged ladies somehow tend to _____ weight more easily even if they arevegetarians.A.put onB. put upC. put forwardD. put away16. As ______ China, reform and opening-up have led to substantial improvement oflives.A. in the case ofB. in the face ofC. in the name ofD. in the middle of17. Niagara Falls is a great tourist _______, drawing millions of visitors every year.A. attentionB. attractionC. appointmentD. arrangement18. The manager spoke highly of such _______ as loyalty, courage and truthfulnessshown by his employees.A. virtuesB. featuresC. propertiesD. characteristics19. Some old people don’t like pop songs because they can’t _______ so much noise.A. resistB. sustainC. tolerateD. undergo20. Since the matter was extremely _______, we dealt with it immediately.A. toughB. tenseC. urgentD. instantPART II CLOZE TEST ( 20 minutes 10 points)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Deaths and injuries from motor-vehicle accidents are reaching epidemic proportions in developing countries around the world, according to the World Health Organization. Traffic accidents in the young nations of 21 amount to a “social scourge（祸害)”, and all too often the victims are young, educated Africans 22 increased earning power has enabled them to buy a motorcycle or an automobile. Statistics 23 three Latin-American countries, Chile, Costa Rica and Venezuela,21 A. America B. Asia C. Africa D. Europe22 A. whose B. which C. as D. that23 A. against B. with C. upon D. from24 A. remark B. reveal C. involve D. doubt25 A. accident B. jam C. crash D. death26 A. killed B. injured C. wounded D. included27 A. Now that B. Provided C. Once D. Although28 A.every B. some C. any D.the29A. at last B. for example C. however D. in addition30 A. Because B.Before C. Whereas D. If31 A. hundred B. million C. thousand D. billion32 A. inhabitants B. drivers C. males D. injured33 A. possesses B.had C. has D. have34 A. involving B. containing C. resulting in D. existing in35 . A. firm B. poor C. good D. dependent36 A. harden B. study C. struggle D. combat37 A. overtaken B. explored C. undertaken D. regarded38 A. tackled B. recognized C. shifted D. threatened39 A. such B.just C.so D. also40 A. eliminated B. knocked C. sought D. adjustedPART III READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 50 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and hen do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OnePeng Gonglin wasn't an important man. He lived in a bare concrete house in a small village of Deng Zhuang where women stoop beside ponds to scrub clothes in buckets and the men often harvest crops by hand.When his rice fields came up empty last October, Peng had no influence and little cash. The 43-year-old farmer had spent almost all of his family's savings and borrowed more to lease the land and buy seeds.County experts in the central province of Henan tested the seeds he'd planted and determined that he'd been sold inferior goods. Peng begged for financial or legal help from the local agricultural bureau and its county seed station.He took what remained of his family's money and tried to bribe two local officials to intervene. They accepted the meals, massages and prostitutes, but they did nothing in return, according to a letter he later wrote.Finally, on March 29 he returned to the county seed station to plead once more. Men there beat Peng about the head until he went home, humiliated.Facing financial ruin, he carried out one last act of protest. Early the next morning, Peng Gonglin's body was found hanging at the seed station.The story of Peng's lonely suicide reveals the pitfalls beneath the glossy surface of China's booming economy. Ordinary Chinese who've been cheated or defrauded, especially in rural areas, find themselves trapped in neo-feudal conditions with no protection beyond the mercy of corrupt officials.Outsiders are sometimes baffled by the emphasis Chinese leaders put on order and harmony, and their crushing response to any signs of unrest. From the turmoil in a village such as Deng Zhuang, though, it's clear that the nation sits uneasily on deep social fault lines.41.People like Peng Gonglin _______.A.live simple and humble lifeB.try to bribe officialsC.have no land and have to lease from othersD.hate the officials42. What happened to the seeds Peng Gonglin had bought?A. They were tested inferior.B. They were illegal.C. They were cheated.D. They were too expensive.43. He bribed local officials hoping that _______.A. they may help him get financial compensation or legal aidB. they may accept the meals, massages and prostitutesC. they may interfere the affairD. they may offer plea for him44. Which of the following statements is NOT the reason of Peng Gonglin’s suicide?A. He was beaten by the men at the seed station and felt humiliated.B. It was his final cry for protest in the face of financial ruin.C. The desperation was beyond his psychological endurance.D. He feared that his bribe may be discovered.45. Peng's lonely suicide reveals that _______.A. the ordinary people seize neo-feudal conditionsB. the ordinary people can get protection if the corrupt officials ignore themC. there are social problems under the fast developing economyD. people baffle the emphasis on order and harmonyPassage TwoComputers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress inthe ability to learn from experience.Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be, given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data.Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own program, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to “think”for itself. In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems—international and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world famine—can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .46. The purpose of creating chess-playing computers is _______.A. to win the world chess championB. to pave the way for further intelligent computersC. to work out strategies for international warsD. to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress47. Today, a chess-playing computer can be programmed to _______.A. give trillions of responses in a second to each possible move and win the gameB. function with complete data and beat the best playersC. learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the gameD. evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time48. For a computer to “think”, it is necessary to _______.A. mange to process as much data as possible in a secondB. program it so that it can learn from its experiencesC. prepare it for chess-playing firstD. enable it to deal with unstructured situations49. The author’s attitude towards the Defense Department is_ ___.A. criticalB. unconcernedC. positiveD. negative50. In the author’s opinion, ___ _ .A. winning a chess game is an unimportant eventB. serious human problems shouldn’t be regarded as playing a gameC. ecological problems are more urgent to be solvedD. there is hope for more intelligent computersPassage ThreeYou have to have lived in the 1950s and 1960s to have experienced a good economy. In the period between 1950 and 1970 it was the rule—rather than the exception—that an ordinary family, without higher education, could sustain itself decently on the income of a single breadwinner. In 1955, when I was 19 and living in Brooklyn, N. Y., my father, who had a sixth-grade education, maintained our family of five on a wage of $82 a week as a bookbinder. My mother taught us fairness and compassion; my father, discipline and enterprise.The U. S. economy in those years was good. Then where did this good economy go? It was inflated away. The price of gold, which I take as proxy for the prices of all goods, was $35 an ounce in those years. It is at roughly ten times that price today. There is another answer, though: inflation caused the entire work force to be moved into higher tax groups, thus reducing after-tax purchasing power. That is, my father’s bindery job in1954 paid $82 a week, with $80 after deductions; today, at $ 820 per week the net would be $662.To ordinary people, the economy doesn’t look very good at all. After-tax incomes continue to decrease in purchasing power. The jobs offered in the employment ads pay only a little more than the minimum wage, maybe $5 an hour, which, after payroll deductions, yields $4 an hour. Compare that with minimum-wage jobs of the early 1950s, when 75 cents was worth today’s $7.50 before and after taxes.51. In the author’s opinion, a good economy, to ordinary people can be expressed in terms of ____ __.A.the amount of wageB.after-tax incomeC.the ac tual purchasing powerD.the minimum wage per hour52. In the period between 1950 and 1970, _______.A.there was not much difference in the living standards between people ofhigher and lower educationB.an o rdinary family of five without exception could live on one personincomeC.the income of an ordinary family was more than enough for buying foodD.for an average family the income was sufficient to support all the members53. Today a bookbinder’s wage is ten times that of the 1950’s but its income tax ratehas increased ______.A.50 timesB.60timesC. 70 timesD. 80 times54. The worsening of a bookbinder’s livelihood results from __ __.A.his low education and the amount of wageB.the high-taxation and the income deductionsC.the high taxation and cost of livingD.the low wage and higher prices55. The passage implies that while the cost of living is getting higher___ ___.A.the value of labor actually is shrinkingB.the minimum wage level is increasing likewiseC.the income tax rate is rising alongD.the employment ads naturally offer a higher minimum wagePassage FourCulture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions. To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience.The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonald’s. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.The other school proposes that companies must tailor business approaches to individual cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance or rejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness.Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share an important quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but rather built their operations carefully by following the most basic business principles. These principles are to know your adversary, know your audience, and know your customer.56. According to the passage, which of the following is true?A. All international managers can learn culture.B. Business diversity is not necessary.C. V iews differ on how to treat culture in business world.D. Most people do not know foreign culture well.57. According to the author, the model of Pepsi .A. i s in line with the theories of the school advocating the business is businessthe world aroundB. is different from the model of McDonald’sC. shows the reverse of globalizationD. has converged cultural differences58. The two schools of thought .A. both propose that companies should tailor business approaches to individualculturesB. both advocate that different policies be set up in different countriesC. admit the existence of cultural diversity in business worldD. Both A and B59. This article is supposed to be most useful for those .A. who are interested in researching the topic of cultural diversityB. who have connections to more than one type of cultureC. who want to travel abroadD. w ho want to run business on International Scale60. According to Fortune, successful international companies .A. earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseasB. al l have the quality of patienceC. will follow the overseas local culturesD. adopt the policy of internationalizationPassage FiveWhen one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant change—at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it has been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible, a little beauty.As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon (old English) was a language of many inflections. Modern English has few inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. Thesecond fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also. The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.61. In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to .A. attempt to continue the standardization of the languageB. e valuate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standards orproper patternsC. be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analysis orhistoryD. be more aware of the rules of the language usage62.Choose the appropriate meaning for the word “inflection”used in line 4 of paragraph 2.A. C hanges in the forms of words.B. Changes in sentence structures.C. Changes in spelling rules.D. Words that have similar meanings.63. Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage?A. I t is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of themodern English language.B. Some other languages had great influence on the English language at somestages of its development.C. The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constantchange.D. Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the Englishlanguage.64. The author of these paragraphs is probably a(an) .A. historianB. philosopherC. anthropologistD. l inguist65. Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?A. The history of the English language.B. Our changing attitude towards the English language.C. Our changing language.D. Some characteristics of modern English.PAPER TWO译写答题注意事项一、本试卷答题一律写在答题纸(ANSWER SHEET)上，草稿纸上的答题内容一律不予记分。

2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（A卷）******************************************************************************* 学科、专业名称：外国语言文学研究方向：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学考试科目名称：外语（英）水平考试考试科目代码：706考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。

Part I. Vocabulary and Structure (30 points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The Olympic Games were watched by ___ billions of people around the world.A. virtuallyB. literallyC. deliberatelyD. appropriately2. In a materialistic and ____ society people’s int erest seems to be focused solely on monetary pursuit.A. adaptiveB. addictiveC. acquisitiveD. arrogant3. I found it difficult to ___ my career ambitions with the need to bring up my children.A. intensifyB. reconcileC. consolidateD. amend4. Both dog's diet and structure are ___ to those of the human being, and so it has been the subject of countless demonstrations and experiments.A. comparableB. comparativeC. equalD. contrary5. We need one hundred more signatures before we take the ___ to the governor.A. pleaB. petitionC. patentD. claim6. Due to sluggish market conditions, the factory's workforce has ___ from over 4000 to a few hundred.A. proclaimedB. dwindledC. repressedD. indulged7. Like most other American companies with a rigid ___, workers and managers have strictly defined duties.A. vitalityB. jurisdictionC. hierarchyD. bureaucracy8. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the ___ silk from damage.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. tenderD. delicate9. Poverty and domestic violence make it easy for her to trust that bad things will happen and take。