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With linguistics applied we do not have this option. Whatever we do with linguistics, however we apply it, the informing principles which define this area of enquiry, already preestablished, must remain intact. Any other principles we invoke must be auxiliary operating principles and have to do not with theory as such but with the technology of application.
1 Halliday vs Widdowson
Halliday: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Appliable Linguistics Widdowson: Applied linguistics, Linguistics applied
Halliday: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Appliable Linguistics
系统功能语言学Systemic Functional Linguistics 适用语言学 Appliable Linguistics Halliday, M.A.K., An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Arnold, 1985, 1994. Halliday, M.A.K., Working with meaning: Towards an appliable linguistics. In Webster (ed) Meaning in Context, Continuum,2008, 723. Halliday, M.A.K., McIntosh, A. & Strevens, P.,
2 Definition of AL
Corder (1973: 10) The application of linguistic knowledge to some object – or applied linguistics, as its name implied – is an activity. It is not a theoretical study. It makes use of the findings of theoretical studies. The applied linguist is a consumer, or user, not a producer, of theories. If we use the term “theory” as it is used in science, then there is no such thing as a “theory of language teaching” or a “theory of speech therapy” or a “theory of literary criticism”. Language teaching is also an activity, but teaching languages is not the same activity as applied linguistics.
Widdowson (1980/1984: 22): For linguistics applied, therefore, the question of central concerned is: how far can existing models of description in linguistics be used to resolve the practical problems of language use we are concerned with? For applied linguistics, the central queels of language description be devised, and what are the factors which will determine their effectiveness?
Widdowson (1980/1984: 22): Both lines of approach have their dangers. The tendency of linguistics applied will be to dance attendance to whatever tune is currently in theoretical fashion. The tendency of applied linguistics will be to dance around in circles with no tune at all. 桂诗春（2008：35）：在语言学的应用里，语言 理论和语言模型都是来自语言学的；作为一种活 动而言，它主要是遵奉主义的。相反，应用语言 学可以有它自己的非遵奉主义的理论、发展它自 己的有关的描述模型。
R. Kaplan & H.G. Widdowson
Applied Linguistics Whenever knowledge about language is used to solve a basic language-related problem, one may say that Applied Linguistics is being practised. Applied Linguistics is a technology which makes abstract ideas and research findings accessible and relevant to the real world; it mediates between theory and practice. (In W. Bright (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford: OUP, 1992)
Widdowson (2000: 5): The differences between these modes of intervention is that in the case of linguistics applied the assumption is that the problem can be reformulated by the direct and inilateral application of concepts and terms deriving from linguistic enquiry itself. That is to say, language problems are amenable to linguistics solutions. In the case of applied linguistics, intervention is crucially a matter of mediation.
Here there is the recognition that linguistic insights are not self-evident but a matter of interpretation; that ideas and findings from linguistics can only be made relevant in reference to other perceptions and perspectives that define the context of the problem. Applied linguistics is in this respect a multilateral process which, of its nature, has to relate and reconcile different representations of reality, including that of linguistics without excluding others.
3 Widdowson’s AL & LA
Widdowson (1980/1984: 21): Thus applied linguistics can be understood as a kind of linguistics, like historical linguistics or folk linguistics. This presumably allows its practitioners to define an independent perspective on the general phenomena of language and to establish principles of enquiry without necessary reference to those which inform linguistics tout court – and tel quel.
The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching. London: Longman, 1964.
Widdowson: Applied linguistics, Linguistics applied
“应用语言学”（Applied Linguistics, AL） “语言学的应用”（Linguistics Applied, LA）
Appliable Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 适用语言学与应用语言学
