博士英语2006

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷(2006年3月)考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

答题纸切忌折叠。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ词汇15分钟10分Ⅱ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅲ阅读80分钟40分试卷二：小计110分钟65分Ⅳ英译汉30分钟15分ⅴ写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2006PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market.A. anticipationB. perceptionC. prospectD. expertise2. Awards provide a(n) for young people to improve their skills.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. fugitiveD. captive3. The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity.A. in lineB. in tradeC. at timesD. at odds4. Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.A. layoutsB. remindersC. remainsD. leftovers5. Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years.A. passionateB. involvedC. immersedD. obsessed6. Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.A. distortionsB. discrepanciesC. disordersD. distractions7. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden collapse into unconsciousness.A. convergingB. culminatingC. finalizingD. releasing8. The 12-year-old civil war had 1.5 million lives.A. declaredB. proclaimedC. claimedD. asserted9. The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net to charitable activities in the county.A. expensesB. revenuesC. budgetsD. payments10. This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents, and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes.A. accountableB. submittedC. subjectedD. available11. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never from the highest standards of honor.A. deviateB. escapeC. deriveD. refrain12. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed in the glossary.A. in sumB. in totalC. in generalD. in full13. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more.A. scarcityB. commandC. hungerD. request14. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam , surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.A. at peaceB. at leisureC. at restD. at speed15. The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools; they can, however, accept some fee-paying pupils.A. equalityB. equationC. equivalentD. equity16. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was_____ revised.A. consecutivelyB. consequentlyC. successivelyD. subsequently17. He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.A. confusesB. regardsC. strikesD. knocks18. The water was so clear that it the trees on the river bank.A. shadowedB. shadedC. representedD. reflected19. Some 121 countries may be designated“developing”, and of this 121, seventeen countries_______more than four-fifths of energy consumption.A. amount toB. account forC. add upD. take away20. The researchers found the age at which young people first fall to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.A. sacrificeB. shortC. witnessD. victimPART Ⅱ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Given the choice between spending an evening with friends and taking extra time for his schoolwork, Andy Klise admits he would probably 21 for the latter. It’s not that he doesn’t like to have fun; it’s just that his desire to ex cel 22 drives his decision-making process.A 2001 graduate of Wooster High School and now a senior biology major at The College of Wooster, Klise acknowledges that he may someday have 23 thoughts about his decision to limit the time he has spent 24 , but for now, he is comfortable with the choices he has made. “If things had not25 out as well as they have, I would have had some regrets,” says Klise, who was a Phi Beta Kappa inductee as a junior. “But spending the extra time studying has been well w orth the 26 . I realized early on that to be successful, I had to make certain 27 .”28 the origin of his intense motivation, Klise notes that it has been part of his makeup for as long as he can remember. “I’ve always been goal29 ,” he says. “Th is internal drive has caused me to give my all 30 pretty much everything I do.”Klise 31 Wooster’s nationally recognized Independent Study (I.S.) program with preparing him for his next 32 in life: a research position with the National Institute of H ealth (NIH).“I am hoping that my I.S. experience will help me33 a research position with NIH,” says Klise. “The yearlong program gives students a chance to work with some of the nation’s34 scientists while making the 35 from undergraduate to gradua te studies or a career in the medical field.”21. A. intend B. prefer C. opt D. search22.A. academically B. professionally C. socially D. technically23.A. different B. certain C. second D. other24.A. entertaining B. socializing C. enjoying D. sporting25.A. developed B. appeared C. occurred D. worked26.A. investment B. reward C. payment D. compensation27.A. devotions B. concessions C. sacrifices D. attempts28. A. Besides B. As for C. Out of D. Despite29.A. directed B. oriented C. conducted D. guided30.A. about B. with C. at D. in31.A. credits B. registers C. selects D. observes32. A. run B. step C. pace D. leap33.A. hold B. occupy C. anchor D. land34.A. leading B. advanced C. nominated D. marvelous35. A. achievement B. transition C. position D. vocationPART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete state ments. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneShe’s cute, no question. Symmetrical features, flawless skin, looks to be 22 years old—entering any meat-market bar, a woman lucky enough to have this face would turn enough heads to stir a breeze. But when Victor Johnston points and clicks, the face on his computer screen changes into a state of superheated, crystallized beauty. “You can see it. It’s just so extraordinary,” says Johnston, a professor of biopsychology at New Mexico State University who sounds a little in love with his creation.The transformation from pretty woman to knee-weakening babe is all the more amazing because the changes wrought by Johnston’s software are, objectively speaking, quite subtle. He created the original face by digitally averaging 16 randomly selected female Caucasian faces. The changing program then exaggerated the ways in which female faces differ from male faces, creating, in human-beauty-science field, a“hyper-female”. The eyes grew a bit larger, the nose narrowed slightly and the lips plumped. These are shifts of just a few millimeters, but experiments in this country and Scotland are suggesting that both males and females find“feminized”versions of averaged faces more beautiful.Johnston hatched this little movie as part of his ongoing study into why human beings find some people attractive and others homely. He may not have any rock-solid answers yet, but he is far from alone in attempting to apply scientific inquiry to so ambiguous a subject. Around the world, researchers are marching into territory formerly staked out by poets and painters to uncover the underpinnings of human attractiveness.The research results so far are surprising—and humbling. Numerous studies indicate that human beauty may not be simply in the eye of the beholder or an arbitrary cultural artifact. It may be ancient and universal, wrought through ages of evolution that rewarded reproductive winners and killed off losers. If beauty is not truth, it may be health and fertility: Halle Berry’s flawless skin may fascinate moviegoers because, at some deep level, it persuades us that she is parasite-free.Human attractiveness research is a relatively young and certainly contentious field—the allure of hyper-females, for example, is still hotly debated—but those on its front lines agree on one point: We won’t conquer“looks-ism” until we understand its source. As psychologist Nancy Etcoff puts it:“The idea that beauty is unimportant or a cultural construct is the real beauty myth. We have to understand beauty, or we will always be enslaved by it.”36.The woman described in the very beginning of the text is .A. in fact in her late twentiesB. Johnston’s ideal girlfriendC. a stunning beautyD. is a professional prostitute37. Victor Johnston synthesized a new face by combining the features of16 .A. beautiful European womenB. different women around the worldC. casually chosen white womenD. ordinary western women38. Through a few tiny changes made by Johnston, the synthesized face became even more .A. masculineB. averageC. feminineD. neutral39.Victor Johnston has produced such an attractive face in order to .A. give his computer a beautiful screenB. study the myth of human attractivenessC. prove the human capacity to create beautiesD. understand why Caucasian faces are special40. Paragraph 4 suggests that human beauty may be .A. culturally differentB. a disease-free idolC. individual-dependentD. a world agreed value41.It’s a consensus among the researchers that humans are still unconscious of .A. why they look attractiveB. when attractiveness is importantC. how powerful beauty isD. what constitutes beautyPassage TwoIt’s becoming something of a joke along the Maine-Canada border. So many busloads of retired people crisscross the line looking for affordable drugs that the roadside stands should advertise, “Lobsters. Blueberries. Lipitor. Coumalin.” Except, of course, that such a market in prescription drugs would be illegal.These senior long-distance shopping sprees fall in a legal gray zone. But as long as people cross the border with prescriptions from a physician and have them filled for no more than a three-month supply for personal use, customs and other federal officials leave them alone. The trip might be tiring, but people can save an average of 60 percent on the cost of their prescription drugs. For some, that’s the difference between taking the drugs or doing without. “The last bus trip I was on six months ago had 25 seniors,” says Chellie Pingree, former Maine state senator and now president of Common Cause.“Those 25 people saved $19,000 on their supplies of drugs.” Pingree sponsored Maine RX, which authorizes a discounted price on drugs for Maine residents who lack insurance coverage. The law was challenged by drug companies but recently upheld by the U.S.Su preme Court. It hasn’t yet taken effect.Figuring out ways to spend less on prescription drugs has become a multifaceted national movement of consumers, largely senior citizens. The prescription drug bill in America is $160 billion annually, and people over 65 fill five times as many prescriptions as working Americans on average.“But they do it on health benefits that are half as good and on incomes that are half as large,” says Richard Evans, senior analyst at Sanford C.Bernstein, an investment research fi rm. What’s more, seniors account for 20 percent of the voting public.It’s little wonder that the May 19 Supreme Court ruling got the attention of drug manufacturers and politicians across the country. The often-over-looked state of 1.3 million tucked in the northeast comer of the country became David to the phar-maceutical industry’s Goliath. The face-off began three years ago when state legislators like Pingree began questioning why Maine’s elderly population had to take all those bus trips.42.The elderly Americans cross the Maine-Canada border in order to get drugs that are .A. sold wholesaleB. over the counterC. less expensiveD. tax-free43.We can learn from the second paragraph that .A. people can buy as many drugs for personal useB. the cross-border drug shopping has been out of the federal controlC. Chellie Pingree used to be one of the cross-border shoppers for drugsD. the cross-border shopping is the only way for some Americans to get drugs44. Maine Rx mentioned in Paragraph Two is a .A. billB. drug companyC. customs officeD. seniors society45. Most cross-border shoppers are retired people, rather than working Americans, because the former .A. have more leisure timeB. fill more prescriptionsC. mostly enjoy long tripsD. are fond of street shopping46. Politicians were interested in the May 19 Supreme Court ruling because .A. they couldn’t improve the well-being of the elderlyB. they couldn’t afford to ignore the elderly’s votesC. they saw the elderly as the greatest contributorsD. they saw the elderly as deserving a special care47. David and Goliath are names used to describe a situation in which_____.A. the two groups are evenly matched in strengthB. a more powerful group is fighting a less powerful group_____.C. a less powerful group is fighting a more powerful groupD. both of the two groups are losersPassage ThreeIt’s navel gazing time again, that stretch of the year when many of us turn our attention inward and think about how we can improve the way we live our lives. But as we embark on this annual ritual of introspection, we would do well to ask ourselves a simple question: Does it really do any good?The poet Theodore Roethke had some insight into the matter:“Self-contemplation is a curse that makes an old confusion worse.” As a psychologist, I think Roethke had a point, one that’s supported by a growing body of controlled psychological studies.In a study I conducted with Dolores Kraft, a clinical psychologist, and Dana Dunn, a social psychologist, people in one group were asked to list the reasons their relationship with a romantic partner was going the way it was, and then rate how satisfied they were with the relationship. People in another group were asked to rate their satisfaction without any analysis; they just gave their gut reactions.It might seem that the people who thought about the specifics would be best at figuring out how they really felt, and that their satisfaction ratings would thus do the best job of predicting the outcome of their relationships.In fact, we found the reverse. It was the people in the“gut feeling”group whose ratings predicted whether they were still dating their partner several months later. As for the navel gazers, their satisfaction ratings did not predict the outcome of their relationships at all. Rather, too much analysis can confuse people about how they really feel.Self-reflection is especially problematic when we are feeling down. Research bySusan Nolen Hoeksema, a clinical psychologist at Yale University, shows that when people are depressed, ruminating on their problems makes things worse.For years it was believed that emergency workers like police officers and firefighters should undergo a debriefing process to focus on and relive their experiences; the idea was that this would make them feel better and prevent mental health problems down the road. But did it do any good? In an extensive review of the research, a team led by Richard McNally, a clinical psychologist at Harvard, concluded that debriefing procedures have little benefit and might even hurt by interrupting the normal healing process. People often distract themselves from thinking about painful events right after they occur, and this may be better than mentally reliving the events.48.According to the author, why do people tend to look inward at the end of a year?A. They want to know if they get prepared for the future.B. They consider it beneficial to their future lives.C. They pay too much attention to their self-improvement.D. They overemphasize their progress in the past year.49.The author agrees with Theodore Roethke on that_____.A. people need self-reflection when they feel blueB. people are reluctant to confide in romantic partnersC. people may be more depressed by recalling the painful pastD. people would become sober when clearing up the confusions50.The findings of the study on the satisfaction ratings in romantic relationship reveal that_____.A. meditation can keep the relationship at its peakB. retrospection helps people feel satisfied with the partnerC. specific analysis can foretell the future of the relationshipD. thinking about details makes one uncertain about the relationship51.The phrase“the navel gazers”in Paragraph 5 refers to people who_____.A. boast of their own successB. hesitate in romantic relationshipsC. worry about their futureD. focus on their past52. Which of the following is the best way to help firefighters relieve their trauma?A. Leave them alone to adjust their emotions.B. Provide them with consultation about their jobs.C. Help them figure out what has happened.D. Discuss with them how to do it better next time.53.According to the passage, _____can help people get over a painful experience.A. pouring out their feelings about itB. distracting their attention from itC. discussing it with specialistsD. recalling the specificsPassage FourPublic speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that willbring them out. If parents, teachers or peers mocked your foibles as a child, you fear a repeat. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of failing in the most public of ways.While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written screeds to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana’s funeral, it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally, a script rarely works and it is used as a crutch by most people. But, being yourself doesn’t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist RD Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of“flow”, as psychologists call it, is very satisfying. Whether in normal life or making speeches, the key is to remind yourself that, contrary to what your teachers or parents may have implied, your best is good enough. In the zone, a strange place of authentic falsehood and shallow depth, play is possible.54.For most people the biggest fear for public speaking is_____.A. looking foolishB. failing in wordsC. not attracting attentionD. appearing pressurized55.According to the passage shy people_____A. have greater difficulty than extrovert onesB. are not good at actingC. may well do a good job in a speechD. are better speakers in the public eye56.A successful speech maker is usually one who_____.A. can act naturallyB. makes careful preparationsC. rehearses adequatelyD. can get across easily57.The example of the British psychiatrist in Paragraph 6 shows a failure in_____.A. showing modesty in publicB. talking about one’s own tradeC. presenting the topic logicallyD. communicating with the audience58.“Shallow depth” in the last paragraph implies_____.A. being yourself in the performanceB. trying to look seriousC. pretending to be well-preparedD. being seemingly knowledgeable59.From the passage, we get the impression that public speaking issomething_____.A. hard to do wellB. scary but manageableC. tough but rewardingD. worthwhile to challengePassage FiveAfrican American women’s search for societal acceptance often encompasses struggle between natural and socially constructed ideas of beauty. As an essential component in traditional African societies, cosmetic modification is ritualized to emphasize natural features of blackness. Defined by social occasion such as childhood development to maturity, indicators of marital status or the group to which you belong, beautification of the hair and body play an essential role. In our racially conscious society, presenting a physical image and being accepted is a complex negotiation between two different worlds.Hair is an outward expression of culture and heritage. It also represents a sense of personal style. In the search for the African American identity, blacks have undergone many different changes in hairstyle. Hairstyles are cultural classifiers of what African Americans consider beautiful. Hairstyles are a representation of the African American soul, all of their confidence and dignity show in how they present themselves on Sundays and on a daily basis.“During the sixties, white American youth used their hair to make a variety of political and philosophical statements,”young blacks joined thereafter.“The natural hairstyle not only was easier to care for, but also gave African Americans a closer tie to their heritage. Natural style serves as a visible imprimatur of blackness; a tribute to group unity; a statement of self-love and personal significance.”By rejecting the white standards of beauty, black Americans halted the processes of using chemical straighteners or hot irons.A woman talks about her struggle.“I remember b attling with the idea of going natural for several years. I never had the courage because every time I pictured myself with my natural hair, I never saw beauty. Now my hair is natural, thick and healthy.”African American women are finding confidence within themselves to wear their hair naturally and feel beautiful about it. Many contemporary African Americans are avoiding high maintenance and feeling confident in their natural beauty.It was a different story in the past. African Americans were pressed. Shame was the motivation behind blacks losing their roots and ethnic identity. By being brainwashed into believing black people are“inferior”and white people are“superior”African Americans have mutilated and adjusted their bodies to try to look“pretty”by whit e standards.Hair is as different as the people it belongs to. People are finally recognizing that beauty is what helps to create our individual identities. Ultimately, individual confidence shapes and strengthens the culture of the African American community.60.The first paragraph tells us that African Americans_____.A. have been trying hard to be socially acceptedB. have been changing their value about beautyC. have maintained their identity of traditional AfricansD. have modified their hairstyles to fit into the society61. What kind of problem do African Americans face in society?A. They would look ugly if they don’t change their hairstyles.B. Their natural image may not be accepted by white Americans.C. They would never find a suitable hairstyle in the hair salons.D. Their cultural heritage may risk being abandoned by themselves.62.The word“imprimatur”in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. dislikeB. betrayalC. approvalD. suspicion63. African Americans stopped using chemical straighteners or hot irons because_____.A. they reversed the attitude the white people had towards themB. they started to see beauty in their thick curly hairC. they feel good and comfortable in being differentD. they accepted the white standards of beauty64.Why did some African Americans accept the white standards of beauty?A. Because they tried to keep socially fashionable.B. Because they did not have their own standards of beauty.C. Because they were not well educated as white Americans.D. Because they wanted to become part of the mainstream.65.To African Americans, hair is a significant indicator of_____.A. their cultural identityB. their aesthetic tasteC. their social recognitionD. their challenge against the societySection B (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneFrancois Jacob wrote that“an age or culture is characterized less by the extent of its knowledge tha n by the nature of the questions it puts forward.”66 .Admittedly, the most brilliant cultures are developed during the days of knowledge acquirement. 67 . Many convincing examples can be given when looking back to the cultural development of these countries. The most influential Chinese culture flourished during Tang Dynasty, which was established a thousand years ago. This influence can be traced by the word“Tang Street”, another name for Chinatown. And it was during the same time that the Chinese acquired more knowledge than they had before.68 However, when compared with the knowledge people have acquired and are acquiring today, the knowledge of the ancient Tangs and Arabs is unquestionably limited. But in all history books, the cultures of the Tang Dynasty and the ancient Arab are introduced in detail, while the cultures of the People’s Republic of China and the Arab League are seldom mentioned.69 . For instance, the ancient Greeks and Romans’knowledge about nature was definitely insufficient, but they are still recognized as the founders of the most magnificent ages and cultures in human history because the questions put forward and thought about by them were profound and meaningful. In the works of the Greeks and。

考博英语试题02年部分II. Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a job; and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing application”, or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae, or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is , of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also, an indication of growing importance of the curriculum vitae.(or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained. Everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach.” your search is over. I am the person you are looking for,” was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature special feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.16. The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns .A. informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB. promises useful advice to those looking for employmentC. divides available jobs into various typesD. informs employers that people are available for work.17. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because .A. there is lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB. there are so many top-level jobs availableC. there are so many people out of workD. the job history is considered to be a work of art .18. In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would .A. write an initial letter giving their life historyB. pass some exams before applying for a jobC. have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview19. Later, as one went on to apply more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter.A.something that would attract attention to one‟s applicationB. a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to joinC.something that would offered that person reading itD. a lie that one could easily get with telling20. The job history has become such an important document because .A. there has been a decrease in the number of jobs advertisedB. there has been an increase in the number of “qualified” job huntersC. jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadaysD. the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicated2Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then , most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC‟s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finis their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.21. By time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time, .A. most of them died of some sicknessB. their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC. most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD. most of their grants run out22. Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students‟ theses within four years is lower than.A. 25%B. 40%C. 39%D. 10%23. All the following statements are the arguments against ESRC‟s policy except .A. all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negativeB. there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.C. many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses.D. some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance24. The ESRC would prefer .A. that the students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as researchers.B. to see higher standards of PhD students‟ theses and more ambitious doctoral topicsC. more systematic teaching of research skills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed on inexperienced young PhD students.D. that PhD students were less modest in their aims25. what the ESRC can do is to .A. force departments to give graduates more teaching timeB. try to persuade universities to change their waysC. dictate the standard of thesis required by external examinersD. note that students want more research training and less elaborate style of thesis3Influenza should not be dismissed as a trivial disease. It kills thousands of people every year at a very high cost to the economy, hits hardest the young and the elderly, and is most dangerous for people over the age of 65. influenza is mainly a seasonal illness of the winter months, though in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia and the Pacific it can occur all the year round.The damaging effects of influenza can be prevented by immunization, but constant changes of antigenic specificity of the virus necessitate a different composition of the vaccine from one year to another. The network of WHO Collaborating Centers for Influenza and national institutes carries out influenza surveillance activities to monitor the evaluation of influenza virus strains, and WHO hold an annual consultation at the end of February to recommend the composition of the vaccine for the forthcoming epidemiological season. These recommendations are published immediately in the Weekly epidemiological record.Vaccination each year against influenza is recommended for certain high-risk populations. In closed or semi-closed settings, maximum benefit from immunization is likely to be achieved when more than three-quarters of the population are vaccinated so that the benefit of “herd immunity” can be exploited. Special care should be taken of the following groups:--adults and children with chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems requiring regular medical follow-up or who had been hospitalized during the previous year, including children with asthma;--residents of nursing homes and other establishments for patients of any age with chronic medical conditions;--all people over the age of 65.Physicians, nurses, and other personal in primary and intensive care units, who are potentially capable of transmitting influenza to high risk persons, should be immunized; visiting nurses and volunteer workers providing home care to high-risk persons should also be included.26. This passage .A. concerns the damaging effects of influenzaB. mentions the steps of fighting against the harmful effects of influenzaC. emphasizes the worry expressed by all age groupsD. both A and B27. That a different component part of the vaccine is necessary is principally due to the variable change of .A. virusB. strainC. antigenD. immunization28. Which has been done by World Health Organization in combating the bad effects of influenza?A. supervising the assessment of influenza virus strains.B. Holding meetings twice a year to provide the latest data concerning the composition of the vaccines.C. Publishing the related information in a WHO almanac.D. Stressing the importance of preventing influenza for people living in tropical areas of Asia.29. According to the passage, high-risk persons exclude which of the following kinds of people ?A. Children suffering from asthma.B. The elderly with chronic pulmonary diseases.C. Middle aged people with chronic heart diseases.D. Nurses taking special care of the sick.30. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?A. A surgery book.B. A psychology bookC. An epidemiology book.D. An obstetrics book4In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization‟s every step in search of reality. Science can not really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul‟s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, we have told all thee is to tell.” Until recently scientists wouldhave disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can conclude that objects fall to the ground because that is where they belong, and smoking goes up because that is where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.31. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is .A. to explain why things happenB. to explain how things happenC. to describe self-evident principlesD. to support Aristotelian science32. what principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?A. The speculations of ThalesB. The forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravityC. Aristotle‟s natural scienceD. Galileo‟s discoveries33. Bertrand Russell‟s notion about electricity is .A. disapproved of by most modern scientistsB. in agreement with Aristotle‟s theory of self-evident principlesC. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happenD. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why ” things happen34. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea .A. that there are mysterious forces in the universeB. that man can not discover what forces “really” areC. that there are self-evident principlesD. that we can discover why things behave as they do35. Which of the following is the topic most likely to be discussed right after the passage?A. The most recent definition of “explain”B. The relationship between science and religionC. The limitations of scienceD. Galileo and the birth of modern science.5Some weeks ago, riding in a cab from Boston to Cambridge, my driver turned and asked me what I did for a living . “Teach English”, I said. “Is that so? ” The young man continued. “I was an English major” But then, instead of chatting idly about Joyce or dropping the subject altogether, this driver caught me short. “You guys,” he said, turning back so that his furry face pressed into the glass partition, “ought to be shot” I think he meant it .The guilty party in this present state of affairs is not really the academic discipline. It is not the fault of English and philosophy and biology that engineering and accounting and computer science afford students better job opportunities and increased flexibility in career choice. Literature and an understanding of, say, man‟s evolutionary past are as important as ever. They simply are no longer perceived in today‟s market as salable. That is a harsh economic fact. And it is not only true in the United States. Employment prospects for liberal arts graduates in Canada, for example, are said to be the worst since the 1930s.What to do? I think it would be shortsighted for colleges and universities to advise students against majoring in certain subjects that do not appear linked (at least directly) to careers. Where our energies should be directed instead is toward the development of educational programs that combine course sequences in the liberal arts with course in the viable professions. Double majors---one for enrichment, one for earning one‟s bread---have never been promoted very seriously in our institutions of higher learning, mainly because liberal arts and professional-vocational faculties have long been suspicious or contemptuous of one another. Thus students have been directed to one path or the other, to the disadvantage of both students and faculty.A hopeful cue could be taken, it seems to me, from new attempts in the health profession(nursing and pharmacy, for example), where jobs are still plentiful, to give the humanities and social sciences a greater share of the curriculum. Why could not the traditional history major in the college of arts and sciences be pointed toward additional courses in the business school, or to engineering, or to physical therapy? This strategy requires a new commitment from both the institution and the student and demands a much harder look at the allocation of time and resources. But in an age of adversity, double majors are one way liberal arts students can more effectively prepare for the world outside.36. What is the chief purpose of double majors?A. To help graduates of history major become successful businessmen.B. To provide liberal arts graduates with a method of meeting effectively the challenge in employment.C. To extend their knowledge learnt in the college.D. To moderate the tension between liberal arts and vocational faculties.37. In paragraph 1, the sentence “You guys ought to be shot” shows that at heart the driver .A. felt greatly regretted about the major he had chosenB. felt a deep hatred for all the English teachers in his former collegeC. complained that his teachers hadn‟t taught him how to survive in this competitive society.D. held a deep contempt in the author because of his scholastic manner38. It can be inferred from the passage that the blame for the present state of affairs lies in the fact that .A. the course sequences themselves are unreliable.B. more and more students start to select science majorsC. almost none of the specialties the students major in might be salable in today‟s marketD. the opportunities of employment are scarce for graduates of non-science majors39. The obstacles in course sequences in academic schooling are indicated in all of the following EXCEPT .A. the misguidance of major-selection in some of the institutions of higher learningB. the current curriculum couldn‟t keep up with the development of the societyC. the inharmonious relation among the teaching facultiesD. the authorities of higher learning attach only little importance to course sequences40. This passage can best be titled as .A. Harsh Economic FactB. Double Majors, a Way OutC. Careers, Schooling fro BetterD. Market for Graduates6Does an unborn baby know his mother‟s voice? psychology professor Anthony DeCasper advised an ingenious experiment to find out. He placed padded earphones over a newborn‟s ears and gave him a bottle nipple attached to a closed rubber tube. Changes in pressure in the tube switched channels on a tape recorder. If the baby paused extra long between bursts of sucking, he heard on channel; if he paused shorter than average, he heard the other. The baby now had the ability, in effect to change channels.DeCasper found that newborns choose the recording of their mother‟s voice over that of another woman‟s. The baby, however, has no innate interest in his father‟s voice, which is heard in the womb only from time to time, while the mother‟s voice is ever present. Within two weeks after birth, however, the baby can recognize Dad‟s voice too.A newborn is even attuned to the cadence and rhythm of his native language. In a French study using a setup similar to DeCasper‟s, French babies given the choice between French and Russian words responded more to the sound of French.Brian Satt, a research specialist in clinical psychology, has parents sing a lullaby-like “womb song” to their babies. The unborn baby often develops a specific, consistent movement pattern when its song is sung. According to Satt, most parents can calm a fussy newborn with the song most of the time, which is a prize worth more than rubies to a new parent.He is roused by a heavy jolt. His mother has tripped and fallen heavily on one hip. He is much too well cushioned to experience any injury, but her pain and the fear that she may have hurt him floods both their bodies with adrenaline and other stress-related hormones. He cries and kicks vigorously, a cry never heard because there is no air to make sound. As she recovers the stress hormones ebb away, and he calms down too.41. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the unborn baby in the passage?A. An unborn baby can occasionally hear his father‟s voice.B. Dc. Casper‟s approach proved absolutely effective in a French experiment.C. An unborn baby is able to identify the tone and rhythm of his native language.D. Parents are able to soothe a fussy newly-born baby.42. According to the author, an unborn baby .A. is unable to identify his mother‟s lullaby after birthB. is able to identify his mother‟s voice rather than that of others‟C. is able to help release adrenaline and other stress-related hormonesD. is able to distinguish French accent from Russian accent43. It is known from the passage that .A. mother‟s stress, anger, shock or grief might not hurt the unborn baby in the wombB. an unborn baby‟s cry might never be heard because of the particular condition of the womb.C. lullabies are the most precious means to young parentsD. an unborn baby has to move at intervals in the womb44. The author believes that the reaction of an unborn baby to his mother‟s voice .A. belongs to one of the natural tendenciesB. is an indication which shows an unborn baby can use all his senses after birthC. is but a physiological circulation of any human beingD. is the most important factor which leads an unborn baby to the survival in the womb45. It can be assumed that the paragraph preceding the passage most probably discussed .A. the development of the baby in his mother‟ s wombB. the well-developed taste buds of the babyC. the fact that the baby remains motionless just as what he performs in the first month of his mother‟s pregnancyD. the fact that the baby can start to use some of his senses by the last few weeks of pregnancyⅢ. Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (30 points):Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination.”The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools, and machine parts.Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis.2Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or inhabitants of the British Isles, it is to a certain extent the case that literature---and this is particularly true of the literature written in English---knows no frontiers. Thus, English literature can be regarded as a cultural whole of which the mainstream literatures of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada and important elements in the literatures of other commonwealth countries are parts. It can be argued that no single English novel attains the universality of the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy‟s War and Peace. Yet in the Middle ages the Old English literature was influenced and gradually changed by the Latin and French writings, eminently foreign in origin in which the churchmen and the Norman conquerors expressed themselves. From this combination emerged a flexible and subtle linguistic instrument exploited by Geoffrey Chaucer and brought to supreme application by William Shakespeare.Translate the following into English (10 points):从二十世纪中叶起，名国政府对科学技术的重视引起了各级教育机构的响应，理论科学和应用科学的巨大进步也激起了人们学习自然科学的兴趣，科学技术因此有了飞速的发展。

北京航空航天大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案及解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 121．【答案】D【解析】关于心理学家对思考过程的看法可以在文章第一段找到：Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone，but that one's muscles also participate．由此可知，精神活动包括思考，不仅仅表现为大脑的活动，肌肉也会参与。

A、B、C三项与题意不符。

本题正确答案为D。

22．【答案】A【解析】根据文章第二段的“Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body or, more specifically, some part of their body”可知，正确答案为A。

23．【答案】C【解析】作者在第三段以“there is a very good reason for it”引出了“One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates，so to speak，in its performance”。

只有参与到表演中人们才能享受音乐。

因此正确答案是C。

24．【答案】C【解析】作者在最后一段指出肌肉的参与和精神思考的过程是同一种方式，“but this participati on is less obvious because it is less pronounced”以一个转折表明肌肉的参与并不明显。

2006年全国医学考博英语真题31.He ___ the check and deposited it in his account.A.cancelled cancelled v. 取消；作废；解约（cancel的过去分词）adj.取消的conceal [kən'siːl]vt. 隐藏；隐瞒B.endorsed endorse [ɪn'dɔːs; en-]vt. 背书；认可；签署；赞同；在背面签名C.cashed cash [kæʃ]vt. 将…兑现；支付现款n. 现款，现金n. 现款D.endowed endow [ɪn'daʊ; en-]vt. 赋予；捐赠；天生具有32.She claimed that she was denied deny [dɪ'naɪ]vi. 否认；拒绝vt. 否定，否认；拒绝给予；拒绝…的要求admission to admission to:准许 | 进入 | 允许进入the school ___ her raceA.by virtue of 由于，凭借B.in accordance with 依照；与…一致C.with respect to 关于；至于D.on account of 由于；因为；为了…的缘故33.The present is ill.so the secretary will be ___ for him as chairman at the meeting.A.standing up 站着；起立ing up 走近；发生；开始；上升；发芽；被提出C.sitting in列席，旁听；参加；代理D.filling in 填写；填充；替代34.The witness was___ by the judge for failing to 未能answer the questionA.sentenced n. [语][计] 句子，命题；宣判，判决 vt. 判决，宣判B.threatenedC.admonished vt. 告诫；劝告D.jailed n. 监狱；监牢；拘留所 vt. 监禁；下狱35.Publicly,they are trying to ___ this latest failure,but in private 私下地；秘密地they are very worried.A..put off 推迟；扔掉；阻止ugh off 用笑摆脱C.pay off 付清；取得成功；贿赂；报复y off 解雇, 停止工作, 休息, 划出36.It is sheer adj. 绝对的；透明的；峻峭的；纯粹的 adv. 完全；陡峭地___ to be home again and be able to relax.A.prestige n.声望, 威望, 威信B.paradise天堂C.pride n. 自豪；骄傲；自尊心 vt. 使得意，以…自豪D.privacy n. 隐私；秘密；隐居；隐居处37.During rush hour.Downtown streets are ___ with commuters. commuter n.通勤者, 经常往返者A.scattered vi. 分散，散开；散射 vt. 使散射；使散开，使分散；使散播，使撒播n. 分散；散播，撒播B.condensed vi. 浓缩；凝结 vt. 使浓缩；使压缩C.clogged v. 阻塞；障碍 n. 障碍；木底鞋D.dotted adj. 星罗棋布的；有点的 v. 点缀（dot的过去分词）；布满；打点于38.Someone who is in ___ confinement监禁,拘留 is kept alone in a room in prison. condine n. 界限，边界;约束；限制 vt. 限制；禁闭A. precise adj. 精确的；明确的；严格的B.solitary adj. 孤独的；独居的n. 独居者；隐士 solitary confinement 单独拘禁C.remote adj. 遥远的；偏僻的；疏远的 n. 远程D.confidential adj. 机密的；表示信任的；获信任的 confidentiality n. 机密，[计] 机密性 confidence n. 信心；信任；秘密 confident adj. 自信的；确信的39.She is very ___ , and will be able to perpform all require vt. 需要；要求；命令tasks well.A.productive adj. 能生产的；生产的，生产性的；多产的；富有成效的B.flexible adj. 灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的C.sophisticated adj. 复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的v. 使变得世故；使迷惑；篡改（sophisticate的过去分词形式）D.versatile adj. 多才多艺的；通用的，万能的；多面手的40.Various adj. 各种各样的；多方面的books and papers are ___ up togethir on her desk.A.jumbled n. 混乱；杂乱的一堆东西vi. 混杂；搀杂vt. 使混乱；搞乱B.tumbled vi. 摔倒；倒塌；滚动；打滚；仓惶地行动vt. 使摔倒；使滚翻；弄乱n. 跌倒；C.bumbled vi. 犯错误；踉跄；结结巴巴地说话vt. 弄糟；搞坏n. 错误D.humbled adj. 谦逊的；简陋的；（级别或地位）低下的；不大的vt.使谦恭；轻松打败（尤指强大的对手）；低声下气Section B41. oblivious adj. 遗忘的；健忘的；不注意的；不知道的42.Sunny periods will be interspersed with occasional adj. 偶然的；临时的；特殊场合的shower.n. 淋浴；（倾泻般出现的）一阵，一大批；阵雨intersperse with.点缀着 intersperse vt. 点缀；散布vi. 点缀；散布A.interruptedB.blockedC.blended vt. 混合vi. 混合；协调n. 混合；掺合物D.intersected intersect vi. 相交，交叉vt. 横断，横切；贯穿43.thrombus n. [病理] 血栓clot vi. 凝结n. [生理] 凝块vt. 使凝结成块44.___ A..B.C.D.45.___ A..B.C.D.46.She kept to her point tenaciously and would not give away. tenacious adj.顽强的 ,坚持地A.persistently坚持的, 百折不挠的; 固执的B.constantly 稳定的，不变的;忠实的，忠贞不渝的C.perpetually 永恒地, 终身地D.vigorously 精神旺盛地47.wit n. 智慧；才智；智力48. I am just fed up with his excuse for not getting his work donefed up with受够了...A.anguished at 使痛苦[苦恼, 悲痛]anguish n. 痛苦；苦恼vt. 使极度痛苦vi. 感到极度的痛苦B.annoyed at be annoyed with sb. at sth.对(某人)为(某事)而生气C.agonized by 烦恼的, 极度痛苦的D.afflicted by使苦恼, 痛苦, 折磨beafflicted with gout害痛风病49. Let’s get out the dictionary and settle this dispute once and for all. 一劳永逸地；彻底地；最后一次A.at the moment 此刻；当时B.at any time 在任何时候C.for a while暂时D.for the last time最后一次50.I was so absorbed in my work that I completely forgot the time.absorbed in 全神贯注于……A.engraved 雕刻B.engrossed 全神贯注的C.enforced 强迫, 执行, 坚持, 加强D.enveloped vt. 包围；包封；遮盖n. 信封；包裹完型填空57.A.on the level of 诚实的；可靠的；坦率地；老实说B.in accordance with 依照；与…一致C.by means of 用，依靠D.in view of 考虑到,鉴于Reading comprehensionpassage 21.High-speed高速的Living has become a fact of life无法更改的事实,and the frantic pace 神速(frantic adj. 狂乱的，疯狂的;pace n. 一步；步速；步伐)is taking its toll造成损失，造成伤亡(toll n. 通行费；代价；钟声；伤亡人数vt. 征收；敲钟vi. 鸣钟；征税),according to science writer James Gleick. It’s as if 犹如，好似the old“type A”behavior of a few has expanded into 扩大为the “hurry sickness n. 疾病；呕吐；弊病”of the many.2.“We do feel that we’re more time-driven and time-obsessed受时间驱使和困扰(obsess vt. 迷住，缠住；使…着迷；使…困扰) and generally rushed n. 冲进；匆促；adj.急需的vt.使冲；突袭；匆忙地做飞跃than ever before比以往任何时候更”write Gleick in Faster:The Acceleration of Just About几乎 Everything,a survey n. 调查；测量；审视；纵览 of fast -moving移动迅速的, 情节紧凑动人的culture and its consfequences.We may also be acting more hastily adv. 匆忙地；急速地；慌忙地,losing control, and thinking superficially because we lie faster.3.Technology has conditioned n. 条件；情况；环境；身份vt. 决定；使适应；使健康；以…为条件us to expect vt. 期望；指望；认为；预料instant results.Internet purchases 网络购物 arrive by next-day delivery and the microwave 微波炉delivers a hot meal in minutes.Faxes,e-mails,and cell phones make it plssible—and increasingly obligatory 义务的（=obligate；obligation）—for people to work faster.Gleick cites numerous examples of last-forward changes in our lives:Stock trading股票交易and news cycles are shorter; sound bites（新闻采访的）原声摘要播出of presidential candidates总统候选人 on network newscasts n. 新闻广播restaurants have added express lanes快车道；单向行驶道.4.High expectations for instant service方便的服务 make even the brief adj. 简短的，简洁的；短暂的，草率的n. 摘要，简报；概要，诉书wait for an elevator seem interminable adj. 冗长的；无止尽的. “A go od waiting time is in the neighborhood在附近of 15 seconds.Sometime around 40 seconds,people start to get visibly显然的upset”writes Gleick.We’re dependent on systems that promise speed but often deliver frustration.Like rush-hour高峰时间 drivers fuming when a single accident halts vi. 停止；立定；踌躇，犹豫the evening commute,people surfing the internet网络冲浪 squirm vi. 蠕动，扭动；羞愧，不舒服if a Web page is slow to load or when access itselt is not instantaneous即刻的.And the concept of “customer service”can become an oxymoron(逆喻 a wise fool; cruel kindness)for customers waiting on hold for a telephone representative.电话代表.representative adj. 典型的，有代表性的；代议制的n. 代表；典型；众议员5.Up-tempo快节奏living has turned people multitaskers?-eating while driving,writing an e-mail while talking on the phone,or skimming dozens of television programs on split screen.分区屏幕Gleick suggests that human beings may be capable of adjusting to 调节；调整以适应these new levels of stimuli n. 刺激；刺激物；促进因素（stimulus的复数）as high-speed culture challenges our brains?in a way they were not challenged in the past,except perhaps in times of war?.We may gain the flexibility n. 灵活性；弹性；适应性to do several things at once but lose some of our capacity to focus in depth 深入地；全面地on a single task.66．with living pace getting quicker and quick,the nu mber of those of “Type-A”behavior isA.on the rise 在增加；在上涨B.out of controlC.on the decline 在走下坡路；在衰退中D.under investigation 在调查研究中67．High-speed living brings about the following consequences,exclusive of不包括；除…外.exclusive adj. 独有的；排外的；专一的n. 独家新闻；独家经营的项目；排外者.except of除了…以外；要不是由于A.superficial thinkingB.lose of controlC.waste of timeD.more haste n. 匆忙；急忙；轻率vi. 匆忙；赶紧vt. 赶快68．The best conclusion n. 结论；结局；推论 can be drawn from the 3rd paragraph is thatA.techonlogy is building a fast-moving cultureB.we are living in the age of informationC.economy is booming with technology.boom vt. 使兴旺；发隆隆声vi. 急速发展；发隆隆声n. 繁荣；吊杆；隆隆声D.the frantic pace is taking its toll69．As the author implies,the faster we live,___A.the less we doB.the less patient we areC.the more time we saveD.the more efficiency have70．Living faster and faster,the multitaskers tend___A.to scratch the surface of 只知皮毛a thingB.to do things better at the same timeC.to be flexible with 在…灵活their time schedualsD.to have intense concentration on 注意力集中于…trivial thingspassage 31.Imagine a disease spreading across the globe,killing mostly middle-aged people 中年人or leaving them chronically disabled.vt. 使失去能力；使残废；使无资格.Then one day researchers come up with 提出；想出；赶上 a drug that can prevent some of the disease’s nastier effects.糟糕的影响.You would think the world’s ageing public would be eternally grateful.感激不尽(eternally adv. 永恒地；不朽地)(grateful adj. 感谢的；令人愉快的，宜人的)（nastier 下流的,严重的,难对付的,激烈的（nasty的比较级）2.The disease does exist.vi. 存在；生存；生活；继续存在.It is called tobacco addiction.n. 上瘾，沉溺；癖嗜.(addict n. 有瘾的人；入迷的人vt. 使沉溺；使上瘾).The drug too is real and in animal tests has prevented lung damage that leads to emphysema 肺气肿.But the inventors have received no bouquets恭维话,花束. Prevailing vi. 盛行，流行；战胜，获胜medical opinion seems to be that the drug is a mere sideshow n. 穿插表演；串演的节；小事件,distracting vt. 转移；分心smokers from the task of quitting vt. 离开；放弃；停止；使…解除.Another experimental drug ,which could protect smokers against cancer ,is also viewed with suspicion n. 怀疑；嫌疑；疑心；一点儿vt. 怀疑because it could give smokers an excuse n. 借口；理由vt. 原谅；为…申4.But this logic is flawed adj.有缺陷的；有瑕疵的；有裂纹的n. 瑕疵，缺点；一阵狂风；短暂的风暴；裂缝，裂纹).Check a survey of smokers and you find two-thirds want to give up and one-third will have tried in the previous year.Yet,even with nicotine gum尼古丁胶姆糖(gum n. 口香糖；树胶；橡皮),patches and drugs to ease the ordeal n.折磨；严酷的考验；痛苦的经验,the quit rate is still under 10 percent.In the UK , the proportion…的比例of people who smoke has not fallen in a decade.Tobacco has a powerful grip n. 紧握；柄；支配；握拍方式；拍柄绷带vt. 紧握；夹紧,and many smoker are caught in 遇到，陷入；淋雨a trap vt. 诱捕；使…受限制；使…陷入困境n. 陷阱；圈套they cannot escape:they have a disease like any other and deserve vi. 应受，应得the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.vi. 吞下；咽下.It certainly leaves,左右为难. They are happylip service to something 口头上承认)methods for reducing harm---of which three are a growing unmber---but they are slow to create policies based upon them.European Union countries,for example,took years to指望,依赖even consider regulating vt. 调节，规定；控制；校准；有系统的管理(regardless adj. 不管；不顾；不注意)the dangerous additives n. 添加剂，食物添加剂；附加剂(addiction.n. 上瘾，沉溺；癖嗜)in cigarettes.6.One fear is that methods for reducing harm will dilute冲淡,变弱,稀释 the message that tobacco kills---especially when given to youngsters.But that message won’t change.In the present case在这件事中；照目前这个情况,even if 即使；虽然both drugs turn out证明是to work in human trials人体试验,they would not protect against all the deadly side effects 副作用of smoking.And the drugs do not have to be free to all.They could be available only on prescription for people who doctors71．The statement “But the inventors have received no bouquets” implies that___A.the drugs have received suspicionB.the inventors just presented vt. 提出；介绍；呈现；赠送vi. 举枪瞄准adj. 现在的；出席的n. 现在；礼物；瞄准 a sideshowC.it will take time for the public to accept the new drugD. the effects of the drug need further test on human trials72．The author argues that ____A.no smoker is expected to succee in quittingB.smokers deserve the harm smoking does to themC.smokers with resolution n. 分辨率；决议；解决；决心to stop smoking need halpD. smokers could succeed with strong resolution to give up73．The author is trying to emphasize that the drugs____A.are aimed at youngstersB.should be available to smokers free of chargeC.will not change the message that tobacco killsD.help regulate vt. 调节，规定；控制；校准the dangerous additives in cigarattes74．The drugs,according to the author,are expected____A.to perform vt. 执行；完成；演奏preventive functions in non-smokersB.to reduce the number of passive smokersC.to enforce the combat vt. 反对；与…战斗against smokingD.all of the above75．we can draw a conclusion 得出结论；作结论from the passage that___A.with innovative drugs smokers can still enjoy personal gratifications满意and stay healthyB.if a drug can save lives,we shouldn’t withhold vt. 保留，不给；隐瞒；抑制vi. 忍住；克制 it without good resaonC.the battle against smoking is far from wonD. there will be a safe way to smokepassage 41.Eating is related to 与…有关emotional as well as physiologic needs.Sucking ,which is the infant’s means of gaining n. 增加；利润；收获vt. 获得；增加；赚到 both food and emotional security ,conditions n. 条件（condition的复数）；情况v. 使习惯于；作为…的条件（condition的第三人称单数形式）the association n. 协会，联盟，社团；联合；联想of eating with well-being n. 幸福；康乐or with deprivation n. 剥夺；损失；免职；匮乏；贫困.If the child is breast-fed adj. 吃母奶的and has supportive adj. 支持的；支援的；赞助的body contact身体接触as well as good mild intake n. 摄取量；通风口；引入口；引入的量,if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires,and if both the child and the mother enjoy the nursing experience and share their enjoyment,the child is more likely to thrive vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茁壮成长both phgysically and emotionally.On the other hand,if the mother is nervous adj. 神经的；紧张不安的；强健有力的and resents vt. 怨恨；愤恨；厌恶 the child or cuts him her off from the milk supply before either the child’s hunger or sucking need is satisfied,or handle n. [建] 把手；柄；手感；口实vt. 处理；操作；运用；买卖；触摸 the child hostilely 敌对地during the feeding,or props vt. 支撑；维持n. 支柱；支持者 the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child,the child may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance(disturbance n. 干扰；骚乱；忧虑) 情绪困扰 at an early age.If ,in addition另外，此外,the infant is further abused by parental indifference or intolerance,he or she will carry scars n. [医疤痕；创伤（scar的复数形式）；冻结物v. 给…留下伤痕；在…的心灵上留下创伤（scar的第三人称单数形式）of such emotional deprivation throughout life.2.Eating habits are also conditioned by family and other psychosocial environments.If an individual’s family eats large quantities of food,then he or she is inclined to conj. 倾向于…；有意eat large amounts.If an individual’s family eats mainly vegetable,then he or she will be inclined to like vegetables.If mealtime is a happy and significant event有意义事件(significant adj. 重大的；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的n. 象征；有意义的事物),then the will tend to think of eating in those terms.And if a family eats quickly,without caring what is being eaten and while fighting at the dinner table,then the person will most likely adopt the same eating pattern and be adversely adv.不利地；逆地；反对地affected by it.This can remain unchanged through a lifetime unless thethe fact of conditioning and to the possible need for her eating patterns in order to improve nutritional intake.Conditioning spills over into 深入到;渗透到(spill vt. 使溢出，使流出；使摔下vi.溢出，流出；摔下；涌流n.溢出，溅出；溢出量；摔下,小塞子)and is often reinforced vt. 加强，加固；强化；补充vi. 求援；得到增援；给予更多的支持n. 加强；加固物；加固材料 by religious beliefs 宗教信仰and other customs so that ,for example,a Jew,whose religion forbids the eating of pork,might have guilt feeling if he or she ate pork.An older Roman Catholi might be conditioned to feel guilty if he or she eats meat on Ffiday,traditionaly a fish day.76．A well-breast-fed child____A.tends to associated foods with emotionsB.is physiologically and emotionally satisfiedC.cannot have physiologic and emotional problemsD. is more likely to have his or her needs satisfied in the futrue77．while sucking ,the baby is actually___A.conscious of 意识到the impact of breast-feedingB.interacting with 与……相互作用his or her motherC.creating a nursing environmentD. impossible to be abused78．A bottle-fed child___A.can be healthy physiologically adv. 生理学方面,but not emotionally adv. 感情上；情绪上；令人激动地；情绪冲动地B.cannot avoid physiologic abuse throught lifeC.is deprived of emotional needsD. is rid of 摆脱physiological needs79．From the list of eating habits,we learn that____A.everyone follows his or her eating pattern to deathB.one’s eating pattern varies with his or her personalityC.there is no such things as psychosocial environmentsD.everyone is born into a conditioned eating environment80．A Jew or an older Roman Catholic___A.takes an eating habit as a religious beliefB.is conditioned to feel guilty of eating pork in his or her familyC.cannot have a nutritional eating habit conditioned by religion beliefsD.observes遵守an eating pattern conditioned by his or her psychosocial environmentPassage 51.Several classes of bitter 苦的citrus compound vt. 合成；混合；和解妥协；搀合vi. 和解；妥协n. [化学] 化合物；混合物；复合词adj. 复合的；混合的 have looked promising adj. 有希望的，有前途的v.许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）as anticancer agents 抗癌药,抗癌剂(agent,n.代理人；药剂；特工vt.由…作中介；由…代理adj.代理的)in laboratory tests. A new study indicates v.表明；指示，显示that long-term consumption n. 消费；消耗；肺痨 of orange juice.A source of such chemicals cuts cancer risk in rats.2.In test-tube adj.人工授精的；在试验管中作成的n. 试管；试验管；人工受精(tube n. 管；电子管；隧道；电视机vt.使成管状；把…装管；用管输送vi.乘地铁；不及格)studies, one class of the bitter compounds-flavonoids类黄酮-has inhibited vt.抑制；禁止the growth of breast cancer 乳腺癌cells.Related studies showed that bitter citrus柑桔 limonoids similarly adv.同样地；类似于 ward off 避开；挡住cancer in animals.Mulling深思 over such data(mull sth. over (=mull over sth.)反复考虑某事),Maurice R Bennink of Michigan State University in East Lansing wondered n. 惊奇；奇迹；惊愕vi. 怀疑；想知道；惊讶vt. 怀疑；惊奇；对…感到惊讶adj. 奇妙的；非凡的whether drinking orange juice would have a beneficial effect.3.His team injected 60 young rats with a chemical that causes colon cancer and then raised half of the animals on a normal diet.The others received orange juice instead of drinking water-and less sugar in their food to compensate for 弥补…；赔偿…(compensate vi. 补偿，赔偿；抵消vt. 补偿，赔偿；付报酬)sugars in the juice.4.At an American Institute for Cancer Research meeting last week in WashingtonD.C.. Bennink reported that after 7 months 22 of the animals receiving a normaldiet had developed colon cancers.Only 17 of the rats on the orange-juice diet showed tumors.That’s 77 percent of the control group’s incidence n. 发生率；影响；[光] 入射；影响范围(incident 事件，事变；插曲).5.Concludes结论Bennink,whose work was supported by orange-juice producer Tropicana products of Brandenton,Fla…“These data show orange juice helps protect against cancer”,He says that the study might also apply to 适用于；应用于breast,prostate adj. 前列腺的n. [解剖] 前列腺,and lung cancers.6.Bandaru S.Reddy of the American Health Foundation美国健康基金会in Valhalla.N.Y.,was not surprised by Bennink’s finding of an orange juice benefit.However,he calls the reported risk reduction unimpressive adj. 无印象的；给人印象不深的；不惹人注意的,his own data show that citrus limonoids protect against chemically induced colon cancer in lab animals.7.Luke K. T. Lam of LDT Laboratories in St. Paul,Minn.,finds Bennink’s data“quite interesting.” although he describes as描述为“borderline”n. 边界线，边界；界线adj. 边界的；暧昧的 the suppression n.抑制；镇压；[植]压抑 of cancer incidence observed vt. 庆祝vt. 观察；遵守；说；注意到；评论vi. 观察；说；注意到；评论by m has inhibited vt. 抑制；禁止 tumors in the lung,skin and forestomach of mice n. 老鼠（mouse的复数）with limonoinds.8.The scientists don’t know what compounds in or ange juice underlie vt. 成为……的基础；位于……之下its effect.The juice is rich in one limonoid-a sugar-containing version n.版本；译文of limonin柠檬苦素,which suppressed vt. 抑制；镇压；废止tumors in Lam’s rich in one experiments.It’s possible,Lam speculates vi. 推测；投机；思索vt. 推断,that rats convert vt. 使转变；转换…；使…改变信仰vi. 转变，变换；皈依；改变信仰n. 皈依者；改变宗教信仰者the juice’s limonoid into limonin.9.Indeed adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至,argues vi.争论,辩论；提出理由vt. 辩论，争论；证明；说服Gary D,Manners of the Agricultural Research Service in Albany,Calif..“there is no doubt that th ese anticancer citus compounds are bioavailable 生物及生物药效应的in animals to the site of a cancer.The question remains whether they are similiarly available adj. 可获得的；可购得的；可找到的；有空的in people”. To find out,his team will soon begin measuring the human boy’s uptake n. 摄取；领会；举起of limonoids from orange juice.81.what made Bennink hypothesize vt. 假设，假定the protetive effect of orange juice?A.The wide consumption of the fruitsB.the citrus limonoids of the fruitsC.His own personal experience.D His promising adj. 有希望的，有前途的v.许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）research82.which of the following is true of the results of Bennink’s study?A.only eitht rats of the control group showed tumorsB.thirteen rats of the test guoup failed to show tumorsC.seventy-seven percent of the test group did not show tumorsD.only thirty-three percent of the control group showed tumors83.It can be inferred from the passage that Bennink___A.won much financial support 财务支援，财政支援with his unexpected results.B.had a commercial intention in the first placeC.tried to please orange-juice manufacturersD.found a right sponsor n. 赞助者；主办者；保证人vt. 赞助；发起84.Both Reddy and Lam___A.seemed to be surprisingly impressed by Bennink’s findingsB.did not seem to be surprised by Bennink’s findingsC.did not seem to believe in the orange juice benefitD.seemed to be doubtful of Bennink’s findings85.From the passage we can learn that scientists are still in the dark about___A.the substance n. 物质；实质；资产；主旨that supprisses tumorsB.the existence n.存在，实在；生存，生活；存在物，实在物of bioavability in the human bodyC.the uptake of limonoids from orange-juice in peopleD.the bioavailability生物利用率, 生物有效度of citrus compounds in the human body.passage 61.Just before dawn 凌晨；黎明前；拂晓we received a call that an unresponsive adj. 反应迟钝的；无反应的infant was being brought by emergency medical services 紧急医疗服务to our hospital.As the medical team--the pediatric adj.小儿科的resident,intern,respiratory therapist呼吸治疗师,nurse,and me---prepared for the incoming patient,an eerie adj. 可怕的；怪异的silence enveloped vt. 包围；包封；遮盖n. 信封；包裹the trauma外伤room,an event that frequently precedes vt. 领先，在…之前；优于，高于a pediatric resuscitation n. 复苏；复兴；复活.(cardiopulmonary-resuscitation 心肺复苏)2.The child arrived in our emergency department pulseless and cold,with compressions n. 胸部按压（compression的复数）(compression n. 压缩，浓缩；压榨，压迫)being performed on him in the arms of the paramedic护理人员,Further history obtained by the paramedics indicated that the mother had left the infant alone in the home with two young children to watch.The child ,and upon her return the infant was found in bed not breathing and cold,As a medical team we simultaneously adv. 同时地performed multiple procedures,(intubation插管,insertion oflines,administration of epinephrine肾上腺素,cardiac compression心脏按压)完全无用; 徒然; 无效地; 毫无效果,无济于事.this 2-months-old child dead with a high suspicion of abuse of neglect.Everyone vacated vi.空出，腾出；辞职；休假the room almost immediately ,expcept for the nurse,who never left the child’s beside.I asked her why the needed to stay,and she looked at me and smiled,“why of course ,to be with my patient a little bit longer.”3.I knew the difficult part was yet no come;telling the family the bad news .The mother was still at home being interviewed n. 接见，采访；面试，面谈vt. 采访；接见；对…进行面谈；对某人进行面试by the police.The father had arrived from his place of employment to the emergency department minutes after death was pronounced vt. 发音；宣判；断言vi. 发音；作出判断and not knowing the condition of his son.4.The father and I sat with chaplain n. 牧师；专职教士to explain what we had done for the babyt.I could tell from the stunned vt. 使震惊；打昏；给以深刻的印象n. 昏迷；打昏；惊倒；令人惊叹的事物look on his face that he knew before I finished my2006年全国医学考博英语真题story that his child was dead despite this I said in muffled vt. 蒙住；裹住；抑制；发低沉的声音n. 低沉的声音；消声器；包裹物（如头巾，围巾等）；唇鼻部voice.“I am sorry your child passed away去世；停止；度过时间.”5.We walked slowly back to the resuscitation room复苏室.The infant,who only moments ago lay covered with blood and secretions n. 分泌；分泌物；藏匿；隐藏oozing from从伤口渗出every orifice孔,口,had been transformed.The nurse had left her patient,tending to him,cleaning him ,wrapping in把…包在…里，遮蔽，使陷于soft blankets,and now presenting the body to the grieving vt. 使悲伤，使苦恼vi. 悲痛，哀悼fathet.He seemed relieved vt. 解除，减轻；使不单调乏味；换…的班；解围；使放心to see his baby,no alive,surely but at peace and thus the man could begin in the mourning process.I tend to the busy emergency department;seeingadj. 钝的，不锋利的；生硬的；直率的vt. 使迟钝my emotional I listen to a resident present the next case,I saw the nurse carry the blanketed body of the child to the morgue 停尸房.虑,反省段情节\插曲,I realized that ouradj. 无用的；无效的；没有出息的；琐细[动]停止（arrest vt. 逮捕；阻止；吸引n. 逮捕；监禁）.But it was the compassionate work of the nurse that ultimately adv. 最后；根本；基本上made the difference in how we performed our job.86.Not until the pediatric resuscitation was over___A.did the paramedics find the infant unresponsiveB.was the infant left alone in the emergency roomC. was the infant’s further history obtainedD. was the infant declared to dead87.Thanks to the nurse,___A.the grieving father could see his baby finallyB.the medical team performed all the proceduresC.the grieving father arrive at the hospital in timeD.the baby was presented at peace to the grieving father88.when she saw the nurse carry blanketed body of the baby to morgue,the physiciaan must have been___A.blunted adj. 钝的，不锋利的；生硬的；直率的vt. 使迟钝B.movedC.puzzledD.all of the above89.what the nurse did when the resuscitation was over reflects___A.the awareness of 意识到law suitB.the human aspect of medicineC.a neglect of duty 玩忽职守；失职；过失责任in medical practiceD.the lack of promptness n. 机敏，敏捷；迅速the procedure 程序，过程90.The physician may do as the nurse did___A.to appreciate nuring careB.to cherish medical professionC.to embody vt. 体现，使具体化；具体表达medical compassionD.to improve pediatric resuscitations。

PART1vocabulary1.professor johnon’s retirement from next JanuaryA)carries into effect B)takes effectC)has effect D)puts into effect2.all living things have certain that are passed on from one generation to the nextA)cells B)flawsC)virtues D)attributes3.most of the people who have the two world wars are strongly against arms raceA)lived with B)lived onC)lived through D)lived off4.of all the wonders of the universe，perhaps the most is the creation of life itselfA)imaginative B)amazingC)imaginary D)fundamental5.in case of poisoning，immediately give large quantities of soapy or salty water in order to vomitingA)deduce B)seduceC)induce D)reduce6.electric energy may be divided into two components as positive and negativeA)prescribed B)designatedC)accumulated D)separated7.the national institute of mental health is conducting research to determine the psychological effects of using drugsA)extensive B)prevalentC)inclusive D)tentative8.people who refuse to the law will be punishedA)go along with B)stick withC)consents by D)comply9.these excursions will give you an even deeper into our language and cultureA)thought B)inputC)investigation D)insight10.the drowning child was saved by Dick’s______action.A)acute B)profoundC)alert D)prompt11.________the flood,the ship would have reached its destination on time.A)in course of B)in regard ofC)in defiance of D)but for12.Mary’s bedroom was_____,with books and papers covering every possible surface.A)in abundance B)in a messC)in vogue D)in full swing13.Sylvia was in low spirits because her throat infection left her very_______and made her solo at the party impossible.A)dumb B)hoarseC)husky D)speechless14.Liz has decided to_______in the history course at the local evening school in New York.A)enroll B)enlistC)engage D)enter15.the scientists realized it would be too to lift the ship in one piece because it was fragileA)bold B)demandingC)risky D)hazardous16.he asked me to lend him some money，which I agreed to do，that he paid me back the following weekA)on occasion B)on purposeC)on condition D)only if17.the majority of nurses are women，but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a。

湖南师范大学考博英语真题2006答案解析PartⅠReading ComprehensionPassage 11.答案A解析：文章论述的是basic research 和applied research,即基础研究和应用研究。

应用研究就是将基础研究应用于实际的应用中，以创造更多的利益。

所以A中x-rays used in medicine researches 意为将X射线用于医学研究中，属于应用研究的范围。

而另外从第一段的第四行的understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell……… the scope is staggerin g.这一句话是在讲述basic research的范围，B、C、D均属于基础研究的范畴。

故A为答案。

2.答案A解析：从第一段的第四行的understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell………the scope is staggerin g中可知属于basic research 的研究很多，很混乱。

故A 中confusing令人困后的符合文意。

BCD选项的意思分别为令人惊讶的、高兴地、迷人的，均不符合文意。

故A 为答案3.答案C解析：由第二段的内容：which is far more concerned with applied aspects because these profits quickly可知答案为C4.答案C解析：从第二段中the funds the U.S. government allots to basic research currently amount to about seven percent of its overall research and development funds,可知美国政府花在基础研究的的经费很少，重心也不在基础研究上，故C为答案。

同济大学2006年博士研究生入学考试试题I Vocabulary 10%Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the ONE answer that bestcompletes the sentence. Then put a v in the corresponding place on theAnswer Sheet..1. How can personal income tax be levied to _____ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suf f er too much?A. interestB. benefitC. profitD. concern2. To fund the ____ event and also promote the marketing value of the NationalGames, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).A. beneficentB. expensiveC. costlyD. luxurious3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are ______ by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours atthe grindstone.A. outdoneB. outweighedC. outrunD. outrivaled4. This is an alarming realization as natural resources and the environment are being degraded and ____ at a record pace.A. wastedB. reconstructedC. destructedD. reversed5. The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the _____ of the Russian winter.A. severityB. consequenceC. influenceD. threat6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to _____its 90,000-person workforce into independent microteams that work directly with individual clients on creativebusiness solutions.A. break outB. break offC. break fromD. break down17. Most environmental ____— from climate changes to freshwater and forest habitat loss —have become markedly worse.A. symptomsB. highlightsC. indicatorsD. symbols8. What we call nature is, _____, the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each otherand upon their places.A. in common senseB. from a senseC. by the senseD. in a sense9. Although the "on line" life style has dominated the majority of city youth, mostpeople in the remote countryside still think Internet or something is ____ to theirlife.A. unconcernedB. irrelevantC. inseparableD. inaccessible10. ____ near-perfect English language skills, the students were keen to exploreevery aspect of Australian culture, from Aussie eating customs to family and studentlife, popular culture, the natural landscape and the ever-popular Australian native animals.A. PossessingB. AcquiringC. ApprehendingD. Interpreting11. Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, ____ the postal service is less efficient.A. whereB. sinceC. thatD. whereas12. The board of directors have already discussed the subject ____ in the previous meetings and they will handle it in all its aspects.A. in placeB. at lengthC. on endD. of f and on13. Reflecting on our exploration , we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the information Marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, ____ they may be. A. whatsoever B. whatever C. whichever D. which14. The World Bank is taking steps to ____ its lending to reducing poverty in theThird World Countries.A. orientB. tailorC. adaptD. adjust15. Total investments for this year reached $56 million, and to put this into ____2investments this year will double those made in 1997.A. sightB. visionC. perspectiveD. horizon16. The year of 776 B.C. is considered to be the founding dateof the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The Games lastedmore than 11 centuries ____ they werebanned in 393 A.D.A. whenB. afterC. asD. until17. As did his ____Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Henry Ford, Thomas Edison profoundly transformed the Western World.A. contemporariesB. part-ownersC. companionsD. accomplices18. In a world where information is a flood —____ to everyone, and where nothing is secret or proprietary — the only organizations and managers who will thrive are thosewho can quickly wade into the water, harness what they need, and then add value to it through speedy, innovative business decisions.A. acceptableB. availableC. accessibleD. attainable19. The car pollutes, but advances in fuel quality and ef fi ciency, and inmicroprocessed engine technology, have radically cut ____.A. releasesB. emissionsC. poisonsD. contamination20. If humans use up too much soil - which they have often done and aredoing - then they will starve down to the carrying capacity of their habitat.This is nature's "indifferent" ____.A. flexibilityB. justiceC. plasticityD. sensibilityII. Reading Comprehension 50%Directions: Read the follo w ing passages and choose from the choices marked A, B,C and D that best complete or answer the questions after each passage.Then put a ^in the correspondin g p l ace on the Answer Sheet..Passage OneThroughout the history of life, species of living creatures have made use of chemical energy by the slow combination of certain chemicals with oxygen within their cells. The process is analogous to combustion, but is slower and much more delicately controlled. Sometimes use is made of energy available in the bodies of stronger species as when a remora hitches a ride on a shark or a human being hitchesan ox to a plough.Inanimate sources of energy are sometimes used when species allow themselves to becarried or moved by wind or by water currents. In those cases, though, the inanimate source of energy must be accepted at the place and time that it happens to be and in the amount that happens to exist.The human use of fire involved an inanimate source of energy that was portable and could be used wherever desired. It could be ignited or extinguished at will and could be used when desired. It could be kept small or fed till it was large, and could be used in the quantities desired.The use of fire made it possible for human beings, evolutionarily equipped for mild weather only, to penetrate the temperate zones. It made it possible for them to survive cold nights and long winters, to achieve security against fire-avoiding predators, and to roast meat and grain, thus broadening their diet and limiting the danger of bacterial and parasitic infestation.Human beings multiplied in number and that meant there were more brains to plan future advances. With fire, life was not quite so hand-to-mouth; and there was more time to put those brains to work on something other than immediate emergencies.In short, the use of fire put into motion an accelerating series of technological advances.About 10 000 years ago, in the Middle East, a series of crucial advances were made. These included the development of agriculture, herding, cities, pottery, metallurgy, and writing. The final step, that of writing, took place in the Middle East about 5 000 yea years ago.This complex of changes stretching over a period of 5 000 years introduced what we call civilization, the name we give to a settled life, to a complex society in which human beings are specialized for various tasks.To be sure other animals can build complex societies and can be composed of different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. This is most m arked in such social insects as bees, ants, and termites, where individuals are in some cases physiologically specialized to the point where they cannot eat, but must be fed by others. Some species of ants practice agriculture and grow small mushroom gardens, while others herd aphids; still others war on and enslave smaller species of ants. And, of course, the beehive and the ant or termite colony have many points of analogy with the human city.The most complex nonhuman societies those of the insects, are, however, the result of instinctive behaviour, the guidelines of which are built into the genes and nervous systems of the individuals at birth. Nor does as any nonhuman society make use of fire. With insignificant exceptions, insect societies are run by the energy produced by the insect body.It is fair, then, to consider human societies as basically different from other societies and to attribute what we call civilization to human societies only.21.Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?4A. The process of species' making chemical energy is similar to the process ofcombustion.B. The process of species' making chemical energy is less complicated than theprocess of combustion.C. Fire is a portable, inanimate source of energy.D. Man sometimes makes use of energy available in the bodies of stronger species.22. From the passage we know ___.A. fire made human beings free from bacterial and parasitic infestationB. fire enabled human beings to deal with immediate emergencies more efficientlyC. fire made some animals frightenedD. fire helped human beings change their eating habits completely23. Judging from the context, the phrase "hand-to-mouth" (Para 5) most probablymeans____.A. adventurousB. unhappyC. wanderingD. unstable24. Th e point of similarity between a complex, human society and a complex beesociety is ___.A. the division of laborB. the use of fireC. the development of industryD. the development of a written language25 .According to the passage, insect societies ___.A. are governed by the instincts of insectsB. are not fundamentally different from human societiesC. are composed of individuals of the same typeD. are as not warlike as human beingsPassage TwoModem technology may not have improved the world all that much, but it certainly has made life noisier. Unmuffled motorcycles, blaring car alarms, and roving boom boxes come first, second, and third on my list of most obnoxious noise offenders, but everyone could come up with his own version of aural hell—if he could just find a quiet spot to ponder the matter. Yet what technology has done, other technology is now starting to undo, using computer power, to zap those ear-splitting noises into silence. Previously silence-seekers had little recourse except to stay inside, close the windows, and plug their ears. Remedies like these are quaintly termed " passive" systems, because they place physical barriers against the unwanted sound. Now computer technology is producing a far more effective "active" system, which doesn't just contain, deflect, or mask the noise but annihilates it electronically.The system works by countering the offending noise with -"anti-noise", a somewhat sinister-sounding term that calls to mind antimatter, black holes, and other Popular Science mindbenders but, that actually refers to something quite simple. Just as a wave on a pond is flattened when it merges with a trough that is its exact opposite (or mirror image), so can a sound wave be negated by meeting its opposite.This general theory of sound cancellation has been around since the 1930s. In the fifties and sixties it made for a kind of magic trick among laboratory acousticians5playing around with the first clunky mainframe computers. The advent of low-cost,high-power microprocessors has made active noise-cancellation systems a commercial possibility, and a handful of small electronics firms in the United States and abroad are bringing the first ones onto the silence market.Silence buffs might be hoping that the noise-canceling apparatus will take the shape of the 44 Magnum wielded by Dirty Harry, but in fact active sound control is not quite that active. The system might more properly be described as reactive, in that it responds to sound waves already headed toward human ears. In the configuration that is usual for such systems microphones detect the noise signal and send it to the system's microprocessor, which almostinstantly models it and creates its inverse for loudspeakers to fire at the original. Because the two sounds occupy the same range of frequencies and tones, the inverse sounds exactly like the noise it is meant to eliminate: the anti-noise canceling Beethoven's Fifth Symphony is heard as Beethoven's Fifth. The only difference is that every positive pressure produced on the air by the orchestra is matched by a negative pressure produced by the computer, and every negative pressure is matched by a positive, thereby silencing the sound. The system is most effective as a kind of muffler, in which microphones, microprocessor, and loudspeaker are all in a unit encasing the device that produces the sound, stifling it at its source. But it can work as a headset, too, negating the sound at the last moment before it disturbs one's peace of mind.26.The writer holds that ___.A. modem technology has disturbed the quiet life of the peopleB. modemtechnology has made people indifferent to noise pollution C. modem technologyhas made the present world quieter than before D. modem technology has failed tosolve the problem of noise pollution27. Accor d ing to the passage, an active noise-cancellation system ___. A. contains noiserather than negates it B. eliminates noise rather than muffles it C. deflects noise rather than baffles it D. holds noise back rather than stifles it28. In Paragraph 5 the word " buffs" means A. settlers B. enthusiasts C. buyersD. manufacturers29. Which of the following statements is Not true according to the passage? A. In the past,people sometimes plugged their ears to fight against the offendingnoise. B. An active noise-cancellation system follows the principle of a wave beingflattened by meeting its exact opposite. C. The first active noise-cancellation system was made in the 1930s, D. Active noise-cancellation systems are no w- available onthe market.30. Active noise-cancellation systems require ___. A. microphonesB. microprocessorsC. loudspeakersD. all of the above6Passage ThreeIn the early years of the twentieth century, astrophysicists turned their attention to a special category of stars, known as cepheid(辐射点在仙王(星)座中的流星) variables. A variable star is one whose apparent brightness changes from time to time. Among some variables, the change in brightness occurs so slowly as to be almost imperceptible; among others, it occurs in sudden, brief, violent bursts of energy. Cepheid variables have special characteristics that make them a useful astronomical tool.It was Henrietta Leavitt, an astronomer at the Harvard Observatory, who first examined the cepheid variables in detail. She found that these stars vary regularly in apparent brightness over a relatively short period of time - from one to three days to a month or more. This variation in brightness could be recorded and precisely measured with the help of the camera, then still a new tool in astronomy.Leavitt also noticed that the periodicity of each cepheid variable - that is, the period of time it took for the star to vary from its brightest point to its dimmest, and back to its brightestagain—corresponded to the intrinsic or absolute brightness of the star. That is, the greater the star's absolute brightness, the slower its cycle of variation.Why is this so? The variation in brightness is caused by the interaction between the star's gravity and the outward pressure exerted by the flow of light energy from the star. Gravity pulls the outer portions of the star inward, while light pressure pushes them outward. The result is a pulsating, in-and-out movement that produces increasing and decreasing brightness. The stronger the light pressure, the slower this pulsation. Therefore, the periodicity of the cepheid variable is a good indication of its absolute brightness.Furthermore, it is obvious that the more apparent brightness of any source of light decrease the further we are from the light. Physicists had long known that this relationship could be described by a simple mathematical formula. If we know the absolute brightness of any object - say, a star - as well as our distanc e from that object, it is possible to use the inverse square law to determine exactly how bright that object will appear to be.This laid the background for Leavitt's most crucial insight. As she had discovered, the absolute brightness of a cepheid variable could be determined by measuring its periodicity. And, of course, the apparent brightness of the star when observed from the earth could be determined by simple measurement. Leavitt saw that with these two facts and the help of the inverse square law, it would be possible to determine the distance from earth of any cepheid variable. If we know the absolute brightness of the star and how bright it appears from the earth, we can tell how far it must be.Thus, if a cepheid variable can be found in any galaxy, it is possible to measure the distance of that galaxy from earth. Thanks to Leavitt's discovery, astronomical distances that could not previously be measured became measurable for the first time.31 .The primary purpose of the passage is to explainA. the background and career of the astronomer Henrietta LeavittB. how and why various categories of stars vary in brightness7C. important uses of the camera as an astronomical toolD. how a particular method of measuring astronomical distances was created32. According to the passage, the absolute brightness of a cepheid variable ____.A. depends upon its measurable distance from an observer on earthB. may be determined from the length of its cycle of variationC. changes from time to time according to a regular and predictable patternD. indicates the strength of the gravitation force exerted by the star33. Which of the following did Leavitt's work provide astronomers with the means of determining?A. The absolute brightness of any observable cepheid variable.B. The apparent brightness of any object at a given distance from an observer.C. The distance from earth of any galaxy containing an observable cepheid variable.D. Both A and C.34. Cepheid variable of great absolute brightness would probably exhibit ____.A. a relatively rapid variation in brightnessB. a correspondingly weak gravitational forceC. slow and almost invisible changes in brightnessD. a strong outward flow of light pressure35. The passage implies that Leavitt's work on cepheid variables would not have beenpossible without the availability of____.A. the camera as a scientific toolB. techniques for determining the distances between starsC. a method of measuring a star's gravitational forceD. an understanding of the chemical properties of starsPassage fourThe American economy, whether in government or private industry, has found retirement a convenient practice for managing the labor force. On the positive side, widespread retirement has meant an expansion of leisure and opportunities for self-fulfillment in later life. On the negative side, the practice of retirement entails large costs, both in funding required for pension systems and in the loss of the accumulated skills and talents of older people.Critics of retirement as it exists today have pointed to the rigidity of retirement practices: for example, the fact that retirement is typically an all-or-nothing proposition. Would it not be better to have some form of flexible or phased retirement, in which employees gradually reduce their work hours or take longer vacations? Such an approach might enable older workers to adjust better to retirement, while permitting employers to make gradual changes instead of coping with the abrupt departure of an employee. Retirement could be radically redefined in the future.Earlier criticism of mandatory retirement at a fixed age led to legal abolition of the practice, for the most part, in 1986, The same kind of criticism has been leveled at the practice of age discrimination in employment. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act forbids older workers from being limited or treated in any way that would harm their employment possibilities. Still, most observers admit that age8discrimination in the workplace remains widespread. The negative stereotypes of older workers have caused employers to be reluctant to hire or train older people. Sometimes such discrimination against older workers is based on mistaken ideas, such as the false belief that older workers are less productive. In fact, empirical studies have not shown older workers to be less dependable in their job performance, nor are their absenteeism rate higher.Interest in the potential productivity of older workers has stimulated the growth of industrial gerontology, a field concerned with recruitment, performance appraisal, retraining, and redesign of jobs to permit older workers to be more productive. Managing an older workforce will clearly be a challenge for the future. There is also much support for the idea of work life extension; that is, adaptations of retirement rules or employment practices to enable older people to become more productive. In favor of this idea is the fact that three-quarters of employed people over 65 are in white-collar occupations in service industries, which are less physically demanding than agriculture or manufacturing jobs. As a result, it is sometimes argued, older people can remain in productive jobs now longer than in the past. In addition, some analysts point to declining numbers of young people entering the workforce, thus anticipating a labor shortage later in the 1990s. That development, if it occurred, might stimulate a need for older workers and a reversal of the trend toward early retirement.36. Opponents of the retirement policy say ____.A. it gives more leisure to old people than they know how to useB. it costs too much money in the form of retirement pensionsC. it is too rigid and flexibility should be integrated into itD. retirement should be p racticed only in the public sector37. Wh at happened in 1986?A. Retirement stopped being practiced.B. Age limitation in retirement was abolished.C. Age discrimination was legally abolished.D. Retired people were no longer entitled to pensions.38.Empirical studies indicate that old people ____.A. are less productive than younger peopleB. prefer working to retiringC. are reliable workersD. are less dependable39. I nd u s tri a l gerontology is concerned with ____.A. how to mange older workforceB. finding out how productive older workers can beC. how to meet the challenge of the futureD. finding out what kind of people can stay after the retirement age40. Which of the following might lead to work life extension?A. Retraining of old people in modem skills.B. The trend toward early retirement.9C. The expansion of agriculture and manufacturing industry.D. The declining younger labor force.Passage FiveOur culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic (语言上的) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多语的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Theattitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives -usually the richer - who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.41. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle-Easterners would most probably ____.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back42.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ____.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitors10D. arrogance toward other cultures43. In countries other than their own most Americans ____.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants44. According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorancewill____.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves of f from the outside worldC. limit their role in world af f airsD. weaken the position of the US dollar45. The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize thatA. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other culturesIII. Translation 20%Directions:Translate the following passage into ChineseA few years ago, the rich world's worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North's mighty industries and the South's weakling sweatshops that trade between the two could be nothing more than exploitation of the one by the other: far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite - namely, that trade with the developing world will impoverish today's rich countries.This new fear is more dangerous than the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the industrial countries would suffer if they cut their links with the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new competition. Unlike its predecessor, this idea may sell.The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and plainly wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of mutual advance.Lending useful support to this first error is a second - the idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies make some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs uneconomic, the result must11be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment's reflection, this is wrong. At the core of both errors is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.IV. Writing 20%Directions:Please read the follo w ing report and then w rite an essay in 250-300 words on the topic : My comment on the plan of future development of Chongming (崇明)island.Your composition should consist of three parts:1. The characteristics of the plan2. My comment on the plan3. Description of the relationship between human and nature (to support our comment) Chongming, the country's third largest and Shanghai's "last piece of pristine land", is working on a decade-long development plan. There are no large -scaleindustrialization plans for the island. Instead future development will focuson tourism, resorts and exhibition centres although there will be room forcertain pollution-free industries. —From "Shanghai Star"。

湖北大学真题2006年(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to act a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. In the health care industry, however, the doctor-patient relationship is a mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician, the physician usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return "next Wednesday", whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc.This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor's judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real "consumer". As a consequence, the medical staff represents the "power centre" in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration. Although usually, there are in this situation four identifiable participants--the physician, the hospital, the patient and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government) -- the physician makes the essential decision for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician, the payer generally meets most of the bona fide bills generated by the physician/ hospital, and for the most part, the patient plays a passive role. In routine or minor illensses, or just plain worries, the patient's options are, of course, much greater with respect to use and price. But in illnesses that are of some significance, such choice tends to evaporate. And it is for these illnesses that the bulk of the health care dollar is spent. We estimate that about 75 --80 percent of health care expenditures are determined by physicians. For this reason, economy measures directed at patients or the general public are relatively ineffective.1.In this passage, the author's primary purpose is to ______.A criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patientB analyze some important economic factors in health careC urge hospitals to reclaim their decision-making authorityD inform potential patients of their health care rights回答:√该问题分值: 1答案:B本文作者的主要目的是分析医疗方面一些重要的经济因素。

四川大学2006年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语（A）. Reading Comprehension (30%, 1 mark each)Direction: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Youshould decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the AnswerSheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Superstition is a biased word. Look up almost any dictionary definition and you will see that it implies that every religion not based on reason or knowledge is called a superstition. Even the word knowledge is a two-faced word. Presumably. It is used as a synonym for reason. What it all comes down to is that people designate as superstitious what they do not think reasonable in someone else’s religion.It is true that a person’s religion must be based on some kind of-knowledge. But what kind of knowledge is meant? Scientific, experimental, rational? Such knowledge is natural and maybe ethical and then it is natural religious knowledge. A person may quite easily conclude from observing the universe that only God could have produced it. That knowledge is not religion, not even if a person is bound to recognize a creator of the universe. It is natural knowledge such as Confucius, Socrates or Zoroaster possessed. Natural religious knowledge, as is evident in the history of the human race, although it helps to make a man good, hardly suffices to keep him good especially in times of crisis. Will such natural knowledge, for instance, sustain a man when he has suddenly lost all his money and even his wife and children? Will it offer the hope of ever seeing them again? Will it influence him gladly to sacrifice his life for his family, his country, his religion Only a strong sense of supernatural religion, a reliance upon God, will provide the necessary courage for right action.All the great religions of the world—Christianity, Hinduism, Chinese Buddhism and Islam -have shown men the way to such courage and its resulting peace of mind and heart and peace with all men. They point to a better sort of lift, mostly a life somewhere else, or, at least, an end to the troubles of this life.Christianity and Islam direct men to look up, hope for and strive after an eternal life of happiness in the possession of God. Hinduism also encourages its adherents to achieve successively higher incarnations until they achieve unity, become one with Brahman - God. The agnostic or the atheist thinks of all of these creeds as religious superstition. Are the agnostic and the atheist free of superstition? Hardly. Every thinking man has a natural bent for religion, for ideals above and beyond earthly ones. If he crushes his natural inclination, which is God-inspired ideals, he most likely will substitute a series of self-inspired ideals or some fad like astrology, which will become a religion for him. There is a line between religion and superstition which everyone must learn to identify, or forfeit a true direction in his life.1. According to the passage, people define superstition as__________.A. some religious knowledge not based on reasonB. anything that seems unreasonable to themC. anything that seems unreasonable in another person’s religionD. any natural knowledge of a religion that is two-faced and totally different from another2. The third paragraph tells us that natural religious knowledge can hardly keep a person good because __________.A. he is not always willing to sacrifice himselfB. he dose not rely upon GodC. he may sometimes die for right actionD. he may suffer crisis in his career3. According to the author, all the great religions of the world__________.A. bring peace of mind and peace with other human beingB. put forth a better life now and promise eternal life in the Western ParadiseC. give courage to their adherents to live and to die peacefullyD. urge their adherents to achieve higher incarnations4. From the passage we are told that the atheists__________.A. have little or no religious knowledgeB. have ideals that are beyond earthly onesC. are mostly astrologers who have too many materialistic ideals in lifeD. are actually not free from superstition5. Of the following suggested title, the one that most accurately sums up the passage is__________.A. The Great Religions on EarthB. What Is SuperstitionC. Religion and SuperstitionD. Achieve Unity with GodPassage 2When we think of Hollywood - a term I use loosely to describe American movie production in general, not simply films made in Los Angeles—we think of films aimed at amusing audiences and making money for producers.During the early years of the new century, as workers won their demands for higher wages and a shorter working week, leisure assumed an increasingly important role in everyday life. Amusement parks, professional baseball games, nickelodeons, and dance halls attracted a wide array of men of men and women anxious to spend their hard earned dollars in the pursuit of fun and relaxation. Yet of all these new cu1iural endeavors, films were the most important and widely attended source of amusement. For a mere five or ten cents, even the poorest worker could afford to take himself and his family to the local nickelodeon or storefront theatre. Taking root in urban working- class and immigrant neighborhoods, cinemas soon spread to middle-class districts of cities and into small communities throughout the nation. “Every little town that has never been able to afford and maintain an opera house,” observed one journalist in 1908, “now boasts one or two ‘Bijou Dreams’.” By 1910, the appeal of film was so great that nearly one-third of the nation flocked to the cinema each week; ten years later, weekly attendance equaled 50 per cent of the nation’s population.Early films were primarily aimed at entertaining audiences, but entertainment did not always come in the form of escapist fantasies. Many of the issues that dominatedprogressive-era polities were also portrayed on the serene. “Between 1900 and 1917,”observes Kevin Brownlow: “literally thousands of films dealt with the most pressing problems of the day – white slavery, political corruptions, gangsterism, loansharking: slum landlords, capital vs labor, racial prejudice, etc.” While most of these films were produced by studios and independent companies, a significant number were made by what we might call today “special interest groups”. As films quickly emerged as the nation’s most popular form of mass entertainment, they attracted the attention of a wide range organizations that recognized the medium’s enormous potential for disseminating propaganda to millions of viewers.6. We can almost be sure that a “nickelodeon” is__________.A. a luxurious theaterB. an opera houseC. a simple cinemaD. a cheap film7. “Bijou Dreams” in the 2nd paragraph probably refers to__________.A. cinemasB. dance hallsC. theatersD. amusement parks8. From the context, “medium” as use in the last sentence refers to__________.A. studios and companiesB. mass entertainmentC. filmsD. the pursuit of fan and relaxation9. The passage is about__________.A. Hollywood and filmsB. the history and function of filmC. American movie productionD. The development of film production10. It can be concluded from the last paragraph that__________.A. films quickly became a very form of entertainment and are welcome by people of all classesB. many of the social and political problems were reflected on the screen of the filmsC. film often dealt with the most important problems of the dayD. because of the large attendance, films had a great influence on a large number of people Passage 3If sustainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United State. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired – rented at the lowest possible cost –much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer. By,way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central usually the second most important executive after the CEO in the firm’s hierarchy. While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skill of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money do invest is alsomore highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.11. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in Americancompanies?A. They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.B. They only hired skilled workers because of keen competition.C. They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.D. They see the gaining of skills as their employees’ own business.12. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?A. His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.B. He is one of the most important executives in the firm.C. He is directly under the chief financial executive.D. He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.13. The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to__________.A. workers who can operate new equipmentB. technological and managerial staffC. workers who lack basic ground skillsD. top executives14. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The human-resource management strategies of American firms will affect their competitivecapacity.B. The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm’shierarchy.C. Extensiving retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.D. American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resourcemanagement.15. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm’s competitive advantageis__________.A. the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employeesB. the introduction of new technologiesC. the improvement of worker’ basic skillsD. the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesPassage 4In the course of my reading I had come across a case where, many years ago, some hunters on our Great Plains organized a buffalo hunt for the entertainment of an English earl and to provide some fresh meant for his use. They had charming sport. They killed seventy-two of those great animals and ate part of one of them and left the seventy-one to rot. In order to determine the difference between an anaconda and an earl, I had seven lambs turned into the anaconda’s cage. The grateful snake immediately crashed one of them and swallowed it, then lay back satisfied. It showed no further interest in the lambs and no inclination to harm them. I tried this experiment with other anacondas, always with same result. The fact stood proven that the difference between and earl and an anaconda is that the earl is cruel and the anaconda isn’t; and the earl wantonly destroyed what not descended from the earl. It also seemed to suggest that the earl was descended from the anaconda and had lost a good deal in the transition.I was aware that many men who have accumulated more money than they can ever use have shown a hunger for more and have not hesitated to cheat ignorant and the helpless out of their poor serving in order to partially satisfy that appetite. I furnished a hundred different kinds of wild and domestic animals the opportunity to accumulate vast stores of food but none of the would do it. The squirrels and bees and certain birds made accumulations, but stopped when they gathered a winter’s supply, and could not be persuaded to add to it either honestly or by trickery. These experiments convinced me that there is this difference between man and the higher animals: hi is greedy.In the course of my experiments I convinced myself that among the animals man is the only one that harbors insults and injuries, broods over them, waits till a chance offer, then takes revenge The passion of revenge is unknown to the higher animals.16. By describing the buffalo hunting and his experiment with the anaconda, the author mainlywants to us that__________.A. the earl’s ancestor turned out to be the anacondaB. the earl is capable of committing wanton crueltyC. the anaconda is easily satisfiedD. the anaconda does not harm other animals except when it is hungry17. According to the author, in human society, the rich__________A. are not always ready to help the poorB. are inclined to gather more richesC. tend to accumulate vast of wealthD. cheat the ignorant and commit wanton cruelty18. The author’s experiments with different kinds of animals seem to prove that__________.A. man and other animals have some similaritiesB. man is the cruelest among animalsC. man is superior to other animals in some aspectsD. man is inferior to other animals in certain aspects19. We learn from the last part of the passage that__________.A. love of revenge is a unique characteristic of manB. man is the only animal capable of thinking and revengingC. human beings are capable of insulting and injuring each otherD. man is better at taking chances to revenge than other animals20. In this passage, the author writes in a (n)__________.A. serious toneB. angry toneC. ironic tonedD. matter-of-fact tonePassage 5The spectacular auroral light displays that appear in Earth’s atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground – based observations from which we know that the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region crated by the Earth’s magnetic field.Outside the magnetosphere, blasting, toward the Earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic field. Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind’s magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The Earth’s magnetosphere is a barrier to solar wind, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the solar wind’s charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth’s magnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth’s magnetic poles very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionize and excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit auroral radiations of visual light.The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish-white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit a crimson light. Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet.Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth’s magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and auroral activity are very intense, auroral displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States. Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas, which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.21. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The periodic variation in the displays of auroras.B. The information and appearance of auroras around the Earth’s poles.C. The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras.D. The methods used to observe auroras from outer space.22. The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier because__________.A. it is strongest in the polar regions and the magnetic lines bunch togetherB. it increases the speed of the particles from the solar windC. it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering the Earth’s atmosphereD. its position makes it difficult to be observed from the Earth23. The word “andergo” in Paragraph 3 most probably means__________.A. endureB. encounterC. experienceD. confront24. Auroras mat be seen in the southern regions of the United States when__________.A. the speed of the solar wind is reducedB. they are wrapped around the Earth’s magnetic polesC. magnetic storms do not affect the EarthD. solar flares are very intense25. The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists’ understanding ofauroras?A. Before advances in technology, scientists knew little about auroras.B. Scientists cannot yet explain the causes of the different colors in auroras.C. New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.D. Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will beavailable.Passage 6We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising causes.Until a few year ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition. Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit evil-smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide. Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfide-producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.Alcohol, hunger, long time talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise – anything that dries the mouth produces had breath. So can stress though it’s not understood why. Some people’s breath turns sour every tide they go on a job interview.Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad-breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, the simple, dry-mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath. Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is, they don’t necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus. If the mouthwash contains alcohol – as most do – it can intensify the problem bydrying out the mouth.26. The phrase “emanate from” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “_________”.A. thrive onB. account forC. originate fromD. descend from27. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?A. Toothache.B. Sulfur-rich food.C. Mental strain.D. Too much exercise.28. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainlybecause________.A. its smell adds to bad breathB. it keeps offending bacteria from reproducingC. it kills some helpful bacteriaD. it affects the normal flow of saliva29. Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because__________.A. they can’t cover the thick layers of mucusB. they can’t get to all the offending bacteriaC. they can’t mask the bad odor long enoughD. their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worse30. We can infer from this passage that__________.A. offensive breath can’t easily be curedB. heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breathC. elderly people are less offended by bad breathD. offensive breath is less affected by alcohol. Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line throughthe center.31. Comparing the time scales between many flu epidemics, scientists can _______ when anotherone might happen.A. determineB. anticipateC. press onD. assure32. The talk might _______ for weeks before any concrete result is announced.A. get bogged downB. hold outC. press onD. drag on33. The river is already_______ its banks because of excessive rainfall and the city is threatenedwith a likely flood.A. flat onB. flush withC. parallel toD. level in34. She tried to kick the pajamas loose, but they were_______ in the satin sheet.A. submergedB. tangledC. gougedD. scooped35. The man’s _______directions confused us, we did not know which of the two roads to take.A. complicatedB. arbitraryC. ambiguousD. intricate36. Cranes are used to _______ building materials to the upper floors during the construction ofskyscrapers.A. hoistB. towC. hurlD. toss37. If the test taker finds an item to which an answer is not known, it man be_______ to leave itblank and go on with the test.A. probableB. considerableC. advisableD. preferable38. The new laws threaten to_______ many people of the most elementary freedom.A. snatchB. considerableC. stripD. deprive39. However, the new law, once passed, will_______ the Bridlington agreement illegal by givingworkers the right to join unions of their choice.A. cancelB. renderC. eliminateD. convert40. Dr. White, who is_______ to be one of the best surgeons in London, performed the operationand successfully removed the tumor in her lungs.A. perceivedB. thrilledC. reputedD. confessed41. Curiosity and discontent are deep human urges which work together to_______ all humandiscovery and achievements.A. accomplishB. motivateC. evaluateD. distinguish42. Due to his recent failure to meet the deadline, Jason is_______ from the list for promotion.A. priedB. retreatedC. wrenchedD. eliminated43. Growing economic problems were_______ by a decline in oil output.A. highlightedB. focusedD. fostered D. advocated44. In cubism, natural objects are_______ analytically into geometrical shapes.A. broken downB. run downC. cut downD. tom down45. This discovery of the New World is_______ to the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus.A. indebtedB. contributedC. ownedD. attributable46. His account of his experience in Antarctic cannot be dismissed as_______.A. unfairB. incredibleC. unpracticalD. credulous47. As the semester is drawing to an end, the student union is calling on its youth to _______ thetemptation to cheat on exams.A. rejectB. retreatC. resistD. refuse48. The treaty request that all the member countries_______ with the price and share the profit asagreed upon.A. consentB. complyC. submitD. yield49. _______ of half-starving wolves were roaming the snow-covered countryside.A. SwarmsB. PacksC. FlocksD. Herds50. It’s strange that he should refuse a job in government_______ a university appointment.A. in favor ofB. at an advantage ofC. in charge ofD. in excess of. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Direction: In this part, you are required to read the following passage carefully. For each of the 20 blanks 20 there are four marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that bestfits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with asingle line through the center.American suffer from an overdose of work. 51 who they are or what they do, they spend 52 time at work than at any time since World War ?. In 1950, the US had fewer working hours than any other 53 country. Today, it 54 every country but Japan, where industrial employees log 2,155 hours a year compared 55(空)1,951 in the Us and 1, 603 56 West employees. Between 1969 and 1989, employed American 57 an average of 138 hours to their yearly work schedules. The work-week 58 at about 40 hours, but people are working more weeks each year. 59 , paid time off—holidays, vacations, sick leave— 60 15 percent in the 1990s.As corporations have 61 stiffer competition and slower growth in productivity, they 62 employees to work longer. Cost-cutting layoffs in the 1980s 63 the professional and managerial ranks, leaving fewer people to get the job done. In lower-paid occupations 64 wages have been reduced, workers have added hours 65 overtime or extra jobs to 66 their living standard. The Government estimates that more than seven million people hold a second job.For the first time, large 67 of people say they want to cut 68 on working hours, even if it means earning less money. But most employers are 69 to let them do so. The Government, which has stepped back from its traditional 70 as a regulator of work time, should take steps to make shorter hours possible.。

中国矿业大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part One Cloze1．however【解析】此处表示转折，因此用however“不过；然而”。

2．to【解析】动词refer与to搭配，表示“论及，谈到，提及，指的是”，符合题意。

3．perform【解析】此处的意思是执行一系列的任务，应该用动词perform“履行，执行，表演，演出”。

4．in【解析】in use表示“在使用中”，符合题意。

5．used【解析】此处表示被使用，应该用动词use的过去分词形式。

6．aspects【解析】此处的意思是几乎可预见的所有方面。

应该用名词aspect“方面；情况，状况”。

7．of【解析】此处的意思是现代化的台式机，应该用介词of。

8．worth of【解析】“金额+worth+of+某物”表示价值多少的某物。

9．only【解析】“not only…but also”是固定搭配，意思是“不仅……而且……”。

10．management【解析】此处的意思是小型企业所需要的自动化管理，因此应该用名词management。

Part Two Reading ComprehensionPassage One1．D【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。

这可从文中的“The over development...to the near destruction of our cities.”推知。

2．D【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。

这可从文中第二段的内容推知，即能源危机是我们目前需要面对的问题，为了解决这个问题，“long range planning is essential”。

3．B【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有B项为正确答案。

这可从文中的“There is a strong demand for…to devote themselves wholeheartedly”推知，即“Lack of devotion”正确。