A Proposal to Research the Storage Facility
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Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.Title:It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .”could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.Abstract:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.Introduction:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a veryfocused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot”area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players”and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)Literature Review:Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most students’literature reviews suffer from the following problems:* Lacking organization and structure* Lacking focus, unity and coherence* Being repetitive and verbose* Failing to cite influential papers* Failing to keep up with recent developments* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* Depending too much on secondary sourcesYour scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)Methods:The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze yourdata. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants - Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?Results:Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.Discussion:It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmark studies.4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.8. Too much rambling —going “all over the map”without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.10. Too long or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopping writing.下面是来自其他一些学术从业者关于如何写proposal的意见:* Writing Research Proposals, Drew University On-line resources for writers.* Guide to Writing a Research Proposal, University of Technology, Sydney. (A research proposal is required for admission to the program.)* Beginners Guide to the Research Proposal, University of Calgary Centre for Advancement of Health.* The Art of Writing Proposals: Some Candid Suggestions for Applicants to Social Science Research Council Competitions, Adam Przeworski and Frank Salomon.* The Elements of a Proposal, Frank Pajares, Emory University.以及,关于如何写学位论文proposal的指导(Dissertation Proposal Writing and some strategies for completing the dissertation)* Dissertation Proposal Workshop, Institute of International Studies, UC-Berkeley.* Writing and Presenting your Thesis or Dissertation , .* Dissertation/Project Hints: Proposal Writing, Hazel Hall, School of Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK. * Writing Theses and Dissertations, Claremont Graduate University Writing Center.。
The stability of finished pharmaceutical products depends on environmental and product-related factors ICH and WHO started discussions in 2000 to harmonise the number of stability tests and conditions employed worldwide……but there was little agreement from interested parties on an ICH proposal regarding long-term storage conditions in zone IV (hot and humid countries)Stability Testing of Pharmaceutical Products in a Global EnvironmentDr Sabine Kopp reports on the development of World Health Organization policy on stability testing.Following lengthy discussions, the World Health Organization (WHO) has revised its guidelines on stability testing conditions for climatic zone IV , ie hot and humid countries. The guidelines are expected to be made available shortly. This article summarises the key events that have marked the WHO’s work on developing international stability testing guidelines.The stability of finished pharmaceutical products depends on several factors. On the one hand, it depends on environmental factors such as ambient temperature, humidity and light. On the other, it depends on product-related factors such as the chemical and physical properties of the active substance and pharmaceutical excipients, the dosage form and its composition, the manufacturing process, the nature of the container-closure system and the properties of the packaging materials.For established drug substances in conventional dosage forms, literature data on the decomposition process and degradability of the active substance are generally available together with adequate analytical methods. Thus, the stability studies may be restricted to the dosage forms.The actual stability of a dosage form will depend to a large extent on the formulation and packaging-closure system selected by the manufacturer. Stability considerations, for example selection of excipients, determination of their level and process development, should therefore be given high priority in the developmental stage of the product. The possible interaction of the drug product with the packaging material in which it will be delivered, transported and stored throughout its shelf-life must also be investigated.The shelf-life should be established with due regard to the climatic zone(s) in which the product is to be marketed. For certain preparations, specific storage instructions must be complied with if the shelf-life is to be guaranteed.The storage conditions recommended by manufacturers on the basis of stability studies should guarantee the maintenance of quality, safety and efficacy throughout the shelf-life of a product. The effect on products of the extremely adverse climatic conditions in certain countries to which they may be exported calls for special consideration.T o ensure both patient safety and the rational management of drug supplies, it is important that the expiry date and, where necessary, the storage conditions are indicated on the label.The beginningWork on stability of pharmaceutical products was initiated by the WHO in 1988 and the WHO Guidelines on Stability Testing for Well Established Drug Substances in Conventional Dosage Forms were adopted in 1996 by the WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations following extensive consultation 1.In 2000, discussions began between the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH)expert working group Q1 (stability) and the WHO to harmonise the number of stability tests and conditions employed worldwide.The working group, when developing guidance Q1F Stability Data Package for Registration Applications in Climatic Zones II and IV , proposed a modification to the WHO guidelines. The proposal concerned the long-term storage conditions for climatic zone IV (hot and humid countries). The group suggested that the WHO change its conditions from 30°C and 70% relative humidity (RH) to 30°C and 60% RH. A detailed paper including the rationale for the change was widely circulated for comment. Non-governmental organisations, international professionals’bodies and specialists, and members of the WHO expert advisory panel on the international pharmacopoeia and pharmaceutical preparations were among those consulted.Responses to the proposal varied. A number of experts agreed that the proposal constituted a sound scientific approach. It was recognised that packaging was very important and common testing conditions should be agreed upon for WHO and ICH guidelines. Others criticised the approach as being too scientific and impractical while pointing out that actual meteorological and physical storage conditions in these countries would not allow simulation of long-term storage conditions as defined by the new proposal. Arguments were also put forward against the application of some parameters used in the calculations.In 2001, in a further round of discussions, it was proposed to change the real-time storage conditions for zone IV from 30°C and 70% RH to 30°C and 65% RH. This suggestion was again circulated widely for comments and the results discussed in July 2001.In October 2001, the WHO expert committee modified the storage conditions and these were subsequently published in the WHO guidelines for stability testing of pharmaceutical products containing well established drug substances in conventional dosage forms, to read 30°C (±2°C) and 65% (±5%) RH for real-time stability studies defined for climatic zone IV . It was also agreed that where special transportation and storage conditions did not comply with these criteria, additional study data supporting these conditions might be needed 2,3.ASEAN stability testing guidelinesThe Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) comprises Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia,Indonesia, Lao PDR (Laos), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.These countries are all situated in a hot and humid climatic zone (zone IV). ASEAN regulatory authorities have defined harmonised requirements for marketing authorisation forpharmaceuticals with a view to establishing a common market for their pharmaceutical products.This process includes harmonisation of requirements for stability testing.Regulators and experts from ASEAN countries have met regularly with the WHO and experts from the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations to discuss whether the conditions outlined in the WHO and ICH guidelines as described above are appropriate for countries which have vast areas with climatic conditions that are above the average RH and temperature used to characterise zone IV 4.After consultation and several meetings, a meeting held in Jakarta on 12-13 January 2004concluded that the conditions described in the WHO and ICH guidelines cited above did not adequately address the climatic conditions prevalent in the majority of ASEAN countries. The conditions shown in T able 1 were then adopted for stability studies in ASEAN countries.Arguments supporting this conclusion have been set out 5.Table 1. Conditions for stability testing in ASEAN countriesType Conditions Products in primary containers permeable to30°C ±2°C/75% ±5% RH water vapourProducts in primary containers impermeable to30°C ±2°C/RH not specified water vapourAccelerated studies40°C ±2°C/75% ±5% RH Stress studies Unnecessary if accelerated studies at aboveconditions are availableASEAN based its considerations on the principle that testing should be biased towards more stressful rather than less stressful conditions so as to provide a margin of error in favour of the patients and to increase the likelihood of identifying substances or formulations that pose particular stability problems. ASEAN also concluded that stability is obviously affected to a large extent by the permeability of primary packaging materials. Products packed in primary containers demonstrated to be impermeable to water vapour do not require testing at any specific RH, storage at constanttemperature of 30°C throughout real-time testing being sufficient. However, guidelines will be needed to specify parameters, such as a thickness and permeability coefficient, which indicates demonstrated impermeability of packaging materials.Implementation of the above decision will be preceded by a transition period during which existing national guidelines will still be applicable. In addition, a science-based approach will be taken to ensure correct evaluation when submitted data is based on conditions that are less stressful than those required (eg 30°C/65% RH). Factors to be taken into consideration include:•complementary data provided to enable proper scientific evaluation;•detected instability;•data obtained under accelerated conditions;•when more protective packaging is provided; and •commitment to generate data under the new guideline conditions (30°C/75% RH, or 40°C/75% RH, or both) within a specified period. A suitable label recommendation such as “Store below 30°C and protect from moisture” may also be applied.ASEAN bloc countriesrejected the conditionsdescribed in revised ICHand WHO guidelines……saying they were not appropriate for the climatic conditions in their countries…different conditions forstability testing wereadopted……and these will be implemented after a transition periodThe ASEAN developments meant a decision would have to be made on whether to amend the WHO guidanceA decision was eventually taken to split zone IV into two zones,with zone IVb being hot and very humid areas and zone IVa being hot and humid areas The official revised guideline could be available by the end of May 2006Next steps in WHO’s harmonisation effortsIn view of the decisions taken by ASEAN as described above, the WHO responded with the following action plan. First, a WHO document was circulated in early 2004, in accordance with the WHO consultative procedure, to interested parties for consultation. The document requested comments on whether the WHO guidance on stability testing should be modified for long-term stability testing conditions (hot and humid climatic zone) and sought suggestions on how modifications should be implemented. Thereafter an informal consultation discussed comments received, in preparation for the meeting of the WHO expert committee on specifications which met in October 2004.As the ASEAN guidance was confirmed and adopted, the WHO organised a meeting including ASEAN, WHO and ICH experts and other interested parties in December 20046. The following recommendations were agreed during the meeting:•the existing WHO guideline on stability testing should be reviewed in the light of new information on climatic conditions in zone IV as raised by the ASEAN countries; and•all concerned parties represented at the meeting should return to their constituencies,consider the options that were discussed, and provide feedback and recommendations to the WHO, indicating preferences and giving reasons. Those parties will be invited to be involved in the continuation of the consultative process. The options are:–revert to 30°C/70% RH as the long-term stability testing condition for zone IV as it is likely that considerable data are already available. This might serve as a potential platform for future harmonisation between ICH and the WHO;–change to 30°C/75% RH as the long-term stability testing condition for zone IV in the interest of patient safety worldwide; or–add a new climatic zone IVb to accommodate hot and very humid areas (30°C/75% RH).The present zone IV (30°C/65% RH) would become zone IV a.Feedback was requested by the end of March 2005. WHO member states not represented at the meeting were also invited to give their feedback.Answers were received from the following member states and partners: Amazonian Countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Equator, Peru, Suriname and V enezuela), ASEAN (Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand), ICH parties (the EU on behalf of European,Japanese and US regulators, as well as their respective industry associations), the South African Development Community (South Africa on behalf of SADC), the International Generic Pharmaceutical Alliance and the World Self-Medication Industry. There was no consensus among the various parties. Each option was favoured by at least one party. Current statusBased on the above outcome, the experts who met during the 40th WHO expert committee meeting at the end of October 2005 had to take a decision about the WHO position for future stability testing. They were faced with a difficult situation . The WHO secretariat reminded the expert committee members that the WHO guideline had been revised in the light of harmonisation efforts in collaboration with ICH. After extensive discussion, the committee reached consensus that the WHO stability guidelines should be amended to reflect conditions for zone IV as follows:•zone IV a – 30°C and 65% RH; and•zone IVb – 30°C and 75% RH.It was agreed that each individual member state within the former zone IV would need to indicate which of these conditions (zones IV a or IVb), would be applicable in its territory. This was intended to accommodate the two conditions currently in use.The report and its outcomes, including annexes, ie the new guidelines adopted during the WHO expert committee meeting, are now with editors. It is expected that the recommendations and the report will be presented to the WHO executive board in May 2006 (final step). The report will be available thereafter on the web and in printed form 7. International Conference of Drug Regulatory AuthoritiesA discussion on stability conditions was held during the International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities (ICDRA) in Seoul in April 2006 ( ). During this session, entitled “Stability: Global challenges for harmonisation”, the following topics were addressed:•news from Asia: how to deal with real humid and hot storage conditions in ASEAN countries;•what’s new in the Americas? Stability testing for varying climatic conditions; and•challenges for the ICH stability guidelines outside the ICH regions.Recommendations from this meeting will be available on the WHO medicines website (www.who.int/medicines ).Future implementationIt remains to be seen how these new conditions will be implemented in the WHO member states.The WHO would be very interested to receive information from its individual member states as to which of the above described conditions (zones IV a or IVb) would be applicable in their territory.The intention is to make this information easily accessible to third parties on an international basisand to see which of the two conditions is most commonly applied.References1.World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations, 34th Report, T echnical Report series, No 863 Annex 5 (1996) (www.who.int/medicines/strategy/quality_safety/annex5_trs863.doc)2.World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations, 37th Report, T echnical Report Series, No 908, page 13 (2003), http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_908.pdf3.World Health Organization, WHO guidelines on stability testing, WHO Drug Information, 16(1): 35,(2002), www.who.int/druginformation/vol16num1_2002/16-1table_of_contents.shtml4.International Conference on Harmonization, guidelines Q1A and Q1F , /5.Stability testing for hot and humid climates,WHO Drug Information V ol 18, No 2, 2004, page 113ff,www.who.int/druginformation/vol18num2_2004/DI18-2.pdf6.Consultation of stability studies in a global environment,www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/quality_assurance/ConsultStabstudies/en/index.html7.World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations, 40th Report, T echnical Report Series, No 937, 2006The WHO now wantsmember countries to tellit whether zone IVa orIVb would apply in theirterritory。
UN5-U01-R1 Are we living in the digital dark ages?我们生活在数字黑暗时代吗?Imagine these scenarios: (1) 2040: A box of memorabilia, including floppy discs and VHS tapes is found in the attic of an old house with a label that says, ‘Records and early videos of Bill Gates (1975-1985).’ (2) 2050: You find an envelope labeled ‘bank records’ in your grandmother’s desk. Inside the envelope, there is an old CD marked with the date 1998, your great-grand father’s name, and the words ‘all overseas bank accounts’.想象一下这些场景:(1)2040年:在一栋老房子的阁楼上发现了一盒纪念品,其中包括软盘和VHS磁带,标签上写着“比尔盖茨的记录和早期视频(1975-1985)”。
(2)2050年:你在祖母的办公桌上发现了一个标有“银行记录”的信封。
信封里有一张旧CD,上面写着1998年的日期,你曾祖父的名字,还有“所有海外银行账户”的字样。
If these stories were really to happen, the people who found these items would be very excited – at least at first. Their excitement would be quickly followed by frustration because it would be very difficult for them to access the information on the discs and tapes. Even if the records were still in good condition, it would be very hard to find a device that could read them. Compare these discoveries to one that might have occurred around the turn of the twentieth century: a box of old letters and photographs on a high shelf at the back of a cupboard. The information these items contain would be immediately accessible because you would only need your eyes.如果这些故事真的发生了,发现这些物品的人会非常兴奋-- 至少一开始时是这样的。
progress in materials science的proposal模版-回复Progress in Materials Science的proposal模版,以“Advanced Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion”为主题,写一篇1500-2000字文章,一步一步回答。
Proposal: Advanced Materials for Energy Storage and ConversionAbstract:The development of advanced materials for energy storage and conversion is of utmost importance for addressing global energy challenges. This proposal aims to explore various materials and their potential applications in energy storage and conversion technologies. By focusing on the development of advanced materials, we can pave the way for a sustainable and clean energy future.Introduction:Energy storage and conversion technologies play a pivotal role in enabling the efficient utilization of renewable energy sources, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and mitigating climate change. However, the current materials used in these technologies face various limitations, such as low energy density, limitedcharge-discharge cycles, and high cost. Therefore, there is a needto investigate advanced materials that can overcome these challenges and lead to improved energy storage and conversion systems.Objective:The objective of this proposal is to systematically study advanced materials for energy storage and conversion and their potential applications in various technologies, such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and solar cells. By understanding the properties, synthesis methods, and performance of these materials, we aim to identify key areas for further research and development.Methodology:1. Literature Review: Conduct an extensive review of existing research papers, patents, and reports on advanced materials for energy storage and conversion. Analyze the current state of the field and identify research gaps and emerging trends.2. Material Characterization: Investigate the composition, structure, and morphology of advanced materials using techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Understand the relationship between material properties and performance in energy storage and conversion systems.3. Synthesis and Fabrication: Develop novel synthesis methodsfor advanced materials, tailored to specific energy storage and conversion applications. Explore techniques such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, and aerosol synthesis to obtain materials with improved properties.4. Device Integration and Testing: Fabricate energy storage and conversion devices using the synthesized materials. Evaluate their performance through various tests, including charge-discharge cycles, power density measurements, and efficiency calculations.5. Performance Optimization: Investigate the factors affecting the performance of advanced materials and experiment with modifications to enhance their energy storage and conversion capabilities. This may include doping, nanostructuring, or surface engineering of materials.Expected Impact:The research conducted through this proposal will contribute to the field of advanced materials for energy storage and conversion by providing a comprehensive understanding of their properties, synthesis methods, and potential applications. The findings will guide the development of more efficient andcost-effective energy storage and conversion technologies, leading to a greener and more sustainable energy future.Conclusion:Advanced materials hold great promise for revolutionizing energy storage and conversion technologies. By conducting a systematic investigation of these materials, we can unlock their true potential and overcome the limitations of current technologies. This proposal outlines the methodology to be followed for a comprehensive study, with the aim of contributing to the progress in materials science for energy storage and conversion.。
个人简历翻译成英文版英文个人简历模版篇一personal informationName: __Gender: FemaleMarital status: marriedEthnic group: Han nationalityHousehold registration: Guangdong-HeyuanAge: 24Current location: Guangdong-ShenzhenHeight: 165cmHope area: GuangdongHope position: administration/personnel-administrative assistant/clerkTreatment requirements:Education e某perience____-09 ~ 20__-07 Zijin County Zijin Middle School Liberal Arts High Schoolwork e某perience(20__-02~20__-08)Industry category: Other production, manufacturing and processingPosition: Administrative AssistantJob category: administrative assistant/clerkJob descriptionB, responsible for recruitment, entry, resignation, attendance, social security, labor contract signing, canteen affairs, dormitory affairs, personnel file management and salary accounting, file management, and establish a sound file management system.C, responsible for 6S and logistics management, purchase and distribution of office supplies, and maintain the normaloperation of administrative logistics.D, be responsible for the organization and writing of the application documents such as drawing up the release notice, drawing up the plan summary, meeting minutes, applications, reports and contracts.E, responsible for the management of fire fighting training and special equipment, perfecting and formulating various rules and regulations, and perfecting vehicle dispatching, maintenance, annual inspection and insurance, etc.F, skilled use of Word,E某cel, ppt office software, office equipment, etc.(20__-08~20__-01)Position: Clerk in Production Department Position Category: Administrative Assistant/ClerkJob description: a. Assist the production department supervisor in daily work.B, responsible for the statistics, submission anddistribution of daily production inspection report, weekly production report and monthly production report of semi-finished products and finished products every day.C, be responsible for the management of all data of the production department, and do a good job of classification,filing and borrowing management.D be familiar with various inspection methods, methods, standards and material supply flow of production management, have good mathematical statistical analysis ability, and read relevant technical documents skillfully.Position: Warehouse Management of Materials Department Position Category: ClerkJob descriptionB. Understand the management of goods receipt, delivery and storage; Be able to do a good job in the planning and correct arrangement of positions and the daily 6S management of warehouses.C, can make rational and effective use of storage resources, reduce the sluggish inventory or loss of warehouse materials.Skill e某pertiseProfessional titleSkills and e某pertise: Familiar with personnel recruitment, entry, resignation, attendance, social security, labor contract signing, canteen affairs, dormitory affairs, personnel file management, salary accounting and file management.Mandarin: Fluent Cantonese: FluentEnglish proficiency: average spoken Englishself-assessment个人简历英文版篇二Basic information:Name:Se某: Female National: HanHeight: 173cmAccount where: HunanCurrent: GuangzhouGraduate institutions: National University of Defense TechnologyHighest level of education: collegeRepair by a professional: pre-school educationTalent type: fresh graduatesJob search intention:Hope Location: Guangzhou, ShenzhenWish to pay: NegotiableEducation and training e某perience:20某某-03 20某某-12 Guangdong University of Software Engineering Master of EngineeringE某perience to participate in social practice:Positions: java senior developerPositions: Software DeveloperLanguage Proficiency:English familiar with the fourPutonghua proficiencyProficient in CantoneseInflu某 of language proficiencySelf-evaluation:Intention to do one thing, there are bound to be harvested!英文个人简历模板_英文版个人简历篇三Mr.Hujiangjiang1008 Sand Five RoadMishawaka,IN 46540Education Graduation: 2023、06Georgia Institute of Technology 09 /2023- 06 / 2023Study abroad, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology______ UniversityBachelor of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology1.CSC Scholarship 06 / 20232.Scholarship for Outstanding Students 12 / 20235.Social Entrepreneurship Club President. Managed clubprofit and loss, directed fundraising and social entrepreneurship event production. Grew corporate sponsorship network from 3 to 20 in one yearResearch ProjectsResearch on Antigen Presenting with Phage Display 04 / 2023- 06 / 20231.Conduct survey of literature and liaise with other labs2.Coordinate upkeep and sterility of laboratory glassware04/2023-02/2023Research AchievementsReducing the efficiency droop by lateral carrier confinement in InGaN/GaN quantum-well nanorods journal paper Opt. E__press 22, A370 (2023)Skills and CertificatesGood knowledge of cell culture and antigenic stimulation; Skilled in MACS, FACSSkilled in biochemical tests: protein e__pression, purification, Western BlotIELTS: 6.5; Proficiency in EnglishPractice E__perienceMarketing InternProduced events for a series of international marketing campaigns generating over 3,000 prospective clients in one month. Main events included GA’s annual career development seminar anda series of video production webinars. International team of 6 members representing 4 nationalities.Video Production Webinar. Sourced 4 contract teachers, setup online web forum, and invited over 2,600 participants to a 4-week video production webinar series.Conversion Planning Team. Before end of internship period, led team of three interns to create a proposal to convert 4% of the 3,000 new prospects into paying customers by the end of 2023.______ University AssistantGuided undergraduates to attend SITP projects______ University PresidentParticipated in the gold trade qualification trainingInterestBasketball英文个人简历模版篇四personal informationName: Miss DuGender: FemaleDate of birth: August 1987Account: Shao某ing, ZhejiangEthnic group: Han nationalityPolitical outlook: League membersMarital status: unmarriedEducation: Bachelor degreeGraduate school: Zhejiang University (self-taught)Major: psychologyForeign language proficiency: English (average)Working years: 1 yearContact information: ____-______job intensionUnit nature: unlimitedE某pected industry: unlimitedE某pected position:Work place: HangzhouE某pected monthly salary: 1000-2000Education e某perienceFrom Sep. 20__ to Jun. 20__, he took the self-e某amination of mental health education major of Zhejiang University in Zhejiang Sanlian College. Professional courses mainly includeinterpersonal psychology, social psychology, school psychology, psychological counseling and psychometrics.work e某perienceFrom March, 20__ to September, 20__, she was an admissions teacher at Zhenghao Specialized School in Hangzhou, where she went on a business trip for four months to enroll students in Wenzhou.self-assessmentI graduated from self-study and have strong self-study ability; The e某perience of self-study e某am for more than three years has taught people to persist and do things in a down-to-earth manner.英文个人简历模板_英文版个人简历篇五Personal InformationName: Wang BinSe__: MaleDate of Birth: July 12, 1971Address: Room301, Dormitory20, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, ChinaTelephone: +86-931-8912______; +86-136931________E-mail:Education9/2005 - present Lanzhou UniversityCandidate for Master in Economics in June, 2023Major in Corporate Finance, School of EconomicsRanked 2/45 in class, Core GPA: 3.3/49/2001 - 6/2005 Lanzhou UniversityBachelor in EconomicsAwarded National E__cellent Undergraduate Student ScholarshipE__perience7/ - 11/2023 Summer Team: E__pand Job Channels for Students 10/2023 – 1/2023 Volunteer Teacher for the Hongshan School in LanzhouTaught the course o f English for the rural workers ’ children in the schoolAcademic CapabilityFluent in English. CET-6 : 85.5; TOEFL ( IBT ) : 98; GRE: 1380Be Proficient in Office Automation ( Microsoft E__cel, PowerPoint ) and Web SurfingPublicationsThe Influence of Economic Densities of City Propers on the Infrastructure Investment by Local Governments published in Science and Engineering Research, 2005, 2英文个人简历模版篇六essential informationName: __Gender: MaleNationality: Han nationalityDate of birth: June 18, ____Certificate No.:Marital status: UnmarriedHeight: 179cmWeight: 62kgRegistered residence: Zhanjiang, GuangdongCurrent location: Zhanjiang, GuangdongEducation: technical secondary schoolMajor name: automobile maintenance and ApplicationGraduation year: 20__Working years: within one yearTitle: othersJob seeking intentionJob category: salespersonJob title: Sales Consultant; salesman; Sales Representative Working area: Zhanjiang CityTreatment requirements: Negotiable; Need to provide housing Time of arrival: within three daysSkill e某pertiseLanguage ability: Putonghua standardEducation and trainingwork e某perienceTime range: February 20__ - April 20__Industry: agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline, fisheryPosition: salespersonJob desc ription: mainly sales service trackingSelf evaluation个人简历英文版篇七English Name:Gender: FemaleDate of Birth:Major: English ( about business )Address: Room 513 Building C7Telephone:Email:Job Objective:A Position referring English translation, import and e某port, secretaryEducational background:2023 to 2023, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology2023 to 2023,No.1 Middle School of BiyangHonors and Certificates:In the year of 2023, won "The Third Prize of English Contest "of our collegeIn the summer of 2023, won the "Advanced individual "of summer social practice In the year of 2023, won the "Third Level Scholarship"of our schoolCertificate of Written and Oral of TEM4Certificate of CET6 and CET4Social Activities:In the period 20某某- 20某某, as a Deputy Minister of Quality Development Association , organizing several activities of the quality of development in ordre to let students understand the importance of teamwork in physical e某ercise.In the period 20某某- 20某某, participating in the campus culture section of the speech contest.During the four years constantly serving as a tutor, not only improving the students English scores but also enhancing my English basic skills.Self-evaluation:Taking a serious and responsible attitude to work, diligent, steadfast, having a strong learning ability.Highly skilled in translating materials in many fields such as trade, culture, tourism, science and technology, political and diplomatic.Capable of performing the interpretation of the general formal meeting or business negotiations.Skilled using of Office software (Word, E某cel, Power Point, etc.)英文个人简历模板_英文版个人简历篇八John T. Bray464 St George StreetVancouver,BCV5T1Z7Phone no.- 604-708-1342OBJECTIVE:E__PERIENCE:2000-2002Web DesignerCreated corporate web sites, portals and large-scale web applications.Developed and designed new web interfaces, layouts and site graphics.Created and Designed test web sites for sales as well as demonstration purposes.Responsible for quality assurance of finished websites including the validation of web forms and linksDesigned trained users and templates on development of future pages.Massachusetts Healthcare Co. Inc., Boston MA1998-2000Web DesignerDeveloped and designed user-friendly interface for on-line programmes like multi-media systems and web-driven e-mail.Created graphics including icons and logos using Fireworks and PhotoShop.Facilitated training on the use of programmes such as Fireworks and Dream Weaver.Installed shopping carts by use of CGI scripts for business client websites.EDUCATION:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Boston, MATECHNICALSKILLS:Languages: C, HTML and JA.Proficient with HTML, Macromedia Dream weaver, Fireworks, Allaire Home Site, Microsoft Office Professional Edition, Adobe Acrobat, WebPosition Gold, Top Dog, Search Engine Optimiser (SEO) Familiarity with Adobe Go Live, Microsoft FrontPage, Adobe PhotoShop, Jasc Paint Shop Pro, Macromedia FlashADDITIONALINFORMATION:Hobbies include Horse Riding, Music and Basket Ball.英文简历篇九Name:______Gender: MaleAge:Education:Master in EngineeringMobile: Email:Mail Address: Room 402, No. 32, Lane 1133, Zhang Yang Road, Pudong, Shanghai, PRC, 200120Work E__perienceJan 2005Oct 2023. Zell Consulting Co. Ltd, Immigrated and lived in New Zealand. Responsible for trade fairs between New Zealand and PRC.Aug 2003Jan.2005. US based BEPE__ (formerly US Branch of Hosokawa Group)。
IntroductionThis proposal sets out to examine options for the successful globalization of our ‘Borders’ brand. The initial market under consideration is Continental Europe. For the purposes of this proposal, we will be considering three aspects of the b rand, namely our logo, the ‘Borders’ concept and finally, the product itself, ‘Borders’ wellington boots.FindingsThe following points summarise our key findings.•It was found that our existing logo, a pair of wellington boots encircled by the word ‘Borders’, is visual enough to be used in markets where English is not widelyspoken.•Attitudes to outerwear differ throughout Europe and our boots are likely to appeal to different market sectors in different countries. This has serious implications forthe benefits we wish to publicise. Although Danish farmers would be willing topurchase such a high quality, product, farmers in some countries would beunlikely to choose a British brand over a domestic product. However, the veryBritishness of the product would appeal to the style-conscious elements of theFrench and Italian markets, summoning up images of the English upper classesand country houses.•Our current product is multi-purpose and as such would not need adapting to suit different sectors of the European market.ConclusionsIt was agreed that although the present logo and product are suitable for globalization as they stand, we propose that the ‘Borders’ concept be adapted for different markets.RecommendationsWe recommend that further studies be carried out into the marketing strategies best suited to different European regions.2A Proposal to Research the Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca MountainRoger BloomOctober 1997IntroductionNuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications.Statement of ProblemOn January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site.There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar toan atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain.Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water.Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.ObjectivesI propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals:(1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and(2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria.According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise,this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible.After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].Plan of ActionThis section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research.The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989].A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995].Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a backgroundon past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the industry may be a secondary audience.Management PlanThis section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience.Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5.Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20.I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.ConclusionMore than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.ReferencesClark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997).。
Name:Course:Section number:I choose the energy problem as my topic. As the world economy growing, the world energy consumption increases correspondingly, while the energy in the world is very limited, therefore, it could not meet the need of social development. I think we can find many solutions to deal with this problem, and the government also did a lot of effort, such as the American government which put forward some measures and new products to increase energy efficiency. However, for those countries having relatively lesser energy reserves, the situation seems to be worse, because the storage of energy stands for the international status and the national competitiveness. Without enough energy, they have to import the energy from other countries which will bring huge economic burden to them. And at the same time, it will bring a lot of inconvenience to people’s life. The people in those countries have to pay more to get the energy and to save energy, they maybe get limited when using the public facility such as the transportation. Choosing the energy problem as my topic, I want to appeal people to pay more attention on this problem in the reason that it relates to the benefits of every person on the earth. And the energy is one of basic elements in our life, we can not live without them. There are also many other problems accompanying with the energy problem. Because the distribution of energy is very unbalanced, although in some places the reserve of energy is very rich, it puts a high demand for the transportation. To solve this problem, we still need to turn to acknowledge and technology and do alot of study and effort. As the global citizen, everyone should do their own contribution to the world. Even a little effort, it will bring huge change to the world.。
A Proposal to Research the Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca MountainRoger BloomOctober 1997IntroductionNuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear wastes have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods forgathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications.Statement of ProblemOn January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site.There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain.Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water.Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to thesevolcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.ObjectivesI propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals:(1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository ofhigh-level radioactive waste; and(2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria.According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups ofpeople. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise, this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible.After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists amongexperts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].Plan of ActionThis section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research.The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989].A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995].Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar withthe history of nuclear waste, I will provide a background on past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the industry may be a secondary audience.Management PlanThis section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience.Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5.Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20.I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.ConclusionMore than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium[Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.ReferencesClark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997).Kerr, R., "New Way to Ask the Experts: Rating Radioactive Waste Risks," Science, vol.274, (November1996), pp. 913-914.Murray, Raymond L., Understanding Nuclear Waste (Battelle Press, 1989).Roush, W., "Can Nuclear Waste Keep Yucca Mountain Dry-and Safe?" Science, vol. 270, (December 1995), pp. 1761-1762.Taubes, G., "Blowup at Yucca Mountain," Science, vol.268, (June 1995), pp. 1836-1839.Do we have to learn to live with slums? Watch Paul Mason's film from the Philippines in fullManila, Philippines: The rich elite in cities across the world want to clear the slums which are now home to a billion people. But many of those who live in shanty towns like that which lines the banks of the San Miguel canal, do not want to leave. Why?I had come to the Philippines to explore a theory but, as always, reality got in the way.I was standing on the bridge over the Estero de San Miguel, a slum in the capital Manila.My host was architect Felino Palafox and he had spread his blueprints across the parapet of the bridge and we were poring over them, with some street kids clambering around us. Palafox was making a big splash with the locals his Star Trek-style traditional Philippines shirt.Find out more∙Slums 101 will be broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Tuesday 16 August 2011 at 20:00 BST∙You can watch Paul's film for Newsnight in full on BBC Two that evening at 22:30 BST∙More about Slums 101∙More from NewsnightThe sweep of the slum was pretty horrible - a curve of water, shacks on both sides, multicoloured plastic rubbish inches deep in the water, and now and then the sound of something hitting the water as somebody used the "wrap and throw" method of sewage disposal into the Estero itself.I needed the bathroom myself, so somebody guided me into a shop - a kiosk really - on the bridge. I clambered down a ladder and then, suddenly, I was in a place whose existence had not really occurred to me. Because if the slum is built right up to the waterway, on stilts, how do you get through it?The answer was a tunnel. Four feet (1.2m) wide, about 5ft 7in (170cm) high (I learned this painfully as I am 5ft 7.5in (171.4cm)) and 600m (1968ft) long.Twelve hundred families live off that tunnel - about 6,000 people. Such is the population density that I realised immediately what the women cradling their kids and swaying absentmindedly in the half light were doing - the same as me, waiting for the toilet.Lack of hopeWhen I came out I was, as Dennis Murphy said to me afterwards, "stoked". Dennis is an ex-Jesuit priest who runs an NGO in Estero de San Miguel that has helped the slum-dwellers organise themselves."You were hyper, manic," he told me later.That was because whenever you enter a slum your spirits do not so much droop as plummet. A fall, with a long "aargh" such as that emitted by the Wily Coyote when The Road Runner gets him to go over a cliff.The Balderas family live in a single 8ft square roomYou suddenly become aware physically - even though you have seen this stuff many times before - of that thing no modern human being wants, limitation, boundedness, a lack of hope.After two minutes down the tunnel I stormed up the ladder and told my crew to stop filming Palafox. Nice though his scheme development plan was, it was on paper. Down in the tunnel was a reality that, despite being in Manila's slums for days, we had not properly seen.Mena Cinco, the barangay captain - a kind of local councillor with the authority of a tribal chieftain - led me down again.We met Rotsi and her family - mum, dad "a driver for a Chinese family", an unspecified family guest, a daughter doing her homework and a toddler. Five people in one-and-a-half rooms."We've been here 20 years," Rotsi told me.Population explosionNext door Oliver Balderas was snoozing with his kids, who were eating ice cream. There was a cartoon on the television and mum was also having a nap - it was about 32C and heavy with humidity.AdvertisementWhy Philippines slum clearance is creating new problemsThey came to the door. Mr Balderas is a construction worker earning about $3.50 (£2.13) a day. The family moved to Estero de San Miguel from a conflict area 10 years ago.The room - about 8ft (2.4m) square, and like all of the Estero, built of wood and floored with lino - is their entire dwelling space.Manila is undergoing a population explosion. Of the around 60 people-an-hour estimated to be arriving here, about half are coming as migrants from the collapsing agriculture sector, and half are born here - so there are kids everywhere.These kids sing a song about the inevitability of poverty and their determination to overcome it.Total rethinkWith the sky glowering when I got out of the tunnel, I was no longer in any mood to go on giving the theory the benefit of the doubt.My instant reaction was this: "There's a theory that says basically slums are here to stay, that they're cohesive, sustainable - green even."I can see the social cohesion bit, but as for green, well, (my nostrils flare at the river smell)."And I can't help thinking the whole theory is a bit of a cop out because why - when in the 19th Century they cleared out places like this in one generation do we, in an era of globalisation, tolerate them?"Mena Cinco is one of the slums' official leadersIf I came out of the Estero de San Miguel "stoked", it was because it challenged my trendy notions, learned from the 2003 UN Habitat report and interviews with various experts, and re-awakened the inner Edwardian-era social reform nostrums my grandparents taught me about slums, which is that they have to be cleared.But then I went back into the San Miguel by night, with Mena still trying to educate me about the social cohesion, and I was forced to rethink it all again.I met business graduates, found an internet cafe, met the volunteer police force and got offered the chance to eat a boiled egg with a chicken embryo.I said I would rather jump in the canal naked, and the local women invite me to do just that.Then, over a beer with ex-Father Dennis, discussing our mutual experiences with the Salesians and the Jesuits, I discovered what one billion people on the planet have discovered - slums are not so bad.They have changed from the Dickensian hell holes of our imagination. Through education and communications technology people are making life bearable for themselves - and of course providing the modern mega-city with an indispensable workforce of cheap labour.The result is we have to confront a question that would have appalled the 19th Century pioneers of city design - do we have to live with slums forever?I do not know the answer to that question - but I now understand the question.Somewhere between the theories of the architects and NGOs and the rigid clearance doctrines of Prada-clad Filipino millionaires, and the night on the streets with the local cops and the day in the countryside with people whose main ambition in life is to live in a Manila slum… I have gone beyond thetheory and experienced the reality.Join Paul Mason on Tuesday 16 August at 20:00 BST on BBC Radio Four, on Newsnight at 22:30BST on BBC Two, and on BBC World TV's Our World slot on 26/27 August, and on the BBC World Service's One Planet on 19 and 26 August to experience it for yourself.。