毕业设计论文外文文献翻译工程管理专业建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理中英文对照

The bridge crack produced the reason to simply analyseIn recent years, the traffic capital construction of our province gets swift and violent development, all parts have built a large number of concrete bridges. In the course of building and using in the bridge, relevant to influence project quality lead of common occurrence report that bridge collapse even because the crack appears The concrete can be said to " often have illness coming on " while fracturing and " frequently-occurring disease ", often perplex bridge engineers and technicians. In fact , if take certain design and construction measure, a lot of cracks can be overcome and controlled. For strengthen understanding of concrete bridge crack further, is it prevent project from endanger larger crack to try one's best, this text make an more overall analysis , summary to concrete kind and reason of production , bridge of crack as much as possible, in order to design , construct and find out the feasible method which control the crack , get the result of taking precautions against Yu WeiRan.Concrete bridge crack kind, origin cause of formation In fact, the origin cause of formation of the concrete structure crack is complicated and various, even many kinds of factors influence each other , but every crack has its one or several kinds of main reasons produced . The kind of the concrete bridge crack, on its reason to produce, can roughly divide several kinds as follows :(1) load the crack caused Concrete in routine quiet .Is it load to move and crack that produce claim to load the crack under the times of stress bridge, summing up has direct stress cracks , two kinds stress crack onces mainly. Direct stress crack refer to outside load direct crack that stress produce that cause. The reason why the crack produces is as follows, 1, Design the stage of calculating , does not calculate or leaks and calculates partly while calculating in structure; Calculate the model is unreasonable; The structure is supposed and accorded with by strength actually by strength ; Load and calculate or leak and calculate few; Internal force and matching the mistake in computation of muscle; Safety coefficient of structure is not enough. Do not consider the possibility that construct at the time of the structural design; It is insufficientto design the section; It is simply little and assigning the mistake for reinforcing bar to set up; Structure rigidity is insufficient; Construct and deal with improperly; The design drawing can not be explained clearly etc.. 2, Construction stage, does not pile up and construct the machines , material limiting ; Is it prefabricate structure structure receive strength characteristic , stand up , is it hang , transport , install to get up at will to understand; Construct not according to the design drawing, alter the construction order of the structure without authorization , change the structure and receive the strength mode; Do not do the tired intensity checking computations under machine vibration and wait to the structure . 3, Using stage, the heavy-duty vehicle which goes beyond the design load passes the bridge; Receive the contact , striking of the vehicle , shipping; Strong wind , heavy snow , earthquake happen , explode etc.. Stress crack once means the stress of secondary caused by loading outside produces the crack. The reason why the crack produces is as follows, 1, In design outside load function , because actual working state and routine , structure of thing calculate have discrepancy or is it consider to calculate, thus cause stress once to cause the structure to fracture in some position. Two is it join bridge arch foot is it is it assign " X " shape reinforcing bar , cut down this place way , section of size design and cut with scissors at the same time to adopt often to design to cut with scissors, theory calculate place this can store curved square in , but reality should is it can resist curved still to cut with scissors, so that present the crack and cause the reinforcing bar corrosion. 2, Bridge structure is it dig trough , turn on hole , set up ox leg ,etc. to need often, difficult to use a accurate one diagrammatic to is it is it calculate to imitate to go on in calculating in routine, set up and receive the strength reinforcing bar in general foundation experience. Studies have shown , after being dug the hole by the strength component , it will produce the diffraction phenomenon that strength flows, intensive near the hole in a utensil, produced the enormous stress to concentrate. In long to step prestressing force of the continuous roof beam , often block the steel bunch according to the needs of section internal force in stepping, set up the anchor head, but can often see the crack in the anchor firm section adjacent place. So if deal with improper, in corner or component form sudden change office , block place to be easy to appear crack strengthreinforcing bar of structure the. In the actual project, stress crack once produced the most common reason which loads the crack. Stress crack once belong to one more piece of nature of drawing , splitting off , shearing. Stress crack once is loaded and caused, only seldom calculate according to the routine too, but with modern to calculate constant perfection of means, times of stress crack to can accomplish reasonable checking computations too. For example to such stresses 2 times of producing as prestressing force , creeping ,etc., department's finite element procedure calculates levels pole correctly now, but more difficult 40 years ago. In the design, should pay attention to avoiding structure sudden change (or section sudden change), when it is unable to avoid , should do part deal with , corner for instance, make round horn , sudden change office make into the gradation zone transition, is it is it mix muscle to construct to strengthen at the same time, corner mix again oblique to reinforcing bar , as to large hole in a utensil can set up protecting in the perimeter at the terms of having angle steel. Load the crack characteristic in accordance with loading differently and presenting different characteristics differently. The crack appear person who draw more, the cutting area or the serious position of vibration. Must point out , is it get up cover or have along keep into short crack of direction to appear person who press, often the structure reaches the sign of bearing the weight of strength limit, it is an omen that the structure is destroyed, its reason is often that sectional size is partial and small. Receive the strength way differently according to the structure, the crack characteristic produced is as follows: 1, The centre is drawn. The crack runs through the component cross section , the interval is equal on the whole , and is perpendicular to receiving the strength direction. While adopting the whorl reinforcing bar , lie in the second-class crack near the reinforcing bar between the cracks. 2, The centre is pressed. It is parallel on the short and dense parallel crack which receive the strength direction to appear along the component. 3, Receive curved. Most near the large section from border is it appear and draw into direction vertical crack to begin person who draw curved square, and develop toward neutralization axle gradually. While adopting the whorl reinforcing bar , can see shorter second-class crack among the cracks. When the structure matches muscles less, there are few but wide cracks, fragility destruction may take place in thestructure 4, Pressed big and partial. Heavy to press and mix person who draw muscle a less one light to pigeonhole into the component while being partial while being partial, similar to receiving the curved component. 5, Pressed small and partial. Small to press and mix person who draw muscle a more one heavy to pigeonhole into the component while being partial while being partial, similar to the centre and pressed the component. 6, Cut. Press obliquly when the hoop muscle is too dense and destroy, the oblique crack which is greater than 45?? direction appears along the belly of roof beam end; Is it is it is it destroy to press to cut to happen when the hoop muscle is proper, underpart is it invite 45?? direction parallel oblique crack each other to appear along roof beam end. 7, Sprained. Component one side belly appear many direction oblique crack, 45?? of treaty, first, and to launch with spiral direction being adjoint. 8, Washed and cut. 4 side is it invite 45?? direction inclined plane draw and split to take place along column cap board, form the tangent plane of washing. 9, Some and is pressed. Some to appear person who press direction roughly parallel large short cracks with pressure.(2) crack caused in temperature changeThe concrete has nature of expanding with heat and contract with cold, look on as the external environment condition or the structure temperature changes, concrete take place out of shape, if out of shape to restrain from, produce the stress in the structure, produce the temperature crack promptly when exceeding concrete tensile strength in stress. In some being heavy to step foot-path among the bridge , temperature stress can is it go beyond living year stress even to reach. The temperature crack distinguishes the main characteristic of other cracks will be varied with temperature and expanded or closed up. The main factor is as follows, to cause temperature and change 1, Annual difference in temperature. Temperature is changing constantly in four seasons in one year, but change relatively slowly, the impact on structure of the bridge is mainly the vertical displacement which causes the bridge, can prop up seat move or set up flexible mound ,etc. not to construct measure coordinate , through bridge floor expansion joint generally, can cause temperature crack only when the displacement of the structure is limited, for example arched bridge , just bridge etc. The annual difference in temperature of our country generally changes therange with the conduct of the average temperature in the moon of January and July. Considering the creep characteristic of the concrete, the elastic mould amount of concrete should be considered rolling over and reducing when the internal force of the annual difference in temperature is calculated. 2, Rizhao. After being tanned by the sun by the sun to the side of bridge panel , the girder or the pier, temperature is obviously higher than other position, the temperature gradient is presented and distributed by the line shape . Because of restrain oneself function, cause part draw stress to be relatively heavy, the crack appears. Rizhao and following to is it cause structure common reason most , temperature of crack to lower the temperature suddenly 3, Lower the temperature suddenly. Fall heavy rain , cold air attack , sunset ,etc. can cause structure surface temperature suddenly dropped suddenly, but because inside temperature change relatively slow producing temperature gradient. Rizhao and lower the temperature internal force can adopt design specification or consult real bridge materials go on when calculating suddenly, concrete elastic mould amount does not consider converting into and reducing 4, Heat of hydration. Appear in the course of constructing, the large volume concrete (thickness exceeds 2. 0), after building because cement water send out heat, cause inside very much high temperature, the internal and external difference in temperature is too large, cause the surface to appear in the crack. Should according to actual conditions in constructing, is it choose heat of hydration low cement variety to try one's best, limit cement unit's consumption, reduce the aggregate and enter the temperature of the mould , reduce the internal and external difference in temperature, and lower the temperature slowly , can adopt the circulation cooling system to carry on the inside to dispel the heat in case of necessity, or adopt the thin layer and build it in succession in order to accelerate dispelling the heat. 5, The construction measure is improper at the time of steam maintenance or the winter construction , the concrete is sudden and cold and sudden and hot, internal and external temperature is uneven , apt to appear in the crack. 6, Prefabricate T roof beam horizontal baffle when the installation , prop up seat bury stencil plate with transfer flat stencil plate when welding in advance, if weld measure to be improper, iron pieces of nearby concrete easy to is it fracture to burn. Adopt electric heat piece draw law piece draw prestressing force at the component ,prestressing force steel temperature can rise to 350 degrees Centigrade , the concrete component is apt to fracture. Experimental study indicates , are caused the intensity of concrete that the high temperature burns to obviously reduce with rising of temperature by such reasons as the fire ,etc., glueing forming the decline thereupon of strength of reinforcing bar and concrete, tensile strength drop by 50% after concrete temperature reaches 300 degrees Centigrade, compression strength drops by 60%, glueing the strength of forming to drop by 80% of only round reinforcing bar and concrete; Because heat, concrete body dissociate ink evaporate and can produce and shrink sharply in a large amount(3) shrink the crack causedIn the actual project, it is the most common because concrete shrinks the crack caused. Shrink kind in concrete, plasticity shrink is it it shrinks (is it contract to do ) to be the main reason that the volume of concrete out of shape happens to shrink, shrink spontaneously in addition and the char shrink. Plasticity shrink. About 4 hours after it is built that in the course of constructing , concrete happens, the cement water response is fierce at this moment, the strand takes shape gradually, secrete water and moisture to evaporate sharply, the concrete desiccates and shrinks, it is at the same time conduct oneself with dignity not sinking because aggregate,so when harden concrete yet,it call plasticity shrink. The plasticity shrink producing amount grade is very big, can be up to about 1%. If stopped by the reinforcing bar while the aggregate sinks, form the crack along the reinforcing bar direction. If web , roof beam of T and roof beam of case and carry baseplate hand over office in component vertical to become sectional place, because sink too really to superficial obeying the web direction crack will happen evenly before hardenning. For reducing concrete plasticity shrink,it should control by water dust when being construct than,last long-time mixing, unloading should not too quick, is it is it take closely knit to smash to shake, vertical to become sectional place should divide layer build. Shrink and shrink (do and contract). After the concrete is formed hard , as the top layer moisture is evaporated progressively , the humidity is reduced progressively , the volume of concrete is reduced, is called and shrunk to shrink (do and contract). Because concrete top layermoisture loss soon, it is slow for inside to lose, produce surface shrink heavy , inside shrink a light one even to shrink, it is out of shape to restrain from by the inside concrete for surface to shrink, cause the surface concrete to bear pulling force, when the surface concrete bears pulling force to exceed its tensile strength, produce and shrink the crack. The concrete hardens after-contraction to just shrink and shrink mainly .Such as mix muscle rate heavy component (exceed 3% ), between reinforcing bar and more obvious restraints relatively that concrete shrink, the concrete surface is apt to appear in the full of cracks crackle. Shrink spontaneously. Spontaneous to it shrinks to be concrete in the course of hardenning , cement and water take place ink react, the shrink with have nothing to do by external humidity, and can positive (whether shrink, such as ordinary portland cement concrete), can negative too (whether expand, such as concrete, concrete of slag cement and cement of fly ash). The char shrinks. Between carbon dioxide and hyrate of cement of atmosphere take place out of shape shrink that chemical reaction cause. The char shrinks and could happen only about 50% of humidity, and accelerate with increase of the density of the carbon dioxide. The char shrinks and seldom calculates . The characteristic that the concrete shrinks the crack is that the majority belongs to the surface crack, the crack is relatively detailed in width , and criss-cross, become the full of cracks form , the form does not have any law . Studies have shown , influence concrete shrink main factor of crack as follows, 1, Variety of cement , grade and consumption. Slag cement , quick-hardening cement , low-heat cement concrete contractivity are relatively high, ordinary cement , volcanic ash cement , alumina cement concrete contractivity are relatively low. Cement grade low in addition, unit volume consumption heavy rubing detailed degree heavy, then the concrete shrinks the more greatly, and shrink time is the longer. For example, in order to improve the intensity of the concrete , often adopt and increase the cement consumption method by force while constructing, the result shrinks the stress to obviously strengthen . 2, Variety of aggregate. Such absorbing water rates as the quartz , limestone , cloud rock , granite , feldspar ,etc. are smaller, contractivity is relatively low in the aggregate; And such absorbing water rates as the sandstone , slate , angle amphibolite ,etc. are greater, contractivity is relatively high. Aggregate grains of foot-path heavy to shrink light inaddition, water content big to shrink the larger. 3, Water gray than. The heavier water consumption is, the higher water and dust are, the concrete shrinks the more greatly. 4, Mix the pharmaceutical outside. It is the better to mix pharmaceutical water-retaining property outside, then the concrete shrinks the smaller. 5, Maintain the method . Water that good maintenance can accelerate the concrete reacts, obtain the intensity of higher concrete. Keep humidity high , low maintaining time to be the longer temperature when maintaining, then the concrete shrinks the smaller. Steam maintain way than maintain way concrete is it take light to shrink naturall. 6, External environment. The humidity is little, the air drying , temperature are high, the wind speed is large in the atmosphere, then the concrete moisture is evaporated fast, the concrete shrinks the faster. 7, Shake and smash the way and time. Machinery shake way of smashing than make firm by ramming or tamping way concrete contractivity take little by hand. Shaking should determine according to mechanical performance to smash time , are generally suitable for 55s / time. It is too short, shake and can not smash closely knit , it is insufficient or not even in intensity to form the concrete; It is too long, cause and divide storey, thick aggregate sinks to the ground floor, the upper strata that the detailed aggregate stays, the intensity is not even , the upper strata incident shrink the crack. And shrink the crack caused to temperature, worthy of constructing the reinforcing bar againing can obviously improve the resisting the splitting of concrete , structure of especially thin wall (thick 200cm of wall ). Mix muscle should is it adopt light diameter reinforcing bar (8 |? construct 14 |? ) to have priority , little interval assign (whether @ 10 construct @ 15cm ) on constructing, the whole section is it mix muscle to be rate unsuitable to be lower than 0 to construct. 3%, can generally adopt 0 . 3%~0. 5%.(4), crack that causes out of shape of plinth of the groundBecause foundation vertical to even to subside or horizontal direction displacement, make the structure produce the additional stress, go beyond resisting the ability of drawing of concrete structure, cause the structure to fracture. The even main reason that subside of the foundation is as follows, 1, Reconnoitres the precision and is not enough for , test the materials inaccuratly in geology. Designing, constructing without fully grasping the geological situation, this is the main reason that cause the ground not to subside evenly .Such as hills area or bridge, district of mountain ridge,, hole interval to be too far when reconnoitring, and ground rise and fall big the rock, reconnoitring the report can't fully reflect the real geological situation . 2, The geological difference of the ground is too large. Building it in the bridge of the valley of the ditch of mountain area, geology of the stream place and place on the hillside change larger, even there are weak grounds in the stream, because the soil of the ground does not causes and does not subside evenly with the compressing. 3, The structure loads the difference too big. Under the unanimous terms, when every foundation too heavy to load difference in geological situation, may cause evenly to subside, for example high to fill out soil case shape in the middle part of the culvert than to is it take heavy to load both sides, to subside soon heavy than both sides middle part, case is it might fracture to contain 4, The difference of basic type of structure is great. Unite it in the bridge the samly , mix and use and does not expand the foundation and a foundation with the foundation, or adopt a foundation when a foot-path or a long difference is great at the same time , or adopt the foundation of expanding when basis elevation is widely different at the same time , may cause the ground not to subside evenly too 5, Foundation built by stages. In the newly-built bridge near the foundation of original bridge, if the half a bridge about expressway built by stages, the newly-built bridge loads or the foundation causes the soil of the ground to consolidate again while dealing with, may cause and subside the foundation of original bridge greatly 6, The ground is frozen bloatedly. The ground soil of higher moisture content on terms that lower than zero degree expands because of being icy; Once temperature goes up , the frozen soil is melted, the setting of ground. So the ground is icy or melts causes and does not subside evenly . 7, Bridge foundation put on body, cave with stalactites and stalagmites, activity fault,etc. of coming down at the bad geology, may cause and does not subside evenly . 8, After the bridge is built up , the condition change of original ground . After most natural grounds and artificial grounds are soaked with water, especially usually fill out such soil of special ground as the soil , loess , expanding in the land ,etc., soil body intensity meet water drop, compress out of shape to strengthen. In the soft soil ground , season causes the water table to drop to draw water or arid artificially, the ground soil layer consolidates and sinks again,reduce the buoyancy on the foundation at the same time , shouldering the obstruction of rubing to increase, the foundation is carried on one's shoulder or back and strengthened .Some bridge foundation is it put too shallow to bury, erode , is it dig to wash flood, the foundation might be moved. Ground load change of terms, bridge nearby is it is it abolish square , grit ,etc. in a large amount to put to pile with cave in , landslide ,etc. reason for instance, it is out of shape that the bridge location range soil layer may be compressed again. So, the condition of original ground change while using may cause and does not subside evenly Produce the structure thing of horizontal thrust to arched bridge ,etc., it is the main reason that horizontal displacement crack emerges to destroy the original geological condition when to that it is unreasonable to grasp incompletely , design and construct in the geological situation.桥梁裂缝产生原因浅析近年来，我省交通基础建设得到迅猛发展，各地建立了大量的混凝土桥梁。

南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：机械系专业：土木工程外文出处：《 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVI ENGINEERING 》(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

指导教师评语：签名：年月日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。

关键词：混凝土裂缝预防处理前言混凝土是一种由砂石骨料、水泥、水及其他外加材料混合而形成的非均质脆性材料。

由于混凝土施工和本身变形、约束等一系列问题，硬化成型的混凝土中存在着众多的微孔隙、气穴和微裂缝，正是由于这些初始缺陷的存在才使混凝土呈现出一些非均质的特性。

微裂缝通常是一种无害裂缝，对混凝土的承重、防渗及其他一些使用功能不产生危害。

但是在混凝土受到荷载、温差等作用之后，微裂缝就会不断的扩展和连通，最终形成我们肉眼可见的宏观裂缝，也就是混凝土工程中常说的裂缝。

混凝土建筑和构件通常都是带缝工作的，由于裂缝的存在和发展通常会使内部的钢筋等材料产生腐蚀，降低钢筋混凝土材料的承载能力、耐久性及抗渗能力，影响建筑物的外观、使用寿命，严重者将会威胁到人们的生命和财产安全。

很多工程的失事都是由于裂缝的不稳定发展所致。

近代科学研究和大量的混凝土工程实践证明，在混凝土工程中裂缝问题是不可避免的，在一定的范围内也是可以接受的，只是要采取有效的措施将其危害程度控制在一定的范围之内。

钢筋混凝土规范也明确规定：有些结构在所处的不同条件下，允许存在一定宽度的裂缝。

但在施工中应尽量采取有效措施控制裂缝产生，使结构尽可能不出现裂缝或尽量减少裂缝的数量和宽度，尤其要尽量避免有害裂缝的出现，从而确保工程质量。

混凝土裂缝产生的原因很多，有变形引起的裂缝：如温度变化、收缩、膨胀、不均匀沉陷等原因引起的裂缝；有外载作用引起的裂缝；有养护环境不当和化学作用引起的裂缝等等。

现浇楼板裂缝防治外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) roduction and prevention and cure of the crack of skyscraperAlong with the speeding of town house construction step, not a few areas with small residences set up one after another, many inhabitants move continuously into the new residence, their quality to housing request is more and more high, particularly pay attention to very much to some cracks circumstances which sprinkle building plank to appear now, worry these cracks' aring end will cause insecurity trouble, but in succession to building quality direct the section hurl tell.Such as once the some city develop a company to set up 6 layers of floorresidence 16 totally, constructing area about 100,000 square meters, the brick mixs structure, the beginning repairs, one steps 2 box off with the brick wall, each one's establishing a turn of beam together building plank is togetherwhole to sprinkle, the plank thick 100 mms, concrete mark number is C20, house long about with 80-90 ms, don't establish flexible sew, first floor is the 2.2 m garage layer, the C20 reinforcing bar cage of the foundation adoption infuses to note a stake.It's small area's turn to complete work in October,2003, finishing construction acceptance, didn't discover obvious crack, discover the building plank appears crack when the inhabitant repair, past jointly to quality direct the section hurl tell, through step to see on the spot, 16 houses all exist the depth different crack.The crack width is between the 0.2 mms mms-0.4ses, the great majority of the crack position is placed in plank four Capes, the dynasty sun is more obvious.Hence, the Superintendent office of quality concerned, sinking to decline quantity and inclination degree to carry on a reexamination to the house first, result all in allow the scope, again look into construction diagram paper to also match to request concerning the norm.Owing to above-mentioned circumstance, pass by hard analytical, the confirmation crack reason has the following what time:1. cause now main reason of sprinkling the plank crack is the constringency of concrete, the concrete is in the nature the hardening the process, because water evaporates continuously, but the physical volume gradual constringency, but the plank is on all sides to be subjected to a stipulation of, can't flex freely,so when the constringency of concrete cause to sprinkle knothole stipulation now should the dint exceed certain limit, certanly will cause to sprinkle plank to open crack now.And the crack part take place much at should the dint more concentrated Cape in the place-plank, but is mutually perpendicular with the Overcast angle line of wall2. construct too early on the cast-in-place board , add and carry on one's shoulder or back the crack caused. " norm of inspection of quality of structural construction of concrete " stipulates , before the concrete intensity reaches 1.2N/mm2, can't trample or install template and support on it . But developer , for race against time , catch up with progress , or concrete at , congeal and congeal stage after all for the first time still in water at the good cast-in-place board just, take up the post of purpose to trample, carry the material , concentrate on piling up fragment of brick , mortar , template ,etc.. Premature adding and is carried on one's shoulder or back, has caused the crack of cast-in-place board artificially.3. the crack which the temperature change causes. As everybody knows, the cement condenses and hardens fast at room temperature, the characteristic such as being great of heat of hydration, especially in summer, after the concrete is built, the release amount of the heat of hydration is great, the concrete is under the high temperature, can't get and water maintenance in time , and desiccate and shrink, make concrete take place dry to split , result in fracturing finally. Investigation find in the majority board corner crack in , tan by the sun towardsthe front directly the sun.4.the house is crossed too long to set up the essential expansion joint , is the reason which causes the crack too. The developer is in order to save the land, often take the length of the house into account , make the house whole too long, set up expansion joint either, because of lack essential expansion joint, freedom flexible degree in house reach or exceed should set up interval that expansion joint require , will present the crack too.5.the board is defeated by the muscle and sunk in the crack produced . In the course of constructing, because constructors operate barbarously, trample the reinforcing bar arbitrarily , cause and shoulder the muscle and sink, the antiabrasion layer is too big, reduce the sectional effective height of the board, make the bearing capacity of the board unable to reach the requirement of ones that design, thus cause the production of the crack of board.Effective height, make the bearing capacity of the board unable to reach the requirement of ones that design, thus cause the production of the crack of board. How to prevent and cure the production of the board crack of cast-in-place board, according to the construction experience for many years, offer some following prevention measures, suitable for consulting :1. Do well cast-in-place board maintain , work , guarantee concrete intensity , prevent and cure important link that crack produce one of conscientiously. The norm stipulates , must cover and keep maintenance warm in 12 hours after the concrete is built at room temperature, ordinary cement is noless than 7 days, if the one that ignored to concrete watered maintenance, on one hand it reduce concrete intensity, on the other hand it make concrete to be in the course of hardening too late to supplement the moisture, therefore lack water and produce the crack in a large amount. So do a good job of watering maintenance of concrete , can already reduce the crack that temperature produces , can also reduce the crack that the concrete shrink and produce .2. cast-in-place board don't pass morning people , pile material , He Shi load , because concrete have a sclerosis course build ,, just have intensity; In this course , should maintain the concrete , can't exert any external force to the concrete . In a situation that the concrete has not had certain intensity yet , concentrate on , pile up construction material or prop up mould stand , rest on it, that brought the cast-in-place board is not intensity like this, but more cracks. So, must make sure that just allow to trample or install template and support on it after the concrete intensity reaches 1.2N/mm2.3. shoulder thickness of antiabrasion layer of the muscle the strict control panel . Cast-in-place board shoulder muscle put , on board , have roof beam according to designing requirement through generally put on reinforcing bar of roof beam or stay with reinforcing bar lashing of roof beam cut off , For control good to shoulder muscle antiabrasion layer thickness , must adopt φ10 - φ14 reinforcing bar horse stool, vertical-horizontal interval 800mm come fixed position to shoulder muscle from side to side, and with electric welding horse with shoulder muscle weld firm stool, make horse to be stool while the concretebuilds non-wiping, guarantee , shoulder muscle sink, control , shoulder muscle thickness of antiabrasion layer effectively , make board shoulder muscle antiabrasion layer cross thick producing cracking.4. control good sand , stone in a foot-path and mud content strictly. The thick sand in the cast-in-place board should be selected for use, a stone of foot-path between 0.25-0.5mm, the mud content of grit can't exceed 1% . Sand,, stone grains of foot-path careful and too light, mud content too big, will reduce concrete intensity, will make the concrete produce the crack finally.5. dispose certain amounts of angle muscles in four corners of the board , radiate the muscle . Take place in board corner phenomenon this more to cast-in-place board crack, corner set up all around in boardThe length radiates the muscle for about 1800mm, so as to meet demands of angle stress of the board, the stress sphere of action of making the cast-in-place board produce the crack conforms with radiation muscle, thus change and control the production of the crack effectivelyforced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ , Ⅲ , Ⅳ grade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinforcing bar ) with ribbing of φ18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy.Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure φⅡ, Ⅲgrade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil building and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for for the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ, Ⅲgrade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.These are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.References1.construction manual write the group. Construction manual. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 1992.2.JGJ107-96 reinforcing bar machinery connects the common technical regulation 3 GB 1499-91 The armored concrete uses the reinforcing bar.3.GB with ribbing of hot rolling 13013-91 The armored concrete uses the round reinforcing bar of hot calendaring.现浇楼板裂缝的产生与防治随着城市住宅建设步伐的加快，不少住宅小区相继建成，许多住户陆续搬进新居，他们对住房的质量要求越来越高，尤其对一些现浇楼板出现的裂缝情况非常关注，担心这些裂缝最终会引发不安全事故，而纷纷向建筑质量监督部门投诉。

建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age scienceresearch with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short todistribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharplyconstringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity ofHang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce throughsex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rockand old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsiscoating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire,plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.4, the electricity chemistry protection methodThe electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of antisepsis.Cathode protection method, chlorine salt's withdrawing a method, alkalescence to recover a method is a chemistry protection method in three kinds of in common use but valid method.The advantage of this kind of method is a protection method under the influence of environment factor smaller, apply reinforcing bar, concrete of long-term antisepsis, since can used for crack structure already can also used for new set up structure.5, imitate to living from legal moreImitate to living from heal the method be a kind of new crack treatment, its mimicry living creature organization secrete a certain material towards suffering wound part auto, but make the wound part heal of function, join some and special composition(suchas contain to glue knot of the liquid Xin fiber or capsule) in the concrete of the tradition the composition, at concrete inner part formation the intelligence type imitate to living from heal nerve network system, be the concrete appear crack secrete a parts of liquid Xin fiber can make the crack re- heal.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》译文：建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。

英文原文：Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's is 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material. Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality. The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger. But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety. A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the resultthat. Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside. The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision: Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width. But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack: Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack; Have outside carry the crack that the function cause; Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect. Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, workout a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week. In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative. Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result: The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack. The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation. Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm,the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute. Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure: While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement. Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water. Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity. Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time. Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect. Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency. The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the center thin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance. Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm. It creation of main reason is: The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhapsconcrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked. The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure: One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire. Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage. Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through. Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface. Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that; Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack. This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation. Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller. The foundation aftertransform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure: One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce. Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even. Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water. Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence. Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure. Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope ofthe concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce through sex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface,layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rock and old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcingbar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis coating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to haveinfluence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire, plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.4, the electricity chemistry protection methodThe electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attainthe purpose of antisepsis.Cathode protection method, chlorine salt's withdrawing a method, alkalescence to recover a method is a chemistry protection method in three kinds of in common use but valid method.The advantage of this kind of method is a protection method under the influence of environment factor smaller, apply reinforcing bar, concrete of long-term antisepsis, since can used for crack structure already can also used for new set up structure.5, imitate to living from legal moreImitate to living from heal the method be a kind of new crack treatment, its mimicry living creature organization secrete a certain material towards suffering wound part auto, but make the wound part heal of function, join some and special composition(such as contain to glue knot of the liquid Xin fiber or capsule) in the concrete of the tradition the composition, at concrete inner part formation the intelligence type imitate to living from heal nerve network system, be the concrete appear crack secrete a parts of liquid Xin fiber can make the crack re- heal.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》中文原文：建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。

Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing ForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering. Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and antiShen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus. Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance. In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention 1.Stem Suo crack and prevention Stem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pullshould dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant. Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew. 2.The Su constringency crack and prevention Su constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist itsconstringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity……etc.. Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time. 3.Sink to sink crack and prevention The creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in theasymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability. Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough andjust degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure. 4.Temperature crack and prevention Temperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation. The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce through sex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or closeparallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shenability etc.. Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement……etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lowBuilding construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing ForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering. Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and antiShen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus. Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause ofcrack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance. In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention 1.Stem Suo crack and prevention Stem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant. Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew. 2.The Su constringency crack and prevention Su constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist itsconstringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature,wind velocity, rela tive humidity……etc.. Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time. 3.Sink to sink crack and prevention The creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability. Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough andjust degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure. 4.Temperature crack and prevention Temperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crackusually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation. The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce through sex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or closeparallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc.. Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement……etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rock and old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside. 5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction cause Alkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack. The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage。

外文翻译资料Construction cracks in concretecauses and preventionConstruction cracks in concrete, causes and preventionConstruction cracks of concrete reason for the external and internal. The initial mainly refers to the internal defects of concrete in early concrete, its internal hardening process will exist numerous micro-pores, air-pocket and micro cracks, External refers to the load reason: temperature crack, dry shrinkage effect etc. In these, can produce various forms of concrete cracks. To grasp the construction process of raw materials, in pouring process configuration of progress and thickness, grasp timely maintenance work well, which can avoid concrete cracks. A, The cause of the tear1.The initial defects of concreteConcrete is composed of cement, sand aggregate, mixed with water and other materials and formation of heterogeneity brittle materials. In the beginning, because hardened concrete construction and deformation, a series of problems, such as constraint in the concrete shape sclerosis will exist numerous micro-pores, air-pocket and micro cracks of concrete that usually called initial defects. Micro cracks is usually a cracks in the concrete, bearing, and some other function not harm. But under load, temperature of concrete, shrinkage and function, micro cracks will be expanded and connectivity, and finally form the visible cracks of concrete, macroscopic crack, said it was the use of concrete structure, properties and durability of adverse effects.2.The load factorDue to the tensile strength of concrete structure or structures, small as a part of the external effects of stress than concrete tensile strength, will crack. Therefore, the concrete in the load and the load, can produce a crack. To load the crack, can produce by reasonable design and construction to prevent. For the load of crack, due to reasons, it is hardto handle and prevent. The more common than load factors have temperature, dry shrinkage, settling contraction deformation, plastic shrinkage deformation, etc, in these function, can make concrete inside tensile stress.3.Big volume concrete crack formation reasonsMassive concrete cracking reasons can be divided into two types: one is the structural cracks, is caused by external load, 2 it is material of crack is not caused by the changes of deformation and temperature stress and is mainly composed of concrete's shrinkage. This article mainly discussed type materials. One specific reasons are as follows: The temperature stress caused by fracture (temperature crack) temperature cracks in the main reason is caused by temperature difference. Temperature can be divided into three types: early concrete pouring, produce large amounts of the hydration heat, due to the concrete is a poor conductor of heat accumulation in concrete, the hydration heat to send out, often make internal temperatures rise, concrete and reinforced concrete surface temperature for outdoor environment temperature, it is formed, the temperature and temperature inside of condensate in early concrete tensile stress when more than concrete compressive strength, will cause cracking in concrete, In addition, in the dismantling formwork, surface temperature and reduce the temperature caused by fast, and will cause cracking. When the concrete temperature, maximum heat radiates to the minimum temperature, temperature, or use them with the highest temperature difference is the internal temperature, These three temperature will produce temperature crack. In these three temperature, is mainly caused by hydration heat and the temperature.Shrinkage crack contraction there are many causes, including drying shrinkage, plastic shrinkage, shrinkage, carbonation contraction, etc. Here mainly introduces drying shrinkage and plastic shrinkage.After drying shrinkage of concrete sclerosis, in dry environment, the water concrete to the loss caused by inside extroversion, concrete the shrinkage deformation cracks.The plastic shrinkage of cement and concrete in the activity of higher temperature, or in low water-cement condition exacerbate cause craze. When the concrete surface water obviously decreased, lactation evaporation of water cannot get the timely supplements, then concrete is still in a state of plastic, by a concrete surface tension, uneven distribution will appear the cracks of concrete cracks, and further intensify the moisture inside body, and further expansion crack Second, the measures to prevent cracksFrom the above analysis, the crack is mainly caused by temperature difference and contraction, so in order to prevent the cracks of, will maximize reduce temperature and reduce the shrinkage of concrete, specific measures as follows.1. Optimizing raw materials(1)Cement. The cement should be chosen according to the engineering properties, construction condition, climate and other technical requirements, comprehensive consideration, to meet the strength and durability of concrete design requirements. When the choice should be labeled with cement concrete design match the label. For full strength of cement, cement, cement save from the label for concrete label 1.5 to 2 times as appropriate.(2) aggregate. (a) coarse aggregate. The coarse aggregate concrete rubble is close-grained, must have the enough strength, hard to expand the coarse aggregate size. To ensure the concrete pouring dao close-grained, coarse aggregate maximum diameter less than the minimum size of the structural sections 1/4, also not greater than the minimum distance between steel net for thickness 3/4, in 10 centimeters and concrete, allowing adoptsmaximum diameter 1 1/2 of the aggregate number, but it shall not exceed 25%. (b) fine aggregate. Sand particle gradation of technical properties of concrete influence, requests the porosity and total surface area small, small need total surface on the surface of the gravel package will reduce quantity of cement slurry, can reduce the dosage of cement hydration heat, reduce to prevent cracks. On the other hand is to control the hydraulic sand, the content of 5% in concrete, "the contraction deformation, the hydraulic and larger crack, fine aggregate to use clean in the sand.(3) admixtures. (a) water-reducing agent. Jianshuiji belongs to the surface active substances, is a kind of cement dispersant. Its main function of improving concrete workability, reduce the consumption of concrete mixture, reduce water-cement ratio increases, and improve the liquidity of concrete strength of concrete or keep in concrete cement strength must decrease, while the water-cement ratio, the dosage of cement to prevent cracking is reduced. (b) retarder. Retarder is delaying the role of concrete exothermic peak time, 2 it is to improve workability, and reduce the loss of collapsbillity. (c) air-entraining agent. In the application of concrete air-entraining agent for improving the concrete workability, can pump, improving the concrete durability is very favorable. In a certain extent increase anti-cracking performance of concrete.(4) mass concrete chooses raw materials should pay attention to the following:①The coarse aggregate gradation, appropriate USES continuous fine aggregate ZhongSha should be adopted.②Admixtures appropriate USES retarder, water-reducer, Admixtures appropriate USES fly ash, slag powder etc.③In mass concrete strength of concrete and the slump and the requirements of the premise, should improve mixing and aggregate content,in order to reduce the dosage of cement concrete alone.④ Should try to choose cement hydration heat low, setting time is long, the cement, low thermal Portland cement slag silicate cement, cement, slag dam Portland cement, coal ash Portland cement, volcanic gray Portland cement, etc.However, the slag cement hydration heat low water cement ratio of chromatography in other large, casting lots of water surface layer. This phenomenon is not only affect lactation water, also influence the construction speed and quality of construction. Because the water gathered in separation between the two casting concrete surface layer, change, and water-cement ratio in the water and took out some of the mortar, thus forming a layer of interlining content, destroyed the cohesive force of concrete and holistic. The size of the water concrete lactation with water water, water, lactation; And with the temperature, water separation of time with temperature completely and shortening, In addition, also with the composition and fineness of cement. Therefore, in selecting slag cement should be chosen when the varieties, and lactation shall be adding water-reducing agent in concrete, to reduce the consumption. During construction, should be in water or mixing some tomography uniform rolling cement casting in water, with 3-degrees vibration compaction, continue again after a concrete casting.2.the reasonable construction method(1) The concrete mixing and transportation. (a) white, accurate grasp of concrete proportion, especially the strict control of water consumption, the determination of sand. Records of every block water cement, sand and gravel, specific quantity, the application must be accurate to scale, by mixing. Good control of concrete slump and general shoulds not be too big, in 120 ± 20 mm. To minimize the mouth 3 concrete temperature. (b) concrete mixing in a storehouse after good transportprocess, to prevent to produce separation, lactation water, mortar loss should shorten transportation time, concrete loading not too full. (2)Concrete pouring and open mode. Pouring process may be close-grained, vibration to vibration time should be uniform in surface functional plasma advisable, uniform spacing, vibrating force scope affected overlap 1/2 advisable, after casting, compaction, surface must, in order to prevent the surface crack. Try to avoid in the solar radiation, high time due to the needs of the project if pouring in summer construction, avoid noon pouring temperature period, try to arrange at night. Time should be removed, according to air temperature and strength. In the actual temperature curing of the concrete conditions of strength, strength design of concrete center and 75%, the lowest temperature control surface in 25 degrees Celsius, expected the concrete surface temperature drop more than 9 degrees Celsius above does not allow removed.(3) Do surface insulation protection of mass concrete temperature crack, is mainly caused by excessive temperature. Concrete pouring, due to internal heat faster, more surface temperature will form the internal and external surface by internal restraint, contraction, but the tensile stress, not more than usually have small tensile strength and the concrete cracks. But if the air raid, or by excessive ventilation cooling, make the surface temperature will easily lead to excessive temperature crack in the concrete, and so on, especially after dismantling formwork, low season in the immediate surface protection. To prevent excessive temperature crack, cause surface. In addition, the average day temperature in 2 ~ 3d consecutive decline not less than 6 ~ 8 degrees Celsius, 28d age concrete surface must surface within the protection.(4) Of the mass concrete casting:Construction scheme, besides should satisfy each place of concrete in early before a new concrete are covered and rammed finished outside,still should consider structure size, steel pipe, buries the bolts and leave, concrete and hydration heat supply, the influence of factors such as the commonly used method has the following kinds:Comprehensive stratified:In the first layer after pouring all comprehensive casting, casting back second, should make the first layer of concrete yet, so early, continuous casting until completion by far. Using this scheme, applicable to the general structure of planar size shoulds not be too big, when construction from the short side began to push along the long side, is more appropriate. When necessary, can be divided into two sections from middle to both ends to or from the middle and construction.Section 2 layer:Concrete casting, starting from scratch, casting a certain distance to the second floor, so after pouring in other layers on casting. Due to the total number of layers, therefore, after the first layer top pouring concrete yet at the end of the beginning of the second period, and can turn from layered casting. This scheme is applicable to units within the time required, the supply of concrete less like the first option on that. This scheme is applicable to structure is too big and thickness of large area or length.Incline stratified:Requirements of slope not greater than cant 1/3, applicable to greatly exceed the length of the structure of the thickness of the three times. From the bottom layer of concrete casting, gradually move.3.maintenance measuresMaintenance of mass concrete construction is a vital work. Maintain proper maintenance is mainly to control temperature and humidity, temperature, promote concrete outside the normal development of the strength of concrete and prevent the cracks of concrete and development.According to the specific circumstances of should as far as possible much maintenance period of time, after dismantling formwork should immediately, covering protection to prevent recent climate, sudden cold temperature, prevent and control in early concrete cracks and medium. The massive concrete curing, not only to satisfy the need that still should increase by artificial temperature control, due to temperature caused by deformation of the concrete cracking. After the completion of the concrete curing time to keep the concrete surface spraying maintenance, such as reducing often humid heat outside pour cans, and prevent dry crack and promote the stable growth of concrete strength. In general 18h 12 ~ after pouring in immediately start maintenance, maintenance time not less than 28d or design age.4 CooledIf in the high-temperature seasonal construction, should be in early general refrigeration adopted to reduce the water temperature, but the peak of concrete, water cannot too long, for a long time can cause excessive temperature range of temperature stress caused by large. In order to cut inside and outside, still should temperature in summer jiamoqiuchu undertake metaphase is cooled by water, river, general middle water lasted about two months. Later, water is made concrete cylindrical blocks the necessary measures to juncture grouting, generally USES water and cooling water through the combination scheme.Third, the conclusionConcrete crack, especially large volume concrete crack is currently scholars and engineering is an important problem of attention, through the above analysis, the material of mass concrete crack is mainly composed of temperature stress and concrete's shrinkage, the author thinks carefully select material, and in the use of reasonable construction method, can effectively prevent the cracks.混凝土施工裂缝原因及防治混凝土施工裂缝原因不外乎外因和内因。

Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem，this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword：Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone，cement，water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself，control etc。

a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole，spirit cave and tiny crack，is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc。

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Roduction and prevention and cure of the crack of skyscraperRothbard MAlong with the speeding of town house construction step, not a few areas with small residences set up one after another, many inhabitants move continuously into the new residence, their quality to housing request is more and more high, particularly pay attention to very much to some cracks circumstances which sprinkle building plank to appear now, worry these cracks' aring end will cause insecurity trouble, but in succession to building quality direct the section hurl tell.Such as once the some city develop a company to set up 6 layers of floor residence 16 totally, constructing area about 100,000 square meters, the brick mixs structure, the beginning repairs, one steps 2 box off with the brick wall, each one's establishing a turn of beam together building plank is togetherwhole to sprinkle, the plank thick 100 mms, concrete mark number is C20, house long about with 80-90 ms, don't establish flexible sew, first floor is the 2.2 m garage layer, the C20 reinforcing bar cage of the foundation adoption infuses to note a stake.It's small area's turn to complete work in October,2003, finishing construction acceptance, didn't discover obvious crack, discover the building plank appears crackwhen the inhabitant repair, past jointly to quality direct the section hurl tell, through step to see on the spot, 16 houses all exist the depth different crack.The crack width is between the 0.2 mms mms-0.4ses, the great majority of the crack position is placed in plank four Capes, the dynasty sun is more obvious.Hence, the Superintendent office of quality concerned, sinking to decline quantity and inclination degree to carry on a reexamination to the house first, result all in allow the scope, again look into construction diagram paper to also match to request concerning the norm.Owing to above-mentioned circumstance, pass by hard analytical, the confirmation crack reason has the following what time:1. cause now main reason of sprinkling the plank crack is the constringency of concrete, the concrete is in the nature the hardening the process, because water evaporates continuously, but the physical volume gradual constringency, but the plank is on all sides to be subjected to a stipulation of, can't flex freely, so when the constringency of concrete cause to sprinkle knothole stipulation now should the dint exceed certain limit, certanly will cause to sprinkle plank to open crack now.And the crack part take place much at should the dint more concentrated Cape in the place-plank, but is mutually perpendicular with the Overcast angle line of wall2. construct too early on the cast-in-place board , add and carry on one's shoulder or back the crack caused. " norm of inspection of qualityof structural construction of concrete " stipulates , before the concrete intensity reaches 1.2N/mm2, can't trample or install template and support on it . But developer , for race against time , catch up with progress , or concrete at , congeal and congeal stage after all for the first time still in water at the good cast-in-place board just, take up the post of purpose to trample, carry the material , concentrate on piling up fragment of brick , mortar , template ,etc.. Premature adding and is carried on one's shoulder or back, has caused the crack of cast-in-place board artificially.3. the crack which the temperature change causes. As everybody knows, the cement condenses and hardens fast at room temperature, the characteristic such as being great of heat of hydration, especially in summer, after the concrete is built, the release amount of the heat of hydration is great, the concrete is under the high temperature, can't get and water maintenance in time , and desiccate and shrink, make concrete take place dry to split , result in fracturing finally. Investigation find in the majority board corner crack in , tan by the sun towards the front directly the sun.4.the house is crossed too long to set up the essential expansion joint , is the reason which causes the crack too. The developer is in order to save the land, often take the length of the house into account , make the house whole too long, set up expansion joint either, because of lack essential expansion joint, freedom flexible degree in house reach orexceed should set up interval that expansion joint require , will present the crack too.5.the board is defeated by the muscle and sunk in the crack produced . In the course of constructing, because constructors operate barbarously, trample the reinforcing bar arbitrarily , cause and shoulder the muscle and sink, the antiabrasion layer is too big, reduce the sectional effective height of the board, make the bearing capacity of the board unable to reach the requirement of ones that design, thus cause the production of the crack of board.Effective height, make the bearing capacity of the board unable to reach the requirement of ones that design, thus cause the production of the crack of board. How to prevent and cure the production of the board crack of cast-in-place board, according to the construction experience for many years, offer some following prevention measures, suitable for consulting :1. Do well cast-in-place board maintain , work , guarantee concrete intensity , prevent and cure important link that crack produce one of conscientiously. The norm stipulates , must cover and keep maintenance warm in 12 hours after the concrete is built at room temperature, ordinary cement is no less than 7 days, if the one that ignored to concrete watered maintenance, on one hand it reduce concrete intensity, on the other hand it make concrete to be in the course of hardening too late to supplementthe moisture, therefore lack water and produce the crack in a large amount. So do a good job of watering maintenance of concrete , can already reduce the crack that temperature produces , can also reduce the crack that the concrete shrink and produce . 2. cast-in-place board don't pass morning people , pile material , He Shi load , because concrete have a sclerosis course build ,, just have intensity; In this course , should maintain the concrete , can't exert any external force to the concrete . In a situation that the concrete has not had certain intensity yet , concentrate on , pile up construction material or prop up mould stand , rest on it, that brought the cast-in-place board is not intensity like this, but more cracks. So, must make sure that just allow to trample or install template and support on it after the concrete intensity reaches 1.2N/mm2.3. shoulder thickness of antiabrasion layer of the muscle the strict control panel . Cast-in-place board shoulder muscle put , on board , have roof beam according to designing requirement through generally put on reinforcing bar of roof beam or stay with reinforcing bar lashing of roof beam cut off , For control good to shoulder muscle antiabrasion layer thickness , must adopt φ10 - φ14 reinforcing bar horse stool, vertical-horizontal interval 800mm come fixed position to shoulder muscle from side to side, and with electric welding horse with shoulder muscle weld firm stool, make horse to be stool while the concrete builds non-wiping, guarantee , shoulder muscle sink, control , shoulder musclethickness of antiabrasion layer effectively , make board shoulder muscle antiabrasion layer cross thick producing cracking.4. control good sand , stone in a foot-path and mud content strictly. The thick sand in the cast-in-place board should be selected for use, a stone of foot-path between 0.25-0.5mm, the mud content of grit can't exceed 1% . Sand,, stone grains of foot-path careful and too light, mud content too big, will reduce concrete intensity, will make the concrete produce the crack finally.5. dispose certain amounts of angle muscles in four corners of the board , radiate the muscle . Take place in board corner phenomenon this more to cast-in-place board crack, corner set up all around in boardThe length radiates the muscle for about 1800mm, so as to meet demands of angle stress of the board, the stress sphere of action of making the cast-in-place board produce the crack conforms with radiation muscle, thus change and control the production of the crack effectively forced concrete structure reinforced with an overview ReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy andmaterial, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳgrade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinforcing bar ) with ribbing of φ18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy.Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure φⅡ, Ⅲgrade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil building and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for for the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ, Ⅲgrade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.These are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.Causes of cracks in concrete and control measuresShrinkage cracksShrinkage cracks are caused by the humidity, it accounts for non-structural cracks in concrete in the main part. We know that concrete is a cement as the main cementing material to natural sand, stone aggregate mixing water, after casting molding, hardens and the formation of artificial stone.In the construction, in order to ensure its workability, often adding cement hydration than water needed for 4 to 5 times more water. More of these water to free state exists, and the gradualevaporation of the hardening process, resulting in the formation of large pores inside the concrete, voids or holes, resulting in volume shrinkage of concrete. In addition, the hardening process of concrete hydration and carbonation of concrete volume will lead to shrinkage. According to the experimental determination of the ultimate shrinkage of concrete is about 0104% ~ 0106%.Shows that shrinkage is the inherent physical properties of concrete, in general, the larger water-cement ratio, the higher the concrete strength, aggregate less, the higher the temperature, surface water loss is larger, the larger the value of its contract, the more easily shrinkage cracks. According to the formation of shrinkage cracks and formation mechanism of the time, works in the common shrinkage cracks are mainly plastic shrinkage cracks, settlement shrinkage cracking and drying shrinkage cracks in three categories, in addition to their contract (chemical shrinkage) cracks and carbonation shrinkage cracks.Plastic shrinkage cracks Plastic shrinkage cracks in concrete plastic stage, before the final set. The cause of this is concrete paste and quickly evaporating water flow to the surface, with the increase in water loss, capillary negative pressure generated by contraction of the concrete surface of the drastic volume shrinkage. Strength of concrete at a time has not yet formed, which resulted in cracking of the concrete surface.This multi-cracks in dry weather, hot and windy, the fracture shallow, intermediate width, both ends of the fine, of different lengths, anddisconnected.中文译文现浇楼板裂缝的产生与防治Rothbard M随着城镇住宅建设步伐的加快，不少小区居住区相继成立，不少居民不断迁入新居，其对住房要求的质量越来越高，尤其是要重视现在一些散落的建筑板出现裂缝的情况，担心这些裂缝的坍塌会造成不安全的麻烦，但相继对建筑质量直接段投诉。

毕业论文外文翻译-建筑施工混凝土开裂预防加工Prevention and Treatment of Concrete Cracks in Building ConstructionAbstract：Concrete is widely used in building construction because of its advantages such as durability, strength and low maintenance cost. However, concrete cracks can not only affect the aesthetic appearance of buildings, but also have negative impact on structural integrity and durability. This paper focuses on the prevention and treatment of concrete cracks in building construction. Firstly, the causes of concrete cracking are analyzed, including shrinkage, thermal stress, structural design, material quality and construction quality. Then, preventive measures in design and construction are proposed, such as proper reinforcement arrangement, control of concrete mix proportions, proper curing and protection after pouring, etc. Treatment measures for existing concrete cracks include surface treatment, filling and injection, and reinforcement. Finally, some new techniques are briefly introduced, such as fiber-reinforced concrete, self-healing concrete and material testing technology. This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the prevention and treatment of concrete cracks in building construction, and proposes practical solutions to improve the quality of concrete structures.Key words: concrete cracks; building construction; prevention; treatmentIntroduction：Concrete is a popular building material due to its properties such as durability, strength and low maintenance cost. However, concrete cracking is a common problem in building construction, which can not only affect the aesthetic appearance of buildings, but also have negative impact on structural integrity and durability. Therefore, preventing and treating concrete cracks are crucial to ensure the long-term performance of buildings. This paper analyzes the causes of concrete cracking in building construction, and proposes preventive and treatment measures based on practical experience and research.1. Causes of Concrete Cracking：1.1 ShrinkageShrinkage is the most common cause of concrete cracking, which is due to the decrease in volume of concrete as it dries and hardens. Shrinkage can be classified into autogenous shrinkage, plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage.Autogenous shrinkage is caused by the chemical reaction between water and cement, and it can lead to micro-cracks. Plastic shrinkage is caused by the evaporation of water from the surface of fresh concrete, which can cause cracks in the surface layer. Drying shrinkage is caused by the loss of moisture from the hardened concrete, which can lead to cracks in the bulk of the structure.1.2 Thermal StressThermal stress is another cause of concrete cracking, which is due to the temperature difference between the interior and exterior of concrete. When the temperature change is rapid or large, thermal stress can exceed the tensile strength of concrete and cause cracking.1.3 Structural DesignPoor structural design can also cause concrete cracking. For example, inadequate reinforcement or improper placement of reinforcement can lead to excessive stress concentration and cracking. In addition, insufficient structural support or improper joint design can also cause concrete cracking.1.4 Material QualityThe quality of concrete materials such as cement, aggregates and water can also affect concrete cracking. Poor quality materials can result in uneven shrinkage, low strength, and high water permeability, which can cause cracking.1.5 Construction QualityConstruction quality is an important factor in the prevention of concrete cracking. Improper placement, compaction and curing of concrete can lead to poor quality, which can cause cracking. In addition, inadequate protection measures such as insufficient cover or damage to the surface layer can also cause cracking.2. Prevention of Concrete Cracking：2.1 Reinforcement ArrangementProper reinforcement arrangement is essential to prevent concrete cracking. The size, spacing and distribution of reinforcement should be designed according to the structural requirements and the characteristics of concrete. In addition, the use of fiber reinforcement can improve the crack resistance of concrete.2.2 Control of Concrete Mix ProportionsThe control of concrete mix proportions is critical to the prevention of concrete cracking. The ratio of water to cement, the type and quality of aggregates, and the use of admixtures should be carefully considered to ensure proper workability and strength of concrete.2.3 Proper Curing and ProtectionProper curing and protection measures can effectively prevent concrete cracking. Adequate moist curing can reduce evaporation and shrinkage, and increase strength and durability. In addition, proper protection measures such as sufficient cover and protective coatings can protect the surface layer of concrete from damage.3. Treatment of Concrete Cracks：3.1 Surface TreatmentSurface treatment is a common method to repair concrete cracks. The damaged concrete is removed, and the surface is cleaned and roughened. Then, a bonding agent is applied and a new layer of concrete is poured to fill the crack.3.2 Filling and InjectionFilling and injection is another effective method to repair concrete cracks. The crack is filled with cementitious material, such as epoxy or polymer, to restore theintegrity of the structure. Injection is also used to repair cracks in reinforced concrete structures, where the material is injected under pressure to fill the voids and cracks.3.3 ReinforcementReinforcement is used when the crack is severe and structural integrity is compromised. Steel bars or plates are installed into the crack and bonded to the surrounding concrete to restore the strength and load-carrying capacity of the structure.4. New Techniques：4.1 Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteFiber-reinforced concrete is a new type of concrete that contains short fibers, such as glass, steel or synthetic fibers, which can improve the crack resistance and toughness of concrete.4.2 Self-Healing ConcreteSelf-healing concrete is a novel material that can repair micro-cracks by itself through the chemical reaction between water and the embedded capsules.4.3 Material Testing TechnologyMaterial testing technology such as acoustic emission and electrical resistance can effectively detect and monitor the formation and propagation of cracks in concrete structures, and provide early warning for potential failures.Conclusion：Concrete cracking is a common problem in building construction, which can affect the aesthetic appearance, structural integrity and durability of buildings. This paper analyzes the causes of concrete cracking, and proposes practical preventive and treatment measures to improve the quality of concrete structures. In addition, some new techniques such as fiber-reinforced concrete, self-healing concrete andmaterial testing technology are briefly introduced. With proper design, construction and maintenance, the occurrence and impact of concrete cracking can be effectively reduced, and the long-term performance of concrete structures can be ensured.。