Security An Exploratory Study of Middle School Children’s Information Security Behavior

小学上册英语第6单元暑期作业(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The goldfinch's song is pleasant to ______ (听).2. A frog's legs help it swim and ______ (跳).3.I love playing with my ________ (玩具车) on the floor.4.My cousin is always . (我的表兄弟/表姐妹总是。

)5.The process of separating components of a mixture using a filter is called _______.6.The ____ has sharp claws and is very agile.7.He likes to play _______.8.What do you call a young female chimpanzee?A. InfantB. PupC. CubD. Kit答案: A9.The ice cream truck is ______ (coming) down the street.10.The wind blows through the ______ (树叶). It sounds very ______ (宁静).11. A supernova is the explosion of a dying ______.12.ts can grow from __________ (切割). Some pla13.The chemical formula for citric acid is ________.14.The _______ has a variety of colors and shapes.15.I can ______ (识别) different species of birds.16.Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of ______.17.We can _______ (一起) read a book.18.The butterfly starts as a _________ (毛毛虫).19.Mahatma Gandhi led India to independence through ______ (非暴力) resistance.20.The _______ of an object can be affected by the surface it is on.21.The basic building blocks of matter are called _____.22.The ________ (季节性) affects flowering times.23.The ________ is green and leafy.24.I like to customize my ________ (玩具) with stickers.25.The sun rises in the ______ (east).26.__________ (有机化合物) contain carbon and are found in living things.27.The __________ is a famous area known for its artistic contributions.28.My dad enjoys going to the ____ (movies).29.What is the name of the famous river in China?A. YangtzeB. MekongC. GangesD. Indus答案:A30.The ______ is the largest bird that cannot fly.31.The ______ is a symbol of peace.32.The ______ (小鹿) grazes in the open field, enjoying the warm ______ (阳光).33. A _____ can be very bright and is often seen at night.34.The process of using heat to break down a substance is called _______.35.My ________ (玩具名称) inspires me every day.36. A neutral solution has equal concentrations of ______.37.The capital of the Netherlands is _______.38.What is the term for the outer layer of the atmosphere?A. TroposphereB. StratosphereC. MesosphereD. Exosphere答案:D.Exosphere39.I enjoy learning about history, especially __________.40.What do you call the scientific study of the mind and behavior?A. PsychologyB. SociologyC. AnthropologyD. Psychiatry答案: A41.I always help my mom with ______.42.The _____ (trophy) is shiny.43.She likes to play with her ___. (friends)44.They are eating ________ for lunch.45.The _____ (spaceship) Apollo 11 took astronauts to the moon.46.The main source of energy for the Earth is _____.47.She is wearing a cute ___. (outfit)48.Mice are known for being very _________ (敏捷).49.The process of freezing turns a liquid into a __________.50.The symbol for carbon is _______.51.The cat is ________ on the sofa.52.The chemical formula for propane is ______.53.I have a new ___. (computer)54.The ________ was a vital treaty that shaped international relations.55.The _____ (植物保护) is important for biodiversity.56. Wall of China was built to protect against ________. The Grea57.What do we call a person who studies the nature of reality?A. PhilosopherB. ScientistC. MathematicianD. Historian答案: A58. A ____ is a curious animal that explores new places.59.I love to watch the stars at ______ (夜晚). They twinkle like ______ (宝石).60.She is _______ (coloring) a picture.61.What is the name of the famous landmark in Paris?A. Eiffel TowerB. Louvre MuseumC. Arc de TriompheD. All of the above答案: D. All of the above62.What is the name of the famous landmark in Paris?A. Eiffel TowerB. Big BenC. Statue of LibertyD. Colosseum答案:A63.The _______ can provide essential food for animals.64.The ____ is a small rodent that likes to nibble on seeds.65.The chemical symbol for potassium is _______.66.The _______ (猫头鹰) hoots at night.67.The _______ (The Industrial Revolution) revolutionized manufacturing processes.68.My brother is a __________ (创新型人才).69.What do you call the person who writes books?A. AuthorB. EditorC. PublisherD. Journalist答案:A70.The process of changing a liquid to a gas is called __________.71.My cousin is a very good ____ (swimmer).72.The _____ (carnivorous) plants trap insects for nutrients.73.My favorite place is the ______ (海边).74.The garden is _______ (色彩斑斓的).75.The capital of Turkey is _____.76.Which animal is known for its long neck?A. GiraffeB. ElephantC. RhinoD. Hippo答案: A77.The ______ helps us learn about community service.78.My brother is interested in ____.79.The ____ is often seen fluttering around in the garden.80.The ______ (青蛙) can be found in many environments.81.What is the name of the famous British scientist known for his work on gravity?A. Albert EinsteinB. Isaac NewtonC. Charles DarwinD. Stephen Hawking答案:B82. A _______ (蟋蟀) chirps at night.83.______ is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces.84. A ________ (蝴蝶) flutters around and is very colorful.85.The _____ (wind/snow) is blowing.86.The Earth’s surface is constantly changing due to ______ and erosion.87.They are ___ a picture. (taking)88.My pet is a small ____.89.The Earth's layers include the crust, mantle, outer core, and ______ core.90.The parade was ________ (精彩).91.The __________ (历史的激励作用) drive progress.92.I enjoy _____ (tasting) different herbs.93.The __________ (历史的践行) embodies principles.94.What is the name of the famous American author known for "To Kill a Mockingbird"?A. Harper LeeB. F. Scott FitzgeraldC. Ernest HemingwayD. Mark Twain答案: A. Harper Lee95.My cat's _______ (反应) is very quick.96.The iguana changes its ______ (颜色) to blend in.97.The chemical formula for table salt is _______.98. A ________ (树木) is essential for clean air.99.What is the name of the famous landmark in Paris?A. Eiffel TowerB. Big BenC. Statue of LibertyD. Colosseum答案: A100.My friend is a _____ (志愿者) who helps others.。

Structured abstractsEmerald introduced structured abstracts to all journals in 2005. This development was undertaken as part of our strategy of continuous improvement in the delivery and dissemination of papers. Use of structured abstracts ensures that better information is supplied and that there is more consistency across the journals and database. Ultimately, readers and researchers searching the database are more likely to access the paper when the abstract provides useful information. In the past, author-written abstracts were very variable both in terms of content and quality. Structured abstracts ensure we no longer have this problem.In an electronic environment, abstracts are more important that they have ever been. Sometimes this “snippet” is the only thing a reader or researcher will see and it is the one chance we have of persuading them to download the full text of the paper.Structured abstracts act like signposts, they provide:1. Consistency and clarity2. Much easier evaluation of abstracts when confronted with a list of them3. Speed to any literature search – saves time therefore.4. A format where it is easy to isolate sections and therefore read about the key elements of apaper5. A unique approach which sets Emerald abstracts apart from others6. Real support when seeking academic support materials depending on the identified needse.g. research papers employing particular types of research methods7. Useful information in libraries – identifying texts for library users or directing them toEmerald8. More efficient evaluation of papers at the abstract level9. Transparency of the valuable content of the database acting as a clearer shop window10. Ease of reading.11. Particular benefits for practitioners – being able to select quickly those papers with explicitpractical implications12. Benefits for researchers – being able to select quickly those papers that may help themdesign their own research agenda and see what has already been done.13. A major benefit in that one can pick out quickly the new angle/value of a paper.14. Best practice from the medical and scientific fields but adapted for our readers' andresearchers' needs within the management and business field.15. A clear framework for extracting, summarising and emphasising pertinent information forpeople in management16. Encouragement and a requirement for authors and researchers to provide stronger linksbetween research and practice – something that both government and other funding bodies support.Structured abstracts will help the Editor in their preliminary review of a paper and will certainly help the journal reviewers get an overview of a paper even before conducting the review. Writing the abstractTo produce a structured abstract for the journal and Emerald database, please complete the following fields about your paper. There are four fields which are obligatory (Purpose, Design, Findings and Value); the other two (Research limitations/implications and Practical implications) may be omitted if they are not applicable to your paper.Abstracts should contain no more than 250 words. Write concisely and clearly. The abstract should reflect only what appears in the original paper.A sample structured abstractTitle: Internal brand building and structuration: the role of leadershipAuthor(s): Christine Vallaster, Leslie de ChernatonyJournal: European Journal of MarketingYear: 2006 Volume: 40 Issue: 7/8 Page: - 784Purpose– The paper aims to clarify the relationship between organisational structures and individual brand supporting behaviour. It proposes modelling the social transformation process and outlining why and how leadership is important throughout the internal brand building process. The study aims to expand the domain of corporate branding by including a broader range of human resource and leadership-related aspects than is normally found in the branding literature.Design/methodology/approach– The paper opted for an exploratory study using the open-ended approach of grounded theory, including 30 depth interviews and one expert group discussion with employees representing middle and senior management having mainly a marketing and corporate communications background. The data were complemented by documentary analysis, including brand documents, descriptions of internal processes, and copies of employee magazine articles.Findings– The paper provides empirical insights about how change is brought about during internal brand building. It suggests that successful le aders act as “integrating forces” on two levels: integrating the elements of corporate identity structures, and mediating between the corporate branding structures and the individual.Research limitations/implications– Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalisability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further.Practical implications– The paper includes implications for the development of a powerful brand image, the development of “brand ambassadors” and for managing the balance between stability and change.Originality/value– This paper fulfils an identified need to study how brand-supportive behaviour can be enabled.Keywords: Brand management, Corporate branding, Leadership, Social changeArticle Type: Research paper。

云计算外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Technical Issues of Forensic Investigations in Cloud Computing EnvironmentsDominik BirkRuhr-University BochumHorst Goertz Institute for IT SecurityBochum, GermanyRuhr-University BochumHorst Goertz Institute for IT SecurityBochum, GermanyAbstract—Cloud Computing is arguably one of the most discussedinformation technologies today. It presents many promising technological and economical opportunities. However, many customers remain reluctant to move their business IT infrastructure completely to the cloud. One of their main concerns is Cloud Security and the threat of the unknown. Cloud Service Providers(CSP) encourage this perception by not letting their customers see what is behind their virtual curtain. A seldomly discussed, but in this regard highly relevant open issue is the ability to perform digital investigations. This continues to fuel insecurity on the sides of both providers and customers. Cloud Forensics constitutes a new and disruptive challenge for investigators. Due to the decentralized nature of data processing in the cloud, traditional approaches to evidence collection and recovery are no longer practical. This paper focuses on the technical aspects of digital forensics in distributed cloud environments. We contribute by assessing whether it is possible for the customer of cloud computing services to perform a traditional digital investigation from a technical point of view. Furthermore we discuss possible solutions and possible new methodologies helping customers to perform such investigations.I. INTRODUCTIONAlthough the cloud might appear attractive to small as well as to large companies, it does not come along without its own unique problems. Outsourcing sensitive corporate data into the cloud raises concerns regarding the privacy and security of data. Security policies, companies main pillar concerning security, cannot be easily deployed into distributed, virtualized cloud environments. This situation is further complicated by the unknown physical location of the companie’s assets. Normally,if a security incident occurs, the corporate security team wants to be able to perform their own investigation without dependency on third parties. In the cloud, this is not possible anymore: The CSP obtains all the power over the environmentand thus controls the sources of evidence. In the best case, a trusted third party acts as a trustee and guarantees for the trustworthiness of the CSP. Furthermore, the implementation of the technical architecture and circumstances within cloud computing environments bias the way an investigation may be processed. In detail, evidence data has to be interpreted by an investigator in a We would like to thank the reviewers for the helpful comments and Dennis Heinson (Center for Advanced Security Research Darmstadt - CASED) for the profound discussions regarding the legal aspects of cloud forensics. proper manner which is hardly be possible due to the lackof circumstantial information. For auditors, this situation does not change: Questions who accessed specific data and information cannot be answered by the customers, if no corresponding logs are available. With the increasing demand for using the power of the cloud for processing also sensible information and data, enterprises face the issue of Data and Process Provenance in the cloud [10]. Digital provenance, meaning meta-data that describes the ancestry or history of a digital object, is a crucial feature for forensic investigations. In combination with a suitable authentication scheme, it provides information about who created and who modified what kind of data in the cloud. These are crucial aspects for digital investigations in distributed environments such as the cloud. Unfortunately, the aspects of forensic investigations in distributed environment have so far been mostly neglected by the research community. Current discussion centers mostly around security, privacy and data protection issues [35], [9], [12]. The impact of forensic investigations on cloud environments was little noticed albeit mentioned by the authors of [1] in 2009: ”[...] to our knowledge, no research has been published on how cloud computing environments affect digital artifacts,and on acquisition logistics and legal issues related to cloud computing env ironments.” This statement is also confirmed by other authors [34], [36], [40] stressing that further research on incident handling, evidence tracking and accountability in cloud environments has to be done. At the same time, massive investments are being made in cloud technology. Combined with the fact that information technology increasingly transcendents peoples’ private and professional life, thus mirroring more and more of peoples’actions, it becomes apparent that evidence gathered from cloud environments will be of high significance to litigation or criminal proceedings in the future. Within this work, we focus the notion of cloud forensics by addressing the technical issues of forensics in all three major cloud service models and consider cross-disciplinary aspects. Moreover, we address the usability of various sources of evidence for investigative purposes and propose potential solutions to the issues from a practical standpoint. This work should be considered as a surveying discussion of an almost unexplored research area. The paper is organized as follows: We discuss the related work and the fundamental technical background information of digital forensics, cloud computing and the fault model in section II and III. In section IV, we focus on the technical issues of cloud forensics and discuss the potential sources and nature of digital evidence as well as investigations in XaaS environments including thecross-disciplinary aspects. We conclude in section V.II. RELATED WORKVarious works have been published in the field of cloud security and privacy [9], [35], [30] focussing on aspects for protecting data in multi-tenant, virtualized environments. Desired security characteristics for current cloud infrastructures mainly revolve around isolation of multi-tenant platforms [12], security of hypervisors in order to protect virtualized guest systems and secure network infrastructures [32]. Albeit digital provenance, describing the ancestry of digital objects, still remains a challenging issue for cloud environments, several works have already been published in this field [8], [10] contributing to the issues of cloud forensis. Within this context, cryptographic proofs for verifying data integrity mainly in cloud storage offers have been proposed,yet lacking of practical implementations [24], [37], [23]. Traditional computer forensics has already well researched methods for various fields of application [4], [5], [6], [11], [13]. Also the aspects of forensics in virtual systems have been addressed by several works [2], [3], [20] including the notionof virtual introspection [25]. In addition, the NIST already addressed Web Service Forensics [22] which has a huge impact on investigation processes in cloud computing environments. In contrast, the aspects of forensic investigations in cloud environments have mostly been neglected by both the industry and the research community. One of the first papers focusing on this topic was published by Wolthusen [40] after Bebee et al already introduced problems within cloud environments [1]. Wolthusen stressed that there is an inherent strong need for interdisciplinary work linking the requirements and concepts of evidence arising from the legal field to what can be feasibly reconstructed and inferred algorithmically or in an exploratory manner. In 2010, Grobauer et al [36] published a paper discussing the issues of incident response in cloud environments - unfortunately no specific issues and solutions of cloud forensics have been proposed which will be done within this work.III. TECHNICAL BACKGROUNDA. Traditional Digital ForensicsThe notion of Digital Forensics is widely known as the practice of identifying, extracting and considering evidence from digital media. Unfortunately, digital evidence is both fragile and volatile and therefore requires the attention of special personnel and methods in order to ensure that evidence data can be proper isolated and evaluated. Normally, the process of a digital investigation can be separated into three different steps each having its own specificpurpose:1) In the Securing Phase, the major intention is the preservation of evidence for analysis. The data has to be collected in a manner that maximizes its integrity. This is normally done by a bitwise copy of the original media. As can be imagined, this represents a huge problem in the field of cloud computing where you never know exactly where your data is and additionallydo not have access to any physical hardware. However, the snapshot technology, discussed in section IV-B3, provides a powerful tool to freeze system states and thus makes digital investigations, at least in IaaS scenarios, theoretically possible.2) We refer to the Analyzing Phase as the stage in which the data is sifted and combined. It is in this phase that the data from multiple systems or sources is pulled together to create as complete a picture and event reconstruction as possible. Especially in distributed system infrastructures, this means that bits and pieces of data are pulled together for deciphering the real story of what happened and for providing a deeper look into the data.3) Finally, at the end of the examination and analysis of the data, the results of the previous phases will be reprocessed in the Presentation Phase. The report, created in this phase, is a compilation of all the documentation and evidence from the analysis stage. The main intention of such a report is that it contains all results, it is complete and clear to understand. Apparently, the success of these three steps strongly depends on the first stage. If it is not possible to secure the complete set of evidence data, no exhaustive analysis will be possible. However, in real world scenarios often only a subset of the evidence data can be secured by the investigator. In addition, an important definition in the general context of forensics is the notion of a Chain of Custody. This chain clarifies how and where evidence is stored and who takes possession of it. Especially for cases which are brought to court it is crucial that the chain of custody is preserved.B. Cloud ComputingAccording to the NIST [16], cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal CSP interaction. The new raw definition of cloud computing brought several new characteristics such as multi-tenancy, elasticity, pay-as-you-go and reliability. Within this work, the following three models are used: In the Infrastructure asa Service (IaaS) model, the customer is using the virtual machine provided by the CSP for installing his own system on it. The system can be used like any other physical computer with a few limitations. However, the additive customer power over the system comes along with additional security obligations. Platform as a Service (PaaS) offerings provide the capability to deploy application packages created using the virtual development environment supported by the CSP. For the efficiency of software development process this service model can be propellent. In the Software as a Service (SaaS) model, the customer makes use of a service run by the CSP on a cloud infrastructure. In most of the cases this service can be accessed through an API for a thin client interface such as a web browser. Closed-source public SaaS offers such as Amazon S3 and GoogleMail can only be used in the public deployment model leading to further issues concerning security, privacy and the gathering of suitable evidences. Furthermore, two main deployment models, private and public cloud have to be distinguished. Common public clouds are made available to the general public. The corresponding infrastructure is owned by one organization acting as a CSP and offering services to its customers. In contrast, the private cloud is exclusively operated for an organization but may not provide the scalability and agility of public offers. The additional notions of community and hybrid cloud are not exclusively covered within this work. However, independently from the specific model used, the movement of applications and data to the cloud comes along with limited control for the customer about the application itself, the data pushed into the applications and also about the underlying technical infrastructure.C. Fault ModelBe it an account for a SaaS application, a development environment (PaaS) or a virtual image of an IaaS environment, systems in the cloud can be affected by inconsistencies. Hence, for both customer and CSP it is crucial to have the ability to assign faults to the causing party, even in the presence of Byzantine behavior [33]. Generally, inconsistencies can be caused by the following two reasons:1) Maliciously Intended FaultsInternal or external adversaries with specific malicious intentions can cause faults on cloud instances or applications. Economic rivals as well as former employees can be the reason for these faults and state a constant threat to customers and CSP. In this model, also a malicious CSP is included albeit he isassumed to be rare in real world scenarios. Additionally, from the technical point of view, the movement of computing power to a virtualized, multi-tenant environment can pose further threads and risks to the systems. One reason for this is that if a single system or service in the cloud is compromised, all other guest systems and even the host system are at risk. Hence, besides the need for further security measures, precautions for potential forensic investigations have to be taken into consideration.2) Unintentional FaultsInconsistencies in technical systems or processes in the cloud do not have implicitly to be caused by malicious intent. Internal communication errors or human failures can lead to issues in the services offered to the costumer(i.e. loss or modification of data). Although these failures are not caused intentionally, both the CSP and the customer have a strong intention to discover the reasons and deploy corresponding fixes.IV. TECHNICAL ISSUESDigital investigations are about control of forensic evidence data. From the technical standpoint, this data can be available in three different states: at rest, in motion or in execution. Data at rest is represented by allocated disk space. Whether the data is stored in a database or in a specific file format, it allocates disk space. Furthermore, if a file is deleted, the disk space is de-allocated for the operating system but the data is still accessible since the disk space has not been re-allocated and overwritten. This fact is often exploited by investigators which explore these de-allocated disk space on harddisks. In case the data is in motion, data is transferred from one entity to another e.g. a typical file transfer over a network can be seen as a data in motion scenario. Several encapsulated protocols contain the data each leaving specific traces on systems and network devices which can in return be used by investigators. Data can be loaded into memory and executed as a process. In this case, the data is neither at rest or in motion but in execution. On the executing system, process information, machine instruction and allocated/de-allocated data can be analyzed by creating a snapshot of the current system state. In the following sections, we point out the potential sources for evidential data in cloud environments and discuss the technical issues of digital investigations in XaaS environmentsas well as suggest several solutions to these problems.A. Sources and Nature of EvidenceConcerning the technical aspects of forensic investigations, the amount of potential evidence available to the investigator strongly diverges between thedifferent cloud service and deployment models. The virtual machine (VM), hosting in most of the cases the server application, provides several pieces of information that could be used by investigators. On the network level, network components can provide information about possible communication channels between different parties involved. The browser on the client, acting often as the user agent for communicating with the cloud, also contains a lot of information that could be used as evidence in a forensic investigation. Independently from the used model, the following three components could act as sources for potential evidential data.1) Virtual Cloud Instance: The VM within the cloud, where i.e. data is stored or processes are handled, contains potential evidence [2], [3]. In most of the cases, it is the place where an incident happened and hence provides a good starting point for a forensic investigation. The VM instance can be accessed by both, the CSP and the customer who is running the instance. Furthermore, virtual introspection techniques [25] provide access to the runtime state of the VM via the hypervisor and snapshot technology supplies a powerful technique for the customer to freeze specific states of the VM. Therefore, virtual instances can be still running during analysis which leads to the case of live investigations [41] or can be turned off leading to static image analysis. In SaaS and PaaS scenarios, the ability to access the virtual instance for gathering evidential information is highly limited or simply not possible.2) Network Layer: Traditional network forensics is knownas the analysis of network traffic logs for tracing events that have occurred in the past. Since the different ISO/OSI network layers provide several information on protocols and communication between instances within as well as with instances outside the cloud [4], [5], [6], network forensics is theoretically also feasible in cloud environments. However in practice, ordinary CSP currently do not provide any log data from the network components used by the customer’s instances or applications. For instance, in case of a malware infection of an IaaS VM, it will be difficult for the investigator to get any form of routing information and network log datain general which is crucial for further investigative steps. This situation gets even more complicated in case of PaaS or SaaS. So again, the situation of gathering forensic evidence is strongly affected by the support the investigator receives from the customer and the CSP.3) Client System: On the system layer of the client, it completely depends on the used model (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) if and where potential evidence could beextracted. In most of the scenarios, the user agent (e.g. the web browser) on the client system is the only application that communicates with the service in the cloud. This especially holds for SaaS applications which are used and controlled by the web browser. But also in IaaS scenarios, the administration interface is often controlled via the browser. Hence, in an exhaustive forensic investigation, the evidence data gathered from the browser environment [7] should not be omitted.a) Browser Forensics: Generally, the circumstances leading to an investigation have to be differentiated: In ordinary scenarios, the main goal of an investigation of the web browser is to determine if a user has been victim of a crime. In complex SaaS scenarios with high client-server interaction, this constitutes a difficult task. Additionally, customers strongly make use of third-party extensions [17] which can be abused for malicious purposes. Hence, the investigator might want to look for malicious extensions, searches performed, websites visited, files downloaded, information entered in forms or stored in local HTML5 stores, web-based email contents and persistent browser cookies for gathering potential evidence data. Within this context, it is inevitable to investigate the appearance of malicious JavaScript [18] leading to e.g. unintended AJAX requests and hence modified usage of administration interfaces. Generally, the web browser contains a lot of electronic evidence data that could be used to give an answer to both of the above questions - even if the private mode is switched on [19].B. Investigations in XaaS EnvironmentsTraditional digital forensic methodologies permit investigators to seize equipment and perform detailed analysis on the media and data recovered [11]. In a distributed infrastructure organization like the cloud computing environment, investigators are confronted with an entirely different situation. They have no longer the option of seizing physical data storage. Data and processes of the customer are dispensed over an undisclosed amount of virtual instances, applications and network elements. Hence, it is in question whether preliminary findings of the computer forensic community in the field of digital forensics apparently have to be revised and adapted to the new environment. Within this section, specific issues of investigations in SaaS, PaaS and IaaS environments will be discussed. In addition, cross-disciplinary issues which affect several environments uniformly, will be taken into consideration. We also suggest potential solutions to the mentioned problems.1) SaaS Environments: Especially in the SaaS model, the customer does notobtain any control of the underlying operating infrastructure such as network, servers, operating systems or the application that is used. This means that no deeper view into the system and its underlying infrastructure is provided to the customer. Only limited userspecific application configuration settings can be controlled contributing to the evidences which can be extracted fromthe client (see section IV-A3). In a lot of cases this urges the investigator to rely on high-level logs which are eventually provided by the CSP. Given the case that the CSP does not run any logging application, the customer has no opportunity to create any useful evidence through the installation of any toolkit or logging tool. These circumstances do not allow a valid forensic investigation and lead to the assumption that customers of SaaS offers do not have any chance to analyze potential incidences.a) Data Provenance: The notion of Digital Provenance is known as meta-data that describes the ancestry or history of digital objects. Secure provenance that records ownership and process history of data objects is vital to the success of data forensics in cloud environments, yet it is still a challenging issue today [8]. Albeit data provenance is of high significance also for IaaS and PaaS, it states a huge problem specifically for SaaS-based applications: Current global acting public SaaS CSP offer Single Sign-On (SSO) access control to the set of their services. Unfortunately in case of an account compromise, most of the CSP do not offer any possibility for the customer to figure out which data and information has been accessed by the adversary. For the victim, this situation can have tremendous impact: If sensitive data has been compromised, it is unclear which data has been leaked and which has not been accessed by the adversary. Additionally, data could be modified or deleted by an external adversary or even by the CSP e.g. due to storage reasons. The customer has no ability to proof otherwise. Secure provenance mechanisms for distributed environments can improve this situation but have not been practically implemented by CSP [10]. Suggested Solution: In private SaaS scenarios this situation is improved by the fact that the customer and the CSP are probably under the same authority. Hence, logging and provenance mechanisms could be implemented which contribute to potential investigations. Additionally, the exact location of the servers and the data is known at any time. Public SaaS CSP should offer additional interfaces for the purpose of compliance, forensics, operations and security matters to their customers. Through an API, the customers should have the ability to receive specific information suchas access, error and event logs that could improve their situation in case of aninvestigation. Furthermore, due to the limited ability of receiving forensic information from the server and proofing integrity of stored data in SaaS scenarios, the client has to contribute to this process. This could be achieved by implementing Proofs of Retrievability (POR) in which a verifier (client) is enabled to determine that a prover (server) possesses a file or data object and it can be retrieved unmodified [24]. Provable Data Possession (PDP) techniques [37] could be used to verify that an untrusted server possesses the original data without the need for the client to retrieve it. Although these cryptographic proofs have not been implemented by any CSP, the authors of [23] introduced a new data integrity verification mechanism for SaaS scenarios which could also be used for forensic purposes.2) PaaS Environments: One of the main advantages of the PaaS model is that the developed software application is under the control of the customer and except for some CSP, the source code of the application does not have to leave the local development environment. Given these circumstances, the customer obtains theoretically the power to dictate how the application interacts with other dependencies such as databases, storage entities etc. CSP normally claim this transfer is encrypted but this statement can hardly be verified by the customer. Since the customer has the ability to interact with the platform over a prepared API, system states and specific application logs can be extracted. However potential adversaries, which can compromise the application during runtime, should not be able to alter these log files afterwards. Suggested Solution:Depending on the runtime environment, logging mechanisms could be implemented which automatically sign and encrypt the log information before its transfer to a central logging server under the control of the customer. Additional signing and encrypting could prevent potential eavesdroppers from being able to view and alter log data information on the way to the logging server. Runtime compromise of an PaaS application by adversaries could be monitored by push-only mechanisms for log data presupposing that the needed information to detect such an attack are logged. Increasingly, CSP offering PaaS solutions give developers the ability to collect and store a variety of diagnostics data in a highly configurable way with the help of runtime feature sets [38].3) IaaS Environments: As expected, even virtual instances in the cloud get compromised by adversaries. Hence, the ability to determine how defenses in the virtual environment failed and to what extent the affected systems havebeen compromised is crucial not only for recovering from an incident. Also forensic investigations gain leverage from such information and contribute to resilience against future attacks on the systems. From the forensic point of view, IaaS instances do provide much more evidence data usable for potential forensics than PaaS and SaaS models do. This fact is caused throughthe ability of the customer to install and set up the image for forensic purposes before an incident occurs. Hence, as proposed for PaaS environments, log data and other forensic evidence information could be signed and encrypted before itis transferred to third-party hosts mitigating the chance that a maliciously motivated shutdown process destroys the volatile data. Although, IaaS environments provide plenty of potential evidence, it has to be emphasized that the customer VM is in the end still under the control of the CSP. He controls the hypervisor which is e.g. responsible for enforcing hardware boundaries and routing hardware requests among different VM. Hence, besides the security responsibilities of the hypervisor, he exerts tremendous control over how customer’s VM communicate with the hardware and theoretically can intervene executed processes on the hosted virtual instance through virtual introspection [25]. This could also affect encryption or signing processes executed on the VM and therefore leading to the leakage of the secret key. Although this risk can be disregarded in most of the cases, the impact on the security of high security environments is tremendous.a) Snapshot Analysis: Traditional forensics expect target machines to be powered down to collect an image (dead virtual instance). This situation completely changed with the advent of the snapshot technology which is supported by all popular hypervisors such as Xen, VMware ESX and Hyper-V.A snapshot, also referred to as the forensic image of a VM, providesa powerful tool with which a virtual instance can be clonedby one click including also the running system’s mem ory. Due to the invention of the snapshot technology, systems hosting crucial business processes do not have to be powered down for forensic investigation purposes. The investigator simply creates and loads a snapshot of the target VM for analysis(live virtual instance). This behavior is especially important for scenarios in which a downtime of a system is not feasible or practical due to existing SLA. However the information whether the machine is running or has been properly powered down is crucial [3] for the investigation. Live investigations of running virtual instances become more common providing evidence data that。

高一英语科学探索方向多元单选题50题(带答案)1.Scientists use many tools for exploration. One of the most important tools is a _____.A.microscopeputerC.pencilD.book答案：A。

解析：科学家在探索中会使用很多工具，显微镜是科学探索中非常重要的工具之一。

计算机主要用于数据处理等，不是典型的探索工具。

铅笔和书在科学探索中作用相对较小。

2.In space exploration, astronauts need a special kind of suit called a _____.A.swimming suitB.space suitC.raincoatD.school uniform答案：B。

解析：在太空探索中，宇航员需要特殊的太空服。

游泳服用于游泳，雨衣用于防雨，校服在学校穿，都与太空探索无关。

3.When studying the ocean, scientists often use a _____.A.boatB.carC.bicycleD.plane答案：A。

解析：研究海洋时，科学家经常使用船。

汽车、自行车和飞机不适合在海洋研究中使用。

4.For scientific experiments, we often need a _____.A.toyB.test tubeC.candyD.pillow答案：B。

解析：进行科学实验时，我们经常需要试管。

玩具、糖果和枕头与科学实验无关。

5.In biology research, a _____ is often used to observe small organisms.A.telescopeB.magnifying glassC.guitarD.hat答案：B。

解析：在生物学研究中，放大镜经常用于观察小生物。

望远镜用于观察远处物体，吉他是乐器，帽子是服饰，都与生物学研究观察小生物无关。

2024年教师资格（中学）-英语学科知识与教学能力（初中）考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点押密题库(共100题)1.(单项选择题)(每题2.00 分) Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a highway serves→ ←.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function2.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I’ve loved my mother's desk since I was just tall enough to see above the top of it as mother sat writing letters. Standing by her chair, looking at the ink bottle, pens, and white paper, I decided that the act of writing must be the most wonderful thing in the world.Years later, during her final illness, mother kept different things for my sister and brother.“But the desk.” she’d said again, “It's for Elizabeth.”I never saw her angry, never saw her cry. I knew she loved me; she showed it in action. But as a young girl, I wanted heart-to-heart talks between mother and daughter.They never happened. And a gulf opened between us. I was “too emotional”. But she lived on the surface”.As years passed I had my own family. I loved my mother and thanked her for our happy family.I wrote to her in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose that she did forgive me.I posted the letter and waited for her answer.None came.My hope turned to disappointment, then little interest and, finally, peace—it seemed that nothing happene I couldn’t be sure that the letter had even got to mother.I only knew that I had written it, and I could stop trying to make her into someone she was not.Now the present of her desk told, as she'd never been able to, that she was pleased thatwriting was my chosen work. I cleaned the desk carefully and found some papers inside—a photo of my father and a one—page letter, folded and refolded many times.Give me an answer, my letter asks, in any way you choose. Mother, you always choose the actthat speaks louder than words. The underlined word “gulf” in the passage means→ ←.A. deep understanding between the old and the youngB. different ideas between the mother and the daughterC. free talks between mother and daughterD. part of the sea going far in land3.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 40 years ago the idea of disabled people doing sport was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stoke-Mandeville, Englandin 1948 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change.Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been askedby the British government to set up an injuries center at Stoke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sport for the disabled.In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, five teams took part. From those beginnings, things have developed fast Teams now come from abroadto Stoke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games. Now, every four years the Olympic Gamesfor the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, althoughthey are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held at Stoke Mandeville. In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1064 wheelchair athletes from about 40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stoke Mandeville and not in Los Angeles, along with the other Olympics.The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding,and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can’t enjoy sport. One small sourceof disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games, however, has been the unwillingness of the International Olympic Committee to include disabled events at Olympic Games for the able-bodied. Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded. The first games for the disabled were held→ ←after Sir Ludwig Guttmann arrived in England.A. 40 yearsB. 21 yearsC. 10 yearsD. 9 years4.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I’ve loved my mother's desk since I was just tall enough tosee above the top of it as mother sat writing letters. Standing by her chair, looking atthe ink bottle, pens, and white paper, I decided that the act of writing must be the most wonderful thing in the world.Years later, during her final illness, mother kept different things for my sister and brother.“But the desk.” she’d said again, “It's for Elizabeth.”I never saw her angry, never saw her cry. I knew she loved me; she showed it in action. Butas a young girl, I wanted heart-to-heart talks between mother and daughter.They never happened. And a gulf opened between us. I was “too emotional”. But she livedon the surface”.As years passed I had my own family. I loved my mother and thanked her for our happy family.Iwrote to her in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose that she did forgive me.I posted the letter and waited for her answer.None came.My hope turned to disappointment, then little interest and, finally, peace—it seemed that nothing happene I couldn’t be sure that the letter had even got to mother.I only knew thatI had written it, and I could stop trying to make her into someone she was not.Now the present of her desk told, as she'd never been able to, that she was pleased that writing was my chosen work. I cleaned the desk carefully and found some papers inside—a photo of my father and a one—page letter, folded and refolded many times.Give me an answer, my letter asks, in any way you choose. Mother, you always choose the act that speaks louder than words. The passage shows that→ ←.A. mother was cold on the surface but kind in her heart to her daughterB. mother was too serious about everything her daughter had doneC. mother eared much about her daughter in wordsD. mother wrote to her daughter in careful words5.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) In which of the following situations is the teacher playing the role of observer?→ ←A. Giving feedback and dealing with errors.B. Organizing students to do activities by giving instructions.C. Walking around to see how each student performs in group work.D. Offering help to those who need it both in ideas and language.6.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) One evening, while Marcos Ugarte was doing his homework and his father, Eduardo, prepared lesson plans, they heard someone yelling outside. Eduardo, 47, and Marcos, 15, stepped onto the porch of their home in Troutdale, Oregon, and saw a commotion four doors d own, outside the home of their neighbors, the Ma family. “I didn’t think anything was wrong.” Eduardo recalls. “I told Marcos we should give them some privacy.” He headed back inside, but Marcos’s eye was caught by a glow from the Ma house."Dad, the house is on fire!” Marcos cried.Clad only in shorts, the barefoot teen sprinted toward the Ma’s home with his dad. Grandmother Yim Ma, mother Suzanne Ma, and son Nathan Ma were gathered on the front lawn yelling for help. When the Ugartes got there，they saw father Alex Ma stumbling down the stairs, coughing, his face black with soot."Is anyone else in the house?” Eduardo asked."My son!” Alex managed to say, pointing to the second floor Eduardo started up the stairs, but thick, black smoke, swirling ash, and intense heat forced him to his knees. He crawled upstairs and down the hall where Alex said he would find Cody, eight, who had locked himselfin a bedroom.As the fire raged across the hall, Eduardo banged on the bedroom door and tried to turn the doorknob. Cody didn’t respond Eduardo made his way back downstairs.Meanwhile, Marcos saw Yim and Suzanne pulling an aluminum ladder out of the garage. “Cody was standing at the window, screaming for help,"says Marcos, "I knew I had to do something.” He grabbed the ladder, positioned it near the window, and climbed toward the boy.When Marcos reached the window, he pushed the screen into the room and coaxed Cody out. “It’s OK.” Marcos told him. “I‘ve got you.”Holding Cody with one arm. Marcos descended the ladder.When firefighters arrived, plumes of black smoke were billowing from the back of the house as flames engulfed the second floor. Emergency personnel took Cody to a nearby hospital,where he was treated for smoke inhalation and released. No one else was injured. The causeof the blaze is still under investigation."You just don’t see a teenager have that kind of→ composure←," says Mark Maunder, GreshamFire Department battalion chief.The Ma family relocated. The day after the fire, Alex visited Marcos. “Than k you for savingmy son.” Alex said. “You are his hero forever.”What does the underlined word “composure” in the last but one PARAGRAPH mean?→ ←.A. sympathyB. braveryC. calmnessD. warm-heartedness7.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and relative sense: the surface of the Earth is finite, imposing absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different uses. Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes, if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.The cost of a product in terms of money may not measure its true cost to society. The truecost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the value of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a result. Every act of production uses up someof society's available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else. In deciding how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the wants ofthe community, this opportunity cost must ultimately be taken into account.In a market economy the price of a good and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of makingit, and that cost, ultimately, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism enforces this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather,the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them. But the price of thesein- puts, in turn, depends on what they can produce elsewhere-if the leather can be usedto produce handbags that are valued highly by consumers, the prices of leather will be bidup correspondingly. W hat does this passage mainly discuss?→ ←A. The scarcity of manufactured goods.B. The value of scarce materials.C. The manufacturing of scarce goods.D. The cost of producing shoes.8.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Writing exercises like copying, fill-in, completions and transformation are mainly the type of exercises used in→ ←.A. controlled writingB. guided writingC. flee writingD. expressive writing9.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following consonants doesn't fall under the same category according to the voicing?________A. [m]B. [b]C. [d]D. [p]10.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following is most suitable for the cultivation of linguistic competence?→ ←A. sentence-makingB. cue-card dialogueC. simulated dialogueD. learning syntax11.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following sets of phonetic features characterizes the English phoneme [u:]?→ ←A. [high, back, rounded]B. [high, back, unfounded]C. [low, back, rounded]D. [low, front unfounded]12.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 40 years ago the idea of disabled people doing sport was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stoke-Mandeville, England in 1948 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change.Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been asked by the British government to set up an injuries center at Stoke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sport for the disabled.In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, five teams took part. From those beginnings, things have developed fast Teams now come from abroad to Stoke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games. Now, every four years the Olympic Games for the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, although they are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held at Stoke Mandeville. In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1064 wheelchair athletes from about 40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stoke Mandeville and not in Los Angeles, along with the other Olympics.The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding, and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can’t enjoy sport. One small source of disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games, however, has been the unwillingness of the International Olympic Committee to include disabled events at Olympic Games for the able-bodied. Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded. Besides Stoke Mandeville, surely the games for the disabled were once held in→ ←.A. New YorkB. LondonC. RomeD. Los Angeles13.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) —I’m going to study engineering in Peking University tomorrow.—→ ←.A. All the best in your studyB. All the best with your studyC. All the best in your businessD. All the best in your new job14.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The doctor→ ←a medicine for my headache.A. subscribedB. describedC. prescribedD. inscribed15.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When a lady customer intends to buy a coat with white stripes,what is she supposed to place an emphasis on if she says to the shop assistant?________A. I'd like a Red coat with .white stripesB. I'd Like a red coat with white stripes.C. I'd like a red coat with White StripesD. I'd like a red Coat with white stripes16.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) What purpose does NOT post-listening activities serve?→ ←A. Helping students relate the text with their personal experience.B. Offering students the opportunities of extending other language skills.C. Practicing students’ ability of matching the pre-listing predictions with contents ofthe text.D. Give the answer directly to students and not to explain.17.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities can be adopted at thepre-reading stage?→ ←.A. rearranging the materialsB. brainstorming the topicC. writing a summary of the textD. draft framework18.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Throughout the history of the arts, the nature of creativityhas remained constant to artists. No matter what objects they select, artists are to bringforth new forces and forms that cause change to find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before.Landscape(风景)is another unchanging element of art. It can be found from ancient times through the 17th-century Dutch painters to the 19th-century romanticists and impressionists.In the 1970s, Alfred Leslie, one of the new American realists, continued this practice. Leslie sought out the same place where Thomas Cole, a romanticist, had produced paintings of thesame scene a century and a half before. Unlike Cole who insists on a feeling of lonelinessand the idea of finding peace in nature, Leslie paints what he actually sees. In his paintings,there is no particular change in emotion, and he includes ordinary things like the highwayin the hack: ground. He also takes advantage of the latest developments of color photographyto help both the eye and the memory when he improves his painting back in his workroom. Besides, all art begs the age-old question: What is real? Each generation of artists has shown their understanding of reality in one form or another. The impressionists saw realityin brief emotional effects, the realists in everyday subjects and in forest scenes, and theCro-Magnon cave people in their naturalistic drawings of the animals in the ancient forests.To sum up, understanding reality is a necessary struggle for artists of all periods.Over thousands of years the function of the arts has remained relatively constant. Past or present, Eastern or Western, the arts are a basic part of our immediate experience. Manyand different are the faces of art, and together they express the basic need and hope of human beings. Which of the following is the ma in topic of the passage?→ ←A. History of the arts.B. Basic questions of the arts.C. New developments in the arts.D. Use of modem technology in the arts.19.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) By the end of last year, nearly a million cars→ ←in that auto factory.A. had producedB. had been producedC. would be producedD. were produced20.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) → ←the temperature might drop, coal was prepared for warming.A. To considerB. ConsideredC. ConsideringD. To be considered21.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) → ←a moment and I will go to your rescue.A. Go onB. Hold onC. Move toD. Carry on22.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The study of language development over a period of time is generally called→ ←linguistics.A. appliedB. synchronicC. comparativeD. diachronic23.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following is a slip of tongue?→ ←A. Seeing is believing.B. Where there is smoke, there is fire.C. Where there is life, there is hope.D. Where there is a way, there is a will.24.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following statements is NOT a way of presenting new vocabulary?_A. Defining.B. Using real objects.C. Writing a passage by using new words.D. Giving explanations.25.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) For a while, my neighborhood was taken ever by an army of joggers(慢跑者). They were there all the time: early morning, noon, and evening. There were little old ladies in gray sweats, young couples in Adidas shoes, middle-aged men with red faces. "Come on!" My friend Alex encouraged me to join him as he jogged by my house every evening. "You'll feel great."Well, I had nothing against feeling great and if Alex could jog every day, anyone could. So I took up jogging seriously and gave it a good two months of my life, and not a day more. Based on my experience, jogging is the most overvalued form of exercise around, and judging from the number of the people who left our neighborhood jogging army. I’m not alone in my opinion.First of all, jogging is very hard on the body. Your legs and feet a real pounding(追击)ruining down a road for two or three miles. I developed foot, leg, and back problems. Then I readabout a nationally famous jogger who died of a heart attack while jogging, and I had something else to worry about Jogging doesn't kill hundreds of people, but if you have any physical weaknesses, jogging will surely bring them out, as they did with me.Secondly, I got no enjoyment out of jogging. Putting one foot in front of the other for forty-five minutes isn't my idea of fun. Jogging is also a lonely pastime. Some joggers say, "I love being out there with just my thoughts." Well, my thoughts began to bore me, and most of them were on how much my legs hurt.And how could I enjoy something that brought me pain? And that wasn't just the first week, it was practically every day for two months. I never got past the pain level, and pain isn't fun. What a cruel way to do it! So many other exercises, including walking, lead to almost the same results painlessly, so why jog?I don't jog any more, and I don't think I ever will. I’m walking two miles three times a week at a fast pace, and that feels good. I bicycle to work when the weather is good. I'm getting exercise, and I'm enjoying it at the same time. I could never say the same for jogging, and I've found a lot of better ways to stay in shape. What was the writer's attitude towards jogging in the beginning?→ ←A. He felt it was worth a try.B. He was very fond of it.C. He was strongly against it.D. He thought it must be painful.26.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) If a teacher attempts to implement the top-down model to teach listening, he is likely to present_____.A. new words after playing the tapeB. new words before playing the tapeC. background information after playing the tapeD. background information before playing the tape27.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air.One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurts and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly. Pruning should b e done to→ ←.A. make the tree grow tallerB. improve the shape of the treeC. get rid of the small branchesD. make the small branches thicker28.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following statements about Audio-lingual Methodis wrong?→ ←A. The method involves giving the learner stimuli in the form of prompts.B. The method involves praising the correct response or publishing incorrect response untilthe right one is given.C. Mother tongue is accepted in the classroom just 8s the target language.D. Emphasis is laid upon using oral language in the classroom; some reading and writing mightbe done as homework.29.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I’ve loved my mother's desk since I was just tall enough tosee above the top of it as mother sat writing letters. Standing by her chair, looking atthe ink bottle, pens, and white paper, I decided that the act of writing must be the most wonderful thing in the world.Years later, during her final illness, mother kept different things for my sister and brother.“But the desk.” she’d said again, “It's for Elizabeth.”I never saw her angry, never saw her cry. I knew she loved me; she showed it in action. Butas a young girl, I wanted heart-to-heart talks between mother and daughter.They never happened. And a gulf o pened between us. I was “too emotional”. But she livedon the surface”.As years passed I had my own family. I loved my mother and thanked her for our happy family.Iwrote to her in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose that shedid forgive me.I posted the letter and waited for her answer.None came.My hope turned to disappointment, then little interest and, finally, peace—it seemed that nothing happene I couldn’t be sure that the letter had even got to mother.I only knew thatI had written it, and I could stop trying to make her into someone she was not.Now the present of her desk told, as she'd never been able to, that she was pleased that writing was my chosen work. I cleaned the desk carefully and found some papers inside—aphoto of my father and a one—page letter, folded and refolded many times.Give me an answer, my letter asks, in any way you choose. Mother, you always choose the actthat speaks louder than words. What did mother do with her daughter's letter asking forgiveness?A. She had never received the letter.B. For years, she often talked about the letter.C. She didn't forgive her daughter at all in all her life.D. She read the letter again and again till she die.30.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) It was not→ ←she took off her dark glasses→ ←I realized she was a famous actress.A. when; thatB. until; thatC. until; whenD. when; then31.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments-mostly for entertainment purposes is fair and respectful?Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain "collections" of interesting "things" rather than protective habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored， lonely, and far from their natural homes.Zoos claim to educate people and save endangered species， but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species name, diet, and natural range. The animals normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usually take care of the animals natural needs.The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A world-wide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered. Captive breeding of endangered big cats, Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Havent we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals natural habitats.The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument mainly by→←.A. pointing out the faults in what zoos doB. using evidence he has collected at zoosC. questioning the way animals are protectedD. discussing the advantages of natural habitats32.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When Thomas Butler stepped off a plane in April 2002 on his return to the United States from a trip to Tanzania, he set in motion a chain of events that now threatens to destroy his life. A microbiologist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Butler was bringing back samples of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis for his research. Yet on re-entering the country, he is alleged to have passed right by US customs inspectors without notifying them that he was carrying this potentially deadly cargo. That move and its consequences have led the federal government to prosecute Butler for a range of offences. If convicted on all counts, he could be fined millions of dollars and spend the rest of his life in jail.The US scientific community has leapt to butlers defense, arguing that his prosecution is over- zealous, alarming and unnecessary. The presidents of the National Academy of Sciences。

探究性作文题目Exploratory essay topics forstudentsExploratory essays are completely different from other types of essays which you have written during your school or college days. They are not meant to convince the reader with your thesis rather, it explores the problem and tries to reach the conclusion. Another thing about exploratory essays is that they are reflective in nature. Such essays reflect the cognitive ability of the writer as you have to lead a problem to a conclusion. For generating an appealing exploratory essay, you have to be contemplative and able to articulate your ideas clearly. Today with the help of this article I am going to provide you withvarious exploratory essay topics on which you can write quality exploratory essays. But before jumping on to the topics let us first have a quick look at the format of the exploratory essays.Exploratory essay formatSimilar to other essays, exploratory essays also follow the below-mentioned pattern:IntroductionIn the introduction part of the exploratory essay, you have to outline your problem. You will write about the problem that you have explored and the purpose behind it. After that, you will write the possible causes of the problem. At last, discuss the solutions to the problem.The body of the essayIn the body of the essay, you have to write the process you adopted while doing the research. The body consists of several paragraphs and they should discuss the following things:Provide the introduction of the source materials. You have to mention the reason for selecting it and how it helped you in preparing for the research.Secondly, mention all the vital information that you have come across while doing the research for your exploratory essays. Let your audience know why this information is crucial and have a significant role in your essay.Provide your opinion on the problem and how the sources helped you to think in a completely different manner. Tell your viewpoint as well.ConclusionOften students take the conclusion lightly and end up by summarizing the whole essay. This approach will lead you to failure for sure. I would suggest you change your approach. Restate your problem and write potential solutions to the problem. You again have to provide your opinions here in the conclusion. You can end your essay by opening the opportunity of discourse over the problem.Now I am going to discuss various good topics for exploratory essays for different academic levels. All who are having problems in finding atopic for the essay can take help from the list of exploratory essays topics for college students mentioned below in this article.Exploratory essay topics at the bachelor’s levelWhen you step into college, you are unaware of various things related to academics. An exploratory essay might sound new to you. For such students, selecting topics get really difficult. You can see the list of topics below and select the most appropriate topic for yourself.1. What are the after-effects of early marriages on females?2. How is handling job and child is a tough task for parents? Raising children and doing a job at the same time.3. Is adoption a good alternative for parents who are facing issues in conceiving a child.4. Steps that should be taken by the first world for providing better health care facilities to third world countries.5. Can the renewable source of energy provide enough energy to the whole world?6. Impact of tablets and phones on the eyesight of children.7. Discuss the negative and positive effects of technology over children.8. Can computers replace the teacher? Is technology taking over the human race?9. Is modern technology a reliable source to get educational information?10. Modern technology: boon or bane for the humankind.11. Detecting racial background through DNA testing. Should it be legalized?12. How are reality shows harming the societies?13. How are recycling awareness programs creating an impact over society? Are they making a significant contribution to society?14. What measures people around the world can take to reduce the carbon emissions at the personal level.15. Small contributions make a big change. Discuss the individual efforts in making the world cleaner and greener.16. Discuss the morality behind gene screening. Is it ethical or should it be banned?17. How much use of technology is the right use of technology? Explore the areas of technology that are benefitting humans and exploiting humans.18. Discuss why human cloning is unethical. Elaborate report on the pros and cons of cloning.19. Online shopping is an easy way to get your demands done. Discuss the merits and demerits of online shopping.20. Is the world is ready to adapt to the challenges it is creating? How humans are becoming the reason for their own destruction?21. How is internet damaging the kids and society?22. Nanotechnology: Discussion on the advantages of nanotechnology and how it is changing the world around us.23. Brain cancer and cell phones. The risk associated with radiation exhibits by cell phones.24. How social media is circulating hoax all over the world? How to check the fact and myth circulated by social networking apps.25. Comparative study between traditional learning methods and modern learning methods. What are the advantages and disadvantages of both types of learning?26. Discuss whether dictatorship is as bad as portrayed by the west.27. How relationships nowadays affected by social media.28. Goods and bads of consuming genetically modified fruits and vegetables. Are they good for health?29. What are the problems arrived in long-distance relationships?30. Are electric cars really beneficial for the environment? Discussion the issues created by the chemicals emitted by the batteries.These are the exploratory essay topics students can go through with. For quality information, you can take help from various online academic websites such as Khan Academy, Udemy etc.Exploratory essay topics at master’s and PHD levelAt the master’s or PHD level you do not want to take a risk with your academics. You have to make every assignment with perfection. When you get the task of writing the essay, you need to be sure about its quality. Therefore, without risking your marks, you can choose a number ofexploratory essay topics from the below-mentioned list.1. Role of governments in worsening terrorism all over the world.2. How obesity is taking over the youth. Discuss the effects of obesity on the younger generation.3. What women and men want in a relationship. Differences and similarities in their needs.4. How can one have a successful relationship? Discuss the role of mutual understanding in a relationship.5. Discuss the growth of feminism through different ages.6. Men being the pursuers in a romantic relationship. How much is it correct. Take historical examples to describe it.7. Will Tesla and Google be able to develop electrical cars? Will it give rise to self-driving?8. Uses of Artificial intelligence in passenger planes. Is it good to rely on AI completely?9. Discuss how people react to premarital sex. Why people are not open about it?10. How technology has changed the education system. What are the new methods adopted by schools that are based on technological advancements?11. Elaborate research on the use of supplements by bodybuilders. How supplements are playing a negative role in the long term.12. What are the harmful effects of chemical drugs? Discuss how drugs alter the central nervous system.13. Should we limit political advertisements? Will it make any impact over the political parties.14. Fight between ideology and truth. Who will win and who will lose?15. Should schools use digital books and content rather than using traditional methods?16. Who is more powerful in terms of technological advancement, the US or Japan?Discuss the technology used by Japan and the US.17. Should weapons be allowed without a licence? How crime can be stopped with this approach.18. Should women athletes get equal wages as male athletes are getting?19. Role of carbohydrates in living a healthy life. Do carbs make people fat?20. Do fast-food chains are the leading cause in the growth of obesity in teenagers.21. How many hours of sleep is necessary for the human body? Does a change in sleeping pattern affect the functioning of the brain?22. What are the areas of the central nervous system responsible for the reflex actions? Discuss the role of the central nervous system in humans.23. How China has worked in becoming a global superpower? Discuss in detail the international policies of China.24. How and what difference one can find the Laws of 18th century and modern times. Discuss the differences and similarities of the policies of the two different eras.25. Time management and the need for it in academic life. How students should manage the time while preparing for the exams.26. How the world has changed after the attack of 9/11? Explore the hidden facts behind it.27. Global warming is a global phenomenon that requires a contribution from every person. Discuss in detail.28. Should schools focus more on practical learning rather than theoretical knowledge?29. Addiction due to caffeine. Is it really addictive or have false claims?30. Effects of caffeine on women’s health who are pregnant. Draw a conclusive study based on medical reports.After choosing a topic you need to make sure that you will write a perfect essay on it. Forwriting a perfect essay you can refer, tips to write good essays. Learn the art of writing essays quickly.。

牛津版英语初二上学期模拟试卷及解答参考一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to the question you hear.A. The man is asking for directions to the library.B. The woman is looking for a book on history.C. The man is helping the woman find a book.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the woman mentions she needs a book on history, and the man is assisting her in finding it, indicating that the topic of the conversation is about locating a specific book. The other options are not supported by the dialogue.2、Listen to the dialogue and answer the question.How do the speakers feel about the weather today?A. ExcitedB. RelaxedC. UnhappyAnswer: CExplanation: The dialogue indicates that the speakers are discussing the poor weather conditions, with expressions of dissatisfaction or unhappiness. There is no indication that they feel excited or relaxed about the weather.3、What is the main topic of the conversation between the two speakers?A)The importance of exercise for healthB)The latest trends in fashionC)The benefits of reading booksD)The preparation for an upcoming examAnswer: A) The importance of exercise for healthExplanation: The conversation between the two speakers primarily focuses on the benefits of regular exercise for maintaining good health, with references to staying active and the positive effects on mental well-being.4、How does the woman feel about the new policy implemented at her workplace?A)She is extremely satisfied with it.B)She is disappointed and thinks it’s unnecessary.C)She is indifferent and doesn’t care about it.D)She is worried about how it will affect her work-life balance.Answer: D) She is worried about how it will affect her work-life balance.Explanation: The woman expresses concerns about the new policy, suggesting that it might lead to longer working hours and less personal time, which indicates her worry about the potential impact on her work-life balance.5、Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question.A. Where are they going?B. What are they doing?C. How are they feeling?D. What time is it?Answer: BExplanation: The speaker mentions that they are going to the park to play some sports. The question asks what they are doing, which is “playing sports.”6、Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks with the missing words.I think we should go for a walk. It’s a beautiful dayoutside.______________________?A. Don’t you agree?B. Don’t you think so?C. Isn’t it a beautiful day?D. What do you think?Answer: AExplanation: The speaker is asking for agreement from the other person about going for a walk. Option A, “Don’t you agree?” is a polite way to seek confirmation.7.You hear a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob, discussing their weekend plans.A. Alice is planning to go hiking with her friends.B. Bob is planning to visit a museum.C. Alice is going to stay home and read a book.D. Bob is planning to go to the beach.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, Bob mentions that he is planning to visit thelocal museum this weekend, which is why the correct answer is B.8.You hear a weather forecast for a major city.A. The temperature is expected to be 30 degrees Celsius.B. There will be a sunny day with a high of 25 degrees.C. There is a chance of rain with a low of 15 degrees.D. The forecast is for snow with a high of 20 degrees.Answer: CExplanation: The weather forecast mentions a chance of rain and a low temperature of 15 degrees, indicating that the correct answer is C.9.You are listening to a conversation between two students, Tom and Alice, discussing their favorite subject in school.Tom: “Alice, what’s your favorite subject at school?”Alice: “Well, I think my favorite subject is…”Answer: B) MathExplanation: The conversation implies that Alice is about to mention her favorite subject. However, the answer is not explicitly stated in the dialogue, so the correct answer is based on the assumption that the listener is expected to infer Alice’s response based on common knowledge that Math is a popular subject among students.10.Listen to a short passage about a famous scientist and answer the following question.Passage: “Dr.Smith was a renowned scientist who made significantcontributions to the field of physics. His work has influenced many scientists around the world. One of his most famous experiments involved…”Question: What was Dr. Smith’s most famous experiment?A) The theory of relativityB) The double-slit experimentC) The photoelectric effectD) The periodic tableAnswer: C) The photoelectric effectExplanation: The passage mentions that Dr. Smith’s work involved a famous experiment. Although the name of the experiment is not explicitly given, the options provide clues. The correct answer is “The photoelectric effect,” as it is one of the most significant experiments in the field of physics, and it is likely that Dr. Smith, being a renowned scientist, would have contributed to this area.11.You are listening to a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans.A. What are the two students planning to do this weekend?B. What is the weather forecast for the weekend?Answer: A. What are the two students planning to do this weekend?Explanation: The question focuses on the students’ weekend plans. Listen for any mention of activities or events they are planning to attend or participate in.11.Answer: The two students are planning to go hiking. (Listen for the phrase “we’re planning to go hiking this weekend” or similar.)12.You are listening to a news report about a local festival.A. What is the main purpose of the festival?B. When will the festival take place?Answer: A. What is the main purpose of the festival?Explanation: The question asks about the primary purpose of the festival. Listen for any information about the festival’s objectives or themes.12.Answer: The main purpose of the festival is to celebrate the local culture and history. (List en for the phrase “the festival aims to celebrate the local culture and history” or similar.)13.You are listening to a conversation between two friends at a bookstore.W: I can’t decide which book to buy. I need something that will keep me entertained but also be educational.M: Well, have you considered getting a book on history? It’s fascinating and you can learn a lot about different cultures.W: That sounds interesting, but I’m not sure I want to read about history. Do you have any recommendations for a novel that’s both entertaining and educational?M: How about “The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time”? It’s a mystery novel that also delves into the life of a boy with Asperger’s syndrome.W: That sounds intriguing. I’ll take a look at it.Question: What does the man recommend to the woman?A) A history bookB) A novel on Asperger’s syndromeC) A mystery novel that is also educationalD) A book about different culturesAnswer: C) A mystery novel that is also educationalExplanation: The man su ggests “The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time,” which he describes as a mystery novel that also provides insight into the life of a boy with Asperger’s syndrome, making it both entertaining and educational.14.You are listening to a news report about a recent sports event.Anchor: In the latest round of the international chess championship, the defending champion, John Smith, faced a tough challenge from his opponent, Maria Rodriguez. Let’s go to our sports reporter, Alex, for more details.Alex: Thank you, Anchor. The match was intense from start to finish. Smith was playing with great precision, but Rodriguez was not to be underestimated. She managed to keep the game close and even had a few chances to win.Anchor: That’s fascinating. Did Rodri guez manage to pull off a victory?Alex: Not quite, but she came very close. In the final move, Smith made a strategic sacrifice of a pawn, which secured his victory. It was a display of exceptional skill and sportsmanship.Question: What was the outcome of the chess match?A) John Smith wonB) Maria Rodriguez wonC) The match ended in a drawD) The match was abandoned due to a tieAnswer: A) John Smith wonExplanation: The news report indicates that John Smith made a strategic sacrifice in the final move, which secured his victory, suggesting that he won the match.15.You are listening to a conversation between a student and a teacher ina classroom.Student: “Mr.Smith, I was wondering if you could explain the difference bet ween ‘affect’ and ‘effect’ again?”Teacher: “Certainly, the word ‘affect’ is usually used as a verb, meaning to influence or cause a change. ‘Effect’ is usually a noun, referring to the result or consequence of something. So, you would say, ‘The medicine a ffects my sleep,’ and ‘The side effect of the medicine is a headache.’”Question: What is the main purpose of the teacher’s explanation?A) To correct the student’s grammar.B) To provide a definition of ‘affect’ and ‘effect’.C) To discuss the medical side effects of a drug.D) To compare different types of medicine.Answer: B) To provide a definition of ‘affect’ and ‘effect’.Explanation: The teacher’s explanation is focused on clarifying the meanings and usage of the words ‘affect’ and ‘effect,’ which al igns with option B.16.Listen to a short dialogue between two friends discussing their weekend plans.Friend 1: “Hey, are you planning to go hiking this weekend?”Friend 2: “I was thinking of it, but I’m also considering visiting the art museum. Do you thi nk it’s worth the time?”Question: What is Friend 1’s initial plan for the weekend?A) To visit the art museum.B) To go hiking.C) To stay home and rest.D) To go shopping.Answer: B) To go hiking.Explanation: Friend 1 asks about the other person’s plans to go hiking, indicating that it was their initial plan.17.Listen to the following conversation and answer the question.W: Hi, John. How was your trip to London last week?M: It was amazing! I visited the British Museum and saw some really old artifacts. By the way, did you know that the British Museum is one of the world’s largest museums, with over 8 million items?Q: What did John visit in London?A. The British MuseumB. The LouvreC. The Vatican MuseumsD. The Metropolitan Museum of ArtAnswer: A. The British MuseumExplanation: John mentioned that he visited the British Museum in his conversation.18.Listen to the following dialogue and complete the sentence with the correct word.M: Have you heard about the new movie “Inception” that just came out?W: Yes, I have. It’s a sci-fi thriller directed by Christopher Nolan. It’s about dreams and the subconscious mind.M: That sounds fascinating! What did you think of the plot?W: The plot was very complex and thought-provoking. I particularly enjoyed the concept of dream layers and the idea of stealing secrets from a person’s subconscious mind.Q: What did the woman say about the movie “Inception”?A. The plot was simple and predictable.B. The plot was very complex and thought-provoking.C. The movie was not directed by Christopher Nolan.D. The movie is a horror film.Answer: B. The plot was very complex and thought-provoking.Explanation: The woman explicitly mentioned that she enjoyed the complex and thought-provoking plot of the movie “Inception”.19.You are listening to a conversation between a student and a teacher. The student is discussing a book they recently read. Listen to the conversation and answer the question.Question: What is the name of the book the student mentioned?A) “The Great Gatsby”B) “To Kill a Mockingbird”C) “1984”D) “Pride and Prejudice”Answer: BExplanation: The student says, “I just finished reading ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ by Harper Lee,” which indicates that the book’s name is “To Kill a Mockingbird.”20.Listen to a short dialogue between two friends discussing their weekend plans. Then answer the question.Question: What activity do the friends plan to do together on Saturday?A)Go to the moviesB)Visit a museumC)Go hikingD)Attend a concertAnswer: CExplanation: One of the friends says, “I thought we could go hiking this weekend,”suggesting that the planned activity is hiking.二、阅读理解（30分）Reading Passage:The following is a passage about the history of the Internet.The Internet, a global network of computers, has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. It all began in the late 1960s with the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) by the United States Department of Defense. ARPANET was designed to connect military and research institutions to facilitate the sharing of scientific data and research findings. The network was based on the concept of packet switching, which allowed data to be divided into small packets and sent across different paths, ensuring more reliable communication.In the 1970s, the development of the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocols further enhanced the ability of computers to communicate over long distances. These protocols were essential in creating a standardized method for data transmission, which made it possible for different types of networks to interconnect and form the foundation of the modern Internet.The early 1980s saw the introduction of the World Wide Web, which made the Internet accessible to the general public. Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, developed the first web browser, known as WorldWideWeb, in 1990. This innovationallowed users to navigate through a series of web pages containing text, images, and multimedia content.Today, the Internet is an indispensable part of our daily lives, with over 4 billion users worldwide. It has transformed industries, created new opportunities, and reshaped our social interactions. However, it also presents challenges, such as privacy concerns and cybersecurity threats, that need to be addressed.Questions:1.What was the primary purpose of ARPANET in its initial stages?A. To provide entertainment for the general publicB. To connect military and research institutions for the sharing of scientific dataC. To create a global network of computers for business purposesD. To develop a new communication system for international diplomacy2.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the development of the Internet?A. The TCP/IP protocols were created in the 1970s.B. The World Wide Web was introduced in the 1980s.C. Tim Berners-Lee developed the first web browser in 1990.D. The Internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives.3.What challenges does the Internet present today, according to the passage?A. Privacy concerns and cybersecurity threatsB. The lack of standardized methods for data transmissionC. The difficulty in navigating through web pagesD. The need for new communication systems for international diplomacyAnswer Key:1.B. To connect military and research institutions for the sharing of scientific data2.B. The World Wide Web was introduced in the 1980s.3.A. Privacy concerns and cybersecurity threats三、完型填空（15分）Oxford Edition English Grade 2 Semester 1 ExamSection 3: Cloze TestRead the following passage and choose the best word or phrase to fill in each blank.After a long day at school, Sarah felt exhausted. She had a lot of homework to do and her family was planning a surprise party for her birthday. She knew she needed to prioritize her tasks, so she made a list of everything she needed to accomplish. Here is her list:1.__________homework assignments.2.__________for the party.3.__________a gift for herself.4.__________some time to relax.5.__________for the party.A. completeB. organizeC. findD. spendE. prepareSarah’s list looked overwhelming, but she knew she could manage ifshe__________her time wisely.A. completeB. organizeC. findD. spendE. prepare1.A2.E3.C4.D5.BSarah decided to__________her time wisely by__________the most important tasks first.A. completeB. organizeC. findD. spendE. prepareAnswer: BSarah’s strategy worked, and she was able to__________everything on her list with enough time to__________and enjoy the surprise party.A. completeB. organizeC. findD. spendE. prepareAnswer: AAfter a successful evening, Sarah realized that__________is key to managing her time effectively.A. completeB. organizeC. findD. spendE. prepareAnswer: B四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、In the 1 morning, we 2 to the library to borrow some books for our school project. When we arrived, the 3 were already closed. We had to 4 back home without getting any books.A. first, went, doors, goB. first, went, library, goC. first, went, people, returnD. first, go, library, goAnswer: CExplanation: The correct sequence should be “In the first morning” (A), “we went” (B or C), “the people” (C) as the library staff are the ones who close it, “were already closed” (B or C), and “had to return” (C) to indicate going back home.2、The 1 of the book is very interesting, but the 2 is too difficult for me to understand.A. story, chapterB. chapter, storyC. content, partD. part, contentAnswer: AExplanation: The “story” of the book refers to the overall narrative, while “chapter” refers to a specific part of the story. Therefore, the correctsequence is “The story of the book” (A), “but the chapter” (A) as it refers to a specific section within the book that is difficult to understand.3、After the meeting, he went________(straight) to the airport without saying goodbye to anyone.•Answer: straight•Explanation: The adverb ‘straight’ is used here to indicate that he went directly to the airport without any delay or detour.4、The teacher asked the students if they had finished________(they) homework.•Answer: their•Explanation: The possessive adjective ‘their’ is used because it shows ownership or association with the noun ‘homework’.5、Inthe___________(1)___________(2)___________(3)___________(4)___________________ ___ (5)___________(6)______________________(7)___________(8)___________(9)___________(10)______________________(11)___________(12)___________(13)___________(14)___________(15) ___________, we always tryto___________(16)___________(17)___________(18)___________(19)___________(20)__ _________our homework and study materials in order to keepour___________(21)___________(22)___________(23)___________(24)_______________ _______(25)___________(26)___________(27)___________(28)___________(29)___________(30) ______________________(31)___________(32)___________(33)___________(34)___________(35)___________orga nized.Answer: 1. in, 2. the, 3. classroom, 4., 5. our, 6. schoolbags, 7. well, 8., 9. clean, 10., 11. and, 12. tidy, 13., 14. so that, 15., 16. finish, 17., 18. complete, 19., 20. them, 21. school, 22., 23. environment, 24., 25. well, 26., 27. keep, 28., 29. everything, 30., 31. neat, 32., 33. and, 34., 35. clean.Explanation: The sentence describes a rule or practice in a classroom setting. The correct grammar includes using “in the” to indicate location, “the” to specify the schoolbag, “our” to indicate possession, “well” and “tidy” to describe the state of the schoolbags, “so that” to introduce the purpose, and “finish” and “complete” to express the action of doing homework and study materials. The phrase “keep everything neat and clean” suggests maintaining an organized environment.6、The___________(1)___________(2)___________(3)___________(4)________________ ______ (5)___________(6)______________________(7)___________(8)___________(9)___________(10)______________________(11)___________(12)___________(13)___________(14)___________(15)___________ ___________(16)___________(17)___________(18)___________(19)___________(20)___________ ___________(21)___________(22)___________(23)___________(24)___________(25)___________ (26)___________(27)___________(28)___________(29)___________(30)______________________(31)___________(32)___________(33)___________(34)___________(35)___________ of reading books regularly is that it can improve one’s vocabulary and comprehension skills.Answer: 1. habit, 2. of, 3. reading, 4. books, 5., 6. regularly, 7., 8. The, 9. importance, 10., 11. is, 12., 13. that, 14., 15. it, 16., 17. can, 18., 19. improve, 20., 21. one’s, 22., 23. vocabulary, 24., 25. and, 26., 27. comprehension, 28., 29. skills, 30., 31. The, 32., 33. habit, 34., 35. of.Explanation: This sentence explains the benefit of a habit. The correct grammar includes using “the habit of” to introduce the habit, “reading books regularly” to describe the habit, and “The importance of” to introduce the topic being discussed. The phrase “can improve one’s vocabulary and comprehension skills” shows the positive outcome of the habit.7、Complete the following sentence by filling in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.The students____________(study) hard every day to achieve their goals.Answer: The students study hard every day to achieve their goals.Explanation: In this sentence, we use the simple present tense to describe a habitual action that happens regularly. Since the subject “The students” is plural, we do not change the form of the base verb “study.”8、Fill in the blank with the appropriate comparative form of the adjective provided in parentheses.Sarah’s project is____________(interesting) than John’s.Answer: Sarah’s project is more interesting than John’s.Explanation: When comparing two things, we use the comparative form of adjectives. For the adjective “interesting,” which has more than one syllable, we add “more” before the adjective to show comparison, and it should be “more interesting.” Note that when comparing just two items, we use “more…than.”Certainly! Below are the questions for the Grammar Fill-in section tailored for students in the second year of junior high school, using Oxford English as the reference. Here are questions 7 and 8 with answers and explanations:7、Complete the following sentence by filling in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.The students____________(study) hard every day to achieve their goals.Answer: The students study hard every day to achieve their goals.Explanation: In this sentence, we use the simple present tense to describe a habitual action that happens regularly. Since the subject “The students” is plural, we do not change the form of the base verb “study.”8、Fill in the blank with the appropriate comparative form of the adjective provided in parentheses.Sarah’s project is____________(interesting) than John’s.Answer: Sarah’s project is more interesting than John’s.Explanation: When comparing two things, we use the comparative form of adjectives. F or the adjective “interesting,” which has more than one syllable,we add “more” before the adjective to show comparison, and it should be “more interesting.” Note that when comparing just two items, we use “more…than.”9.In the__________(9) __________, the teacher__________(9)__________asked the students to write a composition about their summer vacation.A. meantime / alwaysB. meantime / usuallyC. meanwhile / oftenD. meantime / sometimesAnswer: B. meantime / usuallyExplanation: The correct answer is “meantime / usually” because “meantime” is used to refer to a period of time between two events, and “usually” indicates that the teacher had a habit of asking students to write compositions about their summer vacation. The other options do not fit the context as well.10.The__________(10)____________________ (10)____________________ (10) __________, she__________(10)__________decided to go for a run in the park.A. because / she / was feeling tired / so / she / feltB. since / she / had been working / hard / therefore / she / decidedC. as / she / felt / good / so / she / felt / toD. although / she / had not eaten / much / yet / she / wantedAnswer: C. as / she / felt / good / so / she / felt / toExplanation: The correct answer is “as / she / felt / good / so / she /felt / to” because the sentence describes a cause-and-effect relationship where the reason she felt good led her to decide to go for a run. The other options do not convey this relationship as clearly.五、简答题（本大题有5小题，每小题2分，共10分）1、In the novel “Treasure Island,” what significant role does the character of Long John Silver play, and how does his relationship with Jim Hawkins evolve throughout the story? (Answer in about 50-70 words)Answer:Long John Silver serves as a central figure in “Treasure Island,” initially appearing as the ship’s cook but later revealed to be the secret ringleader of the pirate crew. His relationship with Jim Hawkins is complex; he acts as a mentor and friend to Jim, yet his ultimate goal is to secure the treasure, which leads to a conflict of loyalty and trust between them.Explanation:This question tests the student’s understanding of character development and the dynamics of relationships within the narrative. It requires the ability to identify and articulate the multifaceted nature of a key character and the impact of that character on the protagonist.2、Explain the significance of the setting in William Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night’s Dream.” How does the contrast between the city of Athens and the forest contribute to the play’s themes and atmosphere? (Answer in about50-70 words)Answer:The contrasting settings in “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” – the structured, lawful world of Athens and the chaotic, magical realm of the forest –highlight the theme of order versus disorder. In Athens, social rules and hierarchies prevail, while the forest represents a place where norms are upended, allowing for transformation and reconciliation among characters.Explanation:This question evaluates the student’s comprehen sion of how the setting influences the plot, mood, and thematic elements of a literary work. It prompts students to consider the symbolic value of different locations and their contribution to the overall meaning of the text.3、What are the main differences between the present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous tense in English? (Please give at least three differences.)Answer:1.Time reference: The present perfect tense is used to describe actions that started in the past and continue up to the present, or have a present result. The present perfect continuous tense is used to describe actions that started in the past, are continuing at the present, and may continue into the future.2.Aspect: The present perfect tense focuses on the completion of the action, while the present perfect continuous tense emphasizes the ongoing nature of the action.3.Adverbs: The present perfect tense often uses adverbs like “already,” “yet,” or “just,” whereas the present perfect continuous tense usually uses adver bs like “for,” “since,” or “while.”Explanation:This question asks for the main differences between the present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous tense. It requires the student to identify and explain three key differences, such as the time reference, aspect, and adverbs used in each tense. This question aims to assess the student’s understanding of the nuances between these two tenses in English.4、Explain the difference between “there is” and “there are” in English. Give examples to illustrate your explanation.Answer:The difference between “there is” and “there are” lies in the number of nouns they refer to. “There is” is used for singular nouns, while “there are” is used for plural nouns.Example:•There is a book on the table.•There are books on the shelf.Explanation:This question asks the student to explain the difference between “there is” and “there are” and provide examples to illustrate the explanation. The student is expected to understand that “there is” is used for singular nouns and “there are” is used for plural nouns. By giving examples, the student can demonstrate their understanding of the rule and its application in。

关于探究式阅读的英语作文Exploratory Reading: A Journey of Discovering Knowledge.As a learner, I believe that exploratory reading is an essential approach to acquiring knowledge. It not only broadens our horizons but also cultivates critical thinking skills. Exploratory reading allows us to delve into various topics, explore different perspectives, and form our own opinions. In this essay, I will discuss the benefits of exploratory reading and provide examples to illustrate its significance.Exploratory reading, first and foremost, enables us to gain a deeper understanding of a subject. By reading extensively, we can access a wide range of information and viewpoints. For instance, when I was researching the topicof climate change, I read articles from various sources, such as scientific journals, opinion pieces, and evensocial media posts. This diverse range of materials allowed me to grasp the complexity of the issue and form a well-rounded opinion based on different perspectives.Furthermore, exploratory reading enhances our critical thinking skills. It encourages us to question the information we encounter and evaluate its credibility. For example, while reading about a controversial topic like genetically modified organisms (GMOs), I encountered conflicting viewpoints. Some articles praised the potential benefits of GMOs, while others raised concerns about their long-term effects. Through critically analyzing these different arguments, I was able to develop my own informed opinion on the topic.In addition, exploratory reading nurtures ourcreativity and imagination. When we expose ourselves to a wide range of genres and styles, we can draw inspiration from various sources. For instance, reading science fiction novels sparked my imagination and motivated me to explore scientific concepts further. This led me to delve into books on astrophysics and quantum mechanics, which ultimately broadened my knowledge and inspired me to pursue a career in STEM.Moreover, exploratory reading helps us develop empathy and understanding towards different cultures and perspectives. By reading literature from diverse authorsand cultures, we can gain insights into the experiences and struggles of others. For example, reading novels like "ToKill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee and "The Kite Runner" by Khaled Hosseini exposed me to the realities of racial discrimination and the impact of war on individuals. These stories not only deepened my empathy but also broadened my understanding of the world.In conclusion, exploratory reading is a powerful toolfor acquiring knowledge and developing critical thinking skills. Through extensive reading, we can gain a deeper understanding of various subjects, cultivate our creativity, and foster empathy towards others. By embracing exploratory reading, we embark on a journey of discovery, where we continuously learn, question, and grow. So, let's dive into the world of books and explore the endless possibilitiesthat await us.中文回答：探究式阅读，发现知识的旅程。

学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译UNIT 2 Economist1.Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces. Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive dissonance. Lawyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。

数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。

心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。

律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。

2.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways. At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。

科技改变了我们的学习方式英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How Technology Has Changed the Way We LearnHi there! My name is Sam and I'm a 10-year-old student. I love learning new things every day, especially with all the amazing technology we have these days. School is so different compared to how my parents and grandparents learned when they were kids. Let me tell you all about how tech has totally transformed the learning experience!First up, we have to talk about computers and the internet. When my dad was a kid, they didn't have laptops or tablets in the classroom. They had to use these huge, clunky desktop computers that took forever to start up. Nowadays, we all get issued a lightweight laptop or tablet that we can use for doing research, typing up assignments, creating presentations, and even joining video calls with teachers and classmates.The internet has been a total game-changer for learning. We have access to an endless amount of information and resources online. Need to learn about ancient Egypt? There are hundredsof awesome websites and videos that can teach you all about pyramids, pharaohs, and mummies with fun facts and cool visuals. Have a question about literally anything? Just google it! My parents had to rely solely on physical books and encyclopedias back then which must have been so limiting.Speaking of books, we still read them of course, but ebooks and audiobooks have made literature way more accessible and engaging. I can check out any book I want from the online library and read it on my tablet. Or if I'm feeling lazy, I can just listen to the audiobook version while I'm drawing or playing with lego. ebooks are also great because they have multimedia content like videos, games and activities built right into them. Reading has never been so interactive and fun!Another major way tech has upgraded learning is through educational apps, games and software. We have so many amazingly creative tools to explore every subject in an engaging, hands-on way. One of my favorite apps is Tynker, where I can learn coding by building games, robots and other programs through visual coding puzzles. For math, there are countless gamified apps that turn solving equations into a challenge or adventure. Even exercises like spelling and vocabulary practiceare way more entertaining when they're turned into a game instead of just rote memorization.Modern classroom tech is wild too. Instead of old chalkboards and projectors, our classrooms have huge interactive whiteboards and display screens. Our teachers can pull up multimedia lessons, do virtual lab experiments, and even video call experts and take virtual field trips to museums and other cool places. When we're learning about geography, we can explore the whole world through street view maps and 360° photos/videos instead of just looking at flat pictures and maps in a textbook.Online learning platforms have been a lifesaver too. Our school uses Google Classroom where we can easily access lesson materials, turn in assignments, message our teachers, and even do group projects together. During the pandemic lockdowns, we could attend live video classes and do all our learning 100% remotely thanks to tools like Zoom and other video conferencing tech.Mobile devices and wearable tech have also opened up new ways of learning. With a smartphone, I can immerse myself in subjects through augmented reality apps that overlay information on the real world. Like when we were studyingdinosaurs, I could use an AR app to have virtual dinosaurs appear around me so I could see their true size and behaviors. Smartwatches and fitness trackers also make it easier to learn about health and monitor our own physical activity levels.Even our school buildings themselves are smarter thanks to new technology. We have intelligent lighting, temperature control, and security systems that automatically adjust based on occupancy data. Sensors on doors and windows can detect things like air quality so our school knows when to turn on ventilation. We even have a greenhouse with an automated irrigation and growing system, allowing us to study botany, agriculture, and environmental science in a super hands-on way.Of course, technology isn't perfect and does come with some downsides. Too much screen time can lead to eye strain, headaches, and lack of physical activity. We have to be careful about cyber safety and not revealing personal information online. It's also crucial to verify information instead of blindly trusting everything we see on the web. But overall, the pros of edtech far outweigh the cons in my opinion.The possibilities of what we can learn and how we can learn it are endless thanks to our modern tech tools. We aren't limited to textbooks and lectures like past generations were. Informationand knowledge can be absorbed in such an engaging, interactive way through videos, games, simulations, and real-world data. Learning has become way more exploratory, hands-on, and catered to each student's interests and learning style.Who knows what new innovative teaching technologies will emerge in the years to come! Maybe we'll have virtual reality classrooms, or lessons projected directly into our brains by futuristic neurotech devices (just kidding...I think). Whatever's next, I'm excited to experience how education keeps evolving to be more immersive and effective. The human mind is capable of amazing things, and I feel like technology is finally allowing us to reach our full learning potential in school and beyond. I can't wait to see what the future holds!篇2Technology Has Changed How We LearnHello, my name is Emma and I'm in 5th grade. I love learning new things and going to school. But school today is really different from how it was when my parents and grandparents were kids. Technology has changed so many things about how we learn!One of the biggest changes is that we don't use as many books and papers anymore. Instead, we have tablets and computers that have all our textbooks, worksheets, and other materials loaded onto them. It's awesome because it means we don't have to carry around heavy backpacks full of books. All we need is our tablet!Our tablets are really cool. The textbooks on them aren't just words on a page. They have videos, animations, and interactive activities built right into them. So if we're learning about planets, we can watch a video showing how they orbit the sun. Or if we're studying fractions, we can split a virtual pie into pieces. The activities make things much more fun and easier to understand than just reading from a book.We even take lots of our tests on the tablets now instead of using paper and pencil. The tests are interactive too, with multimedia questions and models we can manipulate. Sometimes the tests feel more like games than boring tests. Our teachers can also get our test scores right away to see what we need more help with.Speaking of our teachers, technology has really changed how they teach us too. They don't just stand at the front of the class and lecture anymore. Now they create multimediapresentations with video clips, diagrams, and animations to make the lessons more engaging and visual.If we have questions about something, they can quickly pull up a simulation or video to help explain it better. Learning isn't just about reading from a book anymore. We get to experience things in a multimedia, interactive way.Our classroom even has a huge interactive whiteboard at the front. It's basically a giant tablet that our teacher can use to write notes, draw diagrams, or show videos and websites from the internet. Whatever is on the whiteboard gets recorded, so kids who were absent can just watch the recording later to see what they missed.Technology doesn't just help us in the classroom though. We also use it a lot for learning at home. We have access to so many educational websites, videos, games, and apps that make learning really engaging and fun. My favorite math games make solving problems feel more like playing rather than doing homework.We can even video chat with our teachers after school if we need extra help with an assignment. Or we can join online studygroups with classmates to work together virtually. Thereare so many learning resources at our fingertips now thanks to the internet.Technology has made learning a lot more interactive, multimedia, and collaborative experience. We don't just read from books and listen to lessons anymore. We get to experience concepts in a hands-on way using simulations, models, videos and more. Learning has become much more engaging and fun.Of course, technology isn't perfect and it won't replace human teachers completely. We still need their guidance and expertise. But overall, I think technology has tremendously improved how we learn. School feels much more interactive, visual and engaging now compared to the old ways of teaching.I'm really curious to see how technology will continue changing education in the years ahead. Maybe we'll have virtual reality classrooms someday where we can explore the depths of the ocean or walk on alien planets! Or maybe robots will become our teachers. Whatever happens, I'm excited to experience new ways of learning through technology. For now though, I need to charge up my tablet for another day of interactive, multimedia lessons at school tomorrow!篇3Technology Has Changed How We LearnWow, technology sure has changed a lot of things in our lives! The way we learn and go to school is totally different than it was for our parents and grandparents when they were kids. I've been using computers, tablets, and all sorts of high-tech gadgets for learning since I was really little. It's hard for me to imagine what school was like before we had all this amazing technology!One of the biggest ways technology has impacted learning is through computers and the internet. We use laptops and tablets for pretty much everything at school now - reading books, taking quizzes and tests, doing research, and even turning in our assignments and homework online. I don't think I've used a traditional paper textbook since kindergarten!Having everything digital makes it so much easier to look things up, take notes, and study. If I don't understand something, I can just do a quick search online to find more information and examples. There are also tons of educational websites, videos, and games that make learning about different topics way more fun and interactive than just reading from a book.My favorite thing about digital learning is that it's personalized for each student. The software can analyze which concepts I'm struggling with and give me extra practice in thoseareas. It also lets me work at my own pace - if I get stuck on something, I can spend more time reviewing it, and if I master a skill quickly, I can just move on to the next lesson. The programs even adjust the difficulty level for me automatically to keep things challenging but not too frustrating.Using technology for education has definitely made learning much more flexible too. If I get sick or have to miss school for some reason, I can easily keep up with my coursework from home by joining my classes online. Some students even do all of their schooling through virtual schools and never have to go to a physical building! That seems kind of weird to me though - I like being able to see my teachers and classmates in person at least part of the time.Technology hasn't completely replaced traditional classroom learning, but it has changed a lot about how we do things. We hardly ever have to lug around heavy backpacks full of bulky books and binders anymore since everything is digital. We take notes and submit assignments using tablet computers or laptops. Digital smartboards and video screens have pretty much replaced old chalkboards and whiteboards in classrooms too.Our teachers use a ton of educational technology to make lessons more engaging and bring abstract concepts to life. We can watch 3D animated videos to visualize things like how molecules form or how the solar system works. Using augmented reality, we can even project 3D models into our classroom and walk around them! For biology, we get to look at 3D scans of real human bodies instead of just pictures in a book. It's all so awesome and immersive.During labs in science class, we get to use computer simulations to test out experiments and see how changing different variables impacts the results. We can do virtual dissections and experiments that would be too expensive, dangerous or unethical to do in real life as kids. The simulations let us make mistakes with no real consequences and better understand the scientific principles through trial and error.Technology has also opened up amazing opportunities for interacting and collaborating with students from other schools, cities, and even countries! Using video chat, we can have virtual meet-ups and work on group projects together with kids from across the globe. We've had guests like scientists, authors, and even astronauts do live video calls with our class to share their experiences and expertise too. It's an incredible way to learnabout diverse people, cultures and perspectives in an engaging way.Outside of school, technology impacts how I learn as well. I have access to so many educational apps, games, videos, audiobooks and podcasts that make learning feel more like playing than work. My parents can easily keep up with what I'm studying and my progress through online portals. There are even cool apps that use augmented reality to bring books and games to life by scanning the pages!Of course, all this technology does have some downsides. I sometimes get headaches from looking at screens for too long. And it can be really distracting to have access to games, videos and social media when I'm trying to focus on schoolwork. My parents and teachers are always reminding me to take screen breaks and not get too distracted by non-educational apps and websites.There are also concerns about things like cyberbullying, online safety, digital privacy and access to inappropriate content that come with using technology more. But overall, I think the benefits of using technology for learning outweigh the potential risks as long as we practice good digital citizenship.All in all, technology has drastically transformed education compared to what past generations experienced. While there are pros and cons, I feel pretty lucky to be able to take advantage of all the amazing learning opportunities that computers, multimedia and the internet provide. Who knows what other incredible advancements will shape how students learn in the future? I can't wait to see what comes next! Learning sure is a lot more fun, engaging and personalized with technology.。