Modern Standby

U1T3 重要知识点梳理重点单词1.exciting adj.令人激动的，使人兴奋的exciting令人兴奋的（修饰物）excited感到兴奋的（修饰人）an exciting movie一部令人兴奋的电影We feel excited.我们感到兴奋.( ) All the Chinese were _______ when they heard Liu Xiang won the first. It was really _______.A. exciting, excitedB. excited, excitingC. exciting, excitingD. excited, excited2.hear v.听见，听到为感官动词，常见的感官动词有：see, watch, hear, smell, feel 等。

实意动词时：后可接①动词ing形式，表此动作正在发生。

②动词原形，不表此动作正在发生, 表此动作已完成或存在的事实③+that从句系动词时；后+adj构成系表结构It’s too noisy in the room.I can’t （听见）what you said.3.Shall modal v.好吗？要不要……？Shall+动词原形--S we go to the zoo tomorrow?-- Good idea.4.message n.信息，消息leave a message 留下消息take a message （打电话时用）传个话,留口信Linda isn’t in.Can I take the m for her right away?5.theater n.剧场，戏院How about listening to a concert at a t ?6.line n.线；线条；电话线路The l is bad.I can’t hear you.Could you please speak louder?7.modern adj.现代的In m times,almost every family has a computer at home.8.Olympics n.奥林匹克运动会9.ring n.环形物；铃声v.打电话；（钟，铃等）响There is a beautiful r on herfinger(手指）.10.stand v.站立；位于；忍受；承受stand for 代表，容忍stand up起立Hk stands for Hong Kong.I’m not standing for the way he speaks.I can’t _______ the environment here.我不能忍受这里的环境。

【导语】2018年研究⽣考试英语⼀试题已陆续公布，考研频道⼩编将在第⼀时间为各位考⽣公布考研英语试题及答案信息，以下是⼩编为各位考⽣整理的2018考研英语⼀真题：阅读新题型相关内容，请各位考⽣查看如下： 以下是2018考研英语⼀阅读新题型源⽂： The Grounds Eisenhower Executive Office Building Originally built for the State, War and Navy Departments between 1871 and 1888, the Eisenhower Executive Office Building now houses a majority of offices for White House staff. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building is located next to the West Wing, and houses a majority of offices for White House staff. Originally built for the State, War and Navy Departments between 1871 and 1888, the EEOB is an impressive building that commands a unique position in both our national history and architectural heritage. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury Alfred Mullett, the granite, slate and cast iron exterior makes the EEOB one of America’s best examples of the French Second Empire style of architecture. It took 17 years for Mullett’s masterpiece to finally be completed. History Next door to the White House, the Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both our national history and architectural heritage. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country. In bold contrast to many of the somber classical revival buildings in Washington, the EEOB’s flamboyant style epitomizes the optimism and exuberance of the post-Civil War period. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation’s foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century — the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation’s most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed on sites flanking the White House between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building to the northeast of the White House. The State Department then moved to the D.C. Orphan Asylum Building while the War and Navy Departments continued to make do with their cramped quarters to the west of the White House. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished in 1888, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas. Completed in 1875, the State Department’s south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary’s office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marqetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary. The Indian Treaty Room, originally the Navy’s library and reception room, cost more per square foot than any other room in the building because of its rich marble wall panels, tiled floors, 800-pound bronze sconces, and gold leaf ornamentation. This room has been the scene of many Presidential news conferences and continues to be used for conferences and receptions attended by the President. The remaining north, west, and center wings were constructed for the War Department and took an additional 10 years to build. Notable interiors include an ornate cast-iron library, the Secretary’s suite, and the stained glass skylight over the west wing’s double staircase. Many of our most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming President. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. President Herbert Hoover occupied the Secretary of Navy’s office for a few months following a fire in the Oval Office on Christmas Eve 1929. In recent history, President Richard Nixon had a private office here. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was the first in a succession of Vice Presidents to the present day that have had offices in the building. Gradually, the original tenants of the EEOB vacated the building – the Navy Department left in 1918 (except for the Secretary who stayed until 1921), followed by the War Department in 1938, and finally by the State Department in 1947. The White House began to move some of its offices across West Executive Avenue in 1939, and in 1949 the building was turned over to the Executive Office of the President and renamed the Executive Office Building. The building continues to house various agencies that comprise the Executive Office of the President, such as the White House Office, the Office of the Vice President, the Office of Management and Budget, and the National Security Council. The French Second Empire style originated in Europe, where it first appeared during the rebuilding of Paris in the 1850s and 60s. Based upon French Renaissance prototypes, such as the Louvre Palace, the Second Empire style is characterized by the use of a steep mansard roof, central and end pavilions, and an elaborately sculptured facade. Its sophistication appealed to visiting foreigners, especially in England and America, where as early as the late 1850s, architects began adopting isolated features and, eventually, the style as a coherent whole. Alfred Mullett’s interpretation of the French Second Empire style was, however, particularly Americanized in its lack of an ornate sculptural program and its bold, linear details. While it was only a project on the drafting table, the design of the EEOB was subject to controversy. When it was completed in 1888, the Second Empire style had fallen from favor, and Mullett’s masterpiece was perceived by capricious Victorians as only an embarrassing reminder of past whims in architectural preference. This was especially the case with the EEOB, since previous plans for a building on the same site had been in the Greek Revivial style of the Treasury Building. In 1917, the Commission of Fine Arts requested John Russell Pope to prepare sketches of the State, War, and Navy building that incorporated Classical facades. During the same year, Washington architect Waddy B. Wood completed a drawing depicting the building remodeled to resemble the Treasury Building. This project was revived in 1930 when Congress appropriated $3 million for its construction. Wood worked for 3 years on the design to remove the granite walls and replace them with marble, but the project was shelved due to financial burdens imposed by the Great Depression. In 1957, President Eisenhower‘s Advisory Committee on Presidential Office Space recommended demolition of the Executive Office Building and construction of a modern office facility. However, the public outcry, and the overwhelming expenses associated with the demolition, saved the building. The building has not been without detractors. It has been referred to as Mullett’s “architectural infant asylum” by writer Henry Adams. President Harry S. Truman came to the defense of the building when it was threatened by demolition in 1958. He said it was “the greatest monstrosity in America”. Noted architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock, however described it as “perhaps the best extant example in America of the second empire.” The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1969. In 1972, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites. Since 1981, the Office of Administration of the Executive Office of the President has actively pursued a rigorous program of rehabilitation of the EEOB. The entire structure has benefited from an upgraded maintenance program that has also included restoration of some of the EEOB’s most spectacular historic interiors. In 1988, Congress enacted legislation to allow the Office of Administration to accept gifts and loans from the public on behalf of the EEOB to be used for preservation and restoration purposes. Persons interested in finding out more about the preservation program or in making a contribution should contact the Preservation Office. Facts Architectural Style: French Second Empire Construction Dates: 1871 – 1888 (17 years total) Supervising Architects: Alfred Mullett (1869-1874), William Potter (1875-1875), Orville Babcock (1875-1877), Thomas Lincoln Casey (1877-1888) Chief Designer: Richard Ezdorf Total Cost: $10,038,482.42 Total Building Area: 662,598 GSF (15.21 acres or 11 1/2 football fields) Number of Levels: Basement, Ground, Floors 1 through 5 Original Number of Rooms: 553 Exterior Columns: 900 Original Interior Doors: 1,314 Original Exterior Windows: 1,572 Bronze Stair Balusters: 4,004 Number of Steps: 1,784 (76 less than the Empire State Building with 1,860 steps) Number of Stairs: 65 Total Corridor Length: 9,160′-1″ or 1.73 miles (2.793 kilometers) Number of Original Fireplaces: 151 (83 remain) https:///about-the-white-house/eisenhower-executive-office-building/。

关于改变的英语作文名言名句The Unstoppable Force of Change: A Literary Exploration.Change, a ubiquitous and inevitable force, has been a subject of profound contemplation and artistic expression throughout the annals of literature. From Shakespeare's timeless insights to contemporary authors' poignant reflections, writers have captured the multifaceted natureof change, its transformative power, and its enduringimpact on the human experience.Shakespeare's Immutable Truths.William Shakespeare, the undisputed master of the English language, painted a vivid tapestry of change in his plays. In "Sonnet 18," he extols the beauty of his beloved by comparing her to an "ever-fixed mark," a beacon of stability amidst the relentless march of time. Yet, in the same breath, he acknowledges the fleeting nature of life, reminding us that "the world is too much with us":“But wherefore do not you a mightier way.Make war upon this bloody tyrant, Time?And fortify yourself in your decay.With means more blessed than my barren rhyme?”。

20世纪30年代··的英文短语The 1930s: A Pivotal Decade in Global History.The 1930s were a decade marked by significant transformations and upheavals in global history. It was a period that saw the emergence of new political ideologies, economic crises, and technological advancements, all of which had profound impacts on the world as it entered the second half of the 20th century.Economically, the decade began on a positive note with the Roaring Twenties coming to a close. However, this period of prosperity was soon followed by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and lasted well into the 1930s. This economic crisis was the worst the world had seen, with unemployment rates skyrocketing, businesses failing, and banks collapsing. The Depression had a profound impact on society, leading to widespread hardship and social unrest.Politically, the 1930s saw the rise of dictatorial regimes in several countries. In Germany, Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party came to power, promising to restore the country's glory and prosperity. In Italy, Benito Mussolini established a fascist dictatorship, while in Japan, the military-led government began to assert greater control over the country. These dictators used a combination of propaganda, violence, and economic manipulation to consolidate their power and pursue aggressive foreign policies.The decade also saw the emergence of new political movements and ideologies. In the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs aimed to address the economic crisis by providing relief to the unemployed and reforming the financial system. These policies, along withRoosevelt's popular "fireside chats," helped to restore some confidence in the American economy and government. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin consolidated his power and implemented a strict communist regime, prioritizing industrialization and collective farming to build up the country's military and economic strength.Technologically, the 1930s were a time of significant advancements. The development of radar technology during this period revolutionized military strategy, allowing for more precise and effective air defense. The first commercial airliners also began to take flight, revolutionizing travel and opening up new opportunities for international trade and tourism. Additionally, the decade saw significant progress in the fields of electronics and radio technology, which would later play a crucial role in the development of the information age.The 1930s were also marked by significant cultural and artistic movements. In literature, the works of authorslike Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck captured the hardships and struggles of the Depression era. In music, the emergence of jazz and swing became popular forms of expression, reflecting the spirit of resilience and optimism in the face of adversity. Cinema also flourished during this period, with the rise of Hollywood as a global center for film production and distribution.The decade ended on a tragic note with the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. The conflicts that had been simmering throughout the decade finally exploded into a global conflict that would shape the course of history for the next several years.In conclusion, the 1930s were a decade of upheaval and transformation. It was a time of crisis and hardship, but also of hope and progress. The events of this decade would have profound impacts on the world for generations to come, setting the stage for the global conflicts and challenges that would define the rest of the century.。

英语作文九年级1–14单元人教版st Chinese New Year. I and my father, mother, grandparents, brother went to changbaishan by bus. In the morning we came down the mountain. I saw wooded mountains, wild flowers bloom. We climb up the hill along the mountain path. Come halfway up the mountain, I feel a little tired，my shoes broke. Dad said to me,“tingting，don’t do anything halfway.”at last，So I insisted reached the top, the top of the scenery so beautiful.We were flying kites, I was thirsty, my mother bought me a bottle of water, .finally we went home.finally，Since then, I've kept these shoes。

i was very happydear mike,haven’t seen you for a long time. how have you been? i am missing you all the time. as the weather is splendid now, i have made a plan to go out to the countryside by bike. each of us may take food for the picnic, which we will have at the hillside. the countryside must be very lovely, with grass and trees growing flourishingly, flowers full bloom and bright sunshine. we can enjoy the scenery to our hearts content, at the same time and take some pictures as a memory. it is possible for us to meet at the bus stop 8 a. m. i am sure we will have a good time. do e and join us.yours always,Beijing, the capital of People's Republic of China, the central municipality, National Center City China, Chinese politics, culture, education and international exchange center, while the decision-making centers and management centers in China's economy and finance. Beijing is located in the northern end of the North China Plain, southeast connected with Tianjin, the rest issurrounded by Hebei Province. Beijing has built more than 3000 years of history of the capital city and the history of 850 years, is one of "China's four ancient capitals", with some international influence, which first appeared in the literature of the name "thistle." Beijing since the Yuan, Ming blend of Chinese culture, has many historical sites and cultural landscapes, is the world's largest city has the world's cultural heritage. Beijing is also one of the most rainfall in North China region. The historic International Higher university, Peking University, Tsinghua University, also located in Beijing.Yuan Yuan:With the calendar torn off, the weather has been hot summer day into the cool of the fall, you and me corporations meet by chance, know not long, but you're moving and righteous people, we hit it off, as has been known to pay, it can be said It is destined, but now far divided in o. Non-vegetation can be ruthless cooked. The thought here, mind quite melancholy, surely you are too it! Two in the afternoon, in Huanggang Huangmei Opera Theater to watch Dream of Red Mansions. We hope arriveChinese government reiterated: South China Sea islands are Chinese territory since ancient times, China's South China Sea Islands and adjacent waters has indisputable sovereignty, "will never allow any country under any pretext and in any manner be violated." Insist on sovereignty belongs to me, this is the Chinese government's consistent position is to negotiate a basic prerequisite for China to solve the South China Sea and the South China Sea neighboring countries concerned.Yesterday, we visited space hotel. We came to the visitors to experience weightlessness room.Seen from the porthole to look beautiful pla once every 45 minutes and the sunrise and sunset,it is a unique experience. In addition, the window around some equipment specially designed for fixed body of tourists. Visitors who do not wear those bulky flight suits and oxygen equipment. Space hotel is really beautiful.I have a friend named yangyang. Her medium height, shapely, oval face, *** all eyes but great temperament. She is interested in singing and dancing. She has participated in the city's singing petition, won the first prize. She loves sports, like hiking fitness. She was a helpful person. Once she saw in the street an old lady fell on the road, she was sent to hospital after the old woman propped up their own money to grandma doctor, then quietly leave, even the name was left. Her favorite food is pasta, I always ask her to eat noodles.Last Saturday, I went to the zoo and parents. That morning, the weather was fine. We decided to go by bike, environmentally friendly and convenient. To the zoo, originally planned with the animals according to a like, a lot of zoo visitors, not the camera. In the afternoon it began to rain, the animals are sleeping. No umbrella, feeling tired and hungry. So we will return home.Huadu southeast of the annual flower fair was a feast, but also a good opportunity for the development of cross-strait agricultural exchanges, sixteenth Strait Flower Expo in November in Zhangzhou City, southeast Huadu meet with you, the number of flowers on the square ten kinds of flowers bloom, very spectacular; EAF shop dozen highly ornamental freshwater fish; romantic rose garden four fragrance; and modern agricultural science and technology museum and fantasy Pavilion advanced agricultural technology and fresh produce. Flower Expo held at a time when the harvest season, fans can also spend for good fruit and enjoy all the flowers, never wantIn real life, all kinds of extravagance and waste of the phenomenon is still unmon, the fine tradition of thrift that some people seem to be fotten. In daily life, the waste phenomenon is shocking. Large shopping malls, supermarkets and other occasions, open air summer wear jackets, winter wear a shirt open air has bee a surprising phenomenon. The ubiquitous plastic bags when shopping and disposable supplies; office pulled the curtains open daylight fluorescent power; not after work lights, puters, printers and other office equipment is always in standby mode ...... all kinds of waste mon.Yesterday, we visited space hotel. We came to the visitors to experience weightlessness room.Seen from the porthole to look beautiful pla once every 45 minutes and the sunrise and sunset, it is a unique experience. In addition, the window around some equipment specially designed for fixed body of tourists. Visitors who do not wear those bulky flight suits and oxygen equipment. Space hotel is really beautiful.Yesterday, we went to the work park with whole school teachers and students.We entered the park to see everywhere full of flowers, the road on both sides by tall Metasequoia. We all appreciate the beauty, she came to the playground. Amusement park roller coaster, bumper cars, carousel, Ferris wheel, pirate ship and so on. We get together enjoyable to play. Finally, we saw a four-dimensional movie. It was a happy and meaningful day.My father was born in May 1971, is now an accountant. My mother was born in November 1978, is now a teacher. They love life, love outdoor sports, every weekend to take me climbing, let me breathe the fresh air of nature. I am happy and harmonious family, parents courteous.xinghuatan Park is big and good-looking, where there aremany trees, flowers and a Great Lakes. In the middle of the park ,there is a *** all river before. Middle Creek has a pond with lotus in full bloom, there are many fish enjoy swimming in. Planted with almond trees around the park, a tree covered with sweet fruit. In front of every house loaded with beautiful flowers.My hometown in shantou. Sand everywhere there before, very desolate.Traffic blocking。

Specification Sheet | Page 1 of 2The perfect printer for your home office.Innovative Cartridge-Free Printing — High-capacity ink tanks mean nomore tiny, expensive ink cartridges; Epson’s exclusive EcoFit ® ink bottles make filling easy and worry-freeDramatic Savings on Replacement Ink — Save up to 90% with replacement ink bottles vs. ink cartridges 1 – that’s enough to print up to 7,500 pages black/6,000 color 2, equivalent to about 90 individual ink cartridges 3.Stress-Free Printing — Up to 2 years of ink in the box 4 – and with every replacement ink set – for fewer out of ink frustrationsZero Cartridge Waste — By using an EcoTank printer, you can help reduce the amount of cartridge waste ending up in landfillsImpressive Print Quality — Unique PrecisionCore Heat-Free Technology ™ and Claria ® ET pigment black ink produce extremely sharp text – plus impressive color photos and graphics – on virtually any paper typeRobust Paper Handling — Auto Document Feeder, paper-saving auto 2-sided printing and a 250-sheet paper tray for high productivityBuilt-in Scanner & Copier — High-resolution flatbed scanner and a 2.4"color display for easy document copying and navigationModern Connectivity — Features Ethernet and wireless, plus hands-free voice-activated printing 5. Easily print from your smart device 6 with the intuitive Epson Smart Panel ® App 7Designed for Reliability — Worry-free 2-year limited warranty with registration 8, including full unit replacement/ecotankReplacement ink bottles2YEARLimited Warranty81 Actual savings and costs will vary considerably based on print tasks, print volumes and usage conditions. Savings and cost per ISO page are based on the cost of replacement ink bottles and the cost of enough standard cartridges to achieve the total page yields of the bottles using the MSRP (USD) and yields for Epson ® standard-capacity ink cartridges for similarly featured Epson consumer inkjet printers as of October 2020.All-in-One Cartridge-Free Supertank PrinterWireless | Print | Copy | Scan | EthernetSpecification Sheet | Page 2 of 2Scan Bed Size 8.5" x 11.7"Max. 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建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑⼤学毕业论⽂外⽂⽂献翻译及原⽂毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献、资料中⽂题⽬：现代建筑⽂献、资料英⽂题⽬：Modern Architecture⽂献、资料来源：⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译⽇期： 2017.02.14建筑学毕业设计的外⽂⽂献及译⽂⽂献、资料题⽬：《Advanced Encryption Standard》⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：2004.10.25外⽂⽂献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中⽂译⽂：现代建筑现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是⼀个词给了⼀些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等. 虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并⼤量造就了⼀些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶. 第⼆次⼤战后的三⼗年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源⼀些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为⼀个社会问题, 息息相关的⼯程中的现代性,从⽽影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治⾰命.另⼀些⼈认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和⼯程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝⼟和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为⼯业⾰命的⼀部分. 1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage⾸先⽤他的'⽕'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与⽯材地板. 这些建设⼤⼤加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更⼤的机器. 由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,⼀些早期建筑失败. 直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致⼴泛使⽤钢架建设，⼯业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的⾯貌,英国北部领导的描述, "⿊暗魔⿁作坊"的地⽅如曼彻斯特和西约克郡. ⽔晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重⼤展览, 1851年,是⼀个早期的例⼦,钢铁及玻璃施⼯; 可能是⼀个最好的例⼦,就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利⽂在芝加哥附近发展的⾼层钢结构摩天楼. 早期结构采⽤混凝⼟作为⾏政⼿段的建筑表达(⽽⾮纯粹功利结构) ,包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统⼀宫, 建于1926年瑞⼠巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第⼆哥特堂,.但⽆论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑⽅法,将传统的先例(⽐如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利⽂和赖特在芝加哥⼯作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼⾼迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托⽡格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之⼀可以看作是⼀个新与旧的共同⽃争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要⼈物,在现代建筑⾥确⽴了⾃⼰的名声. 三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国, 密斯范德尔德罗和⽡尔特格罗⽪乌斯在德国. 密斯范德尔德罗和格罗⽪乌斯为董事的包豪斯, 其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和⼯艺和传统⼯业技术.赖特的建筑⽣涯中,也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过⽡斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们. 赖特与格罗⽪乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重⼤的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览,艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势, 内容相似,有⼀个共同的⽬的,巩固了他们融⼊国际化风格这是⼀个重要的转折点. 在⼆战的时间包豪斯的代表⼈物逃到美国,芝加哥，到哈佛⼤学设计⿊⼭书院. 当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单⼀的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑, 是学校(专业领导)的唯⼀可接受的, 设计解决⽅案,从约1932年⾄约1984年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。

1准备ICAO英语考试时总结了不少，在此把总结的内容上传分享一下。

手打难免错漏，请见谅，我只是一名刚毕业的飞行学员关于专业知识理解不到位之处还请帮忙纠正2考的是语言能力不需要很专业因为考官本身也不是专业的飞行员只要有一些关于飞行的普遍认知就好有一定的专业知识就好3做最充足的准备应对考试应该是得心应手的考试的听力比较清晰而且比平时自己训练的听力简单语速较慢并且没有BACKGROUND WHISTLE4这个是英语学习所以多听多说才是硬道理就应试而言多听录音多听陆空通话就提高语言能力而言多看美剧多模仿多听英文歌多开口说纠正发音语气断句等5前三部分只有自己练习第四部分可以外力帮助提高更快6只是本人一些愚见不足为据啊7祝逢考必过下面的大多都是针对第四部分OPI（oral proficiency interview）OPI包含5个部分：1 warm up 2 level check 3 probe 4 picture describe 5 wrap up一）vocabulary (最后附有各个系统专业词汇)对于一些比较常见专业单词词组的归纳三个应答机特殊编码：编码自己查不便说。

从小到大分别是hijack , radio failure , distress conditionsPAN PAN和MAYDAY的区别：PANPAN：need assistance timely urgency situationMAYDAY：need assistance immediately distress situation乘务员flight/cabin attendant 驾驶舱职权梯度cockpit authority gradient机库hangar 接通/断开自驾engage/disengage AP地形terrain 人因human factors活物牲畜livestock 绕飞detour界面交界处interface 修改modify amend试车engine runup 烂泥slush减速妨碍retard 积累accumulation湿度humidity 降雨量precipitation气喘asthma 腹泻diarrhea调度签派dispatch 信号员marshaller开往驶往Bound for 放油fuel dump jettison预期anticipate 污染contaminate外形configuration 致命的fatal分院branch flight college 炸药dynamite手榴弹grenade 恢复revertHuman error chain: people makes mistake, and accident happens. one mistake leads to another to another to another which leads to an accidentIRS: inertial reference system 惯性基准系统干预interfere 配件附件accessory气动的pneumatic 有形的具体的concrete临界的marginal 连续touch and go起落Traffic circuit 补充replenish全停full stop 物质物品substance拉紧绷紧strain 踝关节ankle 肘部elbow对正跑道align the runway POB: people onboard改装训练transition training 劫机犯hijacker陆空对话radiotelephony communication前轮转弯机构nose wheel steering 执行execute 疏散evacuation 机长的四条杠的含义：1 flying skill 2 knowledge 3 profession 4 responsibility提供饮食及服务cater（主要在地面装载时会用到）RNP----required navigation performance 所需导航性能RDH----threshold height 跑道入口高度二）几个主要系统组成及功用1 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM很多图是关于重着陆，事故以及事故症候的，事故大多数的情况都包含有起落架的一些情况，damaged，unable to extend, tires blow-out, smoke from main gear等情况，所以遇到这一类型的图就可以引申出对于LANDING GEAR SYSTEM的问题来考验对系统的认知。

高级英语2第三版答案【篇一：高级英语第一册第三版课后翻译+paraphrase】=txt>1. we’re 23 feet above sea level.2. the house has been here since 1915, andno hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3. we can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. water got into the generator and put it out. it stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5. everybody goes out through the back door and runs to the cars!6. the electrical systems in the car (the battery for the starter) had been put out by water.7. as john watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felta strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8. oh god, please help us to get through this storm safely9. grandmother koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and finally stopped.10. janis displayed the fear caused by the hurricanerather late.1. 每架飞机起飞之前必须经过严格的检查。