Academic_writing_Introduction 引言的写作

SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作第一篇：SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作引言Introduction 是SCI论文最难写的部分之一，很多文章的缺陷就在于Introduction没有内涵，过于简单，没有真正体现论文的研究起初和创新要素，然而，一篇好的SCI论文对于Introduction的要求是非常高的，一个好的引言相当于文章成功了一半。

所以大家应该在 Introduction的撰写上下功夫。

要写好 Introduction，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是紧密结的，即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。

SCI论文引言部分Introduction 主要包括如下四个方面的内容：1、阐述自己研究领域的基本内容。

要尽量简洁明了，不罗嗦;须知看文章者都是该领域的专家，所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。

2、文献总结回顾。

是引言的重头戏之一，要特别着重笔墨来描写。

一方面要把该领域内过去和现在的状况全面概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用(这是两个最容易出问题的地方，要极力避免;一旦审稿人指出这两个毛病，很可能意味着表明你做的不够深入或全面，负面作用非常明显)。

另一方面，文献引用和数据提供一定要准确，切记避免片面摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果;引用的数据也要正确，特别是间接引用的数据(即不是从原文献中查到，而是从别人文献中发现的另一篇文献的数据);数据出错会导致文章的印象特差!此外，引用文献时注意防止造成抄袭的印象，即不要原文抄录，要用自己的话进行总结描述。

如果审稿人正好是文献的引用者的话，原文照抄的结果一定会很糟糕。

3、分析过去研究的局限性并阐明自己研究的创新点。

这是整个引言的高潮，因而要慎之又慎。

阐述局限性时，需要客观公正评价别人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的价值建立在贬低别人的工作之上(这也是文章易犯的毛病)，研究者一定要遵循实事求是的原则来分析。

征稿作文开头模板范文英文回答：Introduction to Essay Writing: Template and Sample。

In academic writing, essays hold an essential place as they provide students with the opportunity to demonstrate their analytical, research, and writing skills. Crafting an effective essay requires a well-structured introductionthat captivates the reader, provides necessary context, and outlines the main argument or thesis.Crafting an Introduction: A Template Approach。

A compelling introduction typically follows a systematic structure, ensuring clarity and organization:1. Attention-grabbing Hook: Begin with a compelling statement, question, anecdote, or quote that grabs the reader's attention.2. Background Information: Provide context and background information relevant to the topic, ensuring the reader's understanding.3. Thesis Statement: Finally, present the central argument or thesis of the essay. This concise and declarative statement articulates the main point the essay will argue or prove.Sample Essay Introduction using the Template。

academic writing 范文Academic Writing: An IntroductionIntroduction:Academic writing is a crucial skill that students need to develop throughout their educational journey. It entails the ability to present well-researched and well-structured arguments in a clear and coherent manner. This article aims to provide an overview of academic writing and its key elements.1. Purpose of Academic Writing:The primary purpose of academic writing is to communicate ideas, theories, and research findings to a specific audience. It is crucial to understand the purpose of your writing before starting a project. Academic writing can serve various purposes such as informing, persuading, or arguing a specific point of view.2. Structure of Academic Writing:Academic writing follows a specific structure that helps readers navigate the information efficiently. Most academic papers consist of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction provides background information and states the research question or thesis statement. Body paragraphs present evidence, arguments, and analysis to support the main idea. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the key points and provides a final perspective on the topic.3. Use of Formal Language:Academic writing requires the use of formal language. This means avoiding contractions, slang, jargon, and colloquial expressions. Instead, writers should aim for precision, clarity, and objectivity. Using an appropriate tone and diction helps maintain the credibility and professionalism of the writing.4. Research and Citations:A fundamental aspect of academic writing is the integration of research and citations. Academic papers should be based on substantial evidence from credible sources such as scholarly articles, books, or reputable websites. Citations should follow a specific referencing style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism.5. Critical Thinking:Academic writing requires critical thinking skills. It is not simply about summarizing information but rather about analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing ideas. Critical thinking helps writers develop a well-informed perspective on a given topic and allows them to present balanced arguments and counterarguments.6. Coherence and Cohesion:Academic writing should have logical coherence and cohesion. This means that ideas should flow smoothly from one paragraph to another, and there should be clear connections between sentences and paragraphs. Transitional words and phrases can help achieve this flow and ensure that the writing is easy to follow.7. Editing and Proofreading:After completing the initial draft, it is crucial to edit and proofread the academic writing thoroughly. This involves checking for grammatical errors, sentence structure, spelling mistakes, and overall clarity. Editing helps improve the overall quality of the writing and ensures that the message is effectively conveyed to the audience.Conclusion:Academic writing is a skill that is essential for students in various fields of study. It requires a structured approach, formal language, critical thinking, and proper research. By mastering academic writing, students can effectively communicate their ideas and contribute to the academic community.。

Academic WritingAcademic writing is a formal writing. The main aim of academic writing is to inform or to persuade and not entertain like creative writing. Both academic writer and academic readers have no time to be entertained but they rush for useful information they are looking for. Academic writing comprises many different types of text, ranging from a research article written for publication in an academic journal to a MSc dissertation to an essay written for a university course.There are certain features which appear to be typical of academic writing. For example, academic texts answer a specific question, or questions, using a set of well-structured, logical arguments. The arguments are often based on research carried out by the writer or other researchers. Academic texts contain references to previous research, which are documented at the end of the text. Academic texts are written in an impersonal, objective style, and are characterized by certain language features such as the avoidance of personal and contracted forms, a high lexical density, frequent nominalisations and the use of the passive.Academic Writing StyleA. Academic writing is formal.1) Try to use full forms, avoid contractions.e. g. don’t should be do not2) Use single-word verbs; avoid phrasal verbs wherever possible because phrasal verbs are generally more colloquial and informal than single word verbs.e. g. put up with should be tolerate3) Use standard or formal words and expressions; avoid informal or nonstandard words and expressions such as colloquialism, slang, and taboowords and expressions.e. g. Informal words formal wordsleave departquit resigntired fatiguedflunk faillab laboratory4) Use concrete words and expressions; avoid vague or imprecise terms. Words like thing should be banned. “The right thing”would be better expressed as “the right action” or “the right procedure”.e.g. Several things must be borne in mind when evaluating EFL textbooks.Several points must be considered when evaluating EFL textbooks.A nice addition to the collectionA popular/ prestigious addition to the collectionB. Academic style is objective.1) Avoid th e first person pronoun “I”.I have considered...Consideration has been given to...I suggest that...The suggestion is made that...I have observed... It has been observed that...If the first person pronoun cannot be avoided, use “we” instead of “I”, or use third person reference, like “the writer, the present author, or this author”.2) When expressing an opinion or belief, try to use impersonalconstructions.e.g. you can see--- it can be seen thatI believe --- it is commonly believed thatI hear --- it is saidC. Academic style is concise.1) Find the most direct way to express the idea. Use as few words aspossible.2) Avoid repetition of ideas.3) Concentrate on the topic. Anything that is irrelevant and unnecessary,no matter how well written, should be deleted.e.g. We should exercise centralized control over the management of foreign exchange and foreign debts and centralize such power in the hands of central authorities. --- The power to manage foreign exchange and debts should be placed in the hands of central authorities.D. Academic style is varied.1) Use a variety of words, or substitute with synonyms, or different forms.Avoid as much as possible repetition of the same words.2) If there is a special word that must be repeated, find ways to refer to itwithout repeating, e.g.: the above-mentioned point.3) Use a variety of sentence structures. Avoid overuse of one favoritestructure or linking words.E. Academic style is tentative and cautious.1) Use affirmative structures only when there is complete certainty. E.g. Itis true that… it has been proved that…2) Use tentative structures if there is no complete certainty. Modal verbs,adverbs, and other expressions often help to achieve this purpose. E.g.It is commonly accepted that… There is evidence to suggest that ….The author tends to believe that….F. Academic style is well-linked and connected.1) Use signaling devices to indicate what the next sentence might be. E.g“besides, in addition” to show additional information; “on the other hand, however, whereas” to show contrast; “as a result, consequently, therefore” to show cause and effect; “for example, for instance” to show exemplification.2) Introduce different sections clearly.3) Create logical connections between sentences and paragraphs.Why is the following text not a good example of academic style?Today being fat is totally bad for your health. About 30,000 fat people die every year in the UK and lots more fat people die in the USA. By 2015 more people will die of being fat than smoking and it doesn’t have to be this way, this could easily be prevented, couldn't it?The number of deaths per year attributable to obesity is roughly 30,000 in the UK and ten times that in the USA, where obesity is set to overtake smoking in 2015 as the main preventable cause of illness and premature death.Characteristics of Good Academic WritingUnity: all parts or elements of the writing constituting an organic and harmonious wholeCoherence: all parts or elements well connected to show clear logical relations Emphasis: special and significant stress given to important ideas by means of position, repetition, or other indicationDevelopment: adequate elaboration and sufficient expansionClarity: precise, concise, and lucid in styleUnderstanding the elements of writingWriting is a way of communicating a message for a pupose to readers. Communicating in writing means sending a message that has a destination. The message of the writing is its content, which originates in your engaging in one or more of the processes of observing, remembering, reporting, explaining, exploring, interpreting, speculating, and evaluating. Purposes for writing can be many. Readers, also called your audience, are the deatination your writing must reach. Taking readers into account as you write is crucial to your success as a communicator.Purposes for writing concern a writer’s goals,sometimes called aims of writing or writing intentions. Purposes for writing originate from the motivating forces behind what is being written.●To express yourself●To inform a reader●To persuade a reader●To create a literary workThese purposes of writing offer you the pleasure of writing for yourself as audience and of creatively composing a work of literature for others to read.Expressive writing allows you to express your thoughts and feelings.(When expressive writing is intended for public reading, it becomes more like literary writing.)When we lived in Maine, the fall and winter holidays were my touchstones---the calendar moved along in comforting sequence. I wrpped the snow and foods and celebrations around me like a sofe blanket. I burrowed in. Now that we live in New Mexico, I don’t need that blanket. But I surely do miss it.Informative writing seeks to give information and, often, to explain it.Informative writing can also be called expository writing because it expounds on, or sets forth, ideas or facts. Informative writing includes reports of observations, ideas, scientific data, facts, and statisitics. It can be found in textbooks, encyclopedias, technical and business reports, non-fiction, newspapers, and magazines.When writing to inform a reader, you are expected to offer information with a minimum of bias. Your aim is to relay material that can educate. Your goal here is not to persuade your reader. Like all effective teachers, you need to present the information completely, clearly, and accurately. Readers should be able to verify your material by additional reading, talking with others, or personal experiences.In 1914 in what is now Addo Park in South Africa, a hunter by the name of Pretorius was asked to exterminated a herd of 140 elephants. He killed all but 20, and those survivors became so cunning at evading him that he was forced to abandon the hunt. The area became a preserve in 1930, and the elephants have been protected ever since. Nevertheless, elephants now four generations removed from those Pretorius hunted remain shy and strangely nocturnal（夜间的）. Young elephants evidently learn from the adult’s trumpeting alarm calls to avoid humans.This passage is succcessful because it communicates (transmits) a message (about young elephants learning to avoid humans) to a reade r (a person who might become or already is interested in the subject) for a purpose (to inform). In this passage, the writer’s last sentence states the main idea. The other sentences offer support for the main idea.Persuasive writing seeks to convince readers about a matter of opinion. This writing is sometimes called argumentation because some forms of it argue a position.When you write to persuade, you deal with the debatable, which has other sides to it. Persuasive writing seeks to change your reader’s mind or at least to br ing your reader’s point of view closer to yours. Even you feel quite certain that your reader’s position on the subject will never change, you are expected to present your position as convincingly as possible. How do you persuade convincingly? You go beyond merely stating an opinion. You offer convincing support for that opinion. Such support relies on clear presentation of whatever information your readers needs to understand your topic, your position on that topic, and your evidence ---such as examples and reasons---that backs up your point of view. Only with support can you hope to convince readers.The search for some biological basis for math ability or diability is fraught with logical and experimental difficulties. Since not all math underachievers are women, and not all women are mathematics-avoidant, poor performance in math is unlikely to be due to some genetic or hormonal difference between the sexes. Moreover, no amount of research so far has unearthed a “mathematical competency”in some tangibl e, measurable substance in the body. Since “masculinity”cannot be injected into women to test whether or not it improves their mathematics, the theories that attribute such ability to genes or hormones must depend for their proof on circumstantial evidence旁证.So long as about 7 percent of the PhDs in mathematics are earned by women, we have to conclude either that these women have genes, hormones, and brain organization different from those of the rest of us, or that certain positive experiences in their lives have largely undone the negative fact that they are female, or both.This passage is successful because it sends a message(about math ability and disability) to a reader (a person who might become or already is interested in the subject) for a purpose(to persuade the reader that math ability ordisability is not related to gender). The writer’s first sentence summarizes the point of view that she argues in the rest of the paragraph. The other sentences support the writer’s assertion.Writing is a process●Planning calls for you to gather ideas and think about a focus.●Shaping calls for you to consider ways to organize your material.●Drafting calls for you to write your ideas in sentences and paragraphs.●Revising calls for you to evaluate your draft, and based on your decisions,rewrite it by adding, cutting, replacing, moving---and often totally recasting material.●Editing calls for you to check the technical correctness of your grammar,spelling, punctuation, and mechanics.●Proofreading calls for you to read your final copy for typing errors orhandwriting legibility.Writing begins with thinking about each writing situation. Your thinking involves answering the following questions.●Topic: What will you be writing about in this situation?●Purpose: What will be your writing purpose in this situation?●Audience: Who will be your audience in this situation?●Special requirments: How much time were you given, and how longshould the paper be?The topic is the foundation of each writing situation. You may choose your own topic or narrow an assigned topic. Whatever the topic, you are the starting place for your writing. Draw on yourself as a source. Whatever you have seen, heard, read, and even dreamed contributes to your fund of ideas and prior knowledge. As you think about your topic, remember that in your writing, you will need to include specific support for the points you intend to make.The purpose of your college writing is usually to inform or to persuade.Effective writing reflects a sense of its purpose. Some writing assignments include or clearly imply a statement of purpose. For example, your purpose is informative if you are writing about the dangers of smoking. Conversely, your purpose is persuasive if you are writing an argument against smoking. When an assignment does not stipulate the writing purpose, you must choose either an informative or a persuasive purpose, based on the topic, what you want to say about it, and how you intend to develop the topic.Tourism is a booming business in China. However, some people worry that too many tourists may bring harm to the environment, while others don’t think so. What is your opinion?Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?。

imrd结构的英语范文IMRD structure, which stands for Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion, is a commonly used organizational framework in academic writing. In the Introduction section, the writer provides background information and context for the study, outlines the research question or hypothesis, and states the purpose of the study. This section serves as a roadmap for readers, guiding them through the rest of the paper and helping them understand the significance of the research. The Methods section describes the research design, sample size, data collection methods, and any statistical analyses used. It is essential for establishing the validity and reliability of the study. The Results section presents the findings of the research in a clear and organized manner, often using tables, figures, or graphs to help visualize the data. This section is crucial for demonstrating the outcomes of the study and providing evidence to support the research question or hypothesis. Finally, the Discussion section allows the writer to interpret the results, compare them to previous research, and discuss the implications of the findings. It is also an opportunity to acknowledge any limitations of the study and suggest areas for future research. Overall, the IMRD structure provides alogical and effective framework for presenting research in a way that is accessible and understandable to a wide audience.中文翻译：IMRD结构指的是引言、方法、结果和讨论，是学术写作中常用的组织架构。

引言范文英语In the realm of academic writing, the introduction often serves as the first and foremost impression, setting the tone and direction for the entire essay. As the saying goes, "A good beginning is half done," and this could not be truer when it comes to essay introductions. The art of writing an engaging introduction lies in its ability to captivate the reader's attention, provide a clear overview of the topic, and preview the main points to be discussed. This is where the power of model essays in English comes into play.Model essays in English, especially those with exemplary introductions, offer a valuable resource for writers seeking to enhance their own skills. By studying these models, writers can learn how to craft anintroduction that is both informative and engaging. The key elements of a strong introduction include a clear statement of the topic, a hook to grab the reader's interest, and a preview of the main arguments or points to be made in the essay.For instance, a model essay might begin with a thought-provoking quote or statistic that immediately captures the reader's attention. This hook is designed to make the reader curious and interested in reading further. Following the hook, the writer then provides a brief overview of the topic, explaining its relevance and significance. This overview helps the reader understand the context of the essay and what to expect in the following paragraphs.In addition to the hook and overview, a strong introduction also includes a clear statement of the main arguments or points that will be discussed in the essay. This preview gives the reader a sense of direction and allows them to anticipate the flow of ideas throughout the piece. By doing so, the writer establishes a clear path for the reader to follow and ensures that the essay remains focused and coherent.The power of model essays lies not only in theirability to guide writers but also in their potential to inspire. By reading well-written introductions, writers can gain insight into the thought processes and techniques usedby experienced writers. This can help them develop their own writing style and improve their own skills over time. Moreover, model essays can serve as a source of motivation for writers facing challenges or difficulties in their writing process. By looking at how others have successfully tackled similar issues or topics, writers can draw inspiration and find new ways to approach their own writing tasks.In conclusion, the introduction is a crucial component of any academic essay, and the power of model essays in English cannot be overstated. By studying and learning from these models, writers can enhance their own writing skills and produce more engaging and effective essays. The next time you sit down to write an essay, consider taking a moment to reflect on the power of the introduction and how you can use model essays to make your own introduction stand out.**引言的魅力：范文英语的力量**在学术写作领域，引言往往作为第一印象出现，为整篇文章定下基调和方向。

学术演讲的英语作文格式When it comes to writing an academic speech in English, it's essential to follow a structured format to effectively convey your message to the audience. Here's a suggested format:1. Introduction:Begin with a strong opening statement or quote related to your topic to grab the audience's attention.Provide background information on the topic and its significance.Clearly state the purpose of your speech and what you aim to achieve.2. Thesis Statement:Present your main argument or thesis statementconcisely.Outline the key points that you will discuss to support your thesis.3. Body:Divide the body of your speech into several paragraphs, each focusing on a different aspect of your topic.Provide evidence, examples, statistics, and expert opinions to support your arguments.Use clear and logical transitions between paragraphs to maintain coherence and flow.4. Counterarguments (optional):Address potential counterarguments or opposing viewpoints to strengthen your position.Refute these counterarguments with evidence or logical reasoning.5. Conclusion:Summarize the main points you've discussed in your speech.Reinforce the significance of your thesis and its implications.End with a memorable closing statement that leaves a lasting impression on the audience.6. Closing Remarks:Express gratitude to the audience for theirattention and participation.Invite questions or comments from the audience, if appropriate.Provide any additional resources or references for further reading on the topic.7. References (if applicable):Include a list of sources that you referenced or cited in your speech.Use a consistent citation style, such as APA or MLA, and ensure proper formatting.Remember to maintain a formal tone throughout your speech and use clear, concise language to communicate your ideas effectively. Practice delivering your speech multiple times to ensure fluency and confidence during the actual presentation. Good luck!。

关于英语作文范文的开头和结尾的万能句子In the realm of academic writing, the introduction and conclusion of an essay play a crucial role in captivating the reader's attention and leaving a lasting impression. These sections serve as the bookends of the written work, framing the central ideas and arguments presented within. Crafting effective opening and closing statements can be a daunting task, but mastering the art of using universal sentences can make the process more seamless.The introduction of an essay is often likened to a first impression - it sets the tone for the entire piece and lays the groundwork for the reader's understanding. A well-crafted introduction should aim to pique the reader's interest, provide relevant context, and clearly outline the essay's main focus. One universal sentence that can serve as an effective opening is "This essay will explore the subject of..." This straightforward statement immediately informs the reader of the essay's central theme and sets the stage for the discussion to follow.Another commonly used introductory sentence is "In today's society,the issue of [topic] has become increasingly important." This sentence situates the essay's subject matter within the broader context of the contemporary world, highlighting its relevance and significance. It encourages the reader to consider the essay's relevance and importance, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of the topic.A third universal introductory sentence is "Throughout history, [topic] has been a subject of much debate and discussion." This statement positions the essay's subject matter within a historical framework, acknowledging the enduring nature of the issue and inviting the reader to consider how past perspectives and experiences may inform the current discourse.Regardless of the specific wording used, the introduction should aim to establish a clear and compelling rationale for the essay, guiding the reader towards the central arguments and ideas that will be developed in the body paragraphs.Just as the introduction sets the stage for the essay, the conclusion is responsible for leaving a lasting impression on the reader. A well-crafted conclusion should synthesize the key points presented throughout the essay, reinforce the central thesis, and provide a thought-provoking final reflection. One universal concluding sentence that can be effectively employed is "In conclusion, it is clearthat [restate thesis]." This straightforward statement succinctly reiterates the essay's main argument, solidifying the reader's understanding and emphasizing the significance of the ideas explored.Another common concluding sentence is "Ultimately, the issue of [topic] is a complex and multifaceted one, with no easy solutions." This sentence acknowledges the nuanced and multidimensional nature of the essay's subject matter, encouraging the reader to consider the broader implications and the need for further exploration and discussion.A third universal concluding sentence is "Moving forward, it is essential that [call to action]." This statement challenges the reader to consider the practical applications and real-world implications of the essay's content, inspiring them to take action or engage in further inquiry.Regardless of the specific wording used, the conclusion should aim to leave the reader with a sense of closure, a deeper understanding of the essay's central ideas, and a desire to continue exploring the subject matter. By incorporating universal sentences into the introduction and conclusion, writers can ensure that their essays are well-structured, coherent, and impactful.In the end, the art of crafting effective introductions and conclusions lies in the careful selection and placement of universal sentences that capture the essence of the essay's central arguments and resonate with the reader. By mastering this technique, writers can elevate their academic writing and create essays that are both intellectually engaging and rhetorically compelling.。

introduce英语作文英文回答：Introduction: A Vital Component of Academic and Professional Writing.The introduction serves as the opening paragraph of any academic or professional writing. It plays a crucial rolein capturing the reader's attention, establishing the context, and providing an overview of the main argument or thesis. The introduction should be both concise and engaging, providing a clear roadmap for the rest of the document.Key Functions of Introduction:Grab attention: The introduction must hook the reader and make them interested in reading further. This can be achieved through a compelling anecdote, a provocative question, or a surprising statistic.Establish context: The introduction should provide background information on the topic and explain why it is significant. This helps readers understand the relevance of the document and its purpose.State thesis statement: The thesis statement is the central argument or claim that the document will support. The introduction should clearly state the thesis, providing a clear focus for the writing.Provide roadmap: The introduction should outline the main points or arguments that will be discussed in the rest of the document. This helps readers follow the logical flow of the writing and anticipate what is to come.Effective Introduction Writing:Be concise: The introduction should be brief and to the point, typically not exceeding 5-10% of the total length of the document.Use strong language: Employ vivid and precise language to make the writing engaging and memorable.Maintain clarity: The introduction should be easy to understand, avoiding jargon or technical terms that may confuse readers.Connect to reader: The introduction should connect with the reader on a personal level or relate to their interests to foster a sense of relevance.中文回答：引言，学术和职业写作中的重要组成部分。