Design and Analysis of Rate Aware Ad Hoc 802.11 Networks

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有关设计师的英语作文In the realm of fashion and design, the role of a designer is paramount. They are the creative minds behind the clothes we wear, the furniture we sit on, and the spaces we inhabit. The following essay delves into the life and work of a designer, highlighting the skills, passion, and dedication required to excel in this field.A designer's journey begins with a spark of inspiration, often drawn from the world around them. It could be a pattern on a butterfly's wing, the curves of a mountain range, or the rhythm of city life. This inspiration is then translated into sketches and drafts, the first tangible steps in the design process.Education and TrainingTo become a proficient designer, one must undergo rigorous education and training. This typically involves attending a design school where they learn the principles of aesthetics, color theory, and materials science. They also develop technical skills such as drafting, computer-aided design (CAD), and pattern making.Creativity and InnovationA designer's creativity is their most valuable asset. They must be able to think outside the box, combining elements in new and unexpected ways. Innovation is key, as it allows designers to push boundaries and create products that are not only visually appealing but also functional and sustainable.Attention to DetailEvery detail matters in design. From the stitching on a dress to the ergonomics of a chair, a designer must pay close attention to every aspect of their creation. This meticulousness ensures that the final product is not only aesthetically pleasing but also meets the needs of the end-user.Collaboration and CommunicationDesign is often a collaborative effort. Designers workclosely with other professionals such as engineers, marketers, and manufacturers to bring their visions to life. Effective communication is crucial in this process, as it ensures that everyone is on the same page and working towards a common goal.Trend Analysis and ForecastingStaying ahead of the curve is essential in the design industry. Designers must keep abreast of the latest trendsand be able to predict future ones. This involves attending fashion shows, trade fairs, and keeping an eye on culturaland societal shifts that could influence design.Ethics and SustainabilityIn today's world, ethical considerations and sustainability are becoming increasingly important. Designers are expected to be aware of the environmental impact of their work and to strive for eco-friendly practices. This includes using sustainable materials, reducing waste, and ensuring fair labor practices.The Future of DesignAs technology advances, the role of the designer is evolving. With tools like virtual reality and 3D printing, designers can create and visualize their work in ways that were previously unimaginable. The future of design is exciting, with endless possibilities for innovation and creativity.In conclusion, being a designer is more than just a job; it's a calling. It requires a unique blend of artistic talent, technical expertise, and business acumen. For those who have the passion and the drive, the world of design offers a rewarding and fulfilling career path.。

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Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html58.《Boundary Artifact Reduction in View Synthesis of 3D Video: From Perspective of Texture-Depth Alignment》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html59.《Stereoscopic 3D-TV: Visual Comfort》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html60.《A Novel Inpainting-Based Layered Depth Video for 3DTV》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html61.《3D-TV R&D Activities in Europe》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html62.《A Directional-View and Sound System Using a Tracking Method》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html63.《Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Carrier and Sampling Frequency Offsets for OFDM Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html64.《Perceptual Issues in Stereoscopic Signal Processing》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html65.《Performance Evaluation of Multimedia Content Distribution Over Multi-Homed Wireless Networks》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html66.《The Relationship Among Video Quality, Screen Resolution, and Bit Rate》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html67.《Corrections to “Efficient Motion Vector Interpolation f or Error Concealment of H.264/AVC”》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html68.《PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals by PTS With Grouping and Recursive Phase Weighting Methods》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html69.《Improve the Performance of LDPC Coded QAM by Selective Bit Mapping in Terrestrial Broadcasting System》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html70.《The Importance of Visual Attention in Improving the 3D-TV Viewing Experience: Overview and New Perspectives》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html71.《Co-Channel Analog Television Interference in the TDS-OFDM-Based DTTB System: Consequences and Solutions》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html72.《Prediction and Transmission Optimization of Video Guaranteeing a Bounded Zapping-Delay in DVB-H》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html73.《IBC2011 Experience the Future》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html74.《61st Annual IEEE Broadcast Symposium — Save the Date》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html75.《A 2$times$2 MIMO DVB-T2 System: Design, New Channel Estimation Scheme and Measurements With Polarization Diversity》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html76.《A Pilot Symbol Pattern Enabling Data Recovery Without Side Information in PTS-Based OFDM Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html77.《Efficient Incremental Raptor Decoding Over BEC for 3GPP MBMS and DVB IP-Datacast Services》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html78.《Spatio-Temporally Consistent Novel View Synthesis Algorithm From Video-Plus-Depth Sequences for Autostereoscopic Displays》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html79.《IBC2011 Experience the Future》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html80.《Evaluation of Stereoscopic Images: Beyond 2D Quality》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html81.《An Evaluation of Parameterized Gradient Based Routing With QoE Monitoring for Multiple IPTV Providers》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html82.《Three-Dimensional Displays: A Review and Applications Analysis》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html83.《Guest Editorial Special Issue on 3D-TV Horizon: Contents, Systems, and Visual Perception》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html84.《LIVE: An Integrated Production and Feedback System for Intelligent and Interactive TV Broadcasting》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html85.《$MS^{2}$ : A New Real-Time Multi-Source Mobile-Streaming Architecture》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html86.《A Reverse-Order Scheduling Scheme for Broadcasting Continuous Multimedia Data Over a Single Channel》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html87.《An Automatic Recommendation Scheme of TV Program Contents for (IP)TV Personalization》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html88.《Irregular Mapping and its Application in Bit-Interleaved LDPC Coded Modulation With Iterative Demapping and Decoding》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html89.《Time Diversity in Mobile DVB-T2 Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html90.《An Audio Quality Evaluation of Commercial Digital Radio Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html91.《Spectral Geometry Image: Image Based 3D Models for Digital Broadcasting Applications》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html92.《Novel Approach to Support Multimedia Services Over DTMB System》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html93.《Collaborative Content Fetching Using MAC Layer Multicast in Wireless Mobile Networks》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html94.《Energy-Efficient Transmission for Protection of Incumbent Users》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html95.《Normalization Factor of Hierarchically Modulated Symbols for Advanced T-DMB System》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html96.《Pooling-Based Intra Prediction Mode Coding for Mobile Video Applications》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html97.《A Suboptimal Tone Reservation Algorithm Based on Cross-Entropy Method for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html98.《A Measurement Method of the DTMB Modulator》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html99.《Interference Elimination for Chinese DTMB System With Transmit Diversity》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html100.《61st Annual IEEE Broadcast Symposium》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html101.《IBC2011 Experience the Future》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html102.《A Low-Complexity SLM Scheme Using Additive Mapping Sequences for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html103.《Illumination-Sensitive Background Modeling Approach for Accurate Moving Object Detection》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html104.《Coordinating Allocation of Resources for Multiple Virtual IPTV Providers to Maximize Revenue》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html105.《Inter-Sequence Error Concealment Techniques for Multi-Broadcast TV Reception》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html106.《Performance Evaluation of the DVB-RCT Standard for Interactive Services》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html107.《An Efficient Predistorter Design for Compensating Nonlinear Memory High Power Amplifiers》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html108.《Accurate BER Analysis of OFDM Systems Over Static Frequency-Selective Multipath Fading Channels》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html109.《A Frame-Related Approach for Performance Improvement of MPE-FEC in DVB-H》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html110.《Balanced Multiple Description Coding for 3D DCT Video》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html111.《Performance Validation of the DVB-SH Standard for Satellite/Terrestrial Hybrid Mobile Broadcasting Networks》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html112.《An Improved Tone Reservation Scheme With Fast Convergence for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html113.《Metaheuristic Procedure to Optimize Transmission Delays in DVB-T Single Frequency Networks》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html114.《Adaptive Resource Allocation for MIMO-OFDM Based Wireless Multicast Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html115.《An Analytical Approach for Performance Evaluation of Hybrid (Broadcast/Mobile) Networks》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html116.《Cost-Aware Wireless Data Broadcasting》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html117.《Subspace-Based Semi-Blind Channel Estimation in Uplink OFDMA Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html118.《Performance of the Consumer ATSC-DTV Receivers in the Presence of Single or Double Interference on Adjacent/Taboo Channels》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html119.《A Cooperative Cellular and Broadcast Conditional Access System for Pay-TV Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html120.《A Narrow-Angle Directional Microphone With Suppressed Rear Sensitivity》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html121.《Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in OFDM Systems Using All-Pass Filters》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html122.《Development of Advanced Terrestrial DMB System》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html123.《HDTV Subjective Quality of H.264 vs. MPEG-2, With and Without Packet Loss》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html124.《Estimation of RF Electromagnetic Levels Around TV Broadcast Antennas Using Fuzzy Logic》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html125.《Statistical Multiplexing for Digital Audio Broadcasting Applications》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html126.《A Composite PN-Correlation Based Synchronizer for TDS-OFDM Receiver》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html127.《Application of Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Algorithm to Reduce PAPRof an OFDM Signal Using Partial Transmit Sequences Technique》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html128.《Improved Decoding Algorithm of Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation for LDPC Code》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html129.《Precoding for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals With Minimum Error Probability》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html130.《Network Design and Field Application of ATSC Distributed Translators》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html131.《On the Channel and Signal Cross Correlation of Downlink and Uplink Mobile UHF DTV Channels With Antenna Diversity》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html132.《Performance Evaluation of TV Over Broadband Wireless Access Networks》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html133.《IBC2010 Experience the State-of-the-Art》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html134.《Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of OFDM Signals With Nonlinear Companding Scheme》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html135.《Motion-Compensated Frame Rate Up-Conversion—Part I: Fast Multi-Frame Motion Estimation》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html136.《Comments on Equation (4) in “Single Frequency Networks in DTV”》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html137.《Motion-Compensated Frame Rate Up-Conversion—Part II: New Algorithms for Frame Interpolation》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html138.《A Novel Equalization Scheme for ZP-OFDM System Over Deep Fading Channels》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html139.《A Synchronization Design for UWB-Based Wireless Multimedia Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html140.《Frequency Domain Decision Feedback Equalization for Uplink SC-FDMA》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html141.《A 2 2 MIMO DVB-T2 System: Design, New Channel Estimation Scheme and Measurements With Polarization Diversity》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html142.《Impact of the Receive Antenna Arrays on Spatio-Temporal Availability in Satellite-to-Indoor Broadcasting》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html143.《Reducing Channel Zapping Time in IPTV Based on User's Channel Selection Behaviors》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html144.《On the Methodology for Calculating SFN Gain in Digital Broadcast Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html145.《Statistical Multiplexing of Upstream Transmissions in DOCSIS Cable Networks》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html146.《Bit-Rate Allocation for Broadcasting of Scalable Video Over Wireless Networks》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html147.《Full-Reference Video Quality Metric for Fully Scalable and Mobile SVC Content》。

社会科学研究方法与论文写作智慧树知到期末考试答案章节题库2024年北京第二外国语学院1.What are key components of research design? （）答案:Timeframe.###Sampling Strategy.###Data Collection Methods.2.The following aspects of informed consent that are essential in researchethics include （）.答案:Researchers explaining potential risks andbenefits.###Participants being allowed to withdraw from the study.3.When should all authors be included in the in-text citation, according to theAPA style? （）答案:When there are two authors.###When there are three to fiveauthors.4.What are some essential tips for writing an effective abstract? （）答案:Use keywords###Emphasize points differently from thepaper.###Use passive verbs5.Which statements are suggested solutions for improving the Methodologysection? （）答案:Eliminate the use of first-person pronouns.###Provide a clearrationale for the chosen methods.6.What's the difference between methodology and method? （）答案:Methodology encompasses the broader theoretical framework and guiding philosophy of the research process.###Methods encompass the specific techniques and procedures employed for data collection andanalysis.###Methodology is presented as a distinct section in aresearch thesis, explaining the overall approach and rationale.7.What are the downsides of mere listing in a literature review? （）答案:It does not present themes or identify trends.###It often indicatesa lack of critical synthesis.8.The common problems to be aware of in thesis writing include（）.答案:Excessive reliance on qualitative data###Lack of theoreticalsupport###Failure to integrate theory and practice.###Misuse of tense ponents that are typically embedded in the structure of an academicpaper, especially the journal article, include （）答案:Introduction###Results and Discussion10.Which of the following examples are misconducts? （）答案:Facilitating academic dishonesty.###Unauthorizedcollaboration###Misuse of Patients11.What are the three main elements of a definition, as mentioned in the lecture?（）答案:Term, Category, and Features.12.In the Methods section, why is it important to detail the tools or materials fordata collection? （）答案:To explain how instruments to be used to answer researchquestions.13.Which is the method suggested to avoid plagiarism when summarizinginformation from sources? （）答案:Summarize immediately after reading without referring back tothe source.14.The purpose of control variables in research is （）.答案:To keep certain factors constant and prevent them frominfluencing the dependent variable.15.What is the purpose of using sampling techniques in research? （）答案:To draw conclusions about the population based on data collected from the sample.16.According to Wallwork’s tips for the final check, what is one way to ensureyour paper is as good as possible before submission? （）答案:Anticipate referees’ comments.17.What does external validity assess? （）答案:The extent to which research findings can be applied orgeneralized to other situations and populations.18.Which of the following expressions are correctly used in the Methods Section?（）答案:"We conducted the experiment in a controlled environment."19.Which of the following is NOT a recommended guideline for using tables in aresearch paper? （）答案:Using as many tables as possible to provide comprehensiveinformation.20.What does a structured abstract typically include to make it more readable?（）答案:Eye-catching font for the title21.What is the main function of the preparation stage in writing a literaturereview? （）答案:To locate relevant literature and prepare for writing.22.The primary focus of academic integrity is （）.答案:Fostering honesty and responsible behavior.23.The act of using someone else’s ideas and writings as your own can beconsidered as （）.答案:Plagiarism24.Which step is NOT part of the suggested three-step approach for revisingyour paper? （）答案:Rewrite the entire paper.25.Which is not the reason for an overly broad title being problematic? （）答案:It encourages depth in the study.26. A good thesis or dissertation should tell the reader not just “what I havedone,” but “why what I have done matters.” （）答案:对27.Coherence in academic writing refers to the clarity of the thesis statementand the organization of the paper. （）答案:对28.The research methods section helps readers and reviewers gauge thetransparency, validity, and reliability of the research. （）答案:对29.Research papers are published to share new, original results and ideas withthe academic community. （）答案:对30.Relying solely on secondary sources ensures the originality of researchfindings. （）答案:错31.In introduction writing, it is recommended to delve into an exhaustive reviewof the entire field to provide comprehensive context. （）答案:错32.The Background Method in introduction writing kicks off by presenting aproblem and then addressing the solution. （）答案:错33.Multiculturalism seeks to enhance the self-esteem and identities ofmarginalized groups. （）答案:对34. A Doctoral-level literature review is typically less comprehensive than aMaster's-level literature review. （）答案:错35."Hoaxing" involves deliberately publishing false information with theintention of deceiving others. （）答案:对36.Reflecting on the research process at the end is essential for evaluating itsstrengths and limitations. （）答案:对37. A well-crafted title should engage a wide audience effectively. （）答案:对38.In order to avoid plagiarism, it is suggested to avoid citing references. （）答案:错39.Predicting difficulties and providing countermeasures in a research proposalis essential to show the depth of thinking and enlist expected guidance. （）答案:对40.Conducting a literature review is not necessary when selecting a researchtitle. （）答案:错41.What can authors do to ensure a timely publication in a journal that reviewspapers for job hunting purposes?（）答案:Submit the manuscript without checking for errors###Seekinformation from editors about review times###Be efficient in making revisions42.When preparing a manuscript for publication, it is crucial to focus on ethicalstandards.（）答案:对43.Why do researchers want to publish their papers?（）答案:To share new results and ideas44.How can you identify an appropriate journal for publication? （）答案:Look for journals that publish work similar to your research.45.The editor-in-chief makes the final decision on whether a submitted paper isaccepted or rejected in the review process.（）答案:对ing cut and paste extensively is recommended during the final check tosave time.（）答案:错47.Exchanging texts with another student for proofreading is encouraged to findcareless errors in your own work.（）答案:对48.What is the key idea that should be remembered by the audience from yourtalk？（）答案:The key idea of your research49.Why is it important to avoid errors that may distort meaning in your writtenwork? （）答案:To enhance the quality of your writing###To ensure clarity ofcommunication50.What is the main purpose of doing a presentation?（）答案:To engage, excite, and provoke the audience51.Making academic writing more tentative involves avoiding over-generalizations and using linguistic hedges and tentative phrases.（）答案:对52.What is the purpose of the checklist questions provided for paper revision?（）答案:To help improve the writing53.Which of the following are strategies for achieving cohesion in academicwriting? （）答案:Organizing the paper logically###Using transitional words andphrases###Employing reference words54.Redundancy and colloquialisms are considered desirable features ofconciseness in academic writing. （）答案:错55.What should you do when revising your paper writing to improve clarity andspecificity? （）答案:Be self-contained56.What are the characteristics of informative abstracts? （）答案:They may replace the need for reading the full paper###Theycommunicate specific information about the paper###They provide aconcise summary of the paper’s content57.Structured abstracts may have clear subheadings to mark different sections.（）答案:对58.What is the recommended maximum word limit for a conference abstract?（）答案:250 words59.Which tense is often used when writing an abstract? （）答案:Present tense60.The primary purpose of an informative abstract is to indicate the subjectsdealt with in a paper. （）答案:错61.What are some reasons for using citations in academic writing? （）答案:To show you are a member of a particular disciplinarycommunity###To acknowledge the intellectual property rights ofauthors###To avoid plagiarism62.Self-plagiarism is not considered an ethical concern in academic writing.（）答案:错63.What is the primary purpose of citation in academic writing? （）答案:To acknowledge the intellectual property rights of authors64.What is self-plagiarism? （）答案:Presenting one's own previously published work as new65.All sources cited in the text must be documented in the References section.（）答案:对66.Which type of conclusion is more common in research papers and theses andfocuses on summarizing research outcomes and aligning them with the initial thesis? （）答案:Thesis-oriented Conclusion67.What are the four sections typically found in the Conclusion section of aresearch paper, according to the material? （）答案:Summary of findings, implications, limitations, further studies68.What is one of the purposes of the conclusions chapter? （）答案:To forestall criticisms by identifying limitations of the research69.Which of the following are types of conclusions discussed in the material? （）答案:Summary type###Field-oriented conclusion###Evaluation type of conclusion###Recommendation type of conclusion70.The conclusion section in academic papers typically follows a uniformstructure across all disciplines.（）答案:错71.What is one of the purposes of making comparisons with previous studies inacademic writing? （）答案:To justify the methods or procedures followed72.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a common type of graphicalfigure in the material? （）答案:Map illustrations73.What can we do in demonstrating our research results in paper? （）答案:Use figures and tables to summarize data###Show the results ofstatistical analysis74.In which field are Qualitative Research methods often used?（）答案:Liberal Arts and Social Sciences75.What factors should be considered when choosing research methods for athesis? （）答案:Traditional approaches.###Research questions andobjectives.###Nature of the subject matter.76.What does "Research Design" refer to in the research process?（）答案:The overall plan guiding the research study.77.All the following moves are included in the method section except （）.答案:Describing the commonly used methods in certain field.78.The research methods section in a thesis is often presented as a distinctsection, separate from the literature review.（）答案:对79.What are the two core abilities essential for writing an effective literaturereview? （）答案:Information seeking and critical appraisal.80.Where can a literature review be placed in a research paper or thesis? （）答案:In different places depending on research goals and fieldconventions.81.Which type of literature review focuses on organizing literature aroundspecific research questions?（）答案:Question-oriented review.82.The purpose of creating a visual representation, such as a literature map, isto replace the need for drafting concise summaries.（）答案:错83.What are the recommended tenses to use when discussing the content of thesources in a literature review? （）答案:Simple Past.###Present Perfect.###Simple Present.84.What is the role of the Problem Statement in the Introduction? （）答案:Justify the importance of the research.85.Which is NOT one of the three methods could be used to write anintroduction? （）答案:Reference Method86.The location and structure of the introduction are standardized across alltypes of research theses. （）答案:错87.In Metadiscourse research, what is the recommended way for a researcher torefer to themselves in the introduction?（）答案:Refer to themselves as "this thesis" or a specific section.88.What are the key elements included in Move 2 of the "Create a ResearchSpace" (CARS) framework?（）答案:Identifying gaps in prior research.###Indicating a gap.89.What role do Research Grant Proposals play?（）答案:Both securing financial support and convincing funding agencies.90.What questions does a research proposal eloquently answer? （）答案:How are you going to do it?###What do you plan toaccomplish?###Why do you want to do it?91.The "Aims/Purposes" section in a research proposal outlines the centralissues to be tackled in the study. （）答案:对92.To whom is a research proposal usually submitted for approval and support?（）答案:Funding agencies, academic institutions, or research supervisors.93.What is the purpose of predicting difficulties and providing countermeasuresin the research proposal?（）答案:To show the depth of thinking and enlist expected guidance.94.The recency of sources is crucial in research, and older sources are alwayspreferred for their depth.（）答案:错95.Which database is specifically mentioned for searching Master's and DoctoralDissertations? （）答案:CNKI96.When conducting a critique of a study, what should be considered about themethods used?（）答案:The validity for studying the problem.97.What is the primary characteristic of primary sources in research materialcollection? （）答案:They offer synthesized information from various perspectives. 98.What are common approaches to collecting primary source materialsmentioned in the lecture? （）答案:Surveys and questionnaires###Controlled experiments###One-on-one interviews99.What are potential mistakes in the title selection process? （）答案:Having unclear titles that do not convey the subjectmatter.###Using contemporary language to make the title appearoutdated.100.How does the researcher balance the focus of a research title?（）答案:By clearly defining the scope of the study.101.What is the purpose of conducting a comprehensive literature review in the title selection process? （）答案:To identify gaps, controversies, or areas requiring furtherexploration.102.An overly narrow title might limit the potential impact and relevance of the research. （）答案:对103.What is the significance of a well-chosen title? （）答案:It significantly enhances the academic value of the work.104.What are key characteristics of deconstruction in literary theory? （）答案:Highlighting textual undecidability and paradoxes.###Challenging traditional assumptions about language and meaning.###Questioning binary oppositions.105.What distinguishes quantitative data from qualitative data in research? （）答案:Quantitative data are numerical, while qualitative data can bedescribed in words.106.What is the primary goal of case studies in applied linguistics? （）答案:To enhance understanding of a phenomenon, process, person, or group.107.Case studies use a single data source, such as interviews, to explore particular phenomena. （）答案:错108.What are the three types of cultural studies? （）答案:New historicism, postcolonialism, American multiculturalism. 109.The dependent variable in a study investigating the effects of different study methods on exam performance is （）.答案:Exam performance110.What role does a moderating variable play in a research study? （）.答案:It influences the strength or direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.111.External validity assesses the extent to which research findings can be applied to populations, settings, or conditions beyond the specific study. （）答案:对112.How does deduction differ from induction in research? （）答案:Deduction is the process of reasoning from general principles tospecific predictions.113.The purposes of research include （）答案:Solving real-world problems###Testing existingtheories###Meeting graduation requirements###Advancingknowledge114.The potential academic consequences for students who engage in academic dishonesty include （）.答案:Monetary fines、Academic suspension and Expulsion from theInstitute115.The three key principles that experimental researchers need to carefully consider and implement before, during and after recruiting researchparticipants are （）.答案:Anonymity###Informed consent###Confidentiality116.It is unethical to conduct research which is badly planned or poorly executed.（）答案:对117.The primary focus of academic integrity in the context of research ethics is （）.答案:Fostering responsibility and trustworthiness in academic work 118.The pillars of academic integrity include all the aspects except （）答案:Excellence119.The primary purpose of literature reviews in research articles is （）.答案:To evaluate previously published material120.Methodological articles typically present highly technical materials, derivations, proofs, and details of simulations within the main body of thearticle. （）答案:对121.In a research article, many different sections can be found in empirical studies, including （）.答案:Method###Literature review###Introduction###Discussion 122.According to the lecture, which step in the procedures of thesis writing involves drafting a title and abstract? （）答案:Step 1: Choice of Topic123.The primary use of case studies is （）.答案:To illustrate a problem or shed light on research needs。

Constitutive model for the triaxial behaviour of concreteAuthor(en):William, K.J. / Warnke, E.P.Objekttyp:ArticleZeitschrift:IABSE reports of the working commissions = Rapports des commissions de travail AIPC = IVBH Berichte der ArbeitskommissionenBand(Jahr):19(1974)Persistenter Link:/10.5169/seals-17526Erstellt am:22.08.2011NutzungsbedingungenMit dem Zugriff auf den vorliegenden Inhalt gelten die Nutzungsbedingungen als akzeptiert. Dieangebotenen Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre, Forschung und für dieprivate Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot könnenzusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und unter deren Einhaltung weitergegeben werden.Die Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern ist nur mit vorherigerschriftlicher Genehmigung des Konsortiums der Schweizer Hochschulbibliotheken möglich. DieRechte für diese und andere Nutzungsarten der Inhalte liegen beim Herausgeber bzw. beim Verlag.SEALSEin Dienst des Konsortiums der Schweizer Hochschulbibliothekenc/o ETH-Bibliothek, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweizretro@seals.chhttp://retro.seals.chIABSE AIPC IVBHSEMINAR on:«CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO TRIAXIAL STRESSES»17th-19th MAY,1974-ISMES-BERGAMO(ITALY)III-lConstitutive Model for the Triaxial Behaviour of Concrete Stoffmodell für das mehrachsiale Verhalten von BetonModlle de Constitution pour le Comportement Triaxial du BitonK.J.WILLAMPh. D.,Project LcaderInstitut für Statik und Dynamik der Luft-und Raumfahrtkonstruktionen University of Stuttgart E.P.WARNKEDipl.-Ing.,Research Associate Institut für Statik und Dynamik der Luft-und Raumfahrtkonstruktionen University of StuttgartSUMMARYThis paper describes different modeis for the failure surface and the constitutive behaviourof concrete under triaxial conditions.The study serves two objectives,the working stressdesign and the ultimate load analysis of three-dimensional concrete components.In the first part a three parameter failure surface is developed for concrete subjected to triaxial loading in the tension and low compression regime.This model is subsequently refined by adding two additional parameters for describing curved meridians,thus extend ing the ränge of appli¬cation to the high compression zone.In the second part two constitutive modeis are formulated for elastic perfectly plastic be¬haviour in compression and elastic perfectly brittle behaviour in tension.Based on the normality principle,explicit ex pressions are developed for the inelastic deformation rate and the correspon¬ding incremental stress-strain relation Thus these modeis can be readily applied to ultimate load analysis using the initial load technique or the tangential stiffness method.Dedicated to the60th birthday of Professor Dr.Drs.h.c.J.H.Argyris.1.INTRODUCTIONOver the last two decades a profound change has taken place with the appearance of digital Computers and recent advances in structural analysis[l],[2],[3].The close symbiosis between Computers and structural theories was instrumental for the development of large scale finite element Software packages[4]which found a wide ränge of application in many fields of eng i nee ring sciences.The high degree of sophistication in structural analysis has clearly left behind many other disciplines,one of them being the field of material science.The proper description of the relevant constitutive phenomena has posed a major limitation on the analysis when applied to complex ope¬rating conditions.In the following a constitutive model is presented for the over load and ultimate load ana¬lysis of three-dimensional concrete structures, e.g.Prestressed Concrete Reactor Vessels and Con¬crete Dams.Considering the size of finite elements in a typical idealization one is clearly deal ing with material behaviour on the continuum level,in which the micro structure of piain and rein¬forced concrete components can be neglected.This scale effect of the analysis allows a macro-scopic point of view according to which material phenomena such as cracking can be simulated bythe behaviour of an equivalent continuum.The objective of this study is twofold:First a mathematical model is developed for the description of initial concrete failure under triaxial conditions.Subsequently,this formulation is applied to construct a constitutive model for the over load and ultimate load analysis of three-dimensional concrete Structures.Alternative ly,the failure surface can be applied to working stress design using relevant safety philosophies.In the first part a three parameter model is developed which defines a conical failure sur¬face with non-circular base section in the principal stress space,thus the strength depends on the hydrostatic as well as deviatoric stress state.The proposed failure surface is convex,continuousand has continuous gradient directions furnishing a close fit of test data in the low compression ränge. In the tension regime the model may be augmented by a tension cut-off criterion.This basic formu¬lation is refined in AppendixII by a five parameter model with curved meridians which provides a close fit of test data also in the high compression regime.Subsequently,a material model is constructed based on an elastic perfectly plastic formu¬lation which is augmented by a brittle failure condition in the tensile regime.In this context equivalent constitutive constraint conditions are developed,based on the"normality"principle, which can be readily applied to the finite element analysis via the concept of initial loads.In the past considerable experimental evidence has been gathered which could be used for the construction of a triaxial failure envelope of concrete.However,most of the data were ob-tained from tests with proportional loading and uniform stress or strain conditions which were distorted by unknown boundary layer effects.For the ultimate load analysis via finite elements these two assumptions are clearly invalid.The non-linearity is responsible for local unloading even if the structure is subjected to monotonically increasing stresses.Moreover,the action of a curved thick-walled structure is control led by non-uniform stress distributions,even if global bending effects and local stress concentrations are neglected for the time being.However,for obvious reasons it is customary to assume that test results from uniform stress-or strain experiments can be used to predict the failure behaviour of structural components subjected to non-uniform stress or strain conditions. One should be aware that this fundamental hypothesis has little justification,except that it is at present the only realistic approach for construct ing a phenomenological constitutive law.The actual mechanism of crack initiation and crack propagation could in fact differ fundamental ly between uniform and non-uniform stress distributions.Considerable test data has accumulated on the multiaxial failure behaviour of mortar and concrete specimens subjected to short term loads.The experimental results can be classified into tests in which either two or three stress components are varied independently.To the first category belong the classical triaxial compression tests on cylindrical specimens(triaxial cell experiments) [5],[6],[7],[8],[9]and the biaxial tension-compression tests on hollow cylinders[lO],[l1J In addition,there is the class of biaxial compression and tension-compression tests on slabs [12]/D3L t14L L15L L16l E17"L t18L[191-The second category contains experi¬ments in which cubic specimens are subjected to arbitrary load combinations[20J,[21J Some of these types of tests are present ly still being processed[22],[23],[24JSo far few attempts have been made to utilize this experimental evidence for construct inga mathematical model of the triaxial failure behaviour of concrete.A comprehensive study of this problem was undertaken in[25],for which similar conclusions were reached in[26J,[27].All three modeis fall into the class of pyramidal failure envelopes which have been examined extensive ly within the context of brittle material modeis as general izations of the Mohr-Coulomb criterion[28].In the same publication different modifications of the Griffith criterion are discussed,which have also been applied in[20]to model the failue surface of cubic mortar specimens in the tension-compression regime.None of these previous studies on failure envelopes was directed towards the non-linear analysis of concrete structures.To this end a number of rather simple material formulations were reviewed in[29],[30],[31]and applied to the ultimate load analysis of different concrete structures.TRIAXIAL FAILURE SURFACEIn the following a mathematical model is developed for the triaxial failure surface of con¬crete type materials.Assuming isotropic behaviour the initial failure envelope is fully describedin the principal stress space.Figure1shows the triaxial envelope of concrete type materials.The failure surface is basically a cone with curved meridians and a non-circular base section.The limited tension capacity is responsible for the tetrahedral shape in the tensile regime,while in compression a cylindrical form is ultimate ly reached.For the mathematical model only a sextant of the principal stress space has to be considered, if the stress components are ordered according to S,>Ct>Gs The surface is conveniently represented by hydrostatic and deviatoric sections where the first one forms a meridianal plane which contains the equisectrix S.«6,.»Gh as an axis of revolution The deviatoric section lies in a plane normal to the equisectrix,the deviatoric trace being described by the polar coordinatesr,ösee Fig. 2.Basically,there are four aspects to the mathematical model of the failure surface:1Close fit of experimental data in the operating ränge.2.Simple identification of model parameters from Standard test data.3.Smoothness-continuous surface with continuously varying tangent planes.4.Convexity-monotonically curved surface without inflection points.Close approximation of concrete data is reached if the failure surface depends on the hydrostatic as well as the deviatoric state,whereby the latter should distinguish different strength values according to the direction of deviatoric stress.Therefore,the failure envelope must be basically a conical surface with curved meridians and a non-circular base section.In addition,in the tensile regime the failure suface could be augmented by a tension cut-off criterion in the form of a pyramid with triangulär section in the deviatoric plane.Simple identification means that the mathematical model of the failure surface is definedby a very small number of parameters which can be determined from Standard test data, e.g. uniaxial tension,uniaxial compression,biaxial compression tests,etc.The description of the failure surface should also encompass simple failure envelopes for specific model parameters.In other words,the cylindrical von Mises and the conical Drucker-Prager model should be special cases of the sophisticated failure formula tion.Continuity is an important property for two reasons:From a computational point of view,it is very convenient if a single description of the failure surface is valid within the stress space under consideration.From the theoretical point of view the proposed failure surface should havea unique gradient for defining the direction of the inelastic deformations according to the1normolity principle1.The actual nature of concrete failure mechanisms also supports the conceptof a gradual change of strength for small variations in loading.Geometrical ly,the smoothness condition implies that the failure surface is continuous and has continuous derivatives.Therefore,the deviatoric trace of the failure surface must pass through r,and ru with the tangents4:,and tr at9-O*and0-CO°,see Fig. 2.Recall thatfor Isotropie conditions only a sextant of the stress space has to be considered,O^O*60*.Convexity is an important property since it assures stable matenal behaviour according to the postulate of Drucker[32],if the"normolity"principle determi es the direction of inelastic deformations.Stability infers positive dissipation of inelastic work during a loading cycle according to the coneepts of thermodynamics Figure3indicates that convexity of the overall deviatoric trace can be assured only if there are no inflection points end if the position vector satisfies the basic convexity conditionJL>J_where r;r(0.:*,i2o",z4o#)Ti.*r(ö*£3,iSo^soo)W Continuity infers compatibility of the position vectors and the slopes et0«O*and0¦GOD. Consequently,there are at least four conditions for curve-fitting the deviatoric trace withinO**0*GOt In addition,the convexity condition implies that the curve should have no inflection points in this interval,thus the approximation can not be based on trigonometric functions[30]or Hermitian Interpolation.If the curve should also degenerate to a circle for r,-r^then an elliptic approximation has to be used for the functional Variation of the deviatoric trace.The ellipsoidal surface assures smoothness and convexity for all position vectors r satisfy ing|rl4r<rL(2)The geometric construction of the ellipse is shown in Fig.4,the details of the derivation are given in the Appendix I.The half axes of the ellipse a,b are defined in terms of the position vectorsErt-4.r,(3)a.r,1'-Sr.ty*Lr%¦4.r,-BrtThe elliptic trace is expressed in terms of the polar coordinates r,B by(r>-r.*)cos9*rt(ir.-r«)&(tf-tf)o»9?Sif-Ar.rj(4a) rf8x1ft,with the angle of similarity9^,^gt"2-g3>(4b) aIn the following the deviatoric trace is used as base section of a conical failure surface with the equisectrix as axis of revolution.A linear Variation with hydrostatic stress generates a cone with straight line meridians.In this case the failure surface is defined in principal stress space by a homogeneous expansion in the"average11stress components$>Ä«:«.and the angle of similarity9IdW^MJ.i^^J-i(5)The average stress components6«,t«.represent the mean distribution of normal and shear stresses on an infinitesimal spherical surface.These values are normolized in the failure condition eq.(5)by the uniaxial compressive strength f^The stress components are defined in terms of principal stresses by(6)^-jL[(».-*£-(*-*£>+t*»-**]*These scalar representations of the state of stress at a point are related to the stress components on the"octahedral"plane60^o by**s*o(7a)**«ff t0The average stress components also correspond to the first principal stress invariant I,and the second deviatoric stress invariant I%according to**-T*.(7b)».-nfi^-RW«^For material failure,-f(>)*0the following constraint condition must hold between the average normal stress and the average shear stresst-rt^D-Ht]i«.1(8)The free parameters of the failure surface model fc H and f«.are identified below from typical concrete test data,such as the uniaxial tension test«f t the uniaxial compression testf4a and the biaxial compression test^Introducing the strength ratios ocft,«c0*z*ft/fco(9) the three tests are characterized by6.TEST Wf«,«/?«.er.*,-ft+--(¥->6Ä»feo3K CO***xei*^"£fc"*««R-O*n(10)Substituting these strength values into the failure condition eq.8,the model parametersare readily obtainedn<*o Af«*»-**«Tu**£«r+ä**oätjt*«««?<*.-«z(11)The apex of the conical surface lies on the equisectrix at*»«*The opening angle<P of the cone varies betweenandtan<y,«-^«+0-GO°(12)(13) The proposed three parameter model is illustrated in Fig.5for the strength ratios0(O'and42*o.i The hydrostatic and deviatoric sections indicate the convexity and smoothness failure envelope.The proposed failure surface degenerates to the Drucker-Prager model of a circular cone ifIn this case the conical failure surface is described by the two parameters2and r0±_**^-^-1i.i of the(14)(15)The single parameter von Mises model is obtained/if in addition7.2.-t>oo(16)[21].In this case the Drucker-Prager cone degenerates into a circular cylinder whose radius is defined byr.fo (17)with the strength ratios**m **"¦(18)Figure 6shows a comparison between the failure surface and experimental data reported inClose agreement can be observed in the low pressure regime for the strength ratios *oc'-Äand *i«o.i?In the high compression regime there is considerable disagreement mainly along the compressive branch.Therefore,the three parameter model is refined in the Appendix II by two additional parameters,extend ing the ränge of application to the high compression regime.This five parameter model establishes a failure surface with curved meridians in which the generators are approximated by second order parabolas along 0s O*and 0*Go with a common apex at the equisectrix,see also Fig.11Figure 7shows the biaxial failure envelope of the three parameter model for three differentstrength ratios otu*l&*^»o-U &u~)o,**.*o.o%and *u-l-&j **-o.is A comparison with test data from [18]^2l]indicates that the shear strength is overestimated consi-derably because of the acute intersection with the biaxial stress plane.However,if we consider the dominant influence of the post-failure behaviour on the structural response [30J,there is little reason for further refinements of the initial failure surface model.3.CONSTITUTIVE MODELIn the following the previous model of the failure envelope is utilized for the developmentof an elastic perfectly plastic material formula tion in compression.The constitutive model is sub¬sequently augmented by a tension cut-off criterion to account for cracking in the tension regime.In both cases it is assumed that the normo lity principle determines the direction of the inelastic deformation rates for ductile as well as brittle post failure behaviour.3.1Elastic Plastic FormulationInviscid plasticity is the classical approach for describing inelastic behaviour via incremen-tal stress-strain relations.The constitutive model is based on two fundamental assumptions,an appropriate description of the material failure envelope and the definition of inelastic deformation rates e.g.via the normo lity principle.a.Yield ConditionThe yield surface serves two objectives,it distinguishes linear from non-linear andelastic from inelastic deformations.The failure envelope is defined by a scalar function of stress,$(J5»o indicating plastic flow if the stress path intersects the yield surface.For concrete type of materials the yield condition can be approximated by the three parameter model shown in Fig.5or more accurately by the five parameter model developed in the Appendix II.b.Flow RuleFor perfectly plastic behaviour the yield surface does not change its configurationduring plastic flow,hence the stress path describes a trajectory on the initial yield surface,whilethe inelastic strains increase continuously.In this case the inelastic deformations do not contri-bute to the elastic strain energy,thus the inner product of plastic strain and elastic stressrates must be zeron**-°09)-In other words,the plastic strain rate must be perpendicular to the yield surfaceV^(2°) where the normal n is the unit gradient vector of the yield surface9j/9*(21)mExplicit expressions of2f/d9are developed in Appendix III for different yield surfaces.The normal defines the direction of the plastic strain rate,the length of which determines the loading parameter a The normality condition follows from Drucker's stability postulate which assures non-negative work dissipation during a loading cycle,also infernng convexity of the yield surface.For perfectly plastic behaviour the material stability is"indifferent"in the small, corresponding to the"neutral"loading condition for which initial yield and subsequent flow is governed by*«>-0and fC*>-o(22) The consistency condition implies that?(«>-Tt*"°(23) This Statement is clearly equivalent to the normality principle stated in eq.(19).c.Incremental Stress-Strain RelationsIn the following an elastic perfectly plastic consitutive model is derived using the previous Statements and the kinematic decomposition of the total deformationsy-C+Ylf,and TF"*+V(24) The linear elastic material behaviour is given by the rate formulation of generalized Hooke's law*Ei-£(i-^(25) Substituting the stress rate into the consistency condition,eq.(23),we obtain£«-n4E(JHW(26) This expression yields for the undetermined loading parameter ahtE(T-n\)-o(27)and hereby±i'WTT"E*(28) x The dot indicates the rate of change.9. The plastic strain rate follows from eq.(20)(29) The incremental stress-strain relations are obtained by Substitut ing y*v into the expression ofthe stress rate,eq.(25)Note the linear relationship between the stress and deformation rates in eq.(30)&F Y od The tangential material law Tr is defined byFor perfectly plastic behaviour,T depends only on the elastic properties and the instantaneous stress state via II The second term of eq.(32)represents the degradation of the material Constitution due to plastic flow.3.2Elastic Cracking FormulationSmall tensile strength is the predominant feature of concrete-type materials.In the following a simple constitutive model is developed for perfectly brittle behaviour in the tensile regime.In analogy to the elastic plastic formulation the elastic cracking model is based on two fundamental assumptions,a tension cut-off criterion for the prediction of cracking and an appro-priate description of inelastic deformation rates e.g.via the normality principle.a.Crack ConditionThe tension cut-off criterion distinguishes elastic behaviour from brittle fracture,i.e. Separation of the material constituents due to excess tension.To this end it is assumed that the scale of Observation justifies a continuum approach.For concrete-type materials cracking may be predicted by the single one parameter model based on the major principal stress^t**)<5-.-^e wifh*>i*^i>^i(33) where C\corresponds in general to the uniaxial tensile strength ft The failure surface is shown in Fig.8,which indicates the pyramidal shape and the triangulär base section in the deviatoric plane.Alternative ly,the tension cut-off condition could also be expressed in terms of the three parameter model of the previous section or the five parameter model developed inthe Appendix II.b.Fracture RuleFor ductile behaviour in the post failure ränge the inelastic deformation rate due to cracking is derived exactly along the formulation of an elastic plastic solid.The ductilepost failure behaviour forms an upper bound of the actual soften ing behaviour[30J,which may develop in concrete components due to reinforcements,dowel action and aggregate interlock.In the following/the case of perfectly brittle post-failure behaviour is discussed,since it requires slight modifications of the previous constitutive model for an elastic perfectly plastic solid. In analogy to elasto-plasticity the inelastic deformations due to cracking tlc do not contribute to the elastic strain energytYI.5-°/iü\10.This normality principle corresponds to the flow rule of plasticity stating that the inelastic strain rate due to cracking is perpendicular to the plane of fractureT|c-nX(35) For the maximum stress tension cut-off criterion the normal vector f\is defined by the direction of the major principal stress;thus in the principal stress spacem »f/»««(36)n|9$/9«M^iwhere£,is the unit vector«,-[l,o,o,o,o.°i(37) For perfectly brittle behaviour the loading parameter X is determined from the sofrening condition|C«}-0and£C«^*-*t(360 In this case the consistency condition infers that|t**t(39)c.Inelastic Strain IncrementsIn the following an expression is derived for the inelastic deformation rotes due to cracking.Substituting the stress rate expression eq.(25)into the consistency condition eq.(39)&*-**(*-M w we obtain an expression for the undetermined loading parameter A«*6(*-«.X)--«e.(") and hereby*-«Fg-*,(*,*T+<)(«)Note the equivalence to the elastic plastic formulation in eq.(28)except for the release of^due to brittle softening.The resulting inelastic fracture strain rate follows from eq.(35)(43)The first portion of this expression can be used to construct incremental stress-strain rela-tions in analogy to the elastic plastic formulation,see eq.(30).This part would correspondexactly to a ductile cracking model in which the major principal stress is kept constant at thetensile strength S,^e The corresponding tangential material law would become transversely isotropic with zero stiffness along the major principal axis.Additional cracking in other directions can be considered according ly.The second portion of eq.(43)represents the sudden stress release due to brittle fracture,*\, which is projeeted onto the structural level by a single initial load step in the analysis.11.3.3Transition ProblemThe previous rate formulation for elastic plastic and brittle behaviour is valid in a diffe¬rential sense only.In a numericaj environment clearly finite increments prevail during numerical Integration of the rate equations[33J,[34J.This approximation problem is magnified by the sudden transition from elastic to plastic or elastic to brittle behaviour.In the latter case the dis-continuity of the process is further increased due to the immediate stress release if the failure condition has been reached.Clearly,the success of the numerical technique depends primärily on the proper treatment of the transition problem for finite increments.Consider the most general case of a finite load step shown in Fig.9.At the outset we assume that the stress path has reached point A for which^C«*V°indicates an elastic state. Due to the finite load increment a fully elastic stress path would reach point B penetrating the yield surface at C for proportional loading.The condition$C^O>°violates Tne constitutive constraint condition^«^°(45) and suggests two strategies for numerical implementation.a.^P^^^J.^6.^^*J£n MethodAssuming proportional loading the load increment is subdivided into two parts,an elastic portion for the path A-C and an inelastic portion governing the behaviour after the failure surface has been reached at C.The evaluation of the penetration point C reduces to the geometric problem of intersecting a surface with a line,a task which is non-linear for curved failure envelopes.The computation of the stress trajectory on the yield surface involves the numerical integration of5^1F if(46)since the tangential material law varies with the current state of stress.In addition we have to assume that the inelastic strains increase proportional ly from ycto<jf£.In numerical calculations additional corrections are required at each iteration step to place the stress path back onto the yield surface[37]b.Normal Penetration MethodIn this scheme we assume that the elastic path reaches the yield surface at the inter-section with the normal ns The evaluation of the foot point D reduces to the geometric-prob¬lem of minimizing the distance between B and the failure envelope,see Fig.9<A-(«^«^(«^«J"*Minimum(47)The extremum condition is used to determine the components of C^by solving the linear system of equations.subjected to the constraint conditionft«*)*ö(49)Note that the loading parameter X is proportional to the distance d,thus the length of the inelastic deformation increment is determined from。

DATASHEETOverview IC Compiler™ II is the industry leading place and route solution that delivers best-in-class quality-of-results (QoR) for next-generation designs across all market verticals and process technologies while enabling unprecedented productivity. IC Compiler II includes innovative for flat and hierarchical design planning, early design exploration, congestion aware placement and optimization, clock tree synthesis, advanced node routing convergence, manufacturing compliance, and signoff closure.IC Compiler II is specifically architected to address aggressive performance, power, area (PPA), and time-to-market pressures of leading-edge designs. Key technologies include a pervasively parallel optimization framework, multi-objective global placement, routing driven placement optimization, full flow Arc based concurrent clock and data optimization, total power optimization, multi-pattern and FinFET aware flow and machine learning (ML) driven optimization for fast and predictive design closure. Advanced Fusion technologies offer signoff IR drop driven optimization, PrimeTime ® delay calculation within IC Compiler II, exhaustive path-based analysis (PBA) and signoff ECO within place and route for unmatched QoR and design convergence. F U S I O N D E S I G N P L A T F O R M PrimeTime, StarRC, PrimePower,IC Validator, RedHawk Analysis Fusion Fusion Compiler IC Compiler II Design Compiler NXT TestMAX F o r m a l i t y ECO Fusion S i g n o f f F u s i o n S i g n o f f F u s i o n Test Fusion Figure 1: IC Compiler II Anchor in Synopsys Design PlatformAccelerating DesignClosure on AdvancedDesignsIC Compiler II Industry Leading Place and Route SystemKey BenefitsProductivity• The highest capacity solution that supports 500M+ instances with a scalable and compact data model• A full suite of design planning features including transparent hierarchical optimization• Out-of-the-box simple reference methodology for easy setup• Multi-threaded and distributed computing for all major flow steps• Golden signoff accuracy with direct access to PrimeTime delay calculationPPA• Unified TNS driven optimization framework• Congestion, timing, and power-driven logic re-synthesis• IEEE 1801 UPF/multi-voltage support• Arc-based concurrent clock and data optimization• Global minima driven total power optimizationAdvanced Nodes• Multi-pattern and FinFET aware design flow• Next generation advanced 2D placement and legalization• Routing layer driven optimization, auto NDR, and via pillar optimization• Machine learning driven congestion prediction and DRC closure• Highest level of foundry support and certification for advanced process nodes• IC Validator in the loop signoff driven DRC validation and fixingAdvanced Fusion Technology• Physically aware logic re-synthesis• IR drop driven optimization during all major flow steps• PrimeTime delay calculation based routing optimization for golden accuracy• Integrated PrimeTime ECO flow during routing optimization for fastest turnaround timeEmpowering Design Across Diversified ApplicationsThe dizzying pace of innovation and highly diversified applications across the design spectrum is forcing a complete rethink of the place and route systems to design and implement differentiated designs in a highly competitive semiconductor market on schedule. Designers on emerging process nodes must meet aggressive PPA and productivity goals. It essentially means efficient and intelligent handling of 100s of millions of place-able instances, multiple levels of hierarchy, 1000s of hard macros, 100s of clocks, wide busses, and 10s of modes and corners power domains and complex design constraints and process technology mandates. Emphasis on Designer ProductivityIC Compiler II is architected from the ground up for speed and scalability. Its hierarchical data model consumes 2-3X less memory than conventional tools, boosting the limits of capacity to 500M placeable instances and beyond. Adaptive abstraction and on-the-fly data management minimize memory requirements and enable fast responsive data manipulation. Near-linear multi-core threading of key infrastructural components and core algorithms such as database access and timing analysis speed up optimization at all phases of design. Patented, lossless compact modeling and independent R and C extraction allow handling more modes and corners (MCMM scenarios) with minimal runtime impact.IC Compiler II has built-in Reference Methodology(RM) that ensures fast flow bring up. This RM Flow is Foundry Process/Design Type specific to ensure a robust starting point and seamless bring up. IC Compiler II has direct access to the Golden PrimeTime delay calculation engine to minimize ECO iterations.IC Compiler II’s new data model enables designers to perform fast exploration and floorplanning with complex layout requirements. IC Compiler II can create bus structures, handle designs with n-levels of physical hierarchy, and support Multiply Instantiated Blocks (MIBs) in addition to global route driven pin assignment/feedthrough flow, timing driven macro placement, MV area design planning.A design data mismatch inferencing engine analyzes the quality of inputs and drives construct creation on the fly, delivering design insights even with “incomplete” data early in the design cycle. Concurrent traversal of logical and physical data models enables hierarchical Data-Flow Analysis (DFA) and fast interactive analysis through multi-level design hierarchies and MIBs. Data flow and feedthrough paths highlighted in Figure 2 allow analysis and manipulation through n-levels of hierarchy to complete early design exploration and prototyping.Figure 2: Fast interactive analysis through multiple-levels of physical hierarchy and MIBPipeline-register-planning shown in Figure 3, provides guidance for optimal placement to meet the stringent timing requirementsof high-performance designs. Interactive route editor integrated which is advanced node aware shown in Figure 4, allows intricate editing and routing functions, including the creation of special signal routes, buses, etc.Figure 3: Pipeline register placement enables superior QoR for designs with complex busesAchieving Best Performance, Power, Area, and TATIC Compiler II features a new optimization framework built on global analytics. This Unified TNS Driven Optimization framework is shared with Design Compiler NXT synthesis to enable physically-aware synthesis, layer assignment, and route-based optimization for improved PPA and TAT. Multi-Corner Multi-Mode (MCMM) and Multi-Voltage (MV) aware, level-based analytical algorithms continuously optimize using parallel heuristic algorithms. Multi-factor costing functions deliver faster results on both broad and targeted design goals. Concurrent PPA driven logic remapping, rewiring, and legalization interleaved with placement minimizes congested logic, resulting in simple localized logic cones that maximize routability and QoR.IC Compiler II minimizes leakage with fast and efficient cell-by-cell power selection across HVT, SVT and LVT cells and varying channel lengths. Activity-driven power optimization uses VCD/ SAIF, net toggle rates, or probability functions to drive placement decisions and minimize pin capacitances. Multi-bit register banking optimizes clock tree structures, reduces area, and net length, while automatically managing clock, data, and scan chain connections.Advanced modeling of congestion across all layers highlighted in Figure 4 provides accurate feedback throughput the flow from design planning to post- route optimization.Figure 4: Intelligent and accurate analysis for congestion and powerIC Compiler II introduces a new Concurrent Clock and Data (CCD) analysis and optimization engine that is built-in to every flow step resulting in meeting both aggressive performance and minimizing total power footprint. ARC-based CCD optimization performs clock tree traversal across all modes/corners in path-based fashion to ensure optimal delay budgeting.Robust support for clock distribution enables virtually any clock style, including mesh, multi-source, or H-tree topologies. Advanced analysis and debugging features perform accurate clock QoR analysis and debugging as highlighted in Figure 5.Figure 5: Accurate clock QoR analysis and debugging (a & b) Abstracted clock graph and schematic.(c) Latency clock graph. (d) Colored clock tree in layout.IC Compiler II features many innovative technologies that make it the ideal choice for high-performance, energy-efficient Arm®processor core implementation, resulting in industry-best milliwatts/megahertz (mW/MHz) for mobile and other applications across the board. Synopsys and Arm work closely together to offer optimized implementation of popular Arm cores for IC Compiler II,with reference flows available for Arm Cortex®-A high-performance processors and Mali GPUs. In addition, Arm offers off-the-shelf Artisan® standard cell and memory models that have been optimally tuned and tested for fast deployment in an IC Compiler II environment. Continuous technology innovation and close collaboration makes IC Compiler II the leading choice for Arm-based high- performance design.Highest Level of Advanced Node Certification and SupportIC Compiler II provides advanced node design enablement across major foundries and technology nodes—including 16/14nm,12/10nm, 7/5nm, and sub-5nm geometries. Zroute digital router technology ensures early and full compliance with the latest design rules required for these advanced node technologies. Synopsys collaborates closely with all the leading foundries to ensure that IC Compiler II is the first to deliver support for early prototype design rules and support for the final production design rules. IC Compiler II design technologies maximize the benefits of new process technologies and offer optimal return on investment for cutting-edge silicon applications.IC Compiler II advanced node design support includes multi-pattern/FinFET aware placement and routing, Next-generation advanced 2D placement and legalization, routing layer driven optimization, auto NDR, and via pillar optimization. IC Validator in the loop provides signoff DRC feedback during Implementation.Foundry fill Track based fillFigure 6: IC Validator In-Design metal fill color aware metal fill, optimized for density and foundry requirementsMachine learning driven congestion prediction and DRC closure allow for fastest routing convergence with best PPA. Multiple sets of training data are used to extract key predictive elements that guide the pre-route flow.Advanced Fusion TechnologyThe Fusion Design Platform™ delivers unprecedented full-flow QoR and time-to-results (TTR) to accelerate the next wave of semiconductor industry innovation. The industry’s first AI-enhanced, cloud-ready Design Platform with Fusion Technology™ isbuilt from Synopsys’ market-leading, massively-parallel digital design tools, and augmented with innovative capabilities to tacklethe escalating challenges in cloud computing, automotive, mobile, and IoT market segments and accelerate the next wave of industry innovation.Fusion Technology redefines conventional EDA tool boundaries across synthesis, place-and-route, and signoff, sharing integrated engines across the industry’s premier digital design products. It enables designers to accelerate the delivery of their next-generation designs with the industry-best QoR and the TTR.©2019 Synopsys, Inc. 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分类号密级U D C学位论文Ad Hoc 网络拓扑控制算法的设计与仿真作者姓名：叶宁指导教师：李喆教授东北大学信息科学与工程学院申请学位级别：硕士学科类别：工学学科专业名称：通信与信息系统论文提交日期：2008 年1 月10 日论文答辩日期：2008 年1 月19 日学位授予日期：答辩委员会主席：评阅人：东北大学2008 年 1 月A Thesis for the Degree of Master in Telecommunications and Informatio n Systems Design and Simulation of a Topology ControlAlgorithm for Ad Hoc Networksby Ye NingSupervisor ：Professor Li ZheNortheastern UniversityJanuary 2008- I -独创声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是在导师的指导下完成的。

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学位论文作者签名：签字日期：学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者和指导教师完全了解东北大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定：即学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。

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（如作者和导师同意网上交流，请在下方签名：否则视为不同意）学位论文作者签名：导师签名：签字日期：签字日期：东北大学硕士学位论文摘要- II -Ad Hoc 网络拓扑控制算法的设计与仿真摘要Ad Hoc网络作为一种无中心、自构建、自组织和自管理的新型网络，因其组网灵活、展开迅速、分布式控制等诸多的优点，在军事和民用领域有广泛应用，成为研究的热点。