Dynamic System-wide Reconfiguration of Grid Deployments in Response to Intrusion Detections

QAM is a widely used multilevel modulation technique,with a variety of applications in data radio communication systems.Most existing implementations of QAM-based systems use high levels of modulation in order to meet the high data rate constraints of emerging applications.This work presents the architecture of a highly parallel QAM modulator,using MPSoC-based design flow and design methodology,which offers multirate modulation.The proposed MPSoC architecture is modular and provides dynamic reconfiguration of the QAM utilizing on-chip interconnection networks,offering high data rates(more than1 Gbps),even at low modulation levels(16-QAM).Furthermore,the proposed QAM implementation integrates a hardware-based resource allocation algorithm that can provide better throughput and fault tolerance,depending on the on-chip interconnection network congestion and run-time faults.Preliminary results from this work have been published in the Proceedings of the18th IEEE/IFIP International Conference on VLSI and System-on-Chip(VLSI-SoC2010).The current version of the work includes a detailed description of the proposed system architecture,extends the results significantly using more test cases,and investigates the impact of various design parameters.Furthermore,this work investigates the use of the hardware resource allocation algorithm as a graceful degradation mechanism,providing simulation results about the performance of the QAM in the presence of faulty components.Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)is a popular modulation scheme,widely used in various communication protocols such as Wi-Fi and Digital Video Broadcasting(DVB).The architecture of a digital QAM modulator/demodulator is typically constrained by several, often conflicting,requirements.Such requirements may include demanding throughput, high immunity to noise,flexibility for various communication standards,and low on-chip power.The majority of existing QAM implementations follow a sequential implementation approach and rely on high modulation levels in order to meet the emerging high data rate constraints.These techniques,however,are vulnerable to noise at a given transmission power,which reduces the reliable communication distance.The problem is addressed by increasing the number of modulators in a system,through emerging Software-Defined Radio (SDR)systems,which are mapped on MPSoCs in an effort to boost parallelism.These works, however,treat the QAM modulator as an individual system task,whereas it is a task that can further be optimized and designed with further parallelism in order to achieve high data rates,even at low modulation levels.Designing the QAM modulator in a parallel manner can be beneficial in many ways.Firstly, the resulting parallel streams(modulated)can be combined at the output,resulting in a system whose majority of logic runs at lower clock frequencies,while allowing for high throughput even at low modulation levels.This is particularly important as lower modulation levels are less susceptible to multipath distortion,provide power-efficiency and achieve low bit error rate(BER).Furthermore,a parallel modulation architecture can benefit multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)communication systems,where information is sent and received over two or more antennas often shared among many ing multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver offers significant capacity enhancement on many modern applications,including IEEE802.11n,3GPP LTE,and mobile WiMAX systems, providing increased throughput at the same channel bandwidth and transmit power.Inorder to achieve the benefit of MIMO systems,appropriate design aspects on the modulation and demodulation architectures have to be taken into consideration.It is obvious that transmitter architectures with multiple output ports,and the more complicated receiver architectures with multiple input ports,are mainly required.However,the demodulation architecture is beyond the scope of this work and is part of future work.This work presents an MPSoC implementation of the QAM modulator that can provide a modular and reconfigurable architecture to facilitate integration of the different processing units involved in QAM modulation.The work attempts to investigate how the performance of a sequential QAM modulator can be improved,by exploiting parallelism in two forms:first by developing a simple,pipelined version of the conventional QAM modulator,and second, by using design methodologies employed in present-day MPSoCs in order to map multiple QAM modulators on an underlying MPSoC interconnected via packet-based network-on-chip (NoC).Furthermore,this work presents a hardware-based resource allocation algorithm, enabling the system to further gain performance through dynamic load balancing.The resource allocation algorithm can also act as a graceful degradation mechanism,limiting the influence of run-time faults on the average system throughput.Additionally,the proposed MPSoC-based system can adopt variable data rates and protocols simultaneously,taking advantage of resource sharing mechanisms.The proposed system architecture was simulated using a high-level simulator and implemented/evaluated on an FPGA platform.Moreover, although this work currently targets QAM-based modulation scenarios,the methodology and reconfiguration mechanisms can target QAM-based demodulation scenarios as well. However,the design and implementation of an MPSoC-based demodulator was left as future work.While an MPSoC implementation of the QAM modulator is beneficial in terms of throughput, there are overheads associated with the on-chip network.As such,the MPSoC-based modulator was compared to a straightforward implementation featuring multiple QAM modulators,in an effort to identify the conditions that favor the MPSoC implementation. Comparison was carried out under variable incoming rates,system configurations and fault conditions,and simulation results showed on average double throughput rates during normal operation and~25%less throughput degradation at the presence of faulty components,at the cost of approximately35%more area,obtained from an FPGA implementation and synthesis results.The hardware overheads,which stem from the NoC and the resource allocation algorithm,are well within the typical values for NoC-based systems and are adequately balanced by the high throughput rates obtained.Most of the existing hardware implementations involving QAM modulation/demodulation follow a sequential approach and simply consider the QAM as an individual module.There has been limited design exploration,and most works allow limited reconfiguration,offering inadequate data rates when using low modulation levels.The latter has been addressed through emerging SDR implementations mapped on MPSoCs,that also treat the QAM modulation as an individual system task,integrated as part of the system,rather than focusing on optimizing the performance of the modulator.Works inuse a specific modulation type;they can,however,be extended to use higher modulation levels in order toincrease the resulting data rate.Higher modulation levels,though,involve more divisions of both amplitude and phase and can potentially introduce decoding errors at the receiver,as the symbols are very close together(for a given transmission power level)and one level of amplitude may be confused(due to the effect of noise)with a higher level,thus,distorting the received signal.In order to avoid this,it is necessary to allow for wide margins,and this can be done by increasing the available amplitude range through power amplification of the RF signal at the transmitter(to effectively spread the symbols out more);otherwise,data bits may be decoded incorrectly at the receiver,resulting in increased bit error rate(BER). However,increasing the amplitude range will operate the RF amplifiers well within their nonlinear(compression)region causing distortion.Alternative QAM implementations try to avoid the use of multipliers and sine/cosine memories,by using the CORDIC algorithm, however,still follow a sequential approach.Software-based solutions lie in designing SDR systems mapped on general purpose processors and/or digital signal processors(DSPs),and the QAM modulator is usually considered as a system task,to be scheduled on an available processing unit.Works inutilize the MPSoC design methodology to implement SDR systems,treating the modulator as an individual system task.Results in show that the problem with this approach is that several competing tasks running in parallel with QAM may hurt the performance of the modulation, making this approach inadequate for demanding wireless communications in terms of throughput and energy efficiency.Another particular issue,raised in,is the efficiency of the allocation algorithm.The allocation algorithm is implemented on a processor,which makes allocation slow.Moreover,the policies used to allocate tasks(random allocation and distance-based allocation)to processors may lead to on-chip contention and unbalanced loads at each processor,since the utilization of each processor is not taken into account.In,a hardware unit called CoreManager for run-time scheduling of tasks is used,which aims in speeding up the allocation algorithm.The conclusions stemming from motivate the use of exporting more tasks such as reconfiguration and resource allocation in hardware rather than using software running on dedicated CPUs,in an effort to reduce power consumption and improve the flexibility of the system.This work presents a reconfigurable QAM modulator using MPSoC design methodologies and an on-chip network,with an integrated hardware resource allocation mechanism for dynamic reconfiguration.The allocation algorithm takes into consideration not only the distance between partitioned blocks(hop count)but also the utilization of each block,in attempt to make the proposed MPSoC-based QAM modulator able to achieve robust performance under different incoming rates of data streams and different modulation levels. Moreover,the allocation algorithm inherently acts as a graceful degradation mechanism, limiting the influence of run-time faults on the average system throughput.we used MPSoC design methodologies to map the QAM modulator onto an MPSoC architecture,which uses an on-chip,packet-based NoC.This allows a modular, "plug-and-play"approach that permits the integration of heterogeneous processing elements, in an attempt to create a reconfigurable QAM modulator.By partitioning the QAM modulator into different stand-alone tasks mapped on Processing Elements(PEs),weown SURF.This would require a context-addressable memory search and would expand the hardware logic of each sender PE's NIRA.Since one of our objectives is scalability,we integrated the hop count inside each destination PE's packet.The source PE polls its host NI for incoming control packets,which are stored in an internal FIFO queue.During each interval T,when the source PE receives the first control packet,a second timer is activatedfor a specified number of clock cycles,W.When this timer expires,the polling is halted and a heuristic algorithm based on the received conditions is run,in order to decide the next destination PE.In the case where a control packet is not received from a source PE in the specified time interval W,this PE is not included in the algorithm.This is a key feature of the proposed MPSoC-based QAM modulator;at extremely loaded conditions,it attempts to maintain a stable data rate by finding alternative PEs which are less busy.QAM是一种广泛应用的多级调制技术，在数据无线电通信系统中应用广泛。

Control of Dynamic Systems Control of dynamic systems is a crucial aspect of engineering and technology, as it involves the management and regulation of systems that are constantly changing and evolving. This field encompasses a wide range of applications, from industrial processes and manufacturing to aerospace and automotive systems. The ability to effectively control dynamic systems is essential for ensuring safety, efficiency, and reliability in various engineering and technological domains. One of the key challenges in the control of dynamic systems is the inherent complexity and unpredictability of these systems. Dynamic systems are characterized by their continuous and time-varying behavior, making it difficult to accurately model and predict their responses to different inputs and disturbances. This complexity often requires the use of advanced control techniques and algorithms toeffectively manage and regulate dynamic systems in real-time. Another important aspect of controlling dynamic systems is the need to account for uncertainties and disturbances that can affect the system's behavior. These uncertainties can arise from various sources, such as variations in operating conditions, environmental factors, and component failures. As a result, control strategies must be robust and adaptive to ensure that the system can continue to operate safely and effectively under changing and unpredictable conditions. In addition to technical challenges, the control of dynamic systems also involves ethical and social considerations. For example, in the automotive industry, the development of autonomous vehicles raises important questions about safety, liability, and the ethical implications of delegating control to machines. Similarly, in industrial automation, the implementation of advanced control systems can have significant implications for the workforce and employment, raising concerns about job displacement and the ethical use of technology. From a practical standpoint, the control of dynamic systems also requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving expertise in engineering, mathematics, computer science, and other related fields. Engineers and technologists working in this field must be able to collaborate effectively across different disciplines to develop and implement controlsolutions that are both technically sound and practical to deploy in real-world applications. Furthermore, the control of dynamic systems also presentsopportunities for innovation and advancement in engineering and technology. As new control techniques and technologies continue to emerge, there is potential for significant improvements in the performance, efficiency, and safety of dynamic systems across various industries. This ongoing innovation is essential for addressing the evolving needs and challenges of modern society, from sustainable energy systems to advanced transportation solutions. In conclusion, the control of dynamic systems is a complex and multifaceted field that plays a critical role in engineering and technology. From technical challenges and ethical considerations to practical and interdisciplinary requirements, the control of dynamic systems requires a comprehensive and holistic approach. By addressing these various perspectives and challenges, engineers and technologists can continue to advance the state of the art in controlling dynamic systems, leading to safer, more efficient, and more reliable technologies for the benefit of society.。

2The highlights of SIMOCODE pro• E xtensive protection, monitoring and control functions, independent of the automation system • D etailed operational, service and diagnostics data – at any time or place • Safe shutdown of motors• S calable, flexible solutions for all plant configurations• V ersatile, open communication via various bus systems and protocols • I ntegration in process control systems such as SIMATIC PCS 7• Supports PROFINET system redundance and dynamic reconfigurationSIMOCODE pro offers multifunctional, solid-state full motor protection. The motormanagement system monitors, protects and controls constant-speed motors and enables the implementation of predictive maintenance. It does not wait for a prob-lem to occur before shutting down the motor, but establishes a level of transparency in advance. This avoids plant standstills and improves economic efficiency. SIMOCODE pro delivers detailed operating, service and diagnostic data from across the entire process. The engineering is simple and likewise the integration into pro-cess control systems. SIMOCODE pro communicates via PROFIBUS and PROFINET, Modbus, EtherNet / IP and OPC UA. It implements simple and economical motor management.With both the SIMOCODE pro General Performance and SIMOCODE pro High Perfor-mance device classes, we offer scalable, flexible solutions for industrial controls and plant optimization in the context of Industrie 4.0.For 30 years now, SIMOCODE pro has been controlling and moni-toring low-voltage, constant-speed motors all over the world. Wherever motors keep things running in the process industry,SIMOCODE is there. Many thousands of times over. Now even more powerful thanks to connection to the Cloud.Flexible, modular, integrated.The way modern motor management should be.3Two functionally graded device series form the core of the multifunctional SIMOCODE pro motor management sys-tem: General Performance and High Performance. The de-vices in both series incorporate all essential motor protec-tion, monitoring and control functions – including data transparency through the Cloud connection. SIMOCODE pro General Performance is your entry into modern motor management and addresses standard motor applications. SIMOCODE pro High Performance features up to five expan-sion modules and offers additional measured variables. Find out how you can take advantage of the two SIMOCODEpro device series in all areas of the process industry.SIMOCODE pro. A really strong family.SIMOCODE pro –General Performance:Ideal for the entry levelThe smart and compact motor management system for direct-on-line, reversing, and star-delta (wye-delta) starters or for controlling a motor starter protector or soft starter. The basic system includes a current measuring module and the basic unit for overload or thermis-tor motor protection, for example. Communication with the automa-tion level takes place via PROFIBUS/ PROFINET. Optional additions in-clude an operator panel and an expansion module that allows additional inputs/outputs, ground-fault detection and temperature measurement to be realized. SIMOCODE pro – High Performance:The fully professional solutionfor every motorThe SIMOCODE pro High Perfor-mance motor management systemis variable, intelligent and can beadapted individually to suit everyrequirement. The basic systemincludes a module for measuringcurrent (and optionally also volt-age), as well as a basic unit, and issuitable for removing pump block-ages, for example. Communicationwith the automation level takesplace via PROFIBUS or Modbus RTU,via Ethernet with the PROFINET orEtherNet/IP protocols, and also viaOPC UA. The optional expansionsavailable include separate current/voltage measuring modules fordry-running protection, an operatorpanel with display, a ground-faultmodule, a temperature module,standard digital modules, fail-safedigital modules and an analogmodule.SIMOCODE pro Safety:Fail-safe expansion modulesVarious modules are available forSIMOCODE pro for the extendedprotection of personnel, machinesand the environment. These guar-antee the safety-related shutdownof motors and meet all the require-ments of the standards.The advantages:• F unctional switching andfail-safe shutdown withoutmanual wiring or additionaleffort• S afety function parameterscan be flexibly configured• T ransfer of meaningful diag-nostic data to thecontrol system• L ogging of errors for detailedevaluation• Fail-safe shutdown viaPROFIsafe5S IMOCODE pro –The advantages at a glance• M inimized downtimes – with less maintenance work• E nergy and cost savings over the entire plant life cycle • S imple use • S calable solution• A choice of networked or autonomousconfigurationRemove pump blockages and increase availability.6Every water utility is familiar with the prob-lems of a blocked pump – and the possible consequences: environmental harm, damage due to flooding, and dangers to health as a result of lifting and cleaning pumps. This is compounded by the financial impact of plant downtimes. SIMOCODE pro monitors the current and active power of the pump motor – and derives the pump status from them. If a defined threshold value is exceeded, SIMOCODE pro autonomously reverses the rotational direction of the pump in order to dislodge deposits on the impeller blades, for example.Say goodbye to blocked pumps with SIMOCODE pro – the modular, com-pact motor management system that tackles the challenge by auto-matically reversing the pump. An-other benefit: SIMOCODE pro can be retrofitted in existing plants.Reliable dry-running protection is a must in many applications in the chemi-cal industry. SIMOCODE pro reliably prevents the dry running of centrifugal pumps in order to preclude hazardous situations – and completely rede-fines dry-running protection for pumps in hazardous areas with an innova-tive solution.Sensors on centrifugal pumps in hazardous areas are often prone to fault and are thus high-mainte-nance. The solution: Using active power-based dry-running detection, SIMOCODE pro monitors the active electrical power consumption of the pump motor and thus the status of the pump – without the need for additional monitoring devices or sensors to be installed. The new technology ensures reliable explosion protection in accordance with ATEX and IECEx criteria and saves costs and time for commis-sioning and maintenance.Your benefits through active power-based dry-running protection• Earlier fault detection – D irect conclusions concerning the flow rate can be drawn from the active power consumption of the pump motor – R eliable prevention of dry running of the pump and therefore less damage to the pump • Cost and time savings – N o maintenance effort due to the elimination of mechanical wear of the sensors –No additional sensor required • Reduction of hardware – N o need for additional sensors and mechanical components –Simplified engineering• Reliable monitoring of the system–Compliance with ATEX and IECEx criteria – R eliable and automatic pump shutdown in the event of inadmissible operating conditionsReliable monitoring. Dry-running protection reconceptualized.7SIMOCODE pro with OPC UABenefitsMindSphere8BenefitsSIMOCODE pro is your reliable data supplier for maximum process quality. The motor management system offers:• Data analysis and simulation • S ecure data storage and transmission • Visualization and recommendation(s)• I ncreased availability of components • Optimization of energy consumption • Maximization of process efficiency • Support of PROFINET system redundance and dynamic reconfigurationFor diagnostics and simple configuration, including in the TIA Portal: SIMOCODE ESSIMOCODE ES provides you with the software for the con-figuration, startup, operation and diagnosis of SIMOCODE pro. The software is based on the central Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) engineering framework, pro-viding an integrated, efficient and intuitive solution for all automation tasks. SIMOCODE ES offers you a host of advan-tages, including convenient configuration in the device view, graphical commissioning using drag and drop functions, mass engineering, presentation of signal states online, or clear measurement curves for diagnostic purposes.The convenient way to optimum process guidance: The integration of SIMOCODE pro into SIMATIC PCS 7Using standardized blocks and faceplates, SIMOCODE pro can very easily be integrated into the SIMATIC PCS 7 process con-trol system. This makes it extremely easy to integrate service and diagnostic data from the motor management system into higher-level process control systems, for example.The result: A high level of transparency throughout the plant, enabling faults to be detected at an early stage or prevented from occurring altogether. In general, the greater density of information in the control system enables you to achieve not only greater transparency, but also higher pro-cess quality.Support of redundance mechanisms and dynamic recon- figuration (device extension during ongoing operation) in-creases the plant availability.9SIMOCODE pro system overview – General PerformancePublished by Siemens AGSmart Infrastructure Electrical ProductsWerner-von-Siemens-Str. 48–50 92224 Amberg GermanyFor the U.S. published by Siemens Industry Inc.100 Technology Drive Alpharetta, GA 30005 United StatesArticle No. SIEP-B10327-00-7600 Printed in GermanyWS 09221.0 Dispo 25600SoftwareSubject to changes and errors. The information given in this document only contains generaldescriptions and/or performance features which may not always specifically reflect those described, or which may undergo modification in the course of further development of the products.The requested performance features are binding only when they are expressly agreed upon in the concluded contract.SIMOCODE is a registered trademark of Siemens AG. Any unauthorized use is prohibited. All other des-ignations in this document may represent trademarks whose use by third parties for their own purposes may violate the proprietary rights of the owner.© Siemens 2022SIMOCODE ES (TIA Portal) V18 BasicBasic functional scope including Professional Trial LicenseBoth software and documentation can be downloaded for free, see:https:///cs/ww/en/view/109811683SIMOCODE ES (TIA Portal) V18 ProfessionalFloating license for one user• L icense key on USB flash drive, SW on DVD 3ZS1322-6CC16-0YA5 • L icense key and software download 3ZS1322-6CE16-0YB5 Upgrade for SIMOCODE ES 2007 Premium 3ZS1322-6CC16-0YE5Software Update Service3ZS1322-6CC00-0YL5SIMOCODE pro block library for SIMATIC PCS 7 Version V9.1 with Advanced Process Library (APL)Engineering software V9.1 (OSD)3ZS1632-1XE04-0YA0Runtime license V9.1 (OSD)3ZS1632-2XE04-0YB0Upgrade for PCS 7 block library SIMOCODE pro V8 or V9.0 (OSD)3ZS1632-1XE04-0YE0Upgrade for PCS 7 block library SIMOCODE pro V7 (without APL)3ZS1632-1XE04-0YF0SIMOCODE pro block library for SIMATIC PCS 7 Version V9.0 with Advanced Process Library (APL)Engineering software V9.0 (OSD)3ZS1632-1XE03-0YA0Runtime license V9.0 (OSD)3ZS1632-2XE03-0YB0Upgrade for PCS 7 block library SIMOCODE pro V83ZS1632-1XX03-0YE0SIMOCODE pro block library for SIMATIC PCS 7 without Advanced Process Library (APL)。

常见的多路径管理软件Multipath I/O (多路径)在计算机存储技术里,多路径提供了容错和性能提高,在计算机系统里CPU有多条物理路径通道,块存储设备通过总线,控制器,交换设备以及桥接设备来连接。

简单举例同一台计算机里1块SCSI磁盘连接2个SCSI控制器或者磁盘连接到两个FC端口。

如果其中1个控制器，端口或交换设备故障，那操作系统就会自动切换I/O路径到冗余的控制器为应用程序使用,但这样可能会增加延迟.一些多路径软件可以利用冗余的路径提高性能,例如:Dynamic load balancing 动态负载均衡Traffic shaping 流量控制Automatic path management 自动路径管理Dynamic reconfiguration 动态设置Multipath I/O software implementations 多路径软件工具一些操作系统自带支持多路径功能,如下SGI IRIX - using the LV, XLV and later XVM volume managers (1990s and onwards)AIX - MPIO Driver, AIX 5L 5.2 (October 2002) and laterHP-UX 11.31 (2007)Linux - Device-Mapper Multipath . Linux kernel 2.6.13 (August 2005) OpenVMS V7.2 (1999) and laterSolaris Multiplexed I/O (MPxIO), Solaris 8 (February 2000) and later Windows MPIO Driver, Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 (April 2003)FreeBSD - GEOM_FOX moduleMac OS X Leopard and Mac OS X Leopard Server 10.5.2Multipath software products: (软件产品)AntemetA. Multipathing Software solution for AIX for HP EVA Disk Arrays NEC PathManagerEMC PowerPathFalconStor IPStor DynaPathFujitsu Siemens MultiPath for Linux and Windows OSFujitsu ETERNUS Multipath Driver (ETERNUSmpd) for Solaris, Windows, Linux and AIX.Hitachi HiCommand Dynamic Link Manager (HDLM)HP StorageWorks Secure PathNCR UNIX MP-RAS EMPATH for EMC Disk ArraysNCR UNIX MP-RAS RDAC for Engenio Disk ArraysONStor SDM multipathIBM System Storage Multipath Subsystem Device Driver (SDD), formerly Data Path OptimizerAccusys PathGuardInfortrend EonPathSun Multipath failover driver for Windows and AIXSun StorEdge Traffic Manager Software, included in Sun Java StorEdgeSoftware suiteLinuxmultipath-tools, used to drive the Device Mapper multipathing driver, first released on September 2003Fibreutils package for QLogic HBAsRDAC package for LSI disk controllerslpfcdriver package for Emulex HBAsVeritasVeritas Storage Foundation (VxSF)Veritas Volume Manager (VxVM)Pillar Data SystemsAxiom Path Manager for AIX, Windows, Linux, and SolarisAreca Multipath failover driver for Windows。

EP4CGX15BF14C8N© 2011 Altera Corporation. All rights reserved. ALTERA, ARRIA, CYCLONE, HARDCOPY, MAX, MEGACORE, NIOS, QUARTUS and STRATIX words and logos are trademarks of Altera Corporation and registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in other countries. All other words and logos identified astrademarks or service marks are the property of their respective holders as described at /common/legal.html . Altera warrants performance of itssemiconductor products to current specifications in accordance with Altera's standard warranty, but reserves the right to make changes to any products andservices at any time without notice. Altera assumes no responsibility or liability arising out of the application or use of any information, product, or servicedescribed herein except as expressly agreed to in writing by Altera. Altera customers are advised to obtain the latest version of device specifications before relying on any published information and before placing orders for products or services.Cyclone IV Device Handbook,Volume 1November 2011SubscribeISO 9001:2008 Registered 1.Cyclone IV FPGA Device FamilyOverviewAltera’s new Cyclone ®IV FPGA device family extends the Cyclone FPGA series leadership in providing the market’s lowest-cost, lowest-power FPGAs, now with a transceiver variant. Cyclone IV devices are targeted to high-volume, cost-sensitive applications, enabling system designers to meet increasing bandwidth requirements while lowering costs.Built on an optimized low-power process, the Cyclone IV device family offers the following two variants:■Cyclone IV E—lowest power, high functionality with the lowest cost ■Cyclone IV GX—lowest power and lowest cost FPGAs with 3.125Gbps transceivers 1Cyclone IV E devices are offered in core voltage of 1.0V and 1.2V .f For more information, refer to the Power Requirements for Cyclone IV Deviceschapter.Providing power and cost savings without sacrificing performance, along with a low-cost integrated transceiver option, Cyclone IV devices are ideal for low-cost, small-form-factor applications in the wireless, wireline, broadcast, industrial, consumer, and communications industries.Cyclone IV Device Family FeaturesThe Cyclone IV device family offers the following features:■Low-cost, low-power FPGA fabric:■6K to 150K logic elements■Up to 6.3Mb of embedded memory■Up to 360 18 × 18 multipliers for DSP processing intensive applications ■Protocol bridging applications for under 1.5W total power1–2Chapter 1:Cyclone IV FPGA Device Family OverviewCyclone IV Device Family FeaturesCyclone IV Device Handbook,November 2011Altera CorporationVolume 1■Cyclone IV GX devices offer up to eight high-speed transceivers that provide:■Data rates up to 3.125 Gbps ■8B/10B encoder/decoder■8-bit or 10-bit physical media attachment (PMA) to physical coding sublayer (PCS) interface■Byte serializer/deserializer (SERDES)■Word aligner ■Rate matching FIFO■TX bit slipper for Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI)■Electrical idle■Dynamic channel reconfiguration allowing you to change data rates and protocols on-the-fly■Static equalization and pre-emphasis for superior signal integrity ■150 mW per channel power consumption■Flexible clocking structure to support multiple protocols in a single transceiver block■Cyclone IV GX devices offer dedicated hard IP for PCI Express (PIPE) (PCIe) Gen 1:■×1, ×2, and ×4 lane configurations ■End-point and root-port configurations ■Up to 256-byte payload ■One virtual channel ■ 2 KB retry buffer ■4 KB receiver (Rx) buffer■Cyclone IV GX devices offer a wide range of protocol support:■PCIe (PIPE) Gen 1 ×1, ×2, and ×4 (2.5 Gbps)■Gigabit Ethernet (1.25 Gbps)■CPRI (up to 3.072Gbps)■XAUI (3.125 Gbps)■Triple rate serial digital interface (SDI) (up to 2.97Gbps)■Serial RapidIO (3.125 Gbps)■Basic mode (up to 3.125 Gbps)■V-by-One (up to 3.0Gbps)■DisplayPort (2.7Gbps)■Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) (up to 3.0Gbps)■OBSAI (up to 3.072Gbps)Chapter 1:Cyclone IV FPGA Device Family Overview 1–3Device ResourcesNovember 2011Altera CorporationCyclone IV Device Handbook,Volume 1■Up to 532 user I/Os■LVDS interfaces up to 840Mbps transmitter (Tx), 875Mbps Rx ■Support for DDR2 SDRAM interfaces up to 200MHz ■Support for QDRII SRAM and DDR SDRAM up to 167MHz■Up to eight phase-locked loops (PLLs) per device ■Offered in commercial and industrial temperature gradesDevice ResourcesTable 1–1 lists Cyclone IV E device resources.Table 1–1.Resources for the Cyclone IV E Device FamilyResources E P 4C E 6E P 4C E 10E P 4C E 15E P 4C E 22E P 4C E 30E P 4C E 40E P 4C E 55E P 4C E 75E P 4C E 115Logic elements (LEs)6,27210,32015,40822,32028,84839,60055,85675,408114,480Embedded memory (Kbits)2704145045945941,1342,3402,7453,888Embedded 18 × 18 multipliers1523566666116154200266General-purpose PLLs 224444444Global Clock Networks 101020202020202020User I/O Banks888888888Maximum user I/O (1)179179343153532532374426528Note to Table 1–1:(1)The user I/Os count from pin-out files includes all general purpose I/O, dedicated clock pins, and dual purpose configuration pins. Transceiverpins and dedicated configuration pins are not included in the pin count.1–4Chapter 1:Cyclone IV FPGA Device Family OverviewDevice ResourcesCyclone IV Device Handbook,November 2011Altera CorporationVolume 1Table 1–2 lists Cyclone IV GX device resources.Table 1–2.Resources for the Cyclone IV GX Device FamilyResourcesE P 4C G X 15E P 4C G X 22E P 4C G X 30(1)E P 4C G X 30(2)E P 4C G X 50(3)E P 4C G X 75(3)E P 4C G X 110(3)E P 4C G X 150(3)Logic elements (LEs)14,40021,28029,44029,44049,88873,920109,424149,760Embedded memory (Kbits)5407561,0801,0802,5024,1585,4906,480Embedded 18 × 18 multipliers 0408080140198280360General purpose PLLs 122 4 (4) 4 (4) 4 (4) 4 (4) 4 (4)Multipurpose PLLs 2 (5) 2 (5) 2 (5) 2 (5) 4 (5) 4 (5) 4 (5) 4 (5)Global clock networks 2020203030303030High-speed transceivers (6)24448888Transceiver maximum data rate (Gbps)2.5 2.5 2.53.125 3.125 3.125 3.125 3.125PCIe (PIPE) hard IP blocks11111111User I/O banks 9 (7)9 (7)9 (7)11 (8)11 (8)11 (8)11 (8)11 (8)Maximum user I/O (9)72150150290310310475475Notes to Table 1–2:(1)Applicable for the F169 and F324 packages.(2)Applicable for the F484 package.(3)Only two multipurpose PLLs for F484 package.(4)Two of the general purpose PLLs are able to support transceiver clocking. For more information, refer to the Clock Networks and PLLs inCyclone IV Devices chapter.(5)You can use the multipurpose PLLs for general purpose clocking when they are not used to clock the transceivers. For more information, referto the Clock Networks and PLLs in Cyclone IV Devices chapter.(6)If PCIe 1, you can use the remaining transceivers in a quad for other protocols at the same or different data rates.(7)Including one configuration I/O bank and two dedicated clock input I/O banks for HSSI reference clock input.(8)Including one configuration I/O bank and four dedicated clock input I/O banks for HSSI reference clock input.(9)The user I/Os count from pin-out files includes all general purpose I/O, dedicated clock pins, and dual purpose configuration pins. Transceiverpins and dedicated configuration pins are not included in the pin count.Chapter 1:Cyclone IV FPGA Device Family Overview 1–7Cyclone IV Device Family Speed GradesNovember 2011Altera CorporationCyclone IV Device Handbook,Volume 1Cyclone IV Device Family Speed GradesTable 1–5 lists the Cyclone IV GX devices speed grades.Table 1–6 lists the Cyclone IV E devices speed grades.Table 1–5.Speed Grades for the Cyclone IV GX Device FamilyDevice N148F169F324F484F672F896EP4CGX15C7, C8, I7C6, C7, C8, I7————EP4CGX22—C6, C7, C8, I7C6, C7, C8, I7———EP4CGX30—C6, C7, C8, I7C6, C7, C8, I7C6, C7, C8, I7——EP4CGX50———C6, C7, C8, I7C6, C7, C8, I7—EP4CGX75———C6, C7, C8, I7C6, C7, C8, I7—EP4CGX110———C7, C8, I7C7, C8, I7C7, C8, I7EP4CGX150———C7, C8, I7C7, C8, I7C7, C8, I7Table 1–6.Speed Grades for the Cyclone IV E Device Family (1),(2)Device E144M164U256F256U484F484F780EP4CE6C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7, A7—I7NC8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7, A7———EP4CE10C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7, A7—I7N C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7, A7———EP4CE15C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7I7N I7N C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7, A7—C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7, A7—EP4CE22C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7, A7—I7N C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7, A7———EP4CE30—————C8L, C9L, I8LC6, C7, C8,I7, A7C8L, C9L, I8LC6, C7, C8, I7EP4CE40————I7N C8L, C9L, I8LC6, C7, C8,I7, A7C8L, C9L, I8LC6, C7, C8, I7EP4CE55————I7N C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7EP4CE75————I7N C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7C8L, C9L, I8L C6, C7, C8, I7EP4CE115—————C8L, C9L, I8L C7, C8, I7C8L, C9L, I8L C7, C8, I7Notes to Table 1–6:(1)C8L, C9L, and I8L speed grades are applicable for the 1.0-V core voltage.(2)C6, C7, C8, I7, and A7 speed grades are applicable for the 1.2-V core voltage.1–8Chapter 1:Cyclone IV FPGA Device Family OverviewCyclone IV Device Family ArchitectureCyclone IV Device Family ArchitectureThis section describes Cyclone IV device architecture and contains the followingtopics:■“FPGA Core Fabric”■“I/O Features”■“Clock Management”■“External Memory Interfaces”■“Configuration”■“High-Speed Transceivers (Cyclone IV GX Devices Only)”■“Hard IP for PCI Express (Cyclone IV GX Devices Only)”FPGA Core FabricCyclone IV devices leverage the same core fabric as the very successful Cyclone seriesdevices. The fabric consists of LEs, made of 4-input look up tables (LUTs), memoryblocks, and multipliers.Each Cyclone IV device M9K memory block provides 9 Kbits of embedded SRAMmemory. You can configure the M9K blocks as single port, simple dual port, or truedual port RAM, as well as FIFO buffers or ROM. They can also be configured toimplement any of the data widths in Table1–7.Table1–7.M9K Block Data Widths for Cyclone IV Device FamilyMode Data Width ConfigurationsSingle port or simple dual port ×1, ×2, ×4, ×8/9, ×16/18, and ×32/36True dual port ×1, ×2, ×4, ×8/9, and ×16/18The multiplier architecture in Cyclone IV devices is the same as in the existingCyclone series devices. The embedded multiplier blocks can implement an 18 × 18 ortwo 9 × 9 multipliers in a single block. Altera offers a complete suite of DSP IPincluding finite impulse response (FIR), fast Fourier transform (FFT), and numericallycontrolled oscillator (NCO) functions for use with the multiplier blocks. TheQuartus®II design software’s DSP Builder tool integrates MathWorks Simulink andMATLAB design environments for a streamlined DSP design flow.f For more information, refer to the Logic Elements and Logic Array Blocks in Cyclone IVDevices, Memory Blocks in Cyclone IV Devices, and Embedded Multipliers in Cyclone IVDevices chapters.Cyclone IV Device Handbook,November 2011Altera Corporation Volume 1Chapter 1:Cyclone IV FPGA Device Family Overview 1–9Cyclone IV Device Family ArchitectureNovember 2011Altera CorporationCyclone IV Device Handbook,Volume 1I/O FeaturesCyclone IV device I/O supports programmable bus hold, programmable pull-up resistors, programmable delay, programmable drive strength, programmableslew-rate control to optimize signal integrity, and hot socketing. Cyclone IV devices support calibrated on-chip series termination (Rs OCT) or driver impedance matching (Rs) for single-ended I/O standards. In Cyclone IV GX devices, the high-speedtransceiver I/Os are located on the left side of the device. The top, bottom, and right sides can implement general-purpose user I/Os.Table 1–8 lists the I/O standards that Cyclone IV devices support.The LVDS SERDES is implemented in the core of the device using logic elements.f For more information, refer to the I/O Features in Cyclone IV Devices chapter.Clock ManagementCyclone IV devices include up to 30 global clock (GCLK) networks and up to eight PLLs with five outputs per PLL to provide robust clock management and synthesis. You can dynamically reconfigure Cyclone IV device PLLs in user mode to change the clock frequency or phase.Cyclone IV GX devices support two types of PLLs: multipurpose PLLs and general-purpose PLLs:■Use multipurpose PLLs for clocking the transceiver blocks. You can also use them for general-purpose clocking when they are not used for transceiver clocking.■Use general purpose PLLs for general-purpose applications in the fabric andperiphery, such as external memory interfaces. Some of the general purpose PLLs can support transceiver clocking.f For more information, refer to the Clock Networks and PLLs in Cyclone IV Deviceschapter.External Memory InterfacesCyclone IV devices support SDR, DDR, DDR2 SDRAM, and QDRII SRAM interfaces on the top, bottom, and right sides of the device. Cyclone IV E devices also support these interfaces on the left side of the device. Interfaces may span two or more sides of the device to allow more flexible board design. The Altera ® DDR SDRAM memory interface solution consists of a PHY interface and a memory controller. Altera supplies the PHY IP and you can use it in conjunction with your own custom memorycontroller or an Altera-provided memory controller. Cyclone IV devices support the use of error correction coding (ECC) bits on DDR and DDR2 SDRAM interfaces.Table 1–8.I/O Standards Support for the Cyclone IV Device FamilyTypeI/O StandardSingle-Ended I/O LVTTL, LVCMOS, SSTL, HSTL, PCI, and PCI-XDifferential I/OSSTL, HSTL, LVPECL, BLVDS, LVDS, mini-LVDS, RSDS, and PPDSCyclone IV Device Family Architecturef For more information, refer to the External Memory Interfaces in Cyclone IV Deviceschapter.ConfigurationCyclone IV devices use SRAM cells to store configuration data. Configuration data isdownloaded to the Cyclone IV device each time the device powers up. Low-costconfiguration options include the Altera EPCS family serial flash devices andcommodity parallel flash configuration options. These options provide the flexibilityfor general-purpose applications and the ability to meet specific configuration andwake-up time requirements of the applications.Table1–9 lists which configuration schemes are supported by Cyclone IV devices.Table1–9.Configuration Schemes for Cyclone IV Device FamilyDevices Supported Configuration SchemeCyclone IV GX AS, PS, JTAG, and FPP (1)Cyclone IV E AS, AP, PS, FPP, and JTAGNote to Table1–9:(1)The FPP configuration scheme is only supported by the EP4CGX30F484 and EP4CGX50/75/110/150 devices.IEEE 1149.6 (AC JTAG) is supported on all transceiver I/O pins. All other pinssupport IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG) for boundary scan testing.f For more information, refer to the JTAG Boundary-Scan Testing for Cyclone IV Deviceschapter.For Cyclone IV GX devices to meet the PCIe 100ms wake-up time requirement, youmust use passive serial (PS) configuration mode for the EP4CGX15/22/30 devicesand use fast passive parallel (FPP) configuration mode for the EP4CGX30F484 andEP4CGX50/75/110/150 devices.f For more information, refer to the Configuration and Remote System Upgrades inCyclone IV Devices chapter.The cyclical redundancy check (CRC) error detection feature during user mode issupported in all Cyclone IV GX devices. For Cyclone IV E devices, this feature is onlysupported for the devices with the core voltage of 1.2V.f For more information about CRC error detection, refer to the SEU Mitigation inCyclone IV Devices chapter.High-Speed Transceivers (Cyclone IV GX Devices Only)Cyclone IV GX devices contain up to eight full duplex high-speed transceivers thatcan operate independently. These blocks support multiple industry-standardcommunication protocols, as well as Basic mode, which you can use to implementyour own proprietary protocols. Each transceiver channel has its own pre-emphasisand equalization circuitry, which you can set at compile time to optimize signalintegrity and reduce bit error rates. Transceiver blocks also support dynamicreconfiguration, allowing you to change data rates and protocols on-the-fly.Cyclone IV Device Handbook,November 2011Altera Corporation Volume 1Cyclone IV Device Family ArchitectureFigure1–1 shows the structure of the Cyclone IV GX transceiver.Figure1–1.Transceiver Channel for the Cyclone IV GX Devicef For more information, refer to the Cyclone IV Transceivers Architecture chapter.Hard IP for PCI Express (Cyclone IV GX Devices Only)Cyclone IV GX devices incorporate a single hard IP block for ×1, ×2, or ×4 PCIe(PIPE)in each device. This hard IP block is a complete PCIe(PIPE) protocol solution thatimplements the PHY-MAC layer, Data Link Layer, and Transaction Layerfunctionality. The hard IP for the PCIe (PIPE) block supports root-port and end-pointconfigurations. This pre-verified hard IP block reduces risk, design time, timingclosure, and verification. You can configure the block with the Quartus II software’sPCI Express Compiler, which guides you through the process step by step.f For more information, refer to the PCI Express Compiler User Guide.November 2011Altera Corporation Cyclone IV Device Handbook,Volume 1Reference and Ordering InformationCyclone IV Device Handbook,November 2011Altera CorporationVolume 1Reference and Ordering InformationFigure 1–2 shows the ordering codes for Cyclone IV GX devices.Figure 1–3 shows the ordering codes for Cyclone IV E devices.Figure 1–2.Packaging Ordering Information for the Cyclone IVGX DeviceFigure 1–3.Packaging Ordering Information for the Cyclone IVE DeviceDocument Revision HistoryNovember 2011Altera CorporationCyclone IV Device Handbook,Volume 1Document Revision HistoryTable 1–10 lists the revision history for this chapter.Table 1–10.Document Revision HistoryDateVersion ChangesNovember 20111.5■Updated “Cyclone IV Device Family Features” section.■Updated Figure 1–2 and Figure 1–3.December 2010 1.4■Updated for the Quartus II software version 10.1 release.■Added Cyclone IV E new device package information.■Updated Table 1–1, Table 1–2, Table 1–3, Table 1–5, and Table 1–6.■Updated Figure 1–3.■Minor text edits.July 2010 1.3Updated Table 1–2 to include F484 package information.March 20101.2■Updated Table 1–3 and Table 1–6.■Updated Figure 1–3.■Minor text edits.February 2010 1.1■Added Cyclone IV E devices in Table 1–1, Table 1–3, and Table 1–6 for the Quartus II software version 9.1 SP1 release.■Added the “Cyclone IV Device Family Speed Grades” and “Configuration” sections.■Added Figure 1–3 to include Cyclone IV E Device Packaging Ordering Information.■Updated Table 1–2, Table 1–4, and Table 1–5 for Cyclone IV GX devices.■Minor text edits.November 2009 1.0Initial release.Document Revision History Cyclone IV Device Handbook,November 2011Altera Corporation Volume 1EP4CGX15BF14C8N。

(1)1. Each of these areas has developed a deep DSP technology, with its own algorithms, mathematics, and specialized techniques. This combination of breath and depth makes it impossible for any one individual to master all of the DSP technology that has been developed.译文：每个研究领域都在它自身特有的算法、数学和技术的基础上更深入的开发DSP技术，从而使DSP技术在广度和深度两个方面都得到拓展，因此，任何人都不可能掌握所有现存的DSP技术。

2. The development of digital signal processing dates from the 1960’s with the u se of mainframe digital computers for number-crunching applications such as the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which allows the frequency spectrum of a signal to be computed rapidly.译文：数字信号处理技术源于20 世纪60 年代，彼时，大型计算机开始用于处理计算量较大运算，例如可以快速获得信号的频谱的快速傅立叶变换(FFT)等。

在本句中，The development of digital signal processing是主语，dates from 是谓语，意思是起源于历史上的某一年代。

后面以which 引导的定语从句用于修饰FFT。

3. Without it, they would be lost in the technological world.译文：没有基本的电路设计的背景(经验)，他们将会被技术界淘汰4. Note that the acronym DSP can variously mean Digital Signal Processing, the term usedfor a wide range of techniques for processing signals digitally, or Digital Signal Processor, a specialized type of microprocessor chip.译文：需要注意的是，缩写DSP有多种含义，它既可以解释为“数字信号处理”，也可以解释为“数字信号处理器”，前者表示一种目前被广泛采用的数字信号处理技术，后者则表示一种专用的微处理器芯片。

【vivado】clockingwizard时钟配置
1、结构：MMCM和PLL
mixed-mode clock manager (MMCM)，phase-locked loop (PLL)
这两种primitive架构不同，MMCM实现更复杂⼀些，具有更多的features。

MMCM可以实现Spread Spectrum和差分输出，最多可以出7个clock，PLL最多6个。

倍频分频的⽅式也不同。

2、动态配置：Dynamic Reconfig
允许user通过控制接⼝改变clock
3、配置接⼝：AXI4Lite和DRP
控制接⼝可以是AXI总线的，也可以是⼚家的DRP接⼝。

根据逻辑设计需要选择。

dynamic reconfiguration port (DRP)
4、其他Options
a、Phase Duty Cycle Config
相位和占⽐也可以配置，代价是资源占⽤成倍增加。

b、Write DRP registers
相当于⽤AXI接⼝直接控制DRP的寄存器，主要优点是在接⼝这块可以不使⽤DSP资源。

但是也会缺少⼀些可选配置，同时偏移地址不同。

⽐如AXI-0x200位置对主频的重新配置，在DRP-0x300中就没有。

对clkout的三项配置都⼀样。

reg配置完成了，往使能寄存器中写0x03，让配置⽣效。

我的需求：通过ps动态配置，频率档位越细越好，占⽐可变，但同时也希望资源占⽤尽量少点。

所以选择：DynamicReconfig、AXI4Lite、Phase Duty Cycle Config。