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英汉思维差异对大学生英语翻译的影响思维依靠语言来表达，语言则是思维的载体。
当我们用英语结结巴巴说话时，我们明显能感到自己先用汉语把意思想好，然后翻译成英语说出来。
这样我们不得不思考在我们从源语言向目标语转换时，是什么影响着我们的翻译，下面我们将从英汉思维差异四个方面来分析。
１．综合型思维与分析型思维分析型思维和综合型思维是人类思维的两种基本形式。
这两种不同的思维方式，反映在语言上就是：分析型的思维方式使英语具有明显的词形变化和较为灵活的语序结构，而综合性的思维方式使得汉语无词形的变化，语序比较固定。
表达语法意义的词形变化，如：take、takes、took、taken。
同样一句汉语却可以通过词形变化，改变词性，用不同英语的句子表达出来。
如：He passed the exam successfully./He made success of passing the exam．这两个英语句子同样表达了“我成功地通过了考试”的意思，但词形都有变化。
中国学生往往把词形混淆，活用动词时用成名词，活用名词时又用成形容词。
所以词形转换是大学生英语学习中最薄弱的方面之一，翻译中的此类错误更是屡见不鲜。
归根结底，是受母语思维方式的影响，没有词形变化。
２．形象思维和抽象思维总的来说，传统的中国文化思维方式偏重于形象思维，而西方文化思维方式偏重于抽象思维，从英汉两种文字的发展和意义就可见一斑。
汉字从原始图画而逐渐演化为象形文字，后又发展为会意字，这都是形象思维的结果。
西方字母的形成与发展就是一个不断从具体物象中抽象概括的过程，因而字母不像汉语文字那么直观形象。
英汉民族两种思维方式的不同在语言上有直接的反映，尤其是在用词方面。
英语大量使用抽象名词，这类名词涵义概括，往往有一种“虚”、“范”、“略”、“曲”和“隐”的味道，而汉语用词倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。
因而显得“实”、“明”、“直”、“显”、“性”、“象”，往往措辞具体，涵义明确，叙述直接，多用比喻。
中英思维差异对翻译的影响2009春英语w447409125610011 甘绍妮摘要：翻译不仅是一种语言活动，而且还是一种思维活动，它涉及两种语言的转换，而语言既是思维的工具，又是思维的结果。
思维是客观事物的反映，是翻译活动的基础。
中国与英语国家之间由于风俗习惯，历史背景，文化背景的差异，往往存在着思维的差异。
往往会导致不同的思维方向，不同的思维方式，不同的思维侧重点等。
思维方向的差异，思维方式的差异，思维侧重点的差异在这两种语言上的表现也不同。
所以对翻译带来了影响。
本文拟从思维差异及其在英汉两种语言上的表现来分析中英思维对翻译的带来的影响。
及在翻译时如何处理思维差异。
关键词：思维差异翻译影响引言不同的民族，不仅有各不同的的民族文化，而且还有彼此不同的思维方式，思维特征，思维风格等，这便是思维差异。
当然不同的民族，也有不同的风俗习惯，不同的文化，不同的历史背景。
这往往就造成思维的差异。
汉语是世界上最多人讲的一种语言，而英语是分布最广，使用最广的一种语言。
随着经济的全球化，国家与国家之间的交往越来越频繁，语言在交往中显得尤为重要。
为了使大家能顺利进行交流，我们不得不把两国的语言进行翻译。
翻译作为从一种语言向另一种语言转换的活动，本质上是一种语言活动，还是一种思维活动。
但由于两国的思维差异往往影响着两国人的对话。
在现实生活中，往往由于思维的差异，而使我们的沟通无法进行，甚至导致了非常消极的影响，也就是对翻译造成了很大的影响。
笔者拟从思维的差异，分析思维差异对翻译的影响。
一．中英思维的差异1．思维方向不同英语国家在表达思想时，逻辑严密，先陈述主要思想，再延伸出去。
英语句子先说出主要信息，然后介绍其它辅助信息，如时间、地点、原因等。
例如，However, more and more young people, and even some foreigners, are becoming interested in it nowadays.英语常常把时间状语放到句子的最后。
英汉思维差异在语篇层次上对翻译的影响【摘要】思维和语言紧密相关。
英民族和汉民族的思维方式不同，英汉在篇章的结构安排上有很大的差异。
因此，在英汉语篇的互译过程中，须采取必要的调整手段，使之符合译入语的表达习惯。
【关键词】思维和语言思维方式差异语篇翻译一、引言对于思维在翻译中的作用，Pemr Newmark就曾指出，从思维、意义、语言的关系来研究翻译是翻译研究的趋势之一。
语言是思维的外在表现形式，也是思维的工具。
在一切的语言活动中，思维必定参与其中。
在翻译活动中，译者要涉及两种语言，译者的思维需要在两种语言中频繁地切换。
因此，有学者提出“翻译是译语的再思维”。
人的思维活动是靠词、词组、句子和句群等语言形式表达的，而语言是人们相互交流思想的工具。
因此，思维和语言之间有着密不可分的关系。
“各民族的语言虽然不同，但都可以利用相同的概念、推理和判断等思维规律，指称事物，叙事述理，表情达意等。
”。
这是翻译得以进行的基础。
但是，思维具有民族性，即各个民族的文化背景不同，其思维方式必然存在着与其他民族不同的地方，继而产生语言形式上的差异，构成不同民族之间交往的障碍。
给翻译实践带来许多困难。
有鉴于此，有学者指出，“承认汉英思维语言上的共性，可为翻译之可能提供理论基础，但只有寻求差异才能找到翻译的规律并更好地运用翻译理论来指导翻译实践”。
尽管国内有些学者就思维方式对翻译的影响进行了有益的探讨，但从语篇层次上就思维差异对翻译的影响和策略的研究还略显不足。
因此，本文从英汉语言形式所折射思维差异入手，尝试探索英汉语篇互译的恰当策略。
二、思维差异在语言上的表现人类在长期的实践过程中，“把对客观现实的认识凝固成经验和习惯，借助语言形成思想，又赋予思想一定的模式，进而形成一种思维形态。
不同的民族，不仅有着彼此不同的民族文化，而且还有着各自不同的思维方式、思维特征和思维风格，这就是我们所说的思维差异。
”每一种语言都体现着操该语言民族的思维特征，英汉两种语言也不例外。
英汉思维差异对翻译的影响一、本文概述翻译作为跨文化交流的重要桥梁，旨在准确传达源语言的信息和文化内涵至目标语言。
然而，由于英汉两种语言背后的思维模式和文化背景存在显著差异，这些差异往往会对翻译过程产生深远影响。
本文旨在探讨英汉思维差异对翻译的影响，并分析如何在翻译实践中妥善应对这些差异，以提高翻译的质量和准确性。
本文将首先概述英汉思维差异的主要表现，包括语言结构、表达习惯、逻辑思维和审美取向等方面的不同。
随后，将通过具体案例分析，深入剖析这些思维差异如何在翻译过程中发挥作用，导致翻译中的误解、信息丢失或文化冲突等问题。
在此基础上，本文将提出一些针对性的翻译策略和方法，以帮助翻译工作者更好地理解和应对英汉思维差异，提升翻译的质量和效果。
通过本文的研究，我们希望能够为翻译实践提供有益的参考和启示，促进英汉两种语言之间的有效沟通和文化交流。
也希望本文的研究能够引发更多学者对英汉思维差异与翻译关系的深入探讨，以推动翻译理论的丰富和发展。
二、英汉思维差异概述英汉两种语言分别源自不同的文化体系，各自承载着独特的思维方式和表达习惯。
这种思维差异在语言的各个方面都有所体现，包括但不限于词汇选择、句子结构、篇章布局以及修辞手法等。
在词汇选择上，英语倾向于使用抽象名词来表达复杂的概念，而汉语则更倾向于使用具体名词。
这种差异导致在翻译过程中，译者需要灵活调整词汇选择，以适应目标语言的表达习惯。
句子结构方面，英语句子通常呈现出“树形结构”，即主句统领多个从句，呈现出层层嵌套的特点。
而汉语句子则更倾向于“竹形结构”，即多个短句并列或串联，形成松散而富有节奏感的句式。
这种差异要求译者在翻译时，要适当调整句子结构，以确保译文的流畅性和自然度。
在篇章布局上，英语往往采用直线式思维，即按照时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐一展开论述。
而汉语则更倾向于采用螺旋式思维，即先提出主题，然后围绕主题进行多角度、多层次的阐述。
这种差异使得译者在处理英汉互译时，需要关注篇章的整体结构和逻辑关系，以确保译文的连贯性和一致性。
中西方思维差异对翻译的影响
1.文化差异：中西方文化有着许多差异，包括价值观、习俗、信仰等。
这些差异会直接影响到文本的表达方式和语义。
在翻译中，需要根据目标
读者的文化背景来选择合适的翻译方法和词汇，以确保翻译的准确性和流
畅性。
2.语法结构：中文和西方语言的语法结构有很大不同。
中文注重整体
语义的表达，而西文更注重句子结构和语法规则。
因此，在翻译中需要调
整语法结构，以适应目标语言的习惯表达方式。
3.表达方式：中文和西方语言的表达方式和修辞手法也存在差异。
中
文喜欢使用比喻、典故等修辞手法，而西方语言更注重直接的表达方式。
翻译过程中，需要选择相应的表达方式来传达原文的意思，但又不能损害
原文的风格和特点。
4.文化隐喻：中文中存在很多文化隐喻，而西方语言并不具备相应的
文化背景。
在翻译中，如果直接翻译文化隐喻可能会导致目标读者的理解
困难。
因此，翻译时需要考虑如何将文化隐喻转化成目标语言读者容易理
解的表达方式。
总之，中西方思维差异对中文翻译有着深远的影响。
翻译工作需要考
虑文化差异、语法结构、表达方式和文化隐喻等因素，以确保翻译的准确
性和自然流畅性。
毕业论文题目：论英汉思维方式的差异与之对翻译的影响Title:On Differences in Thinking Patterns Between English and Chinese andTheir Impact upon Translation2009 年 5 月24 日AcknowledgementsFirst and foremost, my appreciation goes to my affectionate parents, and the rest of my family. Throughout the development of this paper, they have been there always giving me continuous support, encouragement and understanding. Their love and support encourage me to pursue progress all the time.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all other teachers who gave me lectures during the past three academic years. I have benefited so much not only from their courses and lectures but also from their constant encouragement.Finally, my deepest gratitude and respect go to my supervisor, Cai Dingzhong. It is for his constant encouragement, critical instructions, his great care and precious advice and suggestions that this paper appears in the present form.AbstractDifferent cultures produce different mode of thinking, and different mode of thinking form a different language approach. Language is manifestation of cultural concept and mode of thinking. The relationship between language and thinking is interdependent and interactive. There is no doubt that English and Chinese languages come into being in different mode of thinking and different cultural values. Therefore ,the different ways of thinking in Chinese and English , that is, the former tends to be more intuitive ,subjective , holistic , synthetic and thinking in images while the latter to be more rational , objective ,individual , analytical and logical By contrasting the two mode of thinking, disparate language approaches under different mode of thinking and can be probed into and mode of thinking on the impact of translation also can be discussed. So the translator should try their best to deeply dig the deep meaning of language and get rid of structural constraints until ultimately reach a “the close structural equivalence”. The thesis analyzes the interdependent and interactive relationship between language and thinking. The development of thinking is to promote the continuous evolution of language and the evolution of language at the same time promoting the further improvement of the thinking. Then the differences in thinking between English and Chinese are clarified into five aspects and focus on the impact on translation.Therefore, the translator should pay adequate attention to the impact of thinking of language, understanding the relationship between thinking and language, and be familiar with the forms. Only in this way can the translators make the translation smooth and accurate based on original foundation.Key words: thinking mode; difference; translation摘要不同的文化产生不同的思维模式,不同的思维模式形成了不同的语言方式。
中西方思维差异对翻译的影响
1.文化差异：中西方文化有着诸多差异，这些差异体现在思维方式、
价值观念、习惯等方面。
翻译作为一种跨文化交际的手段，需要将原文的
意思准确传达给读者，而这个过程涉及到文化的表达和理解，因此文化差
异会直接影响到中文翻译的内容和方式。
例如，中西方对时间观念的不同，会导致一些表达方式的差异，如西方倾向于使用具体的时间词汇进行描述，而中文中常使用抽象的表达方式。
2.语言结构差异：中文与西方语言在语法、句法和词汇等方面存在明
显的差异。
中文注重主语的省略和上下文的暗示，而西方语言注重说话者
和听话者之间的直接交流。
在翻译过程中，需要根据不同的语言结构进行
调整和转换，以便在目标语言中保持原文的意思和语境的连贯性。
3.表达方式差异：中西方在表达方式上也存在差异。
中文注重含蓄、
委婉和比喻的表达，而西方语言更加直接和具体。
这种差异可能导致在翻
译时需要进行语气、语调和修辞手法的转换，以使目标语言读者能够准确
理解原文的意义和情感。
综上所述，中西方思维差异对中文翻译有一定的影响，翻译人员需要
在充分理解原文的基础上，根据目标语言的文化背景、语言结构和表达方
式等因素进行合适的调整和转换，以实现准确、流畅地传达原文的目的。
中西思维方式差异对句子翻译的影响摘要众所周知，翻译过程不仅是一种语言活动，更是一种思维活动，思维差异对翻译的影响是根本性的。
本文首先对语言、思维和翻译进行了定义，接着探讨了思维、语言和翻译三者之间的关系，指出翻译的根本深层活动是一种思维活动;再从地理和哲学思维角度，剖析了引起英汉思维方式差异的主要原因；最后，先分析英汉思维方式的主要不同之处及其在各自语言表达形式中的反映，然后在这个基础上，充分运用例证，探讨了在句子翻译中该如何调整思维方式差异以适应本民族语言的表达习惯。
总而言之，思维方式差异的探讨比纯粹囿于语言层次的讨论更深一层，从而能够为我们的翻译实践提供有益的启发与帮助。
关键词：语言；思维方式；差异；句子翻译On the effects of the differences between Chinese and Western modes of thinking on translationAbstractIt is known that the translation process is not only a linguistic activity, but also a kind of thinking activity. The differences in thinking modes fundamentally influence translation. In the first place, this thesis defines the language, thought and translation; then discusses the relationship of thought, language and translation and indicatesthattheessenceoftranslation is akindofthinkingactivity.Further, from theangleof geography and philosophic thought, thethesisanalyzesthemain causesofthedifferentmodes of thinkingbetweenEnglishandChinese.Finally, thethesismakesananalysisofthe maindifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesethinkingmodes and the reflection in their respective language expression, and then basedonthetheoretic and philosophic basis, adoptssufficientandeffectiveexamplestoillustratehowtoadjustthedifferencesofthinking modesandadapttotheexpressivehabitsofthetargetlanguage.Inaword, thediscussionofthinkingmodesgoesadeeperlevelthan purelinguisticstudy.It couldsupplysomebeneficialilluminationandhelp fortranslation practice.Key words: language; mode of thinking; difference; sentence translation IntroductionWith the development of science and technology, as well as the frequent contacts among various countries, the wholeworld is developingintoaglobalvillage.Translation as a cross-cultural event which is notonlyakindoflinguistic activitybutalsoakindofthinkingactivityaswell, relies mainly on language. Language, asa productofa specific culture, is inevitablymarkedwith the characteristicsofthat culture. Thinkingmodesare an innate component ofallcultures. Thoughtandlanguageinteractwitheachother, and therefore,differentmodesofthinkingleadtodiverselanguage expressiveformsandthis is theoriginofthe problemsweoftenencounterintranslation.Inthis paper, I willventuretoexplorethedifferentmodesofthinkingbetweenEnglishandChineseandsubsequentlyto presentadetailedanalysisoftheir impact on sentencetranslation.There is ahopethatthethesis couldreachdoublesidesofsignificance.Ononeside, inacademic study, this thesisattachesimportancetothestudyofrelationship betweentranslationandthought, and itanalyzesthedifferencesofthinkingmodesbetweenEnglish-speaking peopleandChinese peopleinordertobridgeatranslationgap betweendifferentnations.Ontheotherside, in practical study, thethesisfocusesonsomeavailableliteratureandeffectiveillustrationinordertosolvethe practicaltranslation problemsinreality.ChapterⅡThe definition of language, thought and translationWe should make it clear that what are language, thought and translation before we go on with this study.2.1 the definition of languageLanguage is succinctly defined in our Glossary as a "human system of communication that uses arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols." But frankly, language is far too complicated, intriguing, and mysterious to be adequately explained by a brief definition.The study of language is called linguistics.[1]2.2the definition of thoughtThought is the product of mental activity, producing an idea or opinion by thinking andoccurring suddenly in the mind, and it is thegeneralizationand indirectly reflection of human brain to objective reality, according to the Oxford Dictionary.Porter and Samovar 4 point out that thought is the process which uses theconceptions, judgment and reasoning to reflect the objective world.2.3 the definition of translation“A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and the manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.A translation should have all ease of the original composition”, Alexander Fraser Tytler said. The Oxford English Dictionary puts: to turn from one language to another language retaining the original meaning. However now the concept of translation is not simply only that, but also contains the transforming from one culture to another in terms of cultural “transformation”, “interpretation” and “representation”2.Mao Dun puts that literary translation requires conveying the original artistic conceptionin another language properly in aesthetics. A. V. Fedorov said that to translate means to precisely and completely express by means of one language the things that had been expressed earlier by the means of another language in linguistics.3 In all, different scholars have their own meaningful definitions.Moreover, Y an Fu puts forward the three-character principle "faithfulness", "expressiveness" and"elegance” which should be observed in the process oftranslation.Chapter ⅢThe relations between thought, language and translationTherelationship betweenlanguageandthoughthasbeenstudiedbylinguists,psychologistsand philosophersforalongtime.Translation, asa cross-cultural event is notonly aninterlingualtransformation, butalso the transmission of thought.Thought performs at language.Reciprocally, language is invariablyimbued with the influenceofmodesofthinkingofthe peoplewithin our speech community.So variousmodesofthinking assuredlygiverisetovariouslanguageexpressiveformsandthis is theoriginofthe problemsinEnglish and Chinese mutual-translation.3.1 thought and languageTherelationship betweenthoughtandlanguagehaslongbeendiscussed. And scholars show great interest in the study of the relationshipwithin the fields of linguistics, philosophy, and psychology. It‟s really complex andelusive.While it cannotbedeniedthatlanguageandthinkinghaveanintimaterelationship.The Sapir-Whorfhypothesiscan not be ignoredin the terms of the relationship between language and thought.ThefamousAmericanlinguistandanthropologist, EdwardSapir, stressedthat:“I t is quiteanillusiontoimaginethatoneadjuststorealityessentiallywithouttheuseoflanguagean dthat language is merelyanincidentalmeansofsolving specific problems of communicationor reflection. Thefactofthematter is thatthe…realworld‟is toa large extentunconsciouslybuiltup onthe languagehabitsofgroup.Notwolanguagesareeversufficientlysimilartobe consideredasrepresentingthesame social reality.”5Later, BenjaminLeeWhorfcarried onand developed the hypothesis. The following quoted is what he claimed.“Itwasfoundthatthebackground linguistic system(inotherwords, thegrammar)ofeach language is notmerelyreproducinginstrumentforvoicingideasbutrather is itselftheshaper ofideas, the program and guidefortheindividual‟s mentalactivity，forhisanalysisofimpressions, for his synthesisofhismentalstockintrade.Formulationofideas is notanindependent process, strictlyrationalintheoldsense, but is partof a particulargrammar and differs, from slightlytogreatly, betweendifferent grammars. Wedissectnaturealonglineslaiddownbyournativelanguages.We cutnature up, organizeitinto concepts, andascribesignificancesaswedo, largelybecausewe are partiestoanagreementtoorganizeitinthisway-anagreementthatholds throughout ourspeech communityand is codifiedinthe patternsofourlanguage. Theagreement is, of course, an implicit and unstated one, but its terms are absolutely obligatory; we cannottalkatallexceptbysubscribingtotheorganizationandclassificationofdatawhichthea greementdecrees.”6In conclusion, Spair-Whorf hypothesis includes linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. That is to say, language determines thought and there is no limit to the structural diversity of languages.Language reflects the pre-existing reality of the word, and it is formed unconsciously. Language is not a mere passive recording tool which people use to some extent determine the way they view and think about the world, and express and describe ones ideas, and it is determinedbytheunique physiologicalfactorsinhumanbeingsin the light of the linguistic determinism. The use of language may affect thinking by means of helping the speaker to learn new ideas, to remember ideas, and even change ideas as far as I am concerned. Also, languages are devised and modified to describe the reality. Although this reality is much more similar for most people, the way one conveys the reality that he or she feels would be variant. Linguistic relativity refers to distinctionsencodedinonelanguageareuniquetothatlanguagealone.Notonlyour conceptionsand perceptions, butalsoourattitudestowards some object, are largely dictated to us by the language we happen to possess. Therefore the languages share not any great similarities, and they differ thoroughly, and then the way people conceive, perceive, improve, and evaluate will differ. Of course, the differences will manifest in language.WhilefewlinguistswouldaccepttheSpair-Whorfhypothesisinits“strong”, extremeordeterministic form, manynow accept a “weak”, moremoderate, or limited Whorfianism, namelythatthewaysinwhichweseetheworldmaybeinfluencedby the kindof languageweuse.A experimentB.Berlin andP.Kaydid was concerned with how speakersofdifferentlanguagesdivide up the color spectrum.Theyusedanarrayof329 colorswhichthey presentedto speakersof20diverselanguages trying tofindoutthebasic colorterms ineachlanguage. The result strongly argues againstthehypothesisthatlanguagesarefreetodividetheworld of experienceinany convenientway.Intherealmof colors, atleast, there appeartobe somebasic constraintsthat limit thewayinwhichthisaspectofourexperience is codedinthelanguage.Thismeansthatlanguage is moreareflectionthana causeofbasic cognitiveand perceptual categories.This conclusion is directly contrary to the Whorfian hypothesis.Thoughtand language areinterwovenandinterdependent, andtheyaffecteachother.Ontheonehand，thought cannotbeseparatedfromlanguage, which is themediumofthethought; ontheotherhand, language is dominatedby thought.3.2thought, language and translationBased on the foregoing discussion, it will be more conciseandexplicit to analyze the relationship between thought, language and translation. Ascenturiesofdevelopment, translation is becoming a more and more comprehensive subject. Translating processcontainsnotonlylinguisticactivitiesbutalsothinkingactivities.Translatorsandtranslationtheoristshavegotdeeperunderstandingandbroaderstudyoft ranslation since the beginning of translation activity.Translationshouldbe putintothegreatsurroundingandcomprehensiverelationship networkofhuman culturalinteraction, andintotheopen, developing and complicatedsystemofglobal globalization. It has become the mainstream to study translation from the angles of diverse but relevant disciplines. Nida, anAmericantheoristdefines that translation is tousethe closestandmostnaturalequivalentintargetlanguagetoreshowthemessageinsourcelanguag efrommeaningtostyle.The definition is basedonlinguisticlevel.And he considertranslationaslinguistic behavior, withthefocusthattranslation is a process of languagetransfer.Translation is notonlyinfluencedbytwodifferentlanguagesbutalsobytwodifferentmodesofthinking.Ino therwords, in the process of translating, the translators‟special thinking activity is added. As Zhang Peiji said: “translation isalinguisticactivityinwhichideasexpressedinonelanguagemustbere-expressedprecisely andcompletelyinanother”.8Translationactivity is always closelyrelatedwithabstractandvisualizedthinkingabilitynomatterit is inthestageofunderstandingorin the stageofexpressing.Therefore, undoubtedly, thinking activities play an important role in the whole translating process and mode of thinking and thinking activities form a complex thinking system influencing the translation activity.Althoughhumanbeingsliveinthesameworld, there is nodenyingthateachnationhasitsownhistory, culture, customs, geographic environment anditsownsocialsystem,whichgiverisetothevarietyofmodesofthinking.Differentmodesof thinking reflect different psycholinguistictendenciesheldbyanationforthousandsofyearsintheirownlanguage.And there is noexceptiontoEnglish and Chinese. It is certainthatacarefulanalysisofthedifferentmodesofthinkingbetweenEnglishandChinese will, toalargeextent, leadus to achieveaclearerunderstandingoftranslating processandthento obtainamore accurate, moreintelligible , andmorereadabletranslation.Chapter ⅣCultural backgrounds contributingto the different modes of thinking between English and ChineseWhat causesthe different modesof thinkingbetweenEnglishandChinese?Totellthetruth, this is aquite complex and complicated questiontoanswer.Thehumanistic historyofthemind is inseparablefromthegeographic features, philosophic ideasandsomeotherculturalcharacteristics. Since the focus is laidonthe contrastbetweenEnglishandChinese, moreattentionshouldbe paid tothehumanistic historyoftherespectivethinkingmodes.We should keep in mind the cultural roots of differences between Eastern and Western thinking modes. Chinese civilization is regardedasthemainstreaminEastern culture; whileancientGreek civilization is known as theheadstreamofWestern culture during the course of translation.4.1 geographic backgroundGeography is notonlythegestationmatrixof culture, butalsothegestationmatrixofmind.4.1.1 Chinese originChinalies in the east of Asia.Tobe specific, China‟s ancientcivilizationoriginatesmainlyintheY ellow River and the Y angtze River V alley. Owing to her natural conditions, it also became the origin of agriculture. China is a vast agriculturalcountry, the land is inseparable for people‟s lives. So the land in the eyes of the Chinese is the necessity for survival and the source ofwealth.Theywerelessthreatenedbytheelementsandwere contenttoliveinaharmoniousecologicalenvironment.Theirsemi-closedgeographical conditionsandnaturalagricultural economycultivatedanoutlookofbeingharmonious withnature.Thisbeliefgaverisetotheirsimple philosophyof“Man‟s UnitywithHeaven”which formed the basisoftheChinesedialectical thinking mode, andemphasizedintuitiongained by experience, the conceptoftheonenessofsubjectandobject, astrongethical consciousness, anda practicaloutlookonasimplelife.Chinese, asansynthetic languagemirrorsthe psychologicalcharacteristicsof the Chinese peoplethrough parataxisandsimplicityingrammar; form is oftenneglected, coherence is emphasized, andunderstandingthemeaningofawordanditsrelationtootherwords is largelydependenton context, ortoputitexactly, onone‟s intuition(9).4.1.2 Greek originWestern culture traces backto ancient Greece, and the same is true with English culture. Asa peninsularnation, ancientGreecewassurroundedbywaterinthewest, eastandsouth.Besides, the countrywasalmostcoveredwithhills, and only20%ofthelandbeing even.People inhabiteddry plainsandsea-batteredshores, constantlyexposedtofierceandever-changingelements of nature.Theuncertaintyandunpredictabilityoften elementsimpelled peopletoregardnature calmlyandobjectivelyas partoftheirstruggleforsurvival. Agricultural civilization couldnot take root on this piece of land. However, ancient Greece was blessed with good harbors and rich mineral resources, which facilitated the development of commerce and sea-carrying trades, which made the basis of the Greek‟s life and thus the civilization of ancient Greece is always called polis civilization.Goodharbors andrich mineral resources couldnot guarantee the Greeks an easy and comfortable life, though. Thus, people developedthehabitofobserving, analyzingandlearningaboutnatureinordertobringitunder control.Henceforth, there came the persistent pursuitofthe prime innature, namely, the primeelementsofmatter, whichdemandedforabstractthinking.In addition, poliscivilization, which is characterized with the separation between manandnature, views itsreflectioninanalyticalthought.Indo-Europeanlanguages, especiallyEnglish, whichis a partiallysynthetic and partiallyanalytic languagecharacterizedbyovertnessingrammar, hypotaxisinsyntax, comparativelyfreewordorderandflexiblewordformation.4.2 philosophical backgroundPhilosophy is the core ofa nation‟s culture, which is generalized from many facts by the intelligentsia of different times, and therefore it is the soul of all humanities. Philosophical thinking has a major effect upon the development of the modesofthinking.Thebasic modeofthinkinginthe China is the holistic thinkingorthecorrelativethinking;nevertheless it is theformalthinkingorthelogicalthinkingin West. The characteristics Western and Chinese philosophic thought are tentatively generalized as two typical pairs: mathematical atomism and intuitive oneness; individualism and collectivism.4.2.1Atomism and onenessTheatomism is theearliest complete philosophicalandscientific hypothesisintheWest, whichrequiresgoodabstractthought.Theatomism, breakingawayfromallthe directly perceivedvisualobjects, regardsthematerialasa constituent formofthoughtandshapesa purelyformaldeductive processincludinghypothesis and empirical phenomena. Moreover, all scientific argument cannot go without the method of hypothesis and deduction. Themodernscienceinthe Westwasthe combinationoftheancientmathematicalandlogicaltradition, andtheempiricalandexperimentaltraditioninitiatedbyBaeon.10 Generallyspeaking, Greekatomismwasasmuchinspiredbythedesiretofindasolutiontothe problemofmutabilityand pluralityingeneralasbythedesireto providescientific explanationsforspecific phenomena.Thecivilizationofthe West, sprungfromGreeksources, wasbasedona philosophicalandscientific traditionwiththebeginninginMiletus 2500yearsago.And later characteristicsofGreek philosophicalthinkingwerewellinherited and developed bythesucceeding philosophersandscientists.Inaword, themodernscienceinthe West is the combinationoftheancient mathematicalandlogicaltradition.Geometry is acknowledgedasthehighestmodelofGreek philosophywhichimposestremendousinfluenceuponthe Western preferencefor Westernthinking.Therefore,theformal-logicalthinkingoccupiesanimportant positionintheWestern philosophy.Theholisticthinking withtheemphasisontheonenessandcorrelation playsavitalroleintraditionalChinese philosophy.Aholistic viewpointof perceivingtheworld is highlyesteemed, because it is inaccordwiththeviewofChinese philosophy presentinthe BookofChanges verymuch.The primaryoppositionofthe yin, which is the principleofquiescence, cold, darkness, humidity, softness, femininityand yang, which is the principleofactivity, heat, light, dryness, hardness, masculinityinthebook is notviewedasoneofantagonismbutratherasoneof complementarity.The yin is not completewithoutthe yang andviceversa.TheChinese philosophy containsthatitimpossiblethatonepoleexistswithouttheother.11In the book, the methodology of observing and cognizing pays high attention to “unity” of human and nature. In other words, manandnatureareanindivisible part, so arethesubjectandtheobject, thesubjectivityandtheobjectivity, andthemindandthematerial.Thethoughthasbeendevelopedalotduringhundred years, but it strays away from theChinese philosophical conceptof“Man‟s Unitywith Heaven”, which is considered asthe top spiritual levelofChinese culture.The latter dualism is allbasedupontheconceptofmutualantagonismbetweentheirtwo conflictingmembers; ofthegoodnessoftheoneandtheevilnessoftheother; andofthe consequentnecessityto conquertheevil so thatthegoodmayeventuallytriumph. HisfeatureofChinesephilosophicaldualismexertsapowerfulinfluenceonChinesemodeoft hinking.Theoneness characterizesthementalhabitofChinese, whointurn areinclinedtoviewthingsintheirentiretyandadherefaithfullyto“thedoctrineofmean”.Duetothisfundamental characteristic, thoughtandbeingareintegrated; theoryand practiceare in accordancewitheachother; and philosophyandsciencearemixedtogetherintraditionalChinesephilosophy.ThisSchemabuiltbyhexagramsandfiveelements is notonlyakindofthinkingstructure, butalsoakindof behavioral structure.Chinese synthetic thought that makes us more adept in discovering the correspondence, the symmetry and the opposite of things, grasping the unity from the opposites to maintain a whole dynamic balance, and that stimulates us to take harmony and unity as the ultimate goal.4.2.2 IndividualismandCollectivismIndividualismand collectivismareconflictingviewsofthenatureofhumans, society, so is the relationship between individualism and collectivism.Individualismholdsthattheindividual is the primaryunitofrealityandtheultimatestandardofvalue.Thisviewdoesnotdenythatsocieties existor peoplebenefitfromlivinginthem, butit regards societyasa collectionofindividuals, notsomethingover or abovethem.Individualistssee peopledealing primarilywithreality,other peoplearejustoneaspectofreality.InEurope, startingfromancientGreece, theindustrialandcommercialeconomyhasbeenthematerialbasisofthesociety.Inthiskindof economy, especiallyinthecommercialactivities, themobilelifestyleaimingat profitmaximizationis sufficientto knockoutthestrong percussionemergingfromthe patriarchalsocietyandthe clans at then.Thentheemergenceofthecapitalistmodeof productiongivesagreatspurtodevelopmentof privateownership, which, inturn, controlsallthe social activitiesincludingthe familylife.FromancientGreecetothe Renaissancetothe 19th century variousphilosophicaldoctrineshaveboostedthedevelopmentofindividualismandego-cent rism containedin Westernthinking mode. So inthe Westernvalue, a primaryelementofindividualism is individualresponsibility.Beingresponsible is being pro-active, makingone‟s choices consciouslyand carefullyandacceptingaccountabilityforeverythingonedoes-or fails todo.Anintegral partofresponsibility is productivity.Theindividualistrecognizesthatnothing naturegivesmen is entirelysuitedtotheirsurvival; rather, humansmustworktotransformtheirenvironmenttomeettheirneeds.This is theessenceof production.Theindividualisttakesresponsibilityforhisown production; heseeksto“earn hisownway,”to“pullhisownweight.”Therefore, it is notsurprisingthatthere is a partialityforindividualismintraditional Western ethnic thinking.12On the contrary, collectivismholdsthatthegroup-thenation, the community, the proletariatortherace, etc.-is the main unitofrealityandtheultimatestandardofvalue.Likewise, thisviewdoesnotdenytherealityoftheindividual.Butultimately collectivismholdsthatone‟s identity is determinedbythegroupsoneinteractswith, thatone‟s identity is constitutedessentiallyofrelationshipswithothers.Collectivistssee peopledealing primarilywithother people; reality isdealtwiththroughthemediatorofthegroup;thegroup, nottheindividual, is whatdirectly confrontsreality.In contrast, Chinese peopledevelopedaveryintensiveagriculturaleconomywiththehelp ofawidespreadmovement-fosteredsystemofirrigationwork.Thusitwas possiblethatalarge populationofChina couldsubsistuponacomparativelysmallamountofland.Generationsof peasantsweretiedtothelandonwhichtheylivedandworked.Exceptintimesofwarandfamin e, therewaslittlemobility, eithersociallyorgeographically.Chinese realized from very early times that beinga practical, realistic, and pragmatic people can help they to get along well with their fellow men. And Confucianism showed this viewpoint. Theylaunchedtheirfrontalattackuponthisvitalquestion, andin so doinghave producedagreatmassofethicaland politicalphilosophy.Thebasic andmostimportantunitofChinese societywasthefamilyor clan, to which theindividualowedhisfirstallegiance, and whichheserved by sacrificing to the ancestors and caring for the old and young descendants. In return, the family actedasa protectivegroup ofmutualaid, shielding theindividualfromanoften-hostileouterworld.Throughits cohesiveness, itsucceededinmaintainingthefabric ofChineselifeand cultureevenintimesofalmost completesocialand political collapse.13Ontheotherhand, theemphasisontheflexibleandambiguousinterpersonalrelationship givesrisetothe productionanddevelopmentoffuzzythinking, which, initsturn, meetsthedemands proposedbymulti-sidedhumanrelationship.Inaword, cutting apartthewholeuniverse, the formalthinkingselectssome specificrelationsfromuniversalonesandsimplifiesthemas causalities.However, the correlativethinking putsallthe causalandnon-causalrelationsinitsscope.Chapter Ⅴthe impact of different modes of thinking upon sentence translation Duetothedifferencesofgeographicalfeatures, histories, and cultures, ChineseandEnglish-speakerssharedifferent modes of thinking.Generallyspeaking, Chinesemode of thinking is stronglysyntheticanditexcelsinidentificationbyevokingconcreteness, emotion，andcommitmenttoaction.14What‟s more, the thinkingmodelofEastern nations is famousforits intuitive holistic natureandharmoniousdialecticalnature.Ontheotherhand, Eastern peoplearegoodatholistic thinkingassociated with imaginationandintuition.Therefore, theirthinkingmodelseemscircular. Conversely, logic, analysis and linearityarethe peculiarities pertainingtothethinkingmodelof Western nations. Western peopleareexpertinanalysisandlogicalreasoning, so theirthinkingmodelappearslinear.Thedifferences between Chinese and English modes of thinking oftenhavesomereflectionsonthelanguageformswhichbringaboutsomeunderstandingdiff icultiesinthe culturalexchangeandmakesomeeffectonthesemantic conveyanceduringthetranslation process.Therefore, it is essentialto clarifythenationalthinkingdifferences, seethroughthe original connotationsandgaina clearideaabouttranslation principlesandscalesinthe courseoftranslation.5.1 Holistic thinking vs. Individual thinking5.1.1 Holistic thinkingComparativelyspeaking, holistic thinking is the cornerstoneoftraditionalChinesethinkingandit is primarilymirroredinthesynthetic modeofthinking, inwhichtheholistic balanceand formula are underlined.TraditionalChinese philosophy stresses holism.AncientChinese philosophersalwaysadvocatetheoneness, that is to say, theobjectiveworldandthesubjectiveworldare containedinaunity.Holistic thinkingmeansthatthought canuniteall partsofanobjectintoaunity, andintegrateitsallattributes, aspectsandrelations.Holisticthinking putsemphasisontheintegrityandunityofthenatureandhumansociety, that is tosay, holistic thinkingemphasizesthegeneralrelationoftheintegral conceptsandtheuniversal connectionofobjects.Itregardsman, nature, individual, andsocietyasaninalienable, mutualandinfluentialorganic whole, andthenusesdialecticmeanstounderstandtheharmonyofthediversificationandunityofthe opposites.ForhundredsofyearsthisholisticthinkinghasbeenexertinginfluenceuponChine selanguage.Asaresult, inChinesetheholistic andsynthetic structureinsyntaxemphasized; sometimesrepetition is evenusedtoreachthisaim.5.1.2Individual thinkingIndividualthinking is paidspecialattentiontoinEnglishandtheanalytic modeofthinking is itsmainmanifestation, in whichtheformalsyntactic structure is underlined.InWestern philosophy, individualthinking is highlyrespected.Herakleitos, oneof the foundersofdialectics, proposesthatonlyin conflictwithindividual canentirely exist. Later, many philosophersconstantlyadvocatethevalueofindividual.Sophocles propoundedthat“everyoneshouldhavehisownindividuality”.Aristotlemaintainsthatuniv ersalcannotexistwithoutindividualandtheessenceofmatterliesin“thegeneralindividual”.15 Individualthinking is alsocalledanalyticalthinking.Influencedbythiskindmodeofthinking，Englishsyntaxdoesnotdemandforthewholenessoftheholistic framebutthesyntactic compactness.5.1.2Hypotaxisand parataxisHypotaxisand parataxisare prominentreflectionsofsynthetic thoughtandanalytic thoughtonlanguages. Holistic thinking inclinesto combineseparate partsofanobjectintoaunity, andintegrateitsqualities, relations, andthelike.Whileindividualthinkinginclinestodisintegrateaunityintosmall parts, orseparateitsqualitiesandrelationsandthelike.Withtheholistic thinking, theChineselanguage is characteristic of parataxis.Parataxisreferstotherealizationof conjunctionbymeansofinternallogicalrelationsamong clausesorsentencesinsteadofgrammaticalmeans.Chinese is generally weakin form ly, theChineselanguageemploysmuch less conjunctions,pronounsandothermeanstoindicatethelogicalassociationsamongwords, clausesandsentences.English is hypotactic.The characteristic ofhypotaxis is the wideuseof connectiveformsthatinclude prepositions, conjunctions, relative pronouns,。
中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响摘要翻译的基础就是思维的转换，在东方与西方，自古以来就有着久远的思维差异。
而思维方式的不同，对翻译也存在着必然的影响。
关键词中西思维方式文化差异理性思维翻译，顾名思义，是把一种语言转化成另外一种语言。
所表达的意思，要跟原文的意思保持者一致，让人易懂。
而翻译，也可以说当任了把一种文化，转换成另外一种文化的桥梁。
文化是社会的产物。
也是人类的历史的宝贵财富。
但是，完全不同的思维的方式，也会对翻译，而产生不同的认知与影响。
一、中西国家文化语言形态的演变我们的华夏文明是始于了三皇五帝时期，经理了漫长的，夏，商，周（春秋战国时期）等一系列的历史，距离到现在有6000年。
中国是世界上最古老，文化最源远流长的国度中其中的一个。
然而，英国跟中国确切不同，不存在世袭制，代之的是君主立宪制，所以大概的kingdom of england（在那个时候只有英格兰），可以算作是1284年。
是一个没有我国年代久远的国度。
（一）中国语言历史的演变中国早在，距今两千五百多年的孔子学说就已经兴起了。
孔子学说在秦朝广为流行，虽然此后的焚书坑儒事件的发生，但是儒家文化，语言的学说已经深入了人心。
当时，学说的语言，简练，意味深长，讲明：“质胜文则野，文胜质则史，文质彬彬，然后君子。
”《论语，雍也》。
短短的十几个字，就可以言明重要的思想：可以翻译成现代文，就是：“质朴胜过了文饰就会粗野，文饰胜过了质朴就会虚浮，质朴和文饰比例恰当，然后才可以成为君子。
”古时期认为，在言辞，与人交谈的过程中，想法中必须要讲究一个礼字。
好的思想必须要靠语言来传达，没有借助到精炼，易懂的语言，再好的思想文化，也都得不到传播。
可见，中国语言在那个时候，就已经开始浮现出，精简，易懂，礼训等特点。
而读过文言文的人，肯定知道，比如《论语》之类的文言文，跟中国现代的文字语言，实在是千差万别。
中国语言在进化的过程中，慢慢的依据古代语言，进行了一个简化。
2. Thinking modeWhen it comes to thinking mode, something abstract, obscure occurred to our mind. It is hard to boundary what it exactly means because of its abstract traits. However, it is highly correlated to our daily life. Thinking mode affect the perspective, the reaction and the decision. It is diverse against different backdrop of society, culture and region.2.1 DefinitionIn terms of thinking mode, philosophically speaking, it is a process of our human minds to reflect the objective reality. Specifically speaking, it is a process of our minds to do analysis, synthesis, judgment, inference, and other cognitive activities on the basis of presentation and concept. According to Rong Kaiming (1989, p30), thinking modes refers to “a established syste m of thinking patterns, thinking methods and thinking procedures of the subject in their reflection of the objective world.” Thought is a intrinsic process of human brains in understanding and memorizing the physical as well as non-physical world that we live in, and is a special organic function of the brain. From the general meaning, thinking mode is a pathway people perceive the world. As the subject of thinking, human beings' thinking mode are mainly shaped by the environment., culture, philosophical thought and living habits.Since everyone is independent, the thinking mode must be different from each other more or less. However, because of living in the same society, the same cultural environment, the thinking mode may have something in common. People have different thinking mode due to different nation, different society, different culture and different history.2.2 Causes of different thinking modeDifferent culture is one of the main reason leads to different thinking mode. The thinking modes are one of the most important cues in culture. It is closely related to cultures and embodies the characteristics of cultural psychology. In Chinese history, the theory of pre- Qin philosophers is an essential part of the ancient Chinese philosophy. People believe that man proposes and god disposes, pursuing the coordination of favorable time, location and human relationships, chasing the harmony between human and nature. Gradually, "unity of man and nature" is the world view of Chinese in ancient Chinese philosophy. And then Confucianism are emerging, which have great influence on following ideas. Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius was the most influential thought in the Period of Autumn and Spring and War States. It achieved the peak in Han dynasty. The principle Ren sums up the core of Confucianism, which advocate warm feelings between people.As a result, it contributed a great deal to the shaping of Chinese synthetic thinking mode. On the contrary, English thinking mode are focus on rationality, nature and object. It can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosophy, for the Greek philosophy influenced all the West. The core of ancient Greek philosophy was naturalism, for it put emphasis on the exploration of the secret and the origin of the nature in order to achieve the ideal life. It tried to explain the various natural facts through objective analysis. It was rational and logical. English philosophy are based on demonstration, analysis and experiment. So the thinking mode of English stress analysis.Different economic systems have subtle influences on thinking modes. The economic system of China is typical self-sufficient nature economy, which lead people lack of connection with outside world, becoming short-sighted and thinking blocked. Since China developed agriculture, people gradually realized that living is the gift of nature, people can not live without favorable nature. furthermore encouraged the thought "everything as one". They began to live together in larger and larger groups. They had to depend on and co-operate with each other, otherwise, they wold perish. The individual would choose to join the group. They shrank from the new, became conservative, lacked innovation and personal courage andconformed to their group. Therefore, Chinese thinking mode stress the experience, unity but oppose competition and adventure. Turning to English, we can see that they give priority of the development of manufacture, commerce and seafaring. Commerce focusing on profits led to individualism. Meanwhile, English philosophers were interested in the field of astronomy, meteorology, geometry, physics and math. Gradually, they tend to use the science knowledge, such as experiment, analysis and logic, to explore the mistery of nature. Since then, English break out the industrial revolution, which implant the idea of independence, fairness, competition and self-realization. Consequently, English thinking mode take priority of individualism, of logic and of knowledge through analysis.Different geographical conditions affect thinking modes as well. Located in the east of Asia, China is a continental country with lands bordering on the Pacific Ocean in the east and south. The vast inland provided enough area for Chinese people to live peacefully in ancient China. High mountains and inconvenient transportation blocked communications with the outside. The abundant source made people self-contained, which discourage to explore the outside world. All these factors made people conform to the nature and sought harmony with nature. In a sense, it makethe synthetic thinking mode come into being. As for English, it is a kind of ocean type environment. It is surrounded by ocean. Since it often suffered natural disaster, like tsunami, English developed the power of conquering the nature. People living in the coastal areas usually communicated and competed with the outside. They preferred exploring the outside world and updating knowledge and skills. English are more adventurous, strong-willed and objective. Hence, the different thinking modes are formed.3. The influence of different thinking modes between Chinese and English on translationEnglish-Chinese modes of thought have their own characteristics in thinking core, thinking pattern, cognition habits and thinking principles. As a tool for communication the basic attribute of English and Chinese are the same. But because of the influence of their own cultures, economic systems and geography, there are many differences between the two languages. The different thinking mode has greatly influenced translation. Actually, the issue can be approached and considered from various viewpoints.3.1 Thinking mode and translationTranslation is a kind of language activity,. The relationship between language and thinking modes has effect on translation. According to Jia Dejiang, “thinking modes, thought characteristicsand thinking styles are the philosophical mechanism of language production. Language actually attaches closely to the thought that is the profound mechanism.”(Jia DeJ iang 166) Thinking modes are the deep-rooted mechanism in the formulation and development of language, which in turn promotes the specialties in certain conceptual patterns. Language is the carrier of reflection and abstraction of reality, and mode of thought is the conscious activity when people reflect and recognize the objective reality. （汪德华 36）The differences between thinking modes are the main reasons that result in the differences of language forms. Language is an instrument used in the communication of thought, and translation is product of the communication of the different culture. However, translation is a procedure of converting different languages. Since thinking modes affect language, it affect translation as well.3.2 The difference of thinking modes between Chinese and EnglishDifferent nation has different cultures and different thinking styles, patterns and thinking traits. These together form the thinking modes. Thinking modes not only influence the living styles of human beings but also the ways to do or think and express things. Different thinking modes between Chinese and English are classified into four pairs: "Concreteness" vs. "Abstractness", "The linearstructure" vs. “T he cyclical structure”, “Synthetic”vs. “Analytic” and "Ontological " vs. "Objective".3.2.1 Concrete thinking mode vs. Abstract thinking modeConcrete thinking mode can also be called image thinking mode. It refers that people use image to cognitively analyze and generalize outside things, thereby, to delineate the essence of the world. Meanwhile, abstract thinking mode means people use concept, reasoning and inherence to generalize objective reality indirectly. In Chinese culture, people are particular about images and form the thinking mode of this kind. They are used to using the image to express the abstract concept, in that way the abstract concept can be more vivid and easy to understand. Chinese people respect the unity of heaven and human, they put the abstract things on a concrete basis. So it becomes a tradition for Chinese people to express abstract things through concrete images. However, English thinking method are deeply influenced by the western philosophy and religion, which put emphasis on abstract thinking method to observe and perceive the world. People pay attention to the abstract thinking mode to show respect to their culture tradition. They prefer using the abstract concept to express the concrete objects, which means to get the inner rule of the objects.Chinese are pictographs which express things by external shape.For example, the word“人” looks like a person standing with legs wide apart: the word “口” seems like an opening mouth. But in English, "man" and ''mouth" don't have pictographic meaning. It can't be understanded by its shape, but by inner thinking. Chinese characters are the mimicry of natural phenomenon and are called imagery language. There are many examples: original Chinese is “胸有成竹”，and English version is "to have an ace card in sleeves"; original Chinese is “水深火热的生活”，and English version is "to lead a life for extreme hardship"; original Chinese is “我军势如破竹，打得敌人落花流水”，and English version is "our army won a smooth and overwhelming victory"; original Chinese is “聪明人防患于未然，愚蠢者临渴掘井”，and English version is "wisdom prepares for the worst, but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes". These examples are enough to prove that Chinese stress the concrete thinking method, otherwise, English emphasize the abstract method. Chinese tends to be concrete, expressing abstract content by using concrete images. Whereas, English is characterized by its direct and abstract words.3.2.2 Curvilinear Thinking Mode vs. Linear Thinking ModeThe thinking track of Chinese and English are entirely different. Chinese is used to the curvilinear thinking mode, which inclined to implicit expression. It is the Chinese tradition to pursue theunity and harmony of the world, therefore, the thinking mode of Chinese is characterized by intuition, concreteness and curve. There is an old saying in Chinese, 文如看山喜不平. That is to say, When Chinese people speak or write, they would like to diverge their thoughts and then bring them back to the original starting point. They are accustomed to beating about the bush when they talk, hiding the key point until the last moment, which can be called a pattern of climaxing. This is a typical structure mirroring curvilinear thinking mode. It is ingrained in people's mind., while linear thinking mode is preferred in English. English-speaking people are used to presenting the topic at a foremost place so as to arouse the attention of the listeners or readers, which is followed by the specification of facts, and a conclusion in the end. This is a typical structure mirroring linear thinking mode.As to the Chinese people, they prefer to explain or describe an idea from the peripheries and the outside atmosphere to support the main idea or topic shown up at the end of the expression. For example, the original English is that "it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in procession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife" (J. Austen, Pride and Prejudice), and the Chinese version is “凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶个太太，这是一个举世公认的道理”. It revealed that topic sentence always generalizethe central idea in English. There is another example, the original English is that "the two sides found is beneficial to have this opportunity to present one another their views on a variety of issues", and the Chinese version is "现在有机会互相介绍彼此对各种问题的观点，对此，双方认为是有利的”. Chinese stress curvilinear thinking mode that the most important message put in the last. Reversely, English emphasize linear thinking mode that the most crucial message lay in the first.3.2.3 Synthetic thinking mode vs. Analytic thinking modeAs we all know, both synthetic thought and analytic thought are basic forms of human thought. Synthetic thought inclines to combine separate parts of an object or idea into a unity, and integrate its qualities, relations. And analytic thought inclines to disintegrate a unity into small parts, or separate its qualities, relations. Different culture background between Chinese and English result in different thinking mode they preferred.. In philosophy, Chinese people emphasize the ideas of "unity of heaven and man", "the blending of objects and man", "harmony" and "the power of understanding". Chinese people don't stress the analysis, but pay attention to "the individual comprehension", "understand tacitly" and "the mentality space and time order". (GaoChunjuan.2019). However, in English thinking mode, individualism is highlighted.The English people link their own emotion to planetary influence and the natural elements, so they prefer logically analytic thinking. It clarifies the differences of subject and object, men and nature, spirit and materials, imagination and existence, etc. For example, the word "说" in Chinese can be expressed by "say", "speak" and "tell" in English. The English expression of speaking can be specified in different situations, which makes language terse, precise, diverse and vivid. But in Chinese expression, the meaning of speaking is general and some modifiers are used to enrich the meaning. As another example, Chinese version is "春花含苞待放，绿叶缓缓舒展，溪水潺潺流淌，欢乐的春天涌动着无数的追求和希望，这一切难以用言语倾诉表达". English version is "Spring has more much than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet restless seeking" (John Galesworthy, The Apple Tree). The example reflects that Chinese emphasize synthetic thought. "flowers", "leaves" and "streams" are described in detail at first and then conclude that everything is beautiful and promising. Oppositely, English stress analytic thought. General conclusion come first, and then described in detail. From the previous analysis, we can see that Chinese pay attention to synthesis, conclusion, hint and reservation, while English focus on analysis, the pursuit of details, and the all-aspects descriptionof things.3.2.4 Ontological thinking mode vs. Objective thinking modeIn Chinese traditional philosophy, philosophers pay attention to the harmony between human beings and environment, and the laws which people should gasp in the nature. Lao Zi, a well-know scholar in China, has put that human follows the earth, the earth follows heaven, heaven follows Taoism, Taoism follows nature. "Human efforts can achieve anything" is one of the essence of Chinese thinking habit. Chinese advocate that human things must be done by people, the thing itself can't finish it. Chinese people regard man as the central to observe, analyze, deduce and study the objects. It embodied with strong ontological thinking mode in their beliefs. Thus, Chinese people prefer to use the animate to be the subject of a sentence. Meanwhile, in terms of English, they regard nature as study object, so their culture is object-oriented and nature-oriented. Gradually, English-speaking people take the objective world as the central, and form objective thinking mode. English-speaking people prefer to use the inanimate to be the subject. Here are some examples. Original English is "American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson". Chinese version is "托马斯•杰佛逊对美国的教育事业作出了巨大的贡献". From the example, we can see that the subject of original English is not theexecutive of behaviors. But in Chinese version, they transferred the subject to conform to Chinese thinking habit——ontological thinking mode. As another example, the original English is "An idea suddenly struck me. American English owes a great deal to Noah Webster, an American lexicographer and writer. Her good work and obedience have pleased her teacher". Chinese version is "我忽然想到一个主意，美国词典编纂者、作家诺亚韦伯斯特为美语做出了巨大的贡献，她的老师为她的勤奋努力和听话感到高兴". Original English applies the objective thinking mode to the language structure. "idea", "American English", "work" and "obedience" are impersonal nouns which is used as subjective of the sentence. Meanwhile, Chinese version use personal pronoun as subjective of the sentence, which is a display of ontological thinking mode.The difference of thinking modes between Chinese and English has contributed a major obstacle to the translation between the two languages. However, the differences are relative not definite. The Chinese thinking modes do not only have the unique characters as the concrete thinking mode, the curvilinear thinking mode and the ontological thinking mode etc. while the English thinking modes do not only have the abstract thinking mode, the linear thinking mode and the objective thinking mode etc. These are just the most popular different thinking modes used most frequently in each nation, andcan be accepted easily and unconsciously. Mastering the difference of thinking modes between Chinese and English can help a lot in translation.3.3 How the difference of thinking mode between Chinese and English influence translationDifferent thinking mode result in different view point of words, which easily mislead translation. Chinese and English emphasize different thinking mode, and that deeply influence the view point they chose. If the view point is different, the expression of Chinese and English will be totally different, even though they refer to the same things and express the same meaning. For example, Chinese would say "您先请！" to show their polite. But in English, they would say, "After you!". Chinese choose "first" and English choose "After" , both of them express the same meaning. As another example, Chinese version is "红茶" and English version is "black tea". In English, "black tea" means the tea-leaf haven't been soaked with water. Chinese focus on the tea water, but English concentrate on the tea-leaf.Different thinking mode leads to difficulties in understanding meaning of words, furthermore, influence the accuracy of translation. From what is discussed above, English stress abstract thinking mode, so abstract expression is widely used in English.Yet, Chinese emphasize concrete thinking mode. The difference easily cause translation mistake, if we translate them to each other mechanically. For instance, English version is "the tongue cuts the throat" and Chinese version is "言多必失". If we translate it literally, it must be odd, unsmooth and difficult to understand. In that case, Confusion is inevitable.Different thinking center cause misusing of the voice of language and then cause mistranslation. Chinese focus on ontological thinking mode and ignore the logic and rational of reality, which makes the translation can't reveal the changing of the voice of language. For instance, "they were beaten, refused anything to read" can be mistranslated into "他们受到毒打，拒绝阅读任何书籍" if the voice of language is neglected. "refuse" used as passive past participle, it should be translated into "不准". The sentence "车修好了" translated into English is "the car has been repaired". Present perfect means the behavior has been finished. As we can see, different thinking center have great influence on translation.Different thinking mode gives rise to the different core of sentence, furthermore influence the quality of translation. Chinese highlight curvilinear thinking mode. Consequently, the head of sentence would be put in the last in Chinese. While English payattention to linear thinking mode, the core of sentence always be laid in the first. Different location of the head between the two languages may affect the quality of translation but for changing the structure during translation. For example, original English is "it was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January", and the Chinese version is "我原打算今年一月份访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这是我很失望". In English, the head of the sentence is "disappointment", which is put in the first. Diametrically, it is laid in the last in Chinese. Dealing with the problem is the key to improve the quality of translation.The differences and collisions of thinking mode between Chinese and English are greatly influence the accuracy, fluency and quality of translation. We should pay attention to eliminate the bad effects ultimately, which was bought by the difference. The translator can draw on the thinking modes to recognize them correctly and developa series of techniques to deal with them.4. Improving translation skills against the backdrop of different thinking mode between Chinese and EnglishAs discussed above, difference of thinking modes between Chinese and English have already blocked the way to better translation. Since we realized how it deeply affected the qualityof translation, we should buckle down to decrease the impact which produced by the different thinking mode. We should implicate it from various aspects.4.1 Self-improvement in culture backgroundUndertaking English-Chinese translation are supposed to give an insight into the culture background and thinking mode that they lived in. Sufficient cultural background information is not only helpful but also necessary in successful translation between two languages as distant from each other as Chinese and English. Culture background includes literature, history, thought, art, custom and living habit, etc. Hence, translators must improve the ability to master the culture which language attached and get involved in the culture environment. In that case, translators can level to language standard from cognition standard, and then express completely during translation. Taking its great importance into account, here are some suggestions. In the first place, reading original English materials. Original English materials can expose translators to the real language and culture. People can achieve that through reading fictions, magazines and newspapers. Then, participating in activities which related to English, such as English corner, English drama competition and English speech competition. Translators will have enough time to get involved in the English environment.Therefore, translation skills can be enhanced in every aspect. Finally, getting in touch with native speakers frequently. Translator can get to know English culture, custom and English thinking mode through contacting with native speakers. Translators can be affected directly. Gradually, translators will get used to view things from English thinking perspectives. Translators should concentrate on self-improvement and store the knowledge of English culture and thinking mode.4.2 Thinking mode transferringThinking depends on language, and dominates language as well. Essentially speaking, translation is the transformation of different thinking modes. Once entering a language environment, adapting to the thinking mode can people get insight into the language. The ability of logic thinking, individual thinking and formal thinking should be cultivated. For better translation, translators must transfer the different thinking modes in the course of translation.Generalization and concretization are common translating techniques. It refers to transfer between concreteness and abstractness in the course of translation. The concrete pattern of thought in China and the abstract pattern of thought in the West manifest themselves in Chinese and Western languages with theircharacteristics of concreteness and abstractness respectively. Hence, being capable of the ability of generalization and concretization is crucial to smooth translation. The use of verb, noun, preposition in Chinese is prevalent, while in English, the use of abstract noun and preposition is popular. In short, in the course of translation from English to Chinese, transferring falseness into trueness in the most occasions. On the other hand, in the course of translation from Chinese to English, transferring trueness into falseness. For instance, 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆，is translated into "As you sow, you will reap." the word "瓜" and "豆" are concrete things in Chinese, which express the meaning of "sow" and "reap" in English. The transfer between concreteness and abstractness plays an important role in translation.Transferring between hypotaxis and parataxis is also essential to Chinese-English or English-Chinese translation. English focus on hypotaxis, so that English use many conjunctions, prepositions and other connective means to link the phrases and words, because of which the language is more logical and organized. Reversely, Chinese pay attention to parataxis, instead of using connectives, phrases and words are linked by meaning. Its language structure is loose. In some sense, translation is a process of hypotaxis and parataxis. Flexible transferring between hypotaxis and parataxisis vital to better translation. For example, source English is "The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with green hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty." and the Chinese version is "西湖如明镜，四周，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光妩媚。
