张道真高中英语语法之12动词不定式

考点16动词不定式高考频度：★★★★★动词不定式定义动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号to+do构成。

没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可做主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语,具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。

动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。

形式时态主动被动一般式to do to be done 完成式to have done to have been done 进行式to be doing ---- 完成进行式to have been doing ---- 否定式否定词（not/never）+动词不定式考向一不定式的作用1. 作主语：不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。

往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。

It took us two hours to finish the job.（1）其他系动词如look，appear等也可用于此句型。

（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is ...to...句型。

试比较：It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（错）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对）（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb to do sth结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of，否则用 for。

2. 作宾语（1）动词+不定式。

☞He managed to escape from the fire.☞I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式宾语）（2）动词+疑问词+to，＂特殊疑问句+不定式＂相当于名词，作宾语。

☞I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it 作形式宾语。

张道真英语语法大全(全两册)As a document creator, my role is to provide a comprehensive guide on English grammar based on the content of "The Complete Guide to English Grammar by Zhang Daozhen" (in two volumes). In this article, I will present the essential aspects of English grammar, focusing on accuracy, clarity, and coherence. Without further ado, let's delve into the world of English grammar.Grammar is the backbone of any language, and English is no exception. It encompasses the rules and structures that govern how words are formed, combined, and used to convey meaning. Understanding English grammar is crucial for effective communication, whether it be in speaking, writing, or even understanding others.1. Parts of Speech:The first fundamental aspect of English grammar is the classification of words into different parts of speech. These include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each part of speech has its unique role and function within a sentence.2. Sentence Structure:The next important aspect is sentence structure. English sentences are typically composed of a subject, a verb, and an object. However, variations exist, such as sentences with compound subjects or objects, as well as sentences with different types of clauses, including independent, dependent, and relative clauses.3. Tenses:Tenses play a vital role in indicating the time of an action or event. English has twelve tenses, including present simple, present continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, past simple, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, future simple, future continuous, future perfect, and future perfect continuous. Each tense has specific rules for formation and usage.4. Verb Forms:Verbs have different forms to indicate tense, aspect, mood, and voice. These forms include the base form, infinitive, gerund, present participle, past simple, past participle, and various auxiliary verbs like "be," "have," and "do." Understanding verb forms is essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences.5. Sentence Types:English sentences can be classified into four main types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. Declarative sentences make statements, interrogative sentences ask questions, imperative sentences give commands or instructions, and exclamatory sentences express strong emotions or surprise.6. Agreement:Subject-verb agreement and pronoun-antecedent agreement are crucial aspects of grammar. Subject-verb agreement ensures that the verb agrees with the subject in terms of number and person. Pronoun-antecedent agreement ensures that pronouns agree with their antecedents in terms of gender, number, and person.7. Modifiers:Modifiers, including adjectives and adverbs, provide additional information and enhance the meaning of nouns, pronouns, verbs, and other adjectives or adverbs. Proper placement and usage of modifiers are essential for clear and precise communication.8. Sentence Connectors:Sentence connectors, such as conjunctions and transitional phrases, help establish logical connections between sentences and paragraphs. They enable smooth transitions and coherent flow in writing, making the text more cohesive and understandable.9. Punctuation:Punctuation marks, such as commas, periods, question marks, exclamation marks, colons, and semicolons, are essential for conveying meaning and clarifying the structure of sentences. Proper punctuation usage enhances readability and prevents ambiguity.10. Word Choice and Usage:The choice and usage of words significantly impact the clarity and effectiveness of communication. Understanding synonyms, antonyms, idioms, collocations, and phrasal verbs can enrich vocabulary and improve language proficiency.In conclusion, a solid understanding of English grammar is indispensable for effective communication in both spoken and written forms. By grasping the essential aspects discussed in this article, you can enhance your language skills and express yourself accurately and confidently. Remember, practice and continuous learning are key to mastering English grammar.。

第十二章动词不定式思维导图知识梳理一、不定式概述动词不定式的基本形式是:“t o+动词原形”,有时可以不带to.不带to的不定式与动词原形同形,但它不是原形,而是一种语法形式.除基本助动词do和情态动词外,英语动词都有不定式形式.动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分－主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语.动词不定式和它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语.不定式有时态、语态变化(以do为例):主动语态被动语态一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing -完成式to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing -(一)作主语用作主语的动词不定式通常表示一种具体的、特定的行为,其谓语动词用第三人称单数形式.To obey the laws is everyone's duty.服从法律是每个人的职责.How to use the computer is a question.怎么使用计算机是一个问题.How to get there is not decided yet.怎样去那里还没决定下来.点拨(1)在很多情况下,常用it作形式主语,而把真实主语不定式放在谓语之后.It was difficult to sell my car.我的车很难卖掉.It's not known where to stay for the night.在哪里过夜还不知道.(2)如果要表示不定式的动作是谁做的,一般在不定式前加一个for短语.It will be a regret for us not to help him.我们没有帮助他是个遗憾.(3)在某些形容词(如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时,不定式前常可加一个以of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况.It would be rude of us to refuse their invitation.(我们)拒绝他们的邀请,会显得无礼.(二)作表语作表语,一般紧跟在系动词,如:be, seem, get等后面,用以说明主语.The question is when to start.问题是什么时候启程.You seem to have lost weight.你好像减肥了.What we have to do first is to find a solution.我们得做的第一件事是找出一个解决办法.点拨当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时,这个不定式只作单纯的表语,而不具有未来的含义.(三)作宾语能以不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有:agree, begin, decide, expect, forget, hope, learn, like, manage, pretend, start, try, want, wish等.Do you wish to see the manager?你想见经理吗?They decided to learn English hard.他们决定好好学英语.Don't forget to meet me at 6:00.别忘了六点钟和我见面.有些动词,如:tell, advise, show, teach, know, forget, learn , remember, show,understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, decide, discuss等后面,常用带疑问词的不定式作宾语.We don't know who(whom)to ask.我们不知道问谁.We asked how to get to the station.我们问怎么到达车站.Have you decided where to go for your holidays?你们决定到哪儿度假了吗?I don't know whether to apply for the job or not?那份工作我不知道申请还是不申请?(四)作定语I have no time to waste.我没有时间可浪费.Let me find a place to park.我来找个停车的地方.He is always the first to come to work and the last to leave.他总是第一个来上班,最后一个走.点拨不定式修饰something, anything, nothing时,放在它们的后面.如果something, anything, nothing 有形容词来修饰,词序是something(nothing...)+形容词＋不定式.My father had something to do.我父亲有事要办.Have you got anything important to buy?你有什么重要的东西要买吗?(五)作状语不定式常可用作状语,修饰动词,表示行为的目的、结果、原因等.一般放在被修饰词之后,但在表示目的时,为了强调也可放在句首.1.作目的状语为加强语气在否定式前还可加上in order或so as组成词组(即:in order to...,so as to...),作状语表示目的.To live a long and healthy life, we must learn to have a balanced diet.为了能过长寿而健康的生活,我们必须懂得吃均衡的食品.I stayed there so as to see what would happen.我留在那儿,为的是想看看会发生什么事.In order to help him, we would do everything we can.为了帮助他,我们愿意尽一切力量.2.作结果状语表结果,其逻辑主语通常亦是全句的主语.在“so...as to...”“such...as to..“enough to...”“only to...”以及“too...to...”等结构中的不定式皆表示结果.She is old enough to go to school.她已到了可以上学的年龄了.He was too drunk to drive home.他酩酊大醉,没法开车回家.3.作原因状语She trembled to think of the terrible accident.想到那可怕的车祸,她就不寒而栗.We jumped with joy to hear the news.听到这消息,我们都高兴地跳了起来.(六)宾语补足语1、有很多动词的后面都可以有不定式作宾语补足语常见的这类动词有:advise, ask, tell, help, wish, want, expect, forbid, persuade, press, request, teach, warn等.She asked her grandfather to play game with her.她请爷爷跟她一起做游戏.Mother told me to cook the meal.妈妈叫我做饭.2.有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词有两类:一类是感觉动词,另一类是使役动词感觉动词:如feel, see, hear, watch, notice等.使役动词:如make, let, have等.Let me do it for you.让我来替你做.Don't let her go out.别让她出去.I made him work hard.我迫使他加劲干.(1)动词help之后,复合宾语中的不定式可带to,亦可不带to.在上述动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式必须带to.He was seen to enter the theatre.有人看见他走进了剧院.I was made to do my homework the whole night.我被迫整晚做作业.Can you help me (to) move this table?你能帮我移动一下这张桌子吗?(2)感官动词的宾语补足语有两种形式:不带to的不定式和动词-ing形式.I heard Meimei singing in her room when I went past.我路过的时候听见梅梅在房间里唱歌.(路过的瞬间正在唱,所以用singing)We often hear Meimei sing in her room.我们经常听见梅梅在房间里唱歌.(经常听见,用不定式)I saw him come in.I saw him coming in.两句话的意思都一样:我看见他进来.用不定式着重于动作的全过程,用动词-ing形式则是强调当时动作的进行情况.3.当谓语动词为think, make, find, consider, feel, regard等词,作宾语的不定式后面有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在补足语的后面I find it easy to learn English well.我发现要把英语学好很容易.三、不定式的主要句型及注意事项(一)不定式的否定式不定式的否定式:not+不定式,经常和ask(tell)sb. to do sth.句型连用.She asked me not to drive him to the station.她要我不要开车送他到车站.Try not to be late.争取不要迟到.Mary asked me not to give my pen to Jimmy.玛丽让我别把笔给吉米.She decided not to come here again.她决定不再到这儿来.点拨不定式的否定式和否定句的区别:I asked him not to open the door.我让他别把门打开.I didn't ask him to open the door.我没让他把门打开.(二)不定式的进行时态进行式:表示在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态发生时正在进行.It's nice to be sitting here with you.在这儿陪你坐着是非常愉快的.It is unwise for him to be talking that topic all the time.他老是谈论这件事,很不明智.(三)不定式的完成时态完成式表示在谓语动词的动作或状态发生时已经完成.She said she was sorry to have missed you.她说她没见到你很遗憾.He seemed to have visited our factory.他好像参观过我们的工厂.They appeared to have met before.他们看来以前见过面.(四)动词不定式的被动语态表示被动意义I didn't want to be told about it.我不想被告知这件事.Nothing seems to have been forgotten.似乎什么也没有被遗忘.The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years ago.据说这幢大楼两年前已毁于一场大火.在以某些形容词,如kind, good, silly, honest, bad, stupid, bold, clever, cruel,courteous, nice, rude, sensible, tactful, wise, wrong等作表语时,后面需用以“of+名词(或代词宾格)＋不定式”结构,以说明不定式所表示的动作的执行者是谁(即of短语是不定式的逻辑主语).It's very good of you to come.谢谢你的光临.How silly of you (it is)to make such a mistake!你出了这样的差错,多傻啊！It's very kind of you to say so.多谢你这么说.在had better, had best, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner, would sooner...than, cannot but, do nothing but等结构后面的不定式要省略“to”.You had better write it in English.你最好用英文写.I would rather stay at home.我宁愿待在家里.好题精练一、用-ing形式或不定式的适当形式完成句子1.Do you enjoy_________ football?(play)2.Fred didn't have any money, so he decided_________ a job.(take)3.We're going out for dinner, Would you like_________ us?(join)4.The teacher reminded the students_________ their test paper on time.(finish)5.When I was tired, I enjoyed_________ TV.(watch)6.It was a nice day, so the old man agreed_________ for a walk.(go)7.I'm not in a hurry, I don't mind_________.(wait)答案:1.playing2.to take3.to join4.to finish5.watching6.to go7.waiting二、选择括号内所给词组完成句子,注意括号内“go+v.-ing形式”构成固定搭配的用法(go boating; go fishing; go dancing; go running; go skating; go hunting; go singing)1.She's a good dancer. She always_________ on Saturday.2.I've got a gun. I'll_________ with that strong hunter next weekend.3.“Where is Tim?”“He has. _________ He always runs in the morning.”4.We have enough fish to eat. Our father_________ every day.答案:1.goes dancing2.go hunting3.gone running4.goes fishing三、仿照示例改写下列句子示例:It is very interesting to play baseball.→ To play baseball is very interesting.1.lt was not polite to speak that way before Mr. Lee.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _2.It can be quite easy to travel by air.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _3.lt will be no problem to arrive there before noon.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _4.To make those strangers believe us was so difficult.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _5.To help Tom speak Chinese well is not at all easy.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _答案:1.To speak that way before Mr. Lee was not polite.2.To travel by air can be quite easy.3.To arrive there before noon will be no problem.4.It was so difficult to make those strangers believe us.5.It is not at all easy to help Tom (to) speak Chinese well.四、选择填空1. _________ the bookstore, he stopped_________ a few books.A. Passing; buyingB. Passing; to buyC. To pass; buyingD. Having passed; to buy2.Bruce,look at your dirty shoes, You'd better_________ them right now.A. washedB. washingC. washD. to wash3. _________ the room, I found the computer_________.A. Entering; stealingB. Entering; stolenC. To enter; stealD. To enter; stealing4.We've worked hard for nearly one hour. Let's stop_________ a rest now.A. haveB. to haveC. havingD. have had5.My mother always tells me not_________ to the net bars(网吧)．A. goB. to goC. goesD. going6.The teacher asked us_________ English for half an hour in the morning.A. reads B reading C. to read D. read7.You will have to get up early tomorrow. Stop_________ TV, Peter.A. watchesB. watchC. to watchD. watching8.I find it hard_________ English well.A. learnB. learningC. to learnD. learns9.The teacher asked John_________ a short talk in our class meeting.A. giveB. to giveC. gaveD. giving10.The girl was too poor_________ a houseA. to buy; to live inB. to buy ;to liveC. buy; to liveD. buying; living in11.It was very late at night, but Mr. Brown still went on_________.A. works B .worked C. working D. work12.Remember_________ him about it before he goes away.A. tellB. to tellC. tellingD. to telling13.Lin Tao is strong enough_________ the big box.A. carryB. to carryC. carryingD. carries14.Her mother told her_________ in bed.A. not readB. not to readC. don't readD. to not read15.When class began, we stopped_________ to the teacher carefully.A. listeningB. listenC. listens D .to listen16.You'd better_________ the cinema by bus.A. don't goB. to goC. to go toD. go to17.What did the manager_________ you to_________ at the meeting?A. tell; sayB. ask; speakC. tell; speakD. ask; talk18.Tom was let_________ in the gate house.A. waitB. to waitC. waitingD. to have waited19.Mr.Hu has enough time_________ the job in two days.A. finishB. to finishC. finishingD. finished20.Look,the building_________ is our library.A. is repairedB. being repairedC. repairingD. to be repairing21. _________ no money, I could not buy this coat.A. HaveB. HavingC. To haveD. Have had22.The teacher has something important_________ us.A. to tellB. tellsC. tellingD. told23.Li Ming didn't know_________ next.A. to do whatB. what to doC. how to doD. what do24.I'd love_________ to your birthday party.A. comeB. cameC. to comeD. comes25.It took me two hours_________ by bus.A. to get thereB. to get to thereC. get thereD. get to there答案:1-5BCBBB 6-10CDCBA11-15CBBBD 16-20DABBB21-25 BABCA五、改正下列句子的错误1.He seems to not hear from her.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _2.I hope see you soon.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _3.I made them to give the money back.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _4.The scientist gave us some advice on how learning English.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _5.No one noticed him to leave the room.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _6.Have you given up to smoke?___________________________________________________________________________________________ _7.We found him waited at the school gate.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _8.Why not to turn off the light?___________________________________________________________________________________________ _9.She didn't want me go.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _10.I don't know to swim.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _11.China is a developed country belonging to the third world.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _12.It's getting dark. We have to find a hotel to live.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _13.He said he had an important meeting to attended.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _14.They don't allow that people smoke.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _15.It's difficult sell my car.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _答案:1.He seems not to...2.I hope to see...3.I made them give...4....how to learn...5....him leave...6....given up smoking?7...him waiting...8.Why not turn off...9.She didn't want me to go.10.I don't know how to swim.11....a developing...12....to live in13....to attend.14. ...people to smoke.15...to sell my car.。

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不带TO的动词不定式不定式是英语动词的非限定形式之一，是英语中一种非常活跃的语言现象，不带to的不定式（bare infinitive）是我们学习、掌握和运用这一语法现象的难点。

本文的目的就是要对不带to的不定式作一粗浅的探讨。

首先要指出的是，不带to的不定式的使用实际上非常普遍，主要用在情态动词和助动词will，shall，would，should，can，could，may，might，must…以及在作为情态动词的need和dare之后。

但因为这一点在学习英语的过程中极易掌握，故不在此赘述。

除此以外，在下列情况下也要使用不带to的动词不定式。

1．在see，feel，hear，watch，observe，listen to，look at等感官动词或短语以及let，have，make等表示祈使意义的动词后面；不定式作宾语补足语不能带to；help后面的不定式可以不带to，也可以保留to；know在一定的条件下，后面的不定式作宾语补足语时可以不带to。

例如：I saw the man come ont of the house．I heard her say that she was fed up．We felt the house shake．They watched the sun sink into the sea．Did you notice him pause？They did not observe Christine come in and go upstairs．She sat listening to him climb the stairs．Look at the boy run！I'll let you know as soon as I hear from her．I had him mend my watch．Electricity makes motors run．He helped me（to）plant trees．I have never known him sing so beautifully．不带to的动词不定式跟在上述动词后面时，情况比较复杂，有以下几个问题须特别注意：（1）当上述句子变成被动语态时，原来作宾语补足语的不定式则相应地成为主语补足语。

浅析非谓语动词中不定式、动名词及分词的用法区别摘要：非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词以及分词三种形式。

为了区分这三种非谓语动词的用法，我们从它们在句子或者特殊句型中充当的不同成分以及用法等角度来具体比较它们的用法。

不定式、动名词及分词做表语的区别：（1）不定式做表语1）不定式做表语一般表示具体动作，尤其是用来表示将来的动作To do two things at a time is to do neither.(一次做两件事情就等于没有。

)My job is to drive them to the company every day.（我的工作是每天把他们载到公司。

）主语和表语都是不定式时，其一表示条件，其二表示结果To see （表示条件）is to believe. （表示结果）（百闻不如一见。

）To be kind to the enemy（表示条件） is to be cruel to the people.（表示结果）（对敌人仁慈就是对自己残忍。

）当主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea，problem， purpose， thing， wish 等为中心的名词或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式做表语对主语起补充说明的作用My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.（我的主要任务是指出事件中的难点所在。

）His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.（他的希望是在不久的将来买一辆豪华轿车。

）（2）动名词做表语1）动名词做表语表示抽象的一般性的动作His hobby is collecting stamps.（他的爱好是收集邮票。

）Our work is serving the people.（我们的工作是为人民服务。

）2）动名词做表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但意义不同，进行时中的分词表示动作是由主语完成的，但动名词做表语是说明主语的性质或者情况。

todo不定式放在句首的标志to do结构位于句首，可表条件（除去作主语和目的状语外）尽管中高考英语还没有考查到这点，但我们也要知道句首的不定式——无疑是可以表达条件（从句）的含义的。

《新编高级英语语法》（章振邦主编）第534页不定式分句还能表示条件，通常置于句首。

例如：To listen to him, you should think that no problem whatever existed（什么问题也没有）.To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world.《英语语法大全》（张道真编著下）第590页1124(3)作状语的不定式表示条件。

在不定式这样用时，谓语中常包含will, shall, should, would, must, can或could这样的助动词。

To say such a clever thing, he can’t be a fool.To see her, you wouldn’t believe she is already forty.To be really useful, a book must be read several times.To study music, one must start at six.外研社《英汉多功能词典》第2253页to第9词条：to（表条件）一旦……（就会认为）：To take with him, you would think he is a warm-hearted man, but in fact he isn’t.一旦你和他聊一下，就会认为他是一个热心的人，其实不然。

《大学英语语法——讲座与测试》第五版第612页2：有时候，作主语的不定式相当于一个条件从句。

例如：To love others is to be loved. = If you love others, you will be loved by others.爱人即爱己。