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商务英语考试名词解释（共五篇）第一篇：商务英语考试名词解释Explanation(1)Brand:is a product, service, or concept that is publicly distinguished from other products,services, or concepts so that it can be easily communicated and usually marketed.(2)Protection: the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relativelyinefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.(3)Corporate culture-It represents a common perception held by the organization’s members.It communicates how people in an organization should behave, by establishing a value system conveyed throughrites, myths, legends, and actions.(4)Quota: a restriction on the quantity of imports of a particular product that a county impose.(5)Free trade: trade between nations without protective customs tariff(6)Marketing– the competitive process by which goods and services are offered for consumptionat a profit.It’s about building a reputation and making sales for cash and profits in particular markets.(7)Promotion is the combination of methods to generate public awareness, identity, confidence,desire and conviction in a product and usage by the general public.(8)Enterprise ethics refers to the enterprise in the specific social economic organization, relyingon public opinion, traditions and inner conviction to maintain, with good and evil evaluation standard on moral principles, ethics and moral activities combined.(9)Advertising : the action of calling something to the attention of the publicespecially by paidannouncements.(10)MoneyEnglish writingIncreased dramatically sinceIn 1987 the export figures stood at 400 million Finnish markkaa.There was a sharp increase between 1987 and 1989 when figures reached over 800 million.This was followed by a sharp decrease between 1989 and 1990 when Finnish paper exports to Japan dropped to 400 million.There was a slight rise between 1990 and 1991 when exports hit the 450 million mark but they fell again to 400 million in 1992.Between 1992 and 1995 there was a dramatic rise and exports of paper to Japan reached a peak of 1,300 million in 1995, before falling again to under 1,000 million in 1997.第二篇：商务英语考试2013下半年剑桥商务英语证书（BEC）报考简章报名条件与考试费用BEC报名不受年龄﹑性别、职业﹑地区﹑学历等限制，任何人均可持本人身份证件到当地考点报名。
商务英语教学教案Background:商务英语的教学对于培养学生的商务沟通能力和全球化意识起着重要的作用。
本教案针对商务英语学习者的特点，结合实际案例和互动活动，旨在提高学生的听说读写能力和商务技能。
Objective:1. 通过互动活动和讨论，提高学生的商务英语口语表达能力。
2. 强化学生的商务英语听力和阅读能力，使其能够快速理解商务场景和交际对话。
3. 培养学生的商务写作能力，让他们能够准确、清晰地表达商务观点和想法。
Materials:1. 商务英语教材《Business English Essentials》2. 商务场景对话录音3. 商务英语写作范例Procedure:1. 导入- 创设商务英语学习氛围，播放商务场景对话录音，让学生感受商务英语的实际应用。
- 介绍教学目标和本节课的重点。
2. 听说训练- 听力练习：播放商务场景对话录音，要求学生模仿对话中的语速和语调，提高听力理解能力。
- 口语练习：分组进行商务角色扮演，让学生在各种商务场景中实践口语表达能力。
3. 阅读训练- 阅读理解：选取商务英语教材中的短文，要求学生阅读并回答相关问题，培养学生的阅读理解能力。
- 商务词汇学习：在阅读过程中，引导学生积累商务英语常用词汇，并进行词汇拓展训练。
4. 写作训练- 商务邮件写作：引导学生学习商务英语邮件的常见结构和表达方式，并提供商务英语写作范例。
- 学生练习：让学生根据具体场景，编写商务英语邮件，并相互交换邮件进行修改和反馈。
5. 拓展训练- 商务文化交流：介绍不同国家和地区的商务文化差异，进行相关讨论和交流，培养学生的跨文化沟通能力。
- 商务演讲技巧：教授商务演讲的技巧和要点，并进行学生演讲实践和互动评价。
Assessment:1. 情境评估：观察学生在商务角色扮演中的口语表达能力和应对能力。
2. 阅读理解测试：进行商务英语教材中的阅读理解测试，评估学生的阅读能力。
3. 写作评估：对学生编写的商务英语邮件进行评估，重点关注邮件的结构、语法和专业性。
商务英语专业术语词汇及解释解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述商务英语作为一门专业术语，对于从事国际贸易、市场营销和国际商务领域的人士来说至关重要。
它是全球商业交流的通用语言，掌握商务英语专业术语不仅可以提升沟通能力，还能增强在职场上的竞争力。
本文旨在介绍商务英语专业术语及其解释，并探讨其学习方法与技巧。
1.2 文章结构本文共分为五个部分。
首先，在引言部分我们将进行概述以及说明文章的结构。
接下来，在第二部分中，我们将详细讲解商务英语专业术语的定义、重要性，并提供常用商务英语词汇的解释和运用场景举例。
第三部分将对商务英语专业术语进行分类，包括财务术语、市场营销术语和国际贸易术语，并给出相应解释。
第四部分将介绍学习商务英语专业术语的方法与技巧，如创造学习环境与积极心态、制定学习计划与时间管理技巧以及利用各种学习资源的方法与技巧。
最后，在结论部分，我们将总结主要观点和内容概述，并对商务英语专业术语学习的意义与价值进行归纳分析，展望未来发展方向和挑战。
1.3 目的本文的目的是帮助读者全面了解商务英语专业术语，并提供有效的学习方法与技巧。
通过阅读本文，读者将能够掌握商务英语专业术语的基本知识、运用场景以及分类，进而提升自己在商务领域中的交流能力和竞争力。
同时，本文还旨在引发对商务英语专业术语学习的意义和价值的思考，并为未来学习提供指导。
2. 商务英语专业术语词汇及解释：2.1 定义和重要性：商务英语专业术语是在商务活动中频繁使用的特定词汇或短语，它们具有行业性质，用于描述商务交流、谈判、合作等方面的内容。
掌握并正确运用商务英语专业术语对于进行国际商务往来、开展跨国合作具有重要意义。
良好的商务英语能力将帮助我们更好地与国际伙伴交流、了解相关行业知识，并有效推动商业活动。
2.2 常用商务英语词汇解释：在这部分中，我们将介绍一些常用的商务英语词汇及其解释。
1) Marketing（市场营销）- 指通过市场调研、广告宣传和销售策略等手段来推广产品或服务的过程。
商务英语专业术语词汇及解释跨文化商务英语，这可是在全球商业舞台上大放异彩的语言工具。
想象一下，当你与国际合作伙伴交流，或者参与跨国商务谈判时，准确运用商务英语专业术语，那感觉就像在战场上拥有了一把锋利无比的宝剑，能让你在商业世界中披荆斩棘，游刃有余！咱们先来说说“quotation”这个词，它可不是简单的“引用”，在商务英语里，它指的是“报价单”。
就好比你去买东西，老板给你的那个写着价格的单子，那就是quotation。
你要是把这个词理解错了，说不定就会在谈生意的时候闹笑话，本来想要对方给个报价，结果人家以为你在跟他讨论引用名言警句呢，这岂不是很尴尬？还有“counter-offer”，这可不是在柜台前的什么提议，而是“还盘”的意思。
就像在买卖中，你对对方的报价不满意，给出一个新的价格或者条件，这就是counter-offer。
这不就像在菜市场讨价还价吗？你来我往，争取达成一个双方都满意的结果。
再说说“L/C”，全称是“Letter of Credit”，翻译过来就是“信用证”。
它就像是商业交易中的一张“保证书”，保证卖方能按时收到货款，买方能按时收到货物。
没有它，很多国际贸易可能就没法顺利进行，就像没有了通行证，你连大门都进不去！“FOB”，“Free on Board”，这可不是什么“在船上自由”，而是“离岸价”。
它规定了卖方在指定的装运港将货物装上买方指定的船只，风险就从卖方转移到了买方。
这就好像接力赛中的交接棒，一旦交出去，责任也就跟着转移了。
“CIF”，“Cost, Insurance and Freight”，也就是“成本、保险加运费价”。
卖方不仅要承担货物的成本和运费，还要负责购买保险。
这是不是有点像卖家给买家提供了一个“全方位服务套餐”？“incoterms”，这可不是什么难以理解的神秘词汇，它是“国际贸易术语解释通则”。
就像是一本商业世界的“规则手册”，规定了买卖双方在交易中的权利和义务。
ＸＸ大学教案2011 —2012 学年第 1 学期课程名称商务英语课程类别必修课学时/学分48/3授课专业财务管理班级09财务管理1,2,3,4,5,6使用教材商务英语阮绩智编开课单位经济管理学院授课教师商务英语课程教案习题课□其他：安排授课题目（教学章、节或主题）：课程介绍教学目的和要求（分掌握、理解、了解三个层次）：课程教学目的及要求：该课程主要培养学生在涉外商务活动中用英语交际的能力。
具体的说，要求学生能熟练运用英语处理日常事务，比如熟练掌握商务信函、询价与报价、包装与运输、投诉与理赔、电子商务等方面内容的商务英语，提高商务英语听、说、读、写的能力。
教学重点：Course description and objective; Course requirement and assessment。
教学进程方法及手段教师自我介绍（5分钟）教学大纲与课程介绍（60分钟）：教学目标、课程内容、教材、教学方法、教学要求、测评方法、成绩评定等。
商务英语材料阅读：How to learn business English well?（15分钟）提问（5分钟）课堂讨论 (5分钟) PPT演示提问和讨论思考题、讨论题、作业：What is business English?What are the main contents of this course?How to learn business English well?教学后记：在课程介绍基础上，让学生初步接触有关商务英语阅读材料，目的是激发学生学习此门课程的兴趣。
商务英语课程教案习题课□其他：安排授课题目（教学章、节或主题）：Unit 1 Applying for a job教学目的和要求（分掌握、理解、了解三个层次）：掌握求职与面试的常用语;理解申请工作的准备要点;了解一般的面试礼仪.教学重点：求职与面试的常用语。
教学难点：用英语介绍个人履历。
教学进程方法及手段引入新课(5分钟)：Learning objectives: Preparing for a job interview;talking about educational background, experiences and special skills;writing a curriculum vitae and a letter of application讲授新课（50分钟）：Listening task: The job interview. Speaking taskReading task: How to make your job interview successful课堂练习（30分钟）：Answer questions to listening task. Speaking task: dialogue (practice dialogue in pairs)课堂小结（5分钟）：Sentence patterns about applying for a job(see page 15) PPT演示提问和讨论思考题、讨论题、作业：1.熟记有关申请工作的句型和词汇；2.成功面试的要点有哪些（presentation practice）？教学后记：商务英语课程教案习题课□其他：安排授课题目（教学章、节或主题）：Unit 1 Applying for a job：writing taskUnit 2 Companies教学目的和要求（分掌握、理解、了解三个层次）：掌握求职信和简历的写作要求，理解写作格式，了解公司组织结构教学重点：求职信和简历的写作。
商务英语入门术语汇编collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分私营部门public sector 公共部门公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户（美作:checking account）current-account holder 支票帐户（美作:checking-account holder cheque 支票（美作:check）bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票来人支票crossed cheque划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook支票簿支票本（美作:checkbook）endorsement背书transfer 转让,转帐过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票纸币（美作:billto pay incash付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可兑换货币exchange rate 汇率兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation投机saving 储装存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation （货币）贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃securities business 证券市场stock exchange 贡市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所贡交易所quotation 报价,牌价share股份shareholder, stockholder 贡持有人股东dividend 股息红利cash dividend现金配股stock investment 贡投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 贡经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行贡par value 股面价格票面价格bull 买手多头bear 卖手空头assigned过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人借方borrower 借方借款人maturity到期日偿还日amortization 摊销摊还分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率Discount 折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日偿还日amortization 摊销摊还分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy补贴,补助金津贴cost 成本费用expenditure, outgoings 开支支出fixed costs 固定成本overhead costs 营业间接成本overheads杂项开支间接成本operating costs 生产费用营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用经营费用miscellaneous costs 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用管理费用upkeep costs, maintenance costs 维修费用养护费用transport costs 运输费用social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用apportionment of expenses 分摊费用income 收入收益earnings 利润收益gross income, gross earnings 总收入总收益gross profit, gross benefit 毛利总利润利益毛额net income纯收益净收入收益净额average income 平均收入national income 国收入profitability, profit earning capacity 利润率赢利率yield 产量收益收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值升值duty 税taxation system 税制taxation 纳税fiscal charges 财务税收progressive taxation 累进税制graduated tax 累进税value added tax 增值税income tax 所得税land tax 地租地价税excise tax 特许权税basis of assessment 估税标准taxable income 须纳税的收入。
商务英语教案教案标题：商务英语教案教案概述：本商务英语教案旨在帮助学生掌握商务领域中的英语交流技巧和专业词汇，提高他们在商务环境中的语言运用能力。
通过本教案的实施，学生将能够有效地进行商务会议、商务谈判、商务信函和商务演讲等相关活动。
教学目标：1. 了解商务英语的基本概念和特点；2. 掌握商务英语中常用的交流技巧和表达方式；3. 学习商务英语中常见的专业词汇和短语；4. 培养学生在商务环境中的语言运用能力；5. 提高学生的听、说、读、写能力。
教学内容和活动：1. 商务英语基础知识a. 商务英语的定义和特点b. 商务英语中的常用交际技巧和礼仪c. 商务英语中常见的文化差异和注意事项2. 商务英语交流技巧a. 商务会议的组织和参与技巧b. 商务谈判的技巧和策略c. 商务信函的写作技巧和格式d. 商务演讲的准备和表达技巧3. 商务英语专业词汇和短语a. 商务英语中常见的行业词汇和术语b. 商务英语中常用的商务短语和表达方式c. 商务英语中的常见缩略语和惯用语4. 语言运用实践活动a. 商务会议模拟演练b. 商务谈判案例分析和角色扮演c. 商务信函写作和修改d. 商务演讲实践和反馈教学方法：1. 教师讲授：通过讲解商务英语基础知识和交流技巧，帮助学生建立起商务英语的概念框架。
2. 小组讨论：组织学生进行小组讨论，分享彼此的商务英语学习心得和经验。
3. 角色扮演：安排学生进行商务会议、商务谈判等实践活动的角色扮演，提升他们的语言运用能力和实践能力。
4. 个人作业：布置商务信函写作和商务演讲准备的个人作业，培养学生的独立思考和表达能力。
教学评估：1. 口头测试：组织学生进行口头测试，测试他们对商务英语基础知识和交流技巧的理解和掌握程度。
2. 书面作业：布置商务信函写作和商务演讲的书面作业，评估学生的语言表达和写作能力。
3. 实践评估：对学生进行商务会议和商务谈判的实践评估，评估他们在实际场景中的语言运用能力和表达效果。
11. Budget—预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2. Return—回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3. Portfolio—证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4. Royalty—专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5. Expertise—专门知识expert knowledge or skill, esp. in a particular field; know-how.6. Licensor—认证颁发者a person or company granting a license.7. Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.8. Non-tariff barrier—非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.9. Turnkey contract—交钥匙工程one in which one of the parties agrees to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.10. Franchise—经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.21. Purchasing power—购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2. Assess—估价to judge an amount or value.3. spur—刺激to urge or encourage4. average—平均of an ordinary, common or usual kind in quality or amount5. Productive—多生产producing in high efficiency or in large quantity6. tap—开发to take what is needed from, to exploit7. Infrastructure—基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications, etc. needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce.8. recipient—接受者a person or an organization etc. that receives something9. consumerism—消费主义considerable desire to make purchase for consumption10. PPP—购买力平价purchasing power parity31 liberalization—自由化of trade, the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports2 integration—一体化combining into a whole3 tariff—关税tax levied by the customs4 barriers to trade—贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.5 mobility—流动性capacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place.6 detour—绕道route that voids a blocked road; deviation7 banknote—纸币printed paper money issued by a bank, usu. the country’s central bank.8 erode—侵蚀wear away, eat into9 envisage—想象picture(an event, action, etc) in the mind as a future possibility; imagine10 veto—否决权right to reject or forbid something41 affiliate—分支机构a subsidiary company controlled by another2 assets—资产total resources of a business, as cash, accounts receivable, real estates etc.3 world company—全球公司a multinational whose national identity has been blurred4 facilities—设施something designed, built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service5 revenue—收益the total annual income of a state6 decentralize—使分权distribute the administrative powers over a less concentrated area7 nationalize—收归国有to bring under the control or ownership of a nation8 welfare—福利well-being9 framework—行为准则organization structure10 input—投资something that is put in business operation51 service—服务something done to help or benefit others2 abundant—大量的plentiful, more than enough3 specialization—专业化to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields4 primary commodities—初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials5 incentive—刺激that which incites, rouses or encourages a person6 alternative—替代物that may be had, used etc. in place of sth. else7 intuitive—直觉relating to the power of the immediate understanding of something without reasoning or study8 efficient—有效的producing a desired or satisfactory result; able to perform duties well9 endowment—天赋a natural gift or ability10 exploit—利用to develop the use of, make the best use of61 drawback—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported2 highlight—重视to make prominent; to draw special attention3 bulky—庞大taking a lot of space, and often of a shape difficult to handle4 perishable—易碎easily to go bad5 tariff—关税duties imposed on goods imported and exported6 specific duties—从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods7 ad valorem duties—从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods8 unilaterally—单方面地done by one side or party only9 maritime—海上connected with the sea or navigation10 remittance—汇款money sent by post71 law suit—诉讼案件legal prosecution2 dispute—争端argument or controversy3 remedy—纠正method of putting right something that is wrong4 amendment—修正changes made to something5 Incoterms—贸易术语a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms6 present—提交submit7 premise—前提a tract of land including its buildings8 heading—标题category9 classification—分类the arrangement of things by groups10 carriage—运费the price or cost of transportation81 business line—商业领域goods dealt in by a company2 voluntary offer—主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offerer3 contract—合同an agreement setting forth the binding obligations of the relevant parties4 indispensable—必须物absolutely necessary5 contract proper—合同正文the main body of a contract6 contracting parties—缔约方signatories of an agreement7 force majeure—[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party8 purchase contract—购买合同a contract made by the buyer9 firm offer—持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer10 offeree—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made91.popular—受欢迎的liked and admired2.hyperinflation—极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control3.inflation—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansionof money supply, credit etc.4.protectionism—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing homecountries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports5.bilateral—双边的of two sides6.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together7.expertise—专门知识expert skill or knowledge8.creditors—债权人a person to whom one owns money9.transferable—可转移的possible to be handed over10.verified data—已证实的数据authentic materials101.debtor—债务人a person who owes money2.default—违约fail to carry out an obligation3.dubious—可疑的doubtful, uncertain, questionable4.draft—汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money5.remittance—汇款the sending of money or the money sent6.fluctuation—波动irregular movement of (prices, exchange rates etc.)7.drawer—出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter8.sound—健康合理financially satisfactory财政上满意9.ban—禁止prohibit, forbid10.drawee—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn111.credit-worthiness—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in makingpayment2.substantial—大量的large, great, considerable3.constitute—组成make up; amount to; form4.applicant of an L/C—出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for theestablishment of an L/C5.beneficiary—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for itsexport6.discrepancy—不符difference; absence of agreement7.confirming bank—保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C8.bill of exchange—汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for thepurpose of payment9.underlying—作为基础forming the basis of10.reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent121.clean credit—光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents forpayment2.cancel—作废not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon3.leading bank—主要银行major bank, most important bank4.impeccable—完美的faultless5.insolvent—无力偿还的unable to pay debts6.sight credit—即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made uponpresentation of the draft7.maturity—到期becoming due8.after sight—见票之后after presentation of draft9.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer andthe consumer10.sustain—遭受suffer131.documentation—证明文件the presentation and use of shipping documents2.consignee—收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped3.shipping marks—唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol foridentification in the course of transportation4.discrepancy—不符absence of agreement5.liability—责任what one is responsible for according to law6.apparent—表明上according to appearance; seeming7.insurance policy—保险单a document used for covering possible risks8.discount—折扣amount of money that may be taken off the full amount9.title—抬头right to the possession of a position or property10.invoice—发票a document for the general description of the goods and the price141 alternative—供选择a choice from two or more possibilities.2 modes—运输方式different forms of transportation3 fundamental—极其重要的very important4 ownership—所有权legal right of possession5 intermediate products—中间产品semi-manufactures6 commercial intercourse—商业交流business dealings between individuals or firms7 unload卸货—getting goods off a carrier8 package—包装combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit9 distribution—分布the marketing, transporting, merchandising, and selling of any item10 destination—目的地the terminal to which goods are sent151 insured—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy2 premium—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract3 potential loss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur4 viability—能力ability to succeed in operation5 claim—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy6 margin—利润amount above what is estimated as necessary7 underwriter—保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business8 consumption—消费the using up of goods and services having an exchangeable value9 compensation—赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss10 pooling—联营a combination of funds formed for common advantage161 field—领域a sphere of activity2 incidence—发生occurrence3 multi-modal transportation—多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air4 diminish—减少降低the right to collect from an endorser a payment of loss5 indemnity—赔偿compensation for loss6 subrogate—代为追偿to substitute a claim against one person for a claim against another person7 legal action—法律行动an action taken against someone in accordance with the law8 leader—领导者an insurer who is well-known in a particular class of business9 deposit—存款money paid as part payment that is owned10 compulsory—义务that must be done171 peg—钉住to keep fixed or unchanged2 redeem—兑换to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock3 settlement—结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc4 exchange rate—汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency5 fluctuations—波动upward and downward movements in the economic system6 gold reserves—黄金储备量the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard.7 money circulation—货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services8 devaluation—货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies9 offset—补偿to set one value against another or as equal to another10 par—标准equal in value, on the same level181 affiliate—隶属a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concern2 institutions—体系an organization or establishment devoted to the promotion of a particular object3 productivity—生产力power of being productive4 loans—借贷something lent on condition of being returned, especially a sum of money lent at interest5 prerequisite—先决条件required as a condition for something else6 cyclical—周期循环recurring in cycles7 maturity—到期the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due8 reserve—储备金money held aside to meet future demand9 investment—投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns10 stringent—严格的strict, that must be obeyed191 quota—配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity2 VER—自动出口限制an agreement by a country’s exporters o r government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country3 acquisition—获得company expansion through the phrase of other business4 synergy—协同作用benefits from combining different business, normally claimed by the promoters of mergers5 rebate—减少reduce6 intellectual property—知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, andcopy-right7 tax holiday—免税期a period of time during which tax is not levied8 return—收益the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment9 access—使用权a way by which a place, esp. property, can be reached or entered or used10 joint venture—合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms201 market place—市场a place in which securities are sold and bought2 securities—担保stocks and bonds3 gilts—金边债券stocks issued by government4 information—信息knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance5 qualifications—资格证书competence6 membership—成员the state of being a member of a certain organization7 practitioner—从业者a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation8 cost-effective—成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure9 shortfall—差额deficiency10 equities—股本company stocks211 ratify—批准make an arrangement or a treaty officially valid by signing it.2 controversy—争论public argument about sth. which many people disagree with3 biennial—两年一次happening every alternate year4 clout—权利influence5 anti-dumping—反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured6 mandate—授权authority given to perform a duty7 stillborn—死胎的(of a child) dead at birth; (of an idea or a plan) not developing further8 contracting party—缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreement9 akin to—类似的similar, related to10 optimal—最佳的best or most favorable221 terms of trade—贸易条件the relation of export and import prices2 preference—优先权a practical advantage given to one over others3 export earnings—出口收入money earned on the sales of goods to other countries4 provisions—食品a formal or explicit statement of conditions demanded5 tariffs—壁垒customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exports6 invisible—无形trade in services7 board—董事会an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities ofa firm8 permanent—不变的lasting9 counterpart—副本，配对物a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function10 forum—论坛an outlet for discussion of matters of interest to a given group1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。
新编剑桥商务英语（ BEC 中级第三版） Modul e 5Module 5 第五单元5.1 The workplaceVocabularyto source art （为商务用途）选择艺术装饰品to commissi on art定制艺术品rege nerati on n.重建，再生referral推荐人expertise n.专家意见，专门技术或知识refere nee database r参考数据库premise楼宇，单位，处所direct speech直接弓I语reported speech n 间接弓I语an ecdotal thin gs轶事social norm社会规范in teractio n n.交际office decorati on 办公室装饰trade fair商品交易会exhibitor n.参展商accommodati on 住宿spon sor主办方，主办单位evening buffet 自助晚餐In ternatio nal Art Co nsulta nts 国际艺术顾问公司仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢2Seattle西雅图5.2 Participating in a meetingVocabularychairperson主席the person who is in charge of the meetingminutes 会议纪要，会议记录a written report of a meetingtake the mi nu tes作会议记录set the agenda制定议程agendathe list of point or items' to be discussed move on (to the n ext point)进入(下一点)see somebody ' s poi明t白某人的观点go along (with somebody) on the point正式用语)同意某人的某个观点head of a coin硬币的正面tail of a coin硬币的反面coun ter 筹码hold a brief meet ing 开个短会run the meeti ng 主持会议see your point明白你的观点atte nd the meet ing 参加会议set the age nda安排议程take minutes作会议纪要move on to the n ext item on the age nda 进入会议的下一议程get along with sb. on the point 同意某人的某个观点reach an agreement 达成协议仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢3give a short prese ntati on 做个简短发言sit around 无所事事，闲坐着Minu tes of a meet ingPossible an swer:Minu tes of the meeti ng to discuss pla ns for Seattle conference Participa nts: Robert Samuels on (Chair), Dahlia Zille, Hugo Sata. Date: 27th NovemberRS ope ned the meet ing and suggested that some one should arrive two daearly to set up. HS disagreed and suggested that one day wasDZ agreed to arrive on the 7DZ con firmed that she had already booked a hotel and would book the flights.RS wan ted to discuss the issue of spon sori ng an eve nt for delegates. HS suggested that a lun chtime eve nt might attract more visitors to the exhibiti on sta nd. Every one agreed and RS said he would give HS a budgetDZ raised the issue of the in correct price lists. It was agreed that RS would make new price lists and in clude some offers.仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢4。
商务英语名词解释1. Budget —预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2. Return —回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3. Portfolio —证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4. Royalty —专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5. Patent —专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.6. Non-tariff barrier —非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Franchise —经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products ina certain area.8.Purchasing power —购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.9. PPP —购买力平价purchasing power parity10. tariff —关税tax levied by the customs11.barriers to trade —贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.12.primary commodities —初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials13.drawback —退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported14.specific duties —从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods15.ad valorem duties —从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods16.carriage —运费the price or cost of transportation17.voluntary offer —主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offerer18.contracting parties —缔约方signatories of an agreement19.force majeure —[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party20.firm offer —持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer21.offeree —受要约人the party to whom an offer is made22.hyperinflation —极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control23.inflation —通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.24.protectionism —贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports25.bilateral —双边的of two sides26.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together27.creditors —债权人a person to whom one owns money28.debtor —债务人a person who owes money29.default —违约fail to carry out an obligation30.draft —汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money31.remittance —汇款the sending of money or the money sent32.drawe r —出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter33.drawee—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn34.credit-worthiness—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment35.applicant of an L/C —出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C36.beneficiary —受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export37.confirming bank —保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C38.reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent39.clean credit —光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment40.sight credit —即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft41.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer42.consignee—收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped43.shipping marks —唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation44.insurance policy —保险单a document used for covering possible risks45.title —抬头right to the possession of a position or property46.insured—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy47.premium—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract48.potential loss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur49.claim—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy50.margin —利润amount above what is estimated as necessary51.underwriter —保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business52.invoice —发票a document for the general description of the goods and the pricepensation —赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss54.pooling —联营a combination of funds formed for common advantage55.multi-modal transportation —多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air56.redeem —兑换to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock57.settlement —结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc58.exchange rate —汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency59.money circulation —货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services60.devaluation —货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies61.reserve —储备金money held aside to meet future demand62.investment —投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns63.quota —配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity64.VER —自动出口限制an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country65.intellectual property —知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copy-right66.tax holiday —免税期a period of time during which tax is not levied67.joint venture —合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms68.gilts —金边债券stocks issued by government69.cost-effective —成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure70.anti-dumping —反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured71.mandate —授权authority given to perform a duty72.contracting party —缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreement73.Visible trade有形贸易 : The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)74.Invisible trade无形贸易 : The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.75.FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.76.Portfolio investment证券投资 : Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.77.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.78.Licensing许可经营 : In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.79.Franchising特许经营 : a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.80.Franchiser特许方 : A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.81.Franchisee被特许方 : A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.82.GNP国民生产总值 : Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.83.GDP国内生产总值 : Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.84.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值 : It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.85.Income distribution收入分布 : The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.86.Free trade area自由贸易区 : The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy87.Customs union关税同盟 : The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policymon market共同市场 : The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.89.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟 : The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.90.Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部 is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .91.Home county母国 : The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.92.Host country东道国 : The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.93.Absolute advantage绝对利益 : It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)parative advantage比较利益 : Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.1..International trade国际贸易 : The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.2.Import duties进口关税 : Tariffs levied on goods entering an area3.Export duties出口关税 : Taxes levied on goods leaving an area4.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇 : A tariff treatment under whicha country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country5.Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价 : It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.6.Quotation报盘 : Estimate of how much something will cost7.Counter offer还盘: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer8.inflation : Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc9.Barter易货贸易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed ina short period of time.10.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.11.Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.12.Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each other13.Documentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.14.Documentary collection跟单托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.15.Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.ance draft远期汇票 Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.17.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange . It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.18.bill of exchange —汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment19.Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)20.applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of anL/C21.Opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.22.Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .23.Beneficiary受益人 :The exporter in whose favor the credit is opened24.Correspondent band往来行、关系行 :T he bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to it25.Advising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.26.Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.27.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.28.Negotiating bank议付行: The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it undera credit.29.The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.30.Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.31.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证 : The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.32.Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank33.Unconfirmed credit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bank34.Sight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证: The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.36.Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.37.Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证: The credit can not be transferred.38.Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.39.Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.mercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.41.Legal holder合法持有人 is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by law42.Packing list装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.43.Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.mon carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.45.Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).46.Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.47.Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).48.Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.49.Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.50.Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.51.Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price ofa foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准52.Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.53.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.54.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.55.Medial rate中间价 It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.56.SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.57.Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries. plan : 商业计划 future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market, investment, etc.59.collateral : property or an item of value acceptable as security for a loan or other obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产60.stock exchange:证券交易市场 a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.61.retail :零售the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.62.tax deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income.63.policy :保单 the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issued to the policyholder投保人 by company.64.public relations :公关 PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization and the people outside it.65.depression : a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业66.Trade deficit :贸易逆差 imports minus exports of goods and services.67.trade surplus:贸易顺差exports minus imports of goods and services.68.Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports.69.trade sanction : use of a trade policy as a sanction, most commonly an embargo禁运 imposed against a country for violating human rights.70.trade reciprocity贸易互惠 : the practice by which governments extend similar concessions 让步to each other, as when one gov’t lowers its tariffs or other barriers impeding its imports in exchange for equivalent concession from a trading partner on barriers affecting its exports.71.venture capital : Money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable. Also called risk capital风险资本：投放在富革新精神的企业或研究的资金，尤指用于高科技，其中亏损的风险和赢利的潜力可能都会很大也作 risk capital72.start-up: a biz or undertaking事业 that has recently begun operation.73.balance sheet 资产负债表, 缩写 B.S.: a financial statement that reports the assets and equities of a company at a particular time. 一个公司或机构在指定日期的资产、负债和所有者投资的列表说明74.re-capitalization资本额的调整the act or process of changing the capital structure of a company.75.stock market : a place where stocks, bonds, or other securities are bought and sold.76.cash flow : The cash receipts or net income from one or more assets for a given period, reckoned after taxes and other disbursements, and often used as a measure of corporate worth.现金流出量：在特定的一段时间内来自一项或数项财产，扣除税收和其它支付金额外所得的现金收入或净收入，常用来衡量公司的价值bor-intensive : requiring or having a large expenditure of labor in comparison to capital.78.market share : the proportion of total sales volumes of a certain market that a company captures.79.intellectual capital : assets or capital in the form of knowledge patent or technology, etc.80.publicly traded companies (PTC) : companies whose shares are traded in stock markets.81.emerging markets 新兴市场: markets which are newly formed or have just come into prominence.82.portfolio investment(有价)证券投资: investment in securities such as bonds and stocks with the aim to earn interest and dividends rather than participate in the management of companies.83.stock turnover: 库存[商品]周转率the number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restocked during a given period of time.84.lead time订货至交货的时间：the period of time between the actual ordering of parts or equipment and the delivery of them.85.dealerships ：A franchise to sell specified items in a certain area.商品代理权：在某一区域内出售某特定商品的特许权86.economic recession : An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降87.depression : A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment.88.liquidity squeeze流动性逃避: financial pressure caused by shortages of narrowing economic margins.89.reverse merger(借壳上市) ：it is a special kind of acquisition that enables a private company to get publicly-listed in a relatively short time period. a reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly-listed shell company(空壳公司)。
