来安方《新编英美概况》(最新修订版)配套题库(含考研真题)-英国第一章至第四章【圣才出品】

第2章美国的历史2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence1. The Founding of the colonies2. The Early Immigrants3. Relation between England and Colonies4. The Boston Tea Party5. The First Continental Congress6. The Second Continental Congress7. Military Struggle and Final VictoryⅡ. Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion1. America Following Independence2. The Constitutional Convention3. The American Constitution4. The Second War with England (1812)5. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)6. The Mexican War and Its Results (1846-1848)Ⅲ. The Civil War1. The Beginning of Slavery in America2. Conflicts Arising from Slavery3. Lincoln’s Death and American Concept of a Hero4. Effect of the Civil War5. Economic Development6. Progressivism7. The Federal Reserve Bank8. Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with SpainⅣ. America During and After World WarⅠ1. America Entering the War (1917)2. America after World WarⅠ3. The Great DepressionⅤ. America During and After World War Ⅱ1. Background and Outbreak of General War2. Changes of the U.S. Policy3. The Lend-Lease Bill4. America’s Entry into the War5. America after the War6. Cold War and America’s Containment7. Red Scare and the McCarthy Era8. Demand for Reform9. The Watergate Affair10. Reagan Revolution and ClintonⅠ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence (十三块英属北美殖民地和独立战争)1. The Founding of the colonies (殖民地的建立)(1)The first successful English colony in North America was planted in Virginia in 1607. Thecolonists named their new settlement Jamestown, in honor of the king.英国在北美的第一块殖民地位于弗吉尼亚州。

第2章美国的历史2.1 复习笔记I. The Thirteen English-American Coloniesand the War of Independence1. The Founding of the colonies2. The Early Immigrants3. Relation between England and Colonies4. The Boston T ea Party5. The First Continental Congress6. The Second Continental Congress7. Military Struggle and Final VictoryII. Appearance of theAmericanConstitution andTerritorial Expansion1. America Following Independence2. The Constitutional Convention3. The American Constitution4. The Second War with England (1812)5. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)6. The Mexican War and Its Results (1846 - 1848)III. The Civil War1. The Beginning of Slavery in America2. Conflicts Arising fromSlavery3. Lincoln’s Death and American Concept of a Hero4. Effect of the Civil War5. Economic Development6. Progressivism7. The Federal Reserve Bank8. Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with Spain IV. America During and After World War I1. America Entering the War (1917)2. America after World War I3. The Great DepressionV. America During and After World War II1. Background and Outbreak of General War2. Changes of the US Policy3. The Lend-Lease Bill4. America’s Entry into the War5. America after the War6. Cold War and America’s Containment7. Red Scare and the McCarthy Era8. Demand for Reform9. The Watergate Affair10. Reagan Revolution and ClintonI. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence (十三块英属北美殖民地和独立战争)1. The Founding of the colonies (殖民地的建立)(1)The first successful English colony in North America was planted in Virginia in1607. The colonists named their new settlement Jamestown, in honor of the king.英国在北美的第一块殖民地位于弗吉尼亚州。

Unit 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1. How many states are there in the Un ited States? And which two states are geographically separated from the others? (50, Alaska, Hawaii)2. What are the gen eral characters of the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachia n Mountains.1) To the west of Atla ntic coastal plain lie the Appalachia n Mountains that begi n in Can ada and reach all the way to Georgia and Alabama. These are old mountains with roun ded tops and wooded hills, usually not exceed ing 800m in height. The highest point is only 2000m above the sea. Most of the mountain ridges are low eno ugh to be easily crossed by moder n highways. The Appalachia ns have much beautiful sce nery and many tourist resorts. The Ohio and the Tenn essee Rivers flow dow n the western slopes of the Appalachia ns to the great Mississippi River, deep in the heart of America.2) To the west of the Great Plai ns lie the Rocky Mountains, “ the backb one of the continentmountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic and form what is known as Continen tal Divide, or Great Divide, the most importa nt watershed on the con ti nent. The Rockies are more tha n twice as high as the Appalachia ns and high eno ugh to receive more rain tha n the surro unding pla ins and plateaus. Con seque ntly, they are mostly forested. The strik ing and varied sce nery of the Rockies has give n rise to the establishme nt of many n atio nal parks here. The other n atural won ders in clude roam ing herds of buffalo, elk, deer, an telope and sheep, as well as the famous grizzly bear.Chapter 2 America n Populati on1. Why is the United States knownas a “ meltipgt ”？It means that the US is composed of immigra nts from differe nt n ati ons all over the world.①The people of the US are predo minan tly white.②The sec ond most nu merous min ority in the US were the black people whose forefathers came fromAfrica.③America n In dia ns were the orig inal in habita nts on the con ti nent.④There were about 50.5 millio n Hispa nics in 2010 in the US. They are the Spani sh-speak ing immigrants from Lat in America n coun tries.⑤The Chin ese America n have proved to be in dustrious and in tellige nt.2. What factors cause the America ns to move freque ntly within the Un ited States?①The desire for econo mic betterme nt is gen erally the most importa nt force in duci ng migrati on.②Geographic differe nee in econo mic opport uni ty, as reflected by such factors as differe nces inemployment opportunities a nd earning power for worker血nd differences in the availability and the price of land for farmers.③Nonecono mic factors. Such as climate, racial attitudes, and family tires, in flue ncing migrati on.3. Why do many America ns now migrate from cities to suburbs?①The widespread uses of automobiles and the con struct ion of express highways made it possible forpeople to live farther away from their jobs.②The teleph one reduced the n eed for them to work or live in close proximity to one ano ther.③Suburba n areas offered more liv ing space tha n cities, lower crime rates, less polluti on, and superiorschools. It is gen erally believed that they are better place for raisi ng childre n.Chapter 3 Discovery and Coloni zati on of the New World1. Discuss the pre-Columbia n cultures in the Americas.1) The Aztecs of Mexico2) The Incas of Peru3) The In dia ns of North America4) In dia n con tributi ons to Europea n culture: Foods, Drugs and Utilitaria n objects2. Why did the discoveries of New World before Columbus not exert great in flue nee in the world at that time?Because Europe was the n poor and politically fragme nted. It was beset by local wars and civil disorder and largely illiterate. I n short, Europe was the n in capable of resp onding to the Norse discoveries.3. Why did so many English people move to the New World in the 17 century?1) The New World was a great and rich land. In the New World there were all those resources n ecessary for agricultural and in dustrial developme nt.2) During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603), the English in growing numbers realized that the New World was their best place to make their fortun es, and to worship and live accordi ng to their beliefs.3) Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burdensome church duties, to acquire large Ian dhold ings or merely to cha nge their gen eral patter n of liv ing. Of course, material gai n was a com mon factor.4. What was the social structure of the13 coloni es?Society in the 13 colonies was like a pyramid.①The top was made up of mercha nts and Ian dlords.②The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa. And n ative In dia ns.5. Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the colonial days?As for Indians, they could not put up with slavery. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe members would fight to free him. So the colo ni alists soon gave up the attempt to use them as slave labor. I nstead they seized the land of the In dia ns and drove them away or killed them.Chapter 4 America n Revoluti on2. What happe ned on the eve ning of March 5, 1770?A clash betwee n America n colonies and British soldiers took place in Bost on.①A group of un employed laborer attacked a British sentry stati oned at the Bost on customhouse.②Whe n the British soldiers dispatched to help the sentry arrived, they met a rapidly grow ing, angry crowd.③Some one gave the comma nd for the soldiers to fire.④Three colonies were killed and several were woun ded, two of whom later died.3. How did the colonies react to the Town she nd Act?The colonies, however, still rejected the idea that the Parliament in Britain had the right to tax them without consent and reacted to these new duties by refus ing to import any of the taxed goods.4. What were the main contents of the Declaration of Independence?①The Preamble, which explains why the Declaration was issued.②A statement of principles of government to which the American people were committed③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.⑤The proclamation is that theColonies are Free and Independent States5. What was the importa nee of the victory at Saratoga?The victory and Saratoga wa a turning point f the war. It further heightened the spirit of the Americans but more importa ntly it caused action abroad t was after this battle that the French agreed to join the war against Britain Later Spa in and Holla nd joined France while nost of the other European powers formed an Armed Neutrality to protect their commerce from Britain r.' s naval poweChapter 5 the Con federati on and the Con stituti on1. What is con federati on?A con federati on is a gover nment in which the con stitue nt gover nmen ts, called states in the US, create a cen tral gover nment by con stituti onal compact but do not give it power to regulate the con duct of in dividuals.2. Compare the powers of the gover nments un der the Articles of Con federati on and the Con stituti on.3. What does the “ check and bala nee ” mean?It means that each branch of gover nmen t-executive, legislative, or judicial-must exercise disti net powers and be selected in a distinct way, and that each branch must be able to c heck and balanee” the others if one branch grew too powerful and sought to domin ate the others.4. What was the Bill of Rights?It guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from un reas on able search; and the right to the protect ion of certa in legal procedures known as the due process of law.5. What were the chief causes of the War of 1812?①The British were not rec on ciled to the loss of their thirtee n coloni es. Usi ng Can ada as the base, they always challe nged to battle with the young Republic.②This an ger reaches its peak in 1807 whe n one British warship attached and boarded in America n ship, killi ng and wounding 21me n and impress ing four sailors.③Jeffers on persuaded Con gress to pass an Embargo Act, which forbade all ships, except foreig n ones without charge, to leave America n ports.Chapter 6 America n Expa nsion and the Civil War1. What was the importa nee of the Monroe Doctri ne?The esse nee was America for America ns”,which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign police s the New world developed in the years ahead this Doctri ne became more meanin gful and was stre ngthe ned by a broader in terpretatio n to meet the n eeds of an en ergetic and ambitious Un ited States.2. What were the basic causes of the Civil War?Two differe nt social-ec ono mic systems existed side by side in the Un ited States.In the South slavery was the foun dati on of the econo mic system while in the North i ndustry and commerce were the mai n character of its economy. The swiftly grow ing in dustries in the North required the restrictio n of slavery as well as an expanding territory in order to provide capitalist production with raw materials, markets and abundant labor supply.The slave economy in the South was an obstacleto industrial growth and expansion.This economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between the North and the South.3. What was the doctrine of the popular sovereignty”？This doctrine means that the inhabitants of the new territories can decide the question of slavery for themselves. In appearanee, it seemed fair, but in actual practice, as far as slavery was concerned, the doctri ne did not work.4. How do you comme nt on the America n Civil War?The outcome of the war placed the n orther n capitalists in solid eon trol of the federal gover nment of the US capitalism .In 1865, the Thirtee nth Ame ndme nt to the US Con stituti on was adopted, which freed all slaves throughout the Un ited States.Chapter 7 Recon struct ion and the Birth of US Imperialism1. What is the 10 perce nt pla n?The pla n provided that as soon as 10 perce nt of voters in any state had take n the oath of loyalty, they could form their own gover nment and would be en titled to the recog niti on of their state by the preside nt of the Un ited States.2. Why was An drew Joh nson impeached by the House?In March 1867, Con gress passed two Acts that took away two preside ntial prerogatives: the right to remove Cabinet members and the right to remove army officers un der his comma nd.To test the eon stituti on ality of the Act, Preside nt An drew Joh nson removes Edwin M. Sta nto n, the Secretary of War, from office in 1869, who was the on ly remai ning Radical in Joh nso'Cab in et.He thus walked in to troubles with the radicals. Later the House voted to impeach the Preside nt.3. After the Recon structi on, how were the civil rights of the Blacks in the South?①Voters must be able to read and write;②Voti ng taxes were in troduced;③The whites also took steps to segregate the blacks and two separate societies emerged in the South.4. Why did the US have a rapid in dustrial growth after the Civil War?①The vast in dustrial developme nt bega n with the ope ning the West.②Speedi ng this process of western settleme nt were ths ailroads③Science and technolog/y ere also greatly marchi ng forward.④The basic industry of the nation, iron and st;ee lbo developed rapidly after the Civil War.⑤The oil industry also developed rapidly.⑥During the latter part of the 19th in dustry, industrial expansioi in America went ahead rapidly.⑦There was a clear in dicati on ofr apid concentration of capital6. What was the Open Door Policy"?。

英美概况第四版上册课后练习题含答案简介《英美概况》是一本全面介绍英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济和社会现象的教材。

第四版上册是其最新版本，为了帮助读者更好地掌握教材内容，本文主要介绍了《英美概况》第四版上册的课后练习题及其答案。

课后练习题第一章马恩列斯主义的世界影响1.为什么20世纪初期，马克思主义在俄国和中国得到了很多支持者？答案：在俄国和中国，工业化程度较低，社会阶级结构明显，人民处于经济和政治上的不利地位，马克思主义提供了一种解释和改变社会状况的思想和方法，因此在这些国家得到了很多支持者。

2.马恩列斯主义的三个基本组成部分是什么？答案：哲学、政治经济学和科学社会主义是马克思主义的三个基本组成部分。

第二章英美宪政制度的深层问题1.英美宪政制度的两个特点是什么？答案：一是权力均衡制度的实行，二是国家最高权力代表制度的实行。

2.英国议会制度的基本形式是什么？答案：英国议会制度的基本形式是下院和上院的双院制。

第三章英国的政治体系及其现状1.请简要介绍英国两大主要政党的区别。

答案：英国两大主要政党是保守党和工党。

保守党主张经济自由主义、传统价值观和强硬外交政策，工党主张社会民主主义、平等和国际主义。

2.英国各地区的议员数目是不同的，为什么？答案：英国根据各地区的人口数确定议员数目，保证各地区在议会中的代表权重相当。

第四章美国的政治体系及其现状1.美国总统、参议员和众议员的任期分别是多久？答案：美国总统任期为4年，参议员任期为6年，众议员任期为2年。

2.美国政治体系中的分权制度是什么？答案：美国政治体系中的分权制度是各州与中央政府之间权力的分立和制衡，各州政府在一定范围内有独立的权力。

结语以上是《英美概况》第四版上册的部分课后练习题及其答案。

本文仅供参考，读者们可以通过这些练习题，更好地掌握教材的内容。

第4章补充材料Ⅰ. Multiple Choice.1. Which of the following is the most famous of all British newspapers?（北二外2006研）A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. Daily T elegraphD. Daily Mirror【答案】A【解析】The Times《泰晤士报》是英国第一主流大报，是该国最具影响力的报纸。

The Guardian《卫报》。

Daily T elegraph《每日电讯报》，因其时效性而得名。

DailyMirror《每日镜报》。

2. The _____ University offers courses through one of BBC’s television channels and by radio.A. OpenB. FreeC. NationalD. Community【答案】A【解析】英国20世纪70年代初出现了以广播、电视、函授与暑期学校相结合的成人高等教育机构。

开放大学采用多种远距离教学法，几乎每门课程都通过广播和电视播放，其中包括BBC在内的众多知名媒体机构。

3. The oldest national newspaper in the world is _____.A. the TimesB. the Financial TimesC. the Washington PostD. the Observer【答案】D【解析】《观察家报》（the Observer）创办于1791年，是世界历史上最悠久的全国性报纸。

4. Which of the following statements about the BBC is not true?（北京交大2003研）A. The BBC puts out both radio broadcasting services and TV programs.B. There is no advertising on any of the BBC programs.C. The BBC is financed by private funds.D. The BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide, using more than 30 languages.【答案】C【解析】BBC英国广播公司除了经营广播节目之外，还经营电视节目；所有节目中都不插播任何广告；资金来自用户的接收费；以30多种语言做全球广播。

最新英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分）英美概况考试重点复习材料（英国部分）Chapter 1 第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大的一个) 和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

来安⽅《新编英美概况》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解-美国第⼀章⾄第四章【圣才出品】第2卷（美国）第1章总括1.1复习笔记Ⅰ.The United States and the Americans,Size and Positionernment Principles and System3.The Federal Government4.State Governments5.Local Governments6.Population7.The Melting Pot8.Distribution of People9.Class StructureⅡ.Geographical Features,Climate and Natural Resources1.The Atlantic Seacoast and the Appalachian Mountains2.The Great Mississippi River Basin3.The Rockies west to the Pacific Ocean4.Climate and Weather5.Rivers and Lakes6.Forests7.Mineral Resources8.New ProblemsⅢ.National Economy and Cities1.General Introduction2.The Market Sector3.The Corporate Sector4.The Public Sector5.Economic and Trade Relations with China6.Industry and Cities7.Agriculture and Husbandry8.Transportation and Communication9.Current ProblemsⅠ.The United States and the Americans(美国和美国⼈),Size and Position(名称，⼤⼩和位置)(1)Full Name(全称)The United States of America美利坚合众国(2)Size(国⼟⼤⼩)The total area of America is some9.4million square kilometers,which makes it the fourth largest country in the world.美国的总⾯积约9400000平⽅公⾥，是世界第四⼤国。

Chapter1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1.In area, the United States is the 4th largest country in the world.2.The Midwest in the US refers to the region around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley.3.The Backbone of North America refers to the Rocky Mountains4.Death Valley is on the western edge of the Great Basin.5.The Great Plains might have a dust storm in summer.6.The western part of Washington State has the highest rainfall in the US.7.The US primary suppliers of foreign oil are the following countries except Japan8.The US largest open-pit copper-mining center is in Utah.1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Guff of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.2. The large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. the Atlantic seacoast west to the AppalachiansB. the Mississippi River BasinC. the Rockies west to the Pacific3. The Middle Atlantic States are the most densely populated region in the US, where the land is flat and fertile.4. The Central Valley of California is a highly productive area, which produced enormous amounts of fruits and vegetables.5. Most production of oil and natural gas in the US comes from offshore areas of Louisiana and Texas, and from onshore areas of Texas, Oklahoma and California. Her big consumption of energy now has made America insufficient in oil supply. The US reliance of foreign oil has reminded consistently in the 40% ranges.6. The United States has little trouble caused by the shortage of fresh water. Farmlands in the US making up about 12% of the arable lands in the world, and they are among the richest and most productive.Chapter 2 American Population1.The over 3 million of early Americans in 1790 were mostly of British ancestry.2.About 700,000 immigrants were legally received by the US each year during the 1980s.3.The official racial segregation continued to be the law of the US until 1954.4.American Indians now mainly live in the South.5.The majority of American Hispanics are from the following countries except Spain.6.The West now leads in percentage increase in population.7.According to the 1994 US census, the second most populous state in the US is Taxes.8.The trend in migration from cities to suburbs now prevailed in all regions except the South.1.The United States is the third most populous nation in the world.2.Prior to 1875 anyone from any country could enter the US freely and take up permanent residence there. Later the US Congress passed laws restricting immigration on the basis of morality, race, and national origin. The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act reaffirmed national origin as the chief criterion for eligibility and established a preferential system for skilled workers and for relatives of the US citizens. For many years the US restricted to total number of immigrants to 270,000 each year, although the real immigrants numbered much greater than the limit. The 1990 Immigration Act limits the total number of immigrants to 700,000 from 1992 to 1995 and 675,000 thereafter.3.The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon[ after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally freed in1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the South, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line.4.The Chinese-Americans have proved to be industrious and intelligent. They are now viewed as a “model minority” in the US. According to the 2010 US census, there were about 3.8 million Chinese-Americans living in the US. The figure was more than twice what it was in 1990.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1. The ancestors of the present American Indians came from Asia.2.“The ambition for the vast lands”is not correct to explain the reasons for the sudden daring exploration of the unknown in the mid-15th century.3. On his voyage of 1492, Columbus expected to reach India.4. Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India.5. John Cabot was sent by the English King to explore the new way to the east.6. New York was not founded first by the English.7. The breadbasket colonies include the following ones except Virginia. (New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland)8. The last one of the 13 colonies was Georgia, which was established in 1733.1. In 1488 Bartholomew Diaz, sailing under the Portuguese flag, went to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern Africa. In 1492 Christopher Columbus, financed by rulers of Spain sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the islands of the Caribbean. He was convinced that he had found the continent of Asia.2. The South Africa was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci who showed the land he arrived in was a new continent. Before long the land was named America after his name.3. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607. In 1620, Pilgrims and others arrived in Plymouth, Massach usetts. They drew up “Mayflower Compact”4. By 1775, the 13 colonies in North America could be classified as the following three kinds. Specify how the governors were chosen in each.a. Royal: appointed by the English Kingb. Proprietary: chosen by proprietorsc. Self-governing: elected by residents5. Because the New England colonies were difficult of farming, they become a center for fishing and shipbuilding. The middle colonies were known as the breadbasket, which produced wheat and potatoes as the major staple. The southern colonies developed a plantation system. The main crop in the South was tobacco. Much later, cotton became important crop.Chapter 4 American Revolution1. There was a great change in policy towards the 13 colonies after 1763.2. The Stamp Act of 1765 first set a large scale of opposition in the colonies.3. The Tea Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament in order to help the British East India Company.4. The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies except Georgia.5. The first shot of the American War of Independence was fired in Lexington.6. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urged the American colonists to declare their in dependence.7. The principal author of the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson.8. The victory at Saratoga was considered as the turning point of the War of Independence.1. During the colonial days the English ruling class did everything they could to control the development of the colonial economy. The colonies in North America were supposed to complement and not compete with English industry.2. Within the five years from 1763 to 1767 after the war with France, the British government adopted several measures to extract more money from colonies. The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, for example, laid taxes on certain imports and numerous articles in America to help pay for the costs of British government in the colonies.3. The Sons of Liberty was formed in 1765 to organize the opposition to the Stamp Act. They favored to take violent action to the stamp collectors.4. The first Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in Sep.1774. The majority of the representatives still favor to take peaceful means to settle the quarrel with the British. They agreed to refuse to buy English goods, hoping in this way to force the British government to give in to their demands. This united action could be called boycott.5. The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776. Karl Marx once called it “the first declaration of the rights of the individual”.6. The American War of Independence lasted 7 years. The fighting was actually ended in 1781, but the final treaty between Britain and the United States was signed in Paris in 1783. The boundaries of the United States were fixed roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River on the west and from the Great Lakes on the north to Spanish Florida on the south. The direct social change brought about by the American Revolution was the emancipation of slaves who fought against the British.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. The confederation created in 1781 was a very loose union of states.2. James Madison was called the Father of the US Constitution.3. The Constitution was frames on the following ideals except that the new government should impose its authority on the people through states.4. Those who supported the Constitution and preferred a strong national government were called Federalists.5. Nine States were needed to ratify the Constitution.6. “They spell out the people’s right” is incorrect to comment on the Federalist Papers.7. The amendment of the Constitution requires the approval of at least three-fourths of the states.8. When the Second War of Independence broke out in 1812, the US president was James Madison.1. Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce and to tax their citizens.2. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787. Fifty-five delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the opening session. The president of the convention was George Washington.3. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and preferred a more decentralized federal system of government.4. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in 1788. The first Vice-President was John Adams, and the first Secretary of Treasury was Alexander Hamilton, and the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson.5. the most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase, which was about 828,000 square miles. This Purchase doubled the area of the then United States.6. The War of 1812 is also called the Second War of Independence. This war lasted three years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And it was after this war that the US was able to make the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. The Monroe Doctrine had the following features or ideas except Latin America for Europeans.2. The US continental expansion was almost complete by 1848.3. Cotton became the most profitable crop in the South mainly because of the Whitney’s cotton gin.4. In 1854, the Republican Party was founded by some abolitionists.5. In his inaugural address in 1861, Lincoln showed clearly that he would not abolish slavery immediately but to preserve the Union.6. “It immediately freed all slaves living in the United States” about the Emancipation Proclamation is not accurate.7. the most important advantage the North had over the South in the Civil War was its industrial superiority.8. An advantage the South had over the North was its superior military leadership.1. The essence of the Monroe Doctrine was “America for Americans” which later became the cornerstone of the US foreign policy.2. The US expansion to the west may be treated in three stages;A. the settlement of the region between seaboard states and the Mississippi RiverB. the settlement of the Louisiana Territoryc. the occupation of the far Southwest.3. The great majority of dwellers in Louisiana Territory were the descendants of the French pioneers. They settled mainly in two cities: St. Louis and New Orleans.4. Oregon Territory was settled between Britain and the United States in 1846. Its boundary on the north was fixed at the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude.5. Under Missouri Compromise, Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state. In addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line36°30’ parallel.6. In 1862, the federal government took two revolutionary measures: (1) Homestead Act and (2) Emancipation proclamation.7. In July 1863 came the turning point of the war at Gettysburg. Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E. Lee was defeated. The battlefield was made a national cemetery, where Lincoln gave his famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, on November 19, 1863.8. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. The first US president who faced impeachment proceedings was Andrew Johnson.2. The radical Reconstruction was ended under the President Rutherford B. Hays3. Gold was discovered in California in 1848.4. The first transcontinental railroad in the US was completed in 1869.5. Telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander D. Bell.6. The value of manufactured goods in the US was worth twice as that of her agricultural products by 1900.7. The first imperialist war, the US—Spanish War, broke out in 1898.8. After the US—Spanish War, the US acquired all the following areas except Cuba (Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines)1. The Reconstruction Acts divided all the former Confederate states, except Tennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.2. During the Reconstruction period many Northerners moved to the south .Whatever their motives, these Northerners came to be called carpetbaggers because they were said to have brought all their belongings to the South in a small, cheap suitcase made out of a carpet like material.3. During the Reconstruction the Southern whites who supported the radical reconstruction and joined the Republican Party were called scalawags. They were considered as traitors by the Southern Democrats.4. The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret society for restoring white supremacy and driving blacks out of politics.5. During Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency the US got control of Panama Canal.Chapter 8 World War I and the Depression1. By the beginning of the 20th century the country that took the first place in economy in Europe was Germany.2. When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observe strict neutrality.3. The US joined the First World War in 1917.4. Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not include the point of creation of an international peacekeeping force.5. “Only the rich could afford new consumer goods” about the US in 1920s is not true.6. In responding to the Depression, President Hoover thought that the basic role of the Government was to “create conditions favorable to the development of private enterprises”.7. The agricultural Adjustment Act was an attempt to deal with the farmers’ problem of overproduction.8. “It reduced the commodity prices by limiting production and devaluing the dollar” is not right to comment on the New Deal.1. The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers: the Allies and the Central European Power.2. The direct cause that made the US declare war on Germany in 1917was the Germany’s unlimited campaign.3. The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was the formation of the League of Nations.4. The United States didn’t join the League of Nations because t he US Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles.5. Three major treaties were concluded at the Washington Conference:(1) The Four-Power Treaty, respecting the status quo in the Pacific.(2) The Five-Power Treaty, on naval arms apportionment.(3) The Nine-Power Treaty, guaranteeing the independence and integrity of China in appearance, but actually a public international affirmation of the Open Door policy.6. The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted in 1920, which granted women the right to vote.7. The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the Stock Market in New York in October, 1929. This economic distress extended to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.Chapter 9 American During and After World War II1. Between 1935 and 1939, American foreign policy included all of the following except active intervention to prevent aggression.2. The US formally entered the Second World War in 1941.3. Normandy Landing took place on June 6, 1944.4. At Yalta Conference, in Feb. 1945 did Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to call a conference of all the United Nations in San Francisco in April 1945.5. The post-World War II program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.6. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.7. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to Vietnam under the President Lyndon B. Johnson.8. The formal diplomatic relation at the ambassadorial rank between China and the US was established under the President Carter.1. The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens to sell certain no prohibited goods to belligerent nations as long as thosegoods were not transported on American ships.2. Lend-Lease Act enabled any country whose defense the President considered vital to that of the US to receive arms and other equipment and supplies by sale, transfer, exchange, or lease. F.D. Roosevelt explained the Act would make the US the arsenal of world democracy.3. Civil rights involve government protection of individuals against discrimination based on their race,religion nation origin, gender, age, and other factors. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was honored for his effort to fight discrimination. In 1964, he won the Nobel Prize for peace.4. Star Wars program was proposed by President Reagan in 1983. The program seeks to construct a defensive “shield” against incoming missiles. The shield would be made of laser and electronic devices that would destroy such missiles launched to attack the US.5. In 1990, President Bush ordered Operation Desert Storm to punish Iraq, more than 200000 US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia, and the US navy blocked all oil exports from Iraq and all imports except food.6. Under Clinton, the US enjoyed an economic growth for nine consecutive years. This phenomenon, hardly seen before, has been termed the “new economy” by some. The fundamental reason for it is that American economic structure went through essential changes because of the promotion of scientific and technological progress.Chapter 10 the Federal System and Congress1. The power of the state in the US is actually from both B and C. (the state constitution, the US Constitution)2. The supreme law of the United States includes all the above three.3. The terms of the senator and representative are six and two years respectively.4.”The 17th Amendment (1913)” provided for the direct election of senators.5. Certain presidential appointments must be approved by a majority vote in the Senate.6. All revenue or tax bills must be originated in the House.7. The Speaker of the House is second in line in presidential succession.8. In the House, the power to decide when the full House will hear the bill is vested in the Rules Committee.1. Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the central government and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the states. Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence.2. Separation of powers in the United States means not only allocating legislative power to Congress, executive power to President and judicial power to the Supreme Court, but also giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others.3. According to the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives must be25years old and must have been citizens for 7 years. Senators must be at least 30 and must have been citizens for 9 years.4. The Vice President is officially the presiding officer and is called the president of the Senate. In fact he seldom appears in the Senate chamber in this role unless it appears that there might be tie vote in the Senate. In such instances, he casts the tiebreaking vote. To deal with day-to-day business, the Senate chooses the president pro tempore.5. A senator who wants to delay action on a bill or kill it altogether may use a tactic called a filibuster. It can be cut off only through cloture.6. Lobbying i s part of the citizen’s right to petition government in the US. Now there are thousands of lobbyists in Washington D.C. Their influence in making the US policy is so great that some people call them “the third house”.Chapter 11 The President and the Judiciary1. The 22nd Amendment in following limits the President to two successive terms only.2. The American President has all the following powers except declaring war on another country.3. The president’s major appointments should be approved by the Senate.4. “It requires the approval of Congress” is not correct to explain the executive agreement.5. The President’s veto can be overridden by two-third votes in both houses.6. The federal courts that regularly employ grand and petit juries are the district courts.7. The highest authority of the Supreme Court is to interpret the US constitution.8. The case involving copyright, trademark, counterfeiting, and bank robbery are usually first tried in the federal district courts.1.By law any natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years of age and of being a resident within the United States for 14years can run for the President. The duly elected and duly qualified president-elect takes office on the20th of January following his election.2.The war powers resolution (1973) requires the President to consult congress and withdraw troops after sixty days unless Congress specifically approves the continued deployment of troops.3.A federal law gave President an item veto in 1996, which is an authority to reject specific sections of a bill without having to veto the entire bill.4.The Supreme Court has the power to examine the bills passed by Congress and policies made by President, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them. John Marshall, the most famous chief justice in American history called this power of interpretation judicial review5.There are three federal court levels: 1) the district courts 2) the courts of appeal 3) the Supreme Court. All the judges of federal courts are appointed by President with the consent of the Senate. The state court system also has a hierarchy of three levels: 1) superior courts, 2) appellate courts, 3) a state supreme court. The state court judges are usually elected. The term of the country court judges is usually four years. And the judges in higher state courts usually sever eight or twelve years for one termChapter 12 Political Parties and Elections1. The emblem of the Democratic Party is donkey.2. The first Democratic President was Thomas Jefferson.3. The first Republican President was Abraham Lincoln.4. The only Democratic President who served two separate terms between the end of Civil War and 1912 was Grover Cleveland.5. The presidential candidate of the major party is nominated at the national convention.6. In the presidential election year the American voters vote on the Tues, after the 1st Mon.7. The number of the presidential electors in each state is equal to the number of its senators and Representatives.8. The American President is actually elected by presidential electors.1. Two factions emerged during the ratification of the US Constitution. One group was called Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton. They favored business development, a strong national government, and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Another group led by Thomas Jefferson was called Democratic-Republicans. They called for a society based on small farms, a relatively weak central government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. The roots of today’s Republican Party lie in the Federalists, while the Democrats can trace their beginnings back to Antifederalists or Democratic-Republicans.2. In general, Democrats traditionally have supported workers and minorities, while the Republicans are known for known for their support of business and conservative positions on social issues.3. Before 1971 the only state that gave 18-year-old the right to vote was Georgia; all other states set the age at 21. In 1971 the 26th Amendment to the Constitution lowered the voting age to 18.4. The voting percentage now is very low in the United States. In general older people with more education and high income tend to vote, while the youth, especially aged 18 to 21, has the lowest voting percentage in the Unites States.5. The c andidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes. This is known as the “winner-take-all” principle. The candidate who wins the majority of the 538 Electoral College votes will be the US President in the next four years.。