addition and omission

C-E translation: techniques & skillsaoslix@School of Foreign LanguagesOmission of wordContentsOne-one equivalenceAddition of wordcombination1234•原文“假朋友”☹正确译文☺白菜White cabbage 密码Secret code 手机Hand phone 早恋Early love买一赠一Buy one,present one 长镜头Long lens 隐形眼镜Invisible glassesFalse friend: word-for-word translationChinese cabbage passwordMobile phone Puppy love Buy one, get one free Zoom lensContact glasses•原文“假朋友”☹正确译文☺绿豆Green bean 卧室Living room 食言Eat one’s words 酸奶Sour milk戴绿帽子To wear a green bonnet 黄色书籍Yellow book 高等学校High schoolFalse friend: conceptual –referential meaningMung bean bedroom Break a promise yoghurt To cuckold sb.Pornography book Higher school•原文“假朋友”☹正确译文☺农民peasant宣传propaganda物美价廉Cheap and good他红光满面His face is very red.他是个“气管炎”He suffers fromtracheitis.False friend: language differencefarmerPopularize/publicityEconomical and goodHe looks healthy andenergetic.He is a hen-pecked man.•原文“假朋友”☹正确译文☺假花False flower 假唱False singing 假钞False money 假酒False wine 假新闻False news 恶性循环Harmful circle 恶性肿瘤Harmful tumorFalse friend: collocationArtificial flower Lip synch Counterfeit money Adulterate winePseudo-news Vicious circle Malignant tumor•你们偶然看见一棵花生瑟缩地长在地上，不能立刻辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接触它才能知道。

摘要随着信息技术的飞速发展，在线教学改变了单一传统的面授教学模式，突破了时间空间限制，为学生提供了多样化的学习方式。

它对于提高教学效率，扩大教学规模以及解决师资不足等问题有着极其重要的意义。

尤其在今年疫情出现的当下，在线教学更是功不可没。

本次翻译实践文本选自《评估在线教学——寻找最佳案例》一书。

此书属于教学参考类资料，根据文本类型可被划分为信息型文本，主要介绍了在线教学所面临的挑战，并对如何评估在线教学给出了不少指导和建议。

本翻译实践报告从词语、句子两个层面展开，结合英汉语言差异和原文文本特点论述了翻译过程中所遇到的疑点、难点以及相应的翻译策略。

在词语层面，笔者采用转译法将英文中的静态词转化为汉语中的动态词，使译文通顺自然更符合汉语用词特点；通过增词法适当增补原文中的隐含成分来准确地传达原文信息；对于多义词根据上下文语境合理选择词义，适当进行词义引申，由此更准确地表达原文内涵；同时也运用增词法以及减词法让译文表达更清晰合理；在句子层面，笔者针对原文结构复杂的文本特征，对其中的长句多采用了拆译法，使译文符合汉语多小句的句法特征，提高译文的流畅性与可读性；对原文中的诸多被动句，则采用语态转化法，翻译成更符合汉语表达习惯的主动句；对于英语中语义中心前置的复杂句，则采用倒序法，使译文符合汉语语义重心置后的句法特点；对前后衔接，逻辑联系紧密的句子则是采用合译法，力求译文自然简练，一气呵成。

关键词：在线教学；翻译策略和技巧；信息类文本AbstractWith the rapid development of information technology, online teaching is changing the traditional face-to-face teaching mode. It breaks through the time and space constraints, and provides students with a different way of learning. It is very helpful to improve the teaching efficiency, to expand the teaching scale, and to solve the problem of insufficiency for teaching resources. In the current epidemic situation, online teaching is especially of great significance.This translation material is selected from the book Evaluating Online Teaching: Implementing Best Practices, which can be classified as the type of informative text. It mainly introduces the challenges faced by online teaching and gives guidance and suggestions on how to evaluate online teaching. Based on the differences between English and Chinese as well as the features of the source text, this report discusses the translation difficulties encountered in the translation process and the translation strategies used in both lexical level and syntactical level. At the word level, English static words are transformed into Chinese dynamic words to achieve smooth and natural target texts. As for the implied word meanings of the source text, the amplification method is used to appropriately supplement words. As for the polysemous words, the context-oriented method is applied to get the accurate meanings of the words in the source text. Meanwhile, the addition and omission method are adopted to make the translation clearer and more reasonable. At the sentence level, the splitting method is used to translate the long sentences of the source text in order to make the translation conform to the syntactic features of Chinese language. Many passive sentences have been rendered into Chinese active sentences. And the complex sentences with the semantic center at the head are frequently split into short sentences, moving the focus to the end. As for the sentences with close logical connections, the combination method is used to make the translation concise.Key words:Online teaching; Translation methods; Informative textContents Acknowledgments (I)摘要 (II)Abstract (III)Chapter One Task Description (1)1.1 About the Authors (1)1.2 Introduction to the Source Text (2)1.3 Significance of the Task (3)Chapter Two Process Description (4)2.1 Pre-Translation Preparation (4)2.1.1 Theoretical Foundation (4)2.1.2 Background Knowledge Accumulation (7)2.1.3 Pedagogical Terms (7)2.2 While-Translation Process (8)2.3 Post-Translation (8)Chapter Three T ext Analysis and Translation Difficulties (9)3.1 Lexical Level (9)3.2 Syntactical Level (11)Chapter Four Case Study (13)4.1 Word Translation (13)4.1.1 Conversion (13)4.1.2 Omission (16)4.1.3 Addition (19)4.1.4 Diction (20)4.2 Sentence Translation (24)4.2.1 Division (24)4.2.2 V oice Transformation (27)4.2.3 Inversion (30)4.2.4 Combination (33)Chapter Five Conclusion (35)5.1 Experience Acquired (35)5.2 Limitations (36)Bibliography (37)Appendix I Terminologies（术语表） (39)Appendix II Source Text and Target Text（原文及译文） (41)Chapter One Task DescriptionIn this chapter, the translator will introduce the authors of the book and the source text, and the significance of the translation task will also be mentioned in this chapter.1.1 About the AuthorsThomas J. Tobin is the coordinator of learning technologies in the Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL) at Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago, Illinois. In the field of online-teaching evaluation, he is best known for his work on administrative-evaluation practices and policy development; his article on “Best Practices for Administrative Evaluation of Online Faculty” (2004) is considered as a seminal work in the field and has been cited in more than 150 publications. Since the advent of online courses in higher education in the late 1990s, Tom’s work has focused on using technology to extend the reach of higher education beyond its traditional audience. He advocates for the educational rights of people with disabilities and people from disadvantaged backgrounds.B. Jean Mandernach is a research professor and the director of the Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching (CIRT) at Grand Canyon University in Phoenix, Arizona. Jean created a standard format for student evaluation of online teaching practices, starting with her time at Park University. Jean’s research focuses on enhancing student learning through innovative online instructional strategies, integration of emergent technology, and evaluation of online teaching. As the director of the teaching and learning center, Jean’s scholarly and professional work is dedicated to fostering effective, innovative, scholarly teaching. In addition to her mentoring activities, Jean publishes research examining online assessment, perception of online degrees, integration of emerging technologies in the online classroom, and the development of effective faculty evaluation models.Ann H. Taylor is the director of the John A. Dutton e-Education Institute at the Pennsylvania State University and is a leader in the development of faculty peerevaluations for online teaching. Annie has worked in the field of distance education since 1991, focusing on learning design and faculty development. As the director of an institute that focuses on learning design for distance education, Annie guides her college’s strategic vision and planning for online learning. She works with a variety of stakeholders to plan and implement online degree and certificate programs tailored to the needs of working adult professionals. Annie serves on numerous Penn State committees focused on strategic planning, policies, and procedures related to the university’s distance learning initiatives, and she has been an active member of the university faculty senate since 2007.1.2 Introduction to the Source TextConsidering the prevailing trend for online teaching at home and abroad, the book Evaluating Online Teaching: Implementing Best Practices is a good reference book to give some guidance to teachers who have the demand in learning some knowledge and basic techniques about online teaching and improving teaching skills. It also provides great assistance to the teaching institutions to acquire some strategies on how to evaluate online teaching. This book can help us to have a clear and comprehensive overview of the basic information and core elements about online teaching. Meanwhile the book also emphasizes the differences between the traditional face-to-face teaching and online teaching.As regards to language style, the information is loaded in the text with objectivity, thus it can be classified as the type of informative text. The translator chose Part I with two chapters as her translation material. The first chapter of the book focuses on the planning work for online teaching evaluation which contains five sections, and the content in this chapter is mainly about the challenges about online teaching evaluation. In chapter two, it introduces the context for evaluating online teaching. The two chapters play an important role on evaluating online teaching and lay a solid foundation for the following analysis towards implementing best practices in online teaching.1.3 Significance of the TaskWith the continuous progress of the Internet and the further development of online teaching, the development of modern online education has become a global trend. In order to solve the shortage of educational resources and realize the sharing of resources, the governments of many countries have taken the development of modern online education as an important educational means and development direction. Since the traditional education is limited by space and time, online education has a very broad prospects in China. Now more and more colleges and universities set up quality online courses, so that more learners can get access to education. In today's society, competition is fierce, thus we should establish the concept of lifelong learning. There is no doubt that online education is a good way to acquire knowledge. With the development of new technology and new media, online education has developed a lot. How to evaluate online teaching has become a big problem. Nowadays online teaching has become a general trend. Therefore, the translation of the book not only can give enlightenment to educators, but also has great significance for the improvement of online teaching since there is no previous Chinese translation of the source text by now.Chapter Two Process DescriptionChapter two mainly introduces the pre-translation preparation, while-translation process and post-translation. The details will be introduced in the following part.2.1 Pre-Translation PreparationIn December, the project has been allocated to team members with different chapters. The translator’s translation task contains two chapters. After the task has been specified, the author have been engaged in its preparation for translation by searching parallel texts and related background information. During the process of pre-translation preparation, the translator should firstly read the source text to get a basic understanding. Then it is significant to collect pertinent background information and parallel texts about education. Meanwhile the translator should search for the latest information towards online teaching. In order to improve translation, the translator followed the above steps and read some books about translation theory as the theoretical foundation. In addition, online dictionaries and related websites provide great assistance for the translator in searching for some professional terms and specific background information.2.1.1 Theoretical Foundation2.1.1.1 Text Type Theory and Communicative TranslationPeter Newmark is a renowned translator and translation theorist in UK. He believes that text is the basis of translation, and translation methods adopted by translators should be selected according to different types of texts. Buhler thought language has three main functions: expressive function, informative function and appellative function. On the basis of the theory of language function put forward by Buhler, Newmark put forward the theory of text type, which divides the text into three main types, namely, expressive text, informative text and vocative text. The expressive text expresses the author’s views, opinions, attitudes, emotions, etc. This kind of textrequires the translator to be faithful to the original author's thoughts and keep the language form and characteristics of the source text. Typical expressive text includes: (1) literary works, namely lyric poems, short stories, novels and plays; (2) authoritative speeches, such as political speeches and documents of political figures, laws and regulations; (3) biographies, essays and letters (Newmark, 2001a: 39).Based on different text types, Newmark proposed the concepts of semantic translation and communicative translation. In Approaches to translation, Newmark pointed that semantic translation is to make the translation conform to the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language; while communicative translation requires the translator to ensure that the influence of the target text on the target readers is as close as possible to that of the original one. In communicative translation, “information” is the most significant, and the translator needs to guide the readers to think, feel or act through the translation. Communicative translation requires the translator to ensure that the impact of the translation on the target readership is as close as possible to the impact of the source text on its target readership. Communicative translation aims at achieving one function and completing one task, while semantic translation covers a wider and more general scope, focusing on the author, rather than on a specific readership (Newmark, 2001b: 48). In the theory, semantic translation requires retaining the linguistic features and expressions of the source text, while communicative translation requires the target text to be as easy to understand as possible (Newmark, 2001b: 39). In a word, in semantic translation, the language features and forms of the source text should be well-preserved; however, the language features and forms of the source text can be sacrificed to some extent in communicative translation. In communicative translation, the translator can make adjustment to the original content according to the language habit of the target language, so as to make the logic clearer and the translation more coherent (Newmark, 2001b: 42). According to Newmark, semantic translation is suitable for the translation of expressive texts, while communicative translation is suitable for the translation of informative texts and vocative texts (Newmark, 2001a: 47). In translation, the method is used according to the dominant function of the text. Based on the theory of text type and communicative translation, the selected book is ateaching reference book which typically belongs to informative text, therefore communicative translation is adopted as a guide during the translation process.2.1.1.2 Functional Equivalence TheoryIn Language, culture and translating, Nida points out “functional equivalence” is divided into categories on two levels: the minimal level and the maximal level. The minimal level of “functional equivalence” is defined as “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”, the maximal level is stated as “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in the same manner as the original readers did.” (Nida, 1993:124) For Nida, good translations always lie somewhere between the two levels. Apparently, “functional equivalence” is a flexible concept with different degrees of adequacy. In Nida’ s theory, “functional equivalence” is defined with “receptors’ response” as its nature. Unlike traditional translation theories, which focus on verbal comparison between the source text and its translation, Nida’s concept of translating shifts from “the form of the message” to “the response of the receptor”. Thus, the importance of receptors’ role in translating is emphasized. Therefore, the critic should judge a translation not by verbal correspondence between the two texts in question, but by observing how the receptor reacts to it. As the source text belongs to informative text, the main purpose of the translation is to convey information to the target readers. The functional equivalence theory is helpful in improving the translation so as to make the translation conform to the reading habits of the target readers and help them understand the source text in a better way.The theories mentioned above play a guide role in the translation process which is of great significance.2.1.2 Background Knowledge AccumulationIn order to improve the understanding towards the source text and make the translation accurate and fluent, the translator must acquire background knowledge about education and online teaching. In order to realize this, the translator has read some teaching books such as A Comparative Study on the Online Courses of Universities in China and America in the Perspective of Knowledge Transformation, as well as some articles on the journal China Journal of Multimedia & Network Teaching and relevant journals form CNKI. The parallel texts offered great help to the translator, for example, the translation of some pedagogical terminologies and sentence patterns in A Comparative Study on the Online Courses of Universities in China and America in the Perspective of Knowledge Transformation are similar to the source text which are helpful to correct some confusing part in my translation. In addition, the general language style of the parallel texts is objective which help the translator to have a basic grasp of objectivity and utilize it in her translation practice. Meanwhile the translator also searched information on the Internet in order to precisely translate some idioms and terminologies, for instance, the meaning of LMS refers to “学习管理系统” and “one-size-fits-all” refers to “放之四海而皆准”. All of the books and articles play critical roles in equipping the translator with the background information to achieve a better translation. Besides, due to the differences between Chinese and English, a translator must have a mastery of translation techniques required to deal with the difficulties occurred in translation process. The translator has read books which are related to translation techniques like A Practical Course in English-Chinese Translation, The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods. The translator has acquired some essential expertise through reading these books which are of great significance in dealing with translation difficulties during the translating process.2.1.3 Pedagogical TermsSince the text selected from the book Evaluating Online Teaching: Implementing Best Practices belongs to informative text and can be classified as teaching reference material for its specific content. Therefore, there are a large number of pedagogicalterms and related expressions in the book, which requires the author to make full use of paper dictionaries, online dictionaries, as well as all kinds of related books, electronic journals and websites in the preparation stage. For instance, “contingent faculty” refers to “临聘教师”, “K-12 educators” refers to “基础教育工作者”, “formative evaluation” refers to “形成性评估”. The accumulation of the terminologies is listed in the appendix.2.2 While-Translation ProcessThe translator has dealt with the first version under the guidance of Nida’s theory of functional equivalence from 2019. At the same time, the author concluded some problems occurred in the translation process. There are some obstacles appeared in the translation process, including lexical difficulties and syntactical difficulties. The translator used machine translation tools like Collins Dictionary, Linguee, Google and Youdao. To solve these translation difficulties, the translator adopted some translation techniques under the guidance of the theory of functional equivalence and the theory of communicative translation. Meanwhile, the source text belongs to the informative text according to Newmark’s Text Type Theory, therefore the language should be objective. In the translation process, the translator adopted diverse translation strategies in lexical level, such as conversion, addition, omission, diction and the translation methods like division, voice transformation, inversion and combination so as to overcome the obstacles encountered in the translation.2.3 Post-TranslationIn this stage, the main task is the quality control of translation. The translator carried out proof-reading to revise the translation and correct mistakes so as to make the translation clear and fluent. In the proof-reading process, the translator first checks the translation and deals with some obvious problems in semantic selection and logical order. Then, in the process of group members’ mutual inspection, the translated version is sent to my fellows to search for integration in terms of terminology and some minor errors to ensure the accuracy and consistency of the text. Besides, the mistakes about punctuation marks and numbers have also been fully corrected in this stage. After a series of Corrigendum, the translator presented it to her supervisor for furthersuggestions and revision.Chapter Three Text Analysis and Translation Difficulties In this chapter, the translator firstly analyzed the source text in terms of the lexical level and syntactical level. The basic characteristic of the source text is shown in this part, and the translation difficulties she encountered in the translation process will also be mentioned. First, translation difficulties such as the translation of technical terms and polysemous words as well as long and complex sentences are very common in the translation of the source text. To solve these difficulties, the translator adopted Peter Newmark’s Text Type Theory, Communicative Translation Theory and Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory as the guide in her translation process. The analysis consists of two layers on the features of the text type, features and difficulties on lexical, syntactic level.3.1 Lexical LevelIn terms of lexical level, polysemous words and terminology are the most prominent difficulties in the translation process. To overcome the obstacles and achieve fluency in translation, the target text must be logical and precise. During the translation process, I found that it is difficult to select the proper meaning of the polysemous words in the source text. As for dealing with the difficulty of polysemous words, to select the precise meaning of English words under the specified context is of great significance for the translator.Here are two examples shown as follows:ST:However, online teaching offers a way to move beyond the formal evaluations that are typically conducted for reasons of hiring, continuance, promotion, and tenure.TT:然而，在线教学提供了一种超越正式评估的方式，而正式评估通常是为了招聘、续聘、晋升和长聘而进行的。

On Translation of Idioms in Chinese and English from CulturalPerspectiveIntroductionIdioms are the essence of language, which have strong national colors and distinctive cultural connotation. Both in Chinese and English, there are various idioms. The differences are significant. The main reason is that the idioms are culture-loaded. Language is a great part of culture, and idioms are considered as the cream of a language. Therefore, culture is fully reflected in the images and emotions of idioms. Hence, it is necessary to have a comparative study of English and Chinese idioms from the perspective of cultural sources. When exploring English and Chinese idioms,one should pay attention to the cultural background of idioms. In this paper, the author will make an analysis of cultural resources between English idioms and Chinese idioms. Besides, this paper discussed the translation methods such as the literal translation, liberal or free translation, the method of borrowing, literal translation plus annotation and addition and omission. The aim is to enrich language learners' knowledge on cultural sources of English and Chinese idioms. So it is helpful to avoid misunderstanding in cross culture communication.1. Literature reviewMany Chinese scholars have made lots of researches on English and Chinese idioms. Their studies are mostly related to the classifications, features, structures, semantics, and so on. Only a few of them focus on their cultural sources. There are some examples. LianShuneng (2002) has discussed the different ways of thinking among Chinese and English users. According to Deng Yanchang and Liu Runqing's studies (1995), the proverbs might provide little clues to a people's geographical environment, history, social customs, social values, and their attitudes. However, their studies have only touched part of the influence of culture on ChineseandEnglishidioms. But they have not made systematic studies on idioms from the perspective of cultural sources. In this paper, the author will analyze the idioms from cultural aspects.2. Definition of IdiomsIn most languages, there are idioms. However, in different languages, the ranges and forms of idioms are not the same. Even in a certain kind of language, such as English, there are many different kinds of definitions for“idiom”. So it is very hardto give a preciseand widely accepted definition of “idiom”. There are basic criteria to decide whether anexpression is an idiom or not. Firstly, an idiom mustbewell-established and acceptedthrough common practice; secondly, an idiom usually has an implied meaning. Sogenerally speaking, an idiom is expressions, which is a term or phrase or sentence whosemeaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangement of its parts. It can be known from the commonually some peoplewould natural ly associate "idiom” with “chengyu” and they think that idiom is the equivalent of“chengyu”. In fact, English idioms and "chengyu”are not equivalent. It is more similar to that of "shuyu" in Chinese. We may find thatthey share quite a lot of common features. So they are corresponding linguistic and cultural phenomena. We can use with a contrastive approach to study them. In New Oxford Dictionary of English, (1998) idioms are a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words.In Ci-ha i (1999), “shuyu” is defined as“熟语是语言中定型的词组或者词句，使用时一般不能改变其组织。

大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文摘要随着全球经济飞速发展，城市化的速度也在逐渐提升，空气污染、气候变化等问题也成为了当今环境治理方面的两大重要挑战。

中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家，经济发展速度前所未有，而在建设社会主义现代化强国的过程中，生态环境建成为了社会主义现代化建设的重要内涵。

在此背景下，译者决定翻译《蓝绿解决方案》。

本书主要介绍了来自帝国理工学院的科研团队所研发的创新性城市环境治理解决方案，为城市治理提供新的思路。

该方案在许多国家和地区已经开展了试点工作，而在国内的应用仍是空白。

本次翻译实践的主要目的就是通过对本书的翻译，为我国相关领域人员提供更有价值的借鉴与参考，并为生态类科技英文文本的翻译提供一定的参考和启示。

译者通过对于原文本和同类科技文本进行分析，结合科技文本的文体特点和语法特点，在功能对等理论的指导下，分析了科技文本的翻译过程中存在的问题，通过对翻译技巧的探讨，撰写了本篇翻译实践报告。

本报告包括任务描述、翻译过程、案例分析和结论部分。

其中，案例分析部分为此报告的核心。

译者以奈达的功能对等理论作为指导，从词汇，句法，语篇三个层面探讨翻译过程中遇到的问题，并提出相应的解决办法。

在词汇层面，译者提出了增词、减词，以及对于术语和一般词汇进行的直译或通过语境进行翻译。

在句法层面，译者利用词性的转换和语态的转换，根据中英文表达习惯等差异，对于译文的形式进行适当的改变。

为了实现语篇的连贯和对等，译者采用了调序以及增词的方法。

最后，报告将总结在本次翻译实践中总结的翻译方法以及整个工作的总结以及局限性。

关键词：功能对等理论；科技文本翻译；英汉翻译A Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence TheoryA Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance ofFunctional Equivalence TheoryAbstractWith the rapid development of the global economy, the speed of urbanization is gradually increasing, and problems such as air pollution and climate change have become two major challenges in environmental governance. As the largest developing country in the world, China has experienced an unprecedented economic increasing. The construction of the ecological environment has been a core of socialist modernization. Considering the background, the translator decides to translate Blue Green Solutions. This book mainly introduces innovative urban environmental governance solutions developed by the scientific research team of Imperial College to provide new ideas for urban governance. The program has already carried out pilot work in many countries and regions, but its application in China is still blank. The main purpose of this translation practice is to provide a more valuable reference for the relevant fields in China through the translation of this book and to provide reference and inspiration for the translation of ecological EST texts.The translator analyzes the source text and the parallel text combining with the stylistic and grammatical characteristics of the EST text, under the guidance of functional equivalence theory, solves the problems encountered in the translation process and finally writes this translation practice report.This report includes task introduction, translation process, case study and conclusion. The case study is the core of this report. The translator uses Nida’s functional equivalence theory as a guide to explore the problems encountered in the translation process from the three levels of lexical level, syntactic level, and discourse level, and proposes corresponding solutions. At the lexical level, the translator uses addition and omission, as well as literal translation of terms and contextual translation of common words. At syntactic level, the translator uses conversion to make appropriate changes to the form of the translation based on differences in Chinese and English expression habits. In order to achieve coherence and equivalence at discourse level, the translator adopts the method of rearrangement and addition. Finally, the report will have a conclusion of the translation methods in the translation practice and the summary and limitations of the entire work.Key Words：Functional Equivalence; EST Translation; E-C Translation目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Chapter 1 Introduction (1)1.1 Background of the Translation Project (1)1.2 Significance of the Translation Project (2)Chapter 2 Theoretical Basis (3)2.1 EST and EST Translation (3)2.1 Overview on Nida’s Translation Theory (3)2.2 Nida’s Functional equivalence (4)2.3 The Application of Functional Equivalence (6)Chapter 3 Translation Process (7)3.1 Pre-Translation Preparation (7)3.2 Analysis of the Source Text (8)3.2.1 Lexical features (8)3.2.2 Syntactic Features (9)Chapter 4 Case Study (11)4.1 Translation at Lexical Level (11)4.1.1 Literal Translation (11)4.1.2 Contextual Translation (13)4.1.3 Amplification and Omission (14)4.2 Translation at Syntactic Level (15)4.2.1 Nominalizations to Verbs (15)4.2.1 Passive V oice to Active V oice (16)4.3 Translation at Discourse Level (17)Chapter 5 Conclusion (21)5.1 Findings in the Translation Process (21)5.2 Summary and Limitations (22)References (23)Appendix I Term Bank and Abbreviation (25)Appendix II Source Text and Target Text (29)Acknowledgments (88)大连理工大学学位论文版权使用授权书 (89)Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Background of the Translation ProjectUrbanization is characteristic of the modern world. At present, economic and social development is in an important strategic transition period, and urbanization has been given an important historical mission. However, the impact of urbanization on the ecological environment cannot be ignored. How to improve the quality and benefits of urbanization development in accordance with the concept of green development is a challenge faced by China and all countries in the world. As an applied discipline, the translation should make its due contribution to people’s further understanding of the world. It is the mission of our translation students to translate valuable foreign books or materials into Chinese and introduce them to Chinese people to expand international cooperation and promote the better development of our economy.My translation project is a technological report entitled Blue Green Solutions, edited by Čedo Maksimovic and some other contributors. This technological report was fun ded by Climate-KIC, which is a Knowledge and Innovation Community supported by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology. Čedo Maksimovic, the major contributor to this guidebook, is from Imperial College London. His research fields include applied fluid mechanics in urban water systems: storm drainage, urban flooding water supply and interactions of urban water systems and infrastructure with the environment. In addition to lecturing on the MSc and UG courses, Prof. Maksimovic serves as a project coordinator of EPSRC, EU and UNESCO projects in the UK, and other projects in Europe and in other continents dealing with the above topics. This translation project comes from the BGS translation cooperation project that my supervisor discussed with the author at Imperial College.Blue Green Solutions is a guidebook that presents an innovative framework to systematically unlock the multiple benefits of city natural infrastructure [1]. Chapter 1 gives an introduction of Nature Based Solutions (NBS) and Blue Green Solutions (BGS) to prove that the NBS is a mono-function way, which has become increasingly unsuitable for cities nowadays. The Blue Green Dream (BGD) project created a framework for synergizing urban water and plant systems to provide effective, multifunctional Blue Green Solutions (BGS) to support urban adaptation to climatic change. Chapter 2 describes the development process of BGS, the limitations of traditional NBS in urban transitions and the innovative urban transition of BGS. It is pointed out that the BGS is not based on a single discipline to provide solutions for urban transition but is based on the coordination and communication of multiple discipline teams. Chapter 3 describes the design process when planning urban transition with BGS, and reduces the cost to the minimum by coordinating the participation degree of each stakeholder to realizeA Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence Theorythe maximization of the benefits of urban transition. Chapter 4 describes how to quantify the economic and ecological benefits of the blue-green solution. Chapter 5 is a case study of six pilot units.1.2 Significance of the Translation ProjectThis translation project is significant in the following two senses:Academic significance. BGS elaborated on the relationship between urban design and climate change from the perspective of urbanization. Each contributor is an expert in environmental engineering, civil engineering, energy and economics, and explains the whole process of BGS from pre-design to construction to benefit evaluation. After an in-depth study of climate change, they created new solutions that were different from traditional NBSs. Secondly, the study of climate change involves many factors, including science, energy, politics and economy. Therefore, it is not a simple matter to make it clear. This guidebook makes a detailed case study of the communities, campuses and other places that adopt the BGS to realize construction or renovation, then proves the correctness and innovation of the theory with practice. So this guidebook provides a good platform for the target language readers and related researchers.Realistic significance. The special feature of the BGS is that its target group can be a professional group, as well as developers, factory managers, governments, investors and other stakeholders. This paper presents the theoretical knowledge that BGS takes and the benefits that BGS brings. Translating this guidebook into Chinese is valuable for relevant experts and stakeholders to use for reference in designing urban construction or renovation. In addition, translating this paper into Chinese will provide a window for the public to understand the close relationship between urban development and climate change. As the biggest developing country in the world, China will contribute significantly to global environmental protection and economic development by running her own affairs well. Therefore, translating this book into Chinese can provide more reference programs for China in the construction of ecological civilization.大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文Chapter 2 Theoretical Basis2.0 EST and EST TranslationIn the first chapter, the content of the source text is about the new research in the area of environmental engineering, which is typical English for Science and Technology (EST). Many related studies on the translation of EST texts have shown that the style of EST is characterized by standard language, objective statement, strong logic, a large amount of information and a high degree of specialization. Compared with literary translation, scientific translation requires a translation that is accurate and expressive in content, well-structured and well-defined [2,3]. Therefore, when translating EST texts, the translator must analyze the characteristics and language features of the source text.In the translation process, the translator believes that the ultimate purpose of EST translation is using simple, accurate language to express the same concepts and information as the original to promote scientific and technological knowledge. Therefore, in addition to considering the basic concepts of the translation such as “literal translation” and “parallel translation,” it should also pay attention to the equivalence in the function of the target text and the source text to make sure that the reader or audience may have the same response of the source language receptor [4]. Therefore, from the perspective of the requirements of EST translation and the reader’s response, EST translation coincides with Nida's functional equivalence theory.2.1 Overview on Nida’s Translation TheoryNida’s basic translation ideas can be summarized in the following three points. ①Translation is a communicative activity between languages. ②The goal of translation is to transfer the meanings. ③In order to transfer meanings, the form of the source texts can be adjusted [4]. Nida regards translation as a cross-language, cross-cultural communicative activity, which is in line with the purpose of the EST translation, that is, to convey the latest research in related disciplines, and to provide new research methods for the domestic academic circles. For the second point, Nida’s explanation is: To make the source text reader and target text readers communicate with each other, the meaning of the source texts must be clearly transferred. This is also the most basic requirement for translation of the source text. Since the habit of Chinese and English expressions are not the same, in order to achieve translation, the forms of language expressions must be changed. EST has its own textual characteristics, and we must correctly grasp these characteristics in translation, and reproduce the information of the source language with the closest and natural equivalents[5]. This is the core point of functional equivalence theory.A Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence TheoryIn addition to functional equivalence theory, Nida believes that the translation process can be divided into following four stages, namely analysis, transfer, restructuring and test [5]. ①Analysis is mainly to determine the meaning of the original text. The meaning here refers to the meaning of words, phrases, grammar, syntax and discourse structure. That is, the translators must grasp both the meaning of the content and the characteristics of the form. ②Transfer is to transfer the information analyzed from the source language to the target language. ③Restructuring is to reorganize the words, syntax and discourse features to achieve maximum comprehension of the target receptor. ④Test. To expose the deficiency of translation based on testing the reader’s response. Transfer, restructuring and test is a process that needs to be repeated in the translation process in order to do the best translation. Therefore, in the translation process, the characteristics of the original text should be analyzed first. After having a complete grasp of the content and linguistic characteristics of the original text, it should be translated sentence by sentence.2.2 Nida’s Functional equivalenceThe core of Nida’s “f unctional equivalence” theory is to make the translated text arouse the same effect on target readers as close as possible as the source text on its readers [6]. Dynamic equivalence (or functional equivalence) is an approach to translation in which the original language is translated “thought for thought” rather than “word for word” as in form equivalence. For Nida, in translation, the meaning is first, and form is second, namely the priority of functional equivalence over formal equivalence. The “function” of a language refers to the verbal role that a language can play in its use. Different languages must be different in grammar or expression habits, but they can have the same or similar functions to each other. So that the key to translation is the target text can produce the corresponding effect of the source text in the cultural background of the source language in the cultural background of the target language. Nida emphasizes that the key to translation is “equivalence,” “in formation,” “meaning,” and “style” [7].As mentioned earlier, “translation is a communicative activity,” the purpose of translation is to seek the “equivalence” of the source language and target language. The information conveyed by translation is not only superficial textual information but also deep cultural and social information. Nida expounds dynamic equivalence from four aspects: lexical equivalence, syntactic equivalence, textual equivalence and stylistic equivalence [8].(1) Lexical equivalence: The meaning of a word is decided by its use in the language. Find the corresponding meaning in the target language.(2) Syntactic equivalence: Translators must not only know whether the target language has such a structure, but also understand how often this structure is used.大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文(3) Discourse equivalence: In the discourse analysis, we can not only analyze the language itself but also how the language conveys the meaning and function in a specific context.(4) Stylistic equivalence: Translation works of different styles have their own unique language characteristics. Only when mastering both the source and target language characteristics and being proficient in using both languages, can translators create a translation work that truly reflects the source language style.Under the framework of functional equivalence theory, EST translation should follow the following principles [9]:(1) Faithfulness to the original author: in translation, we should pay special attention to the unity of the target text and the original text, and follow the principle of “faithfulness to the original author.” On the basis of this principle, the translator should give full play to the role of the original text, requiring the translator not only to understand the thinking mode of the source text but also to fully understand the communicative function of the source text to the source text.(2) Serving the target language receptors: take full account of the r eader’s understanding of the translation and use the most “natural” form of language translation. This “naturalness,” on the condition that the target language recipient’s understanding needs are satisfied, includes two meanings: the translation should be authentic, and the translation should be read in a natural way, so as to avoid translationese.(3) Fully considering the function of information: in the EST translation, the translator should fully consider the cultural background of the target language, and based on this background, fully consider the information function. If the target readers have strong professional knowledge of related fields, maximally retain the original style and words of science and technology in the text, English professional term will not affect their reading and understanding, the target language reader can completely rely on their professional skills to understand English paragraph means of science and technology. If the target language reader has the weak professional knowledge, the translator should strive to achieve the equivalence from words to sentences as far as possible so as not to affect the target language readers to further understand the meaning and improve their reading experiences.In translation practices, Nida believes that the most important equivalence is the semantic equivalence. For EST translation, the author believes that the translator must first grasp the style of EST, that is, the stylistic characteristics of EST must be clarified in the pre-translation preparation. Secondly, translators should adhere to the principle of lexical equivalence and semantic equivalence in translation, so that the content of the source texts has the same effect as the source texts.A Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence Theory2.3 The Application of Functional EquivalenceAs mentioned above, the core of functional equivalence is that the receptors’ response to the target text is the same as the original response to the source text. Given this, Nida defines translation as “reproducing the source messages in the target language from meanings to stylistic features with the closest natural equivalents[10]”. Guided by functional equivalence theory, the translator of this report tries to seek equivalence as far as possible from perspectives of lexicon, syntax and discourse.First of all, by applying the “functional equivalence theory,” the translator first takes the reader’s response to the text as the most important factor in translation practice from the perspective of the discourse. “Lexical equivalence” emphasizes the equivalence of meaning and part-of-speech in EST translation as well as the equivalence of communication functions by adding and deleting words; “syntactic equivalence” requires translators to get rid of constraints of forms and express the meaning of the source texts clearly and completely. The functional equivalence theory also takes into account the logical relationships between words and between sentences to flexibly change the part of speech. For scientific and technological styles, it is particularly necessary to pay attention to the structures such as passive voice, attributives, adverbials, etc. Based on the first two types of equivalence, translators are required to proceed from the whole passage, reasonably arrange sentence groups, and pay attention to the logical relationship between sentences. “Stylistic equivalence” is the top priority of all equivalence strategies. The writing style of a scientific article should not be similar to literary styles, such as a novel.Secondly, the four steps of translation emphasized in Nida’s theory also play a guiding role in translation practice. The analysis section allows the translator to determine the style and the linguistic features of the source texts before translating. The text analysis before translation facilitates the translator to achieve stylistic equivalence in translation, which is of great significance to the realization of functional equivalence in the EST translation. Transfer and restructuring require translators to flexibly apply various translation strategies in lexical and syntactic translation according to the four translation principles of equivalence and functional equivalence mentioned above, to achieve functional equivalence in translation. In the process of proofreading, the quality of the translated text should be determined according to the standards proposed by the functional equivalence theory, in addition to determining whether the translation achieves four equivalence.The functional equivalence theory points out a way for translators to EST translation, which has great guiding significance for translators’ translation practice.大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文Chapter 3 Translation Process3.1 Pre-Translation PreparationTranslation preparation is necessary for the translation project. For EST translation, according to the functional equivalence theory, the translation should achieve stylistic equivalence with the original text, which requires the translator to have a holistic grasp of the stylistic features of the original text. In this translation practice, the source text has many terms, and consistency of the terms is one of the important criteria to measure the quality of translation and is also one of the important tasks of proofreading. So, it is necessary to have preparation before translation. With careful preparation, the translation work will be effectively completed, and high-quality translation will be delivered in a timely manner. Therefore, after receiving this translation project, the author of this report first makes the following translation preparations.For the terminological consistency, the translator chooses to use computer-aided translation software (hereinafter referred to as CAT). The advantage of CAT is that the same content will not be translated twice, which saves the workload of terminological consistency. In this translation project, the translator uses SDL Trados Studio 2019. Its advantages are shown in the following aspects: translation memory (TM), matching, and termbase (MultiTerm). The memory function and matching function of Trados complement each other. The memory function refers to the automatic storage of the translation and the sorting, establishment and continuous updating of the memory base in the process of translation by Trados, and the matching function refers to the analysis of the source text and the target text with the help of Trados to accurately identify the corresponding sentences and paragraphs, and automatically pop up the matching sentence paragraph when similar sentence paragraphs appear in the following paragraphs. With the help of the memory and matching function of Trados, the source text can be better understood according to the existing translation, qualified translation can be produced, and the consistency of the same type of text can be maintained. MultiTerm can standardize all the professional terms. The translator only needs to establish one or more standard term lists containing the source language and the target language. By opening the corresponding term list in Trados, the system will automatically identify which terms have been defined in the text and give the standard translation, which effectively keeps the terminological consistency and accuracy [11].Because there are a large number of technical terms in “Blue Green Solutions,” the author of this report prepares some dictionaries. In addition to dictionaries, the author prepares relevant translation books, such as A Course in English-Chinese Translation, which is written by Zhang Peiji, Functional Translation Theory and ESP Translation Study written by Wang Miao. In addition, The translator has a preparation of parallel texts. In the EST translation, understandingis the premise. Only when the meaning is understood correctly can a concise and correct translation be produced. English of science and technology covers a wide range of disciplines, and it is difficult for translators to be familiar with or master all the professional terms in various fields. In the process of EST translation, the elaboration and determination of terms require time and effort, and mistranslations often occur due to a lack of professional knowledge and contextual knowledge. By introducing parallel text, the translator can get a general understanding of the common terms and expressions in this field, and turn the terms in the text into his own vocabulary reserve, so as to effectively and accurately solve the problem of term translation[12], so as to ensure accurate and appropriate semantic equivalence during the translation. In addition, Nida’s theory of stylistic equivalence requires that the target text should fulfill the same function of the source text, so as to satisfy the way of expression of the target text. By using parallel text, in addition to the accurate expression of vocabulary, it also contributes to the overall smoothness of the target text and the functional equivalence of the original text. In addition, parallel text can also effectively help translators expand their knowledge, improve their ability to identify various professional terms, and find subtle differences among different meanings with a rigorous attitude, so as to select appropriate translation strategies and convey the original meaning to readers accurately and smoothly. Therefore, the translator prepares relevant parallel texts.3.2 Analysis of the Source TextDifferent from the literary text, the EST text has its own characteristics and features. In order to describe the objective world accurately, the style of science and technology texts should be concise in the form, coherent in the semantic expression, and objective in the use of language.3.2.1 Lexical featuresThe lexical features of the source text include three main points:Terminology. The purpose of science and technology text is to deliver technical information or science facts. To achieve this point, the terminology is widely used in science and technology text to ensure the accuracy of the content. Blue Green Solutions is a technical report which gives a new method in urbanization and city reconstruction, in which numerous terminologies are used to demonstrate the theories proposed in the report. As the following table 1 shows, some terms are demonstrated. The rest of the terms and abbreviations refer to Appendix I.Tab. 3.1 Technical WordsST TTPhotovoltaics 光伏Topography 地形、地貌Adiabatic Cooling 隔热冷却Evapotranspiration 蒸散Semi-technical word. The semi-technical words in the science and technology texts are basically derived from common English vocabulary, which referenced in a professional, scientific and technological field. Most of this type of word polysemy, which has both non-technical and technical meanings [13].Example 1. This means that interventions such as tree pits and green roofs are better equipped to manage, for example, extreme rainfall events.Example 2. A key advantage is that being vegetation based, their construction and operation has a low carbon and materials footprint.In example 1., “green roofs” is not literally referred to as a roof with green color. It is a concept of “planting on rooftops, balconies, walls, the top of underground garages, overpasses, and other special spaces of buildings and structures that are not connected to the ground, nature, and soil [14].”In example 2., “footprints” refers to “The area of a biologically productive area that is needed to maintain the survival of a person, region, or country, or that can accommodate waste emitted by humans [15].”Abbreviation. Abbreviations are easy to write, identify and remember. In science and technology English, there are a large number of vocabulary abbreviations and abbreviations.Example 3. The Blue Green Dream (BGD) project built upon and expanded the SUDS and WSUD Historical development of Blue Green Solutions (BG-S) via SUDS and WSUD concept to produce a systematic, quantitative framework for utilizing the full range of ecosystem services that NBS provide, yielding Blue Green Solutions.3.2.2 Syntactic FeaturesThe syntactic features in the source text include the following two main points:Passive voice. According to statistics, one-third of the verbs in science and technology texts are used in passive forms. The science and technology texts focus on narrative and reasoning. The reader pays attention to the author’s point of view or the content of the invention, not the author himself. To emphasize and highlight the author’s point of view and inventions, more passive voices are used in EST texts than general English texts [16].Example 4. All interactions are therefore systematically mapped, modelled and quantified to enable the design team to make a decision using quantified performance indicators.。

肖奚强:外国学生汉字偏误分析外国学生汉字偏误分析Ξ肖奚强提要　本文从部件的角度讨论外国学生成系统的汉字偏误。

全文分三个部分:一、部件的改换,二、部件的增加和减损,三、部件的变形与变位。

在分析外国学生偏误的同时,还简要对比古今汉人书写汉字的情况,以期揭示人类共有的认知心理。

关键词　汉字　汉字部件　偏误分析　认知心理在众多的对外汉语教学的论文中,有关汉字的文章所占的比例不大。

这些有限的文章中又以探讨教学方法的文章居多,分析汉字偏误的文章偏少,且分析汉字偏误的文章多为列举零散的现象,分类与分析缺乏系统性。

本文尝试对时贤文章中所涉及的汉字偏误及笔者在实际语料中所收集到的用例作进一步的分析,权作引玉之砖。

张旺熹(1990)、崔永华(1997)、万业馨(1999)等都曾指出,须重视汉字部件的教学,这是非常有见地的。

部件作为笔画和整字的中介,在汉字的构成方面起着十分重要的承上启下的作用,部件结构掌握的好坏直接影响到对汉字的掌握。

据我们考察,外国学生的汉字书写偏误,除了极少数由处于朦胧阶段的初学者所产生的不成系统的增减笔画的失误以外,成系统的汉字偏误大多与部件有关①。

因此,本文拟从部件的改换、部件的增损和部件的变形与变位三个方面来讨论成系统的汉字偏误。

在分析外国学生汉字书写偏误的同时,我们将简要对比古今汉人汉字书写中的类似情况,以便探讨人类所共有的认知心理。

一　部件的改换外国学生改换部件的汉字偏误一般都是改换意符。

这又可分为三种情况:形近改换、意近改换、类化改换。

下面分述。

1.1形近改换一些常用意符之间虽然在意义上没有什么联系,但是由于形体相近、相似,学习者在书写中往往换用。

比如,因笔画增减而形近形似的有:冫、氵,厂、广,土、王,大、犬,口、日,日、目,尸、户,礻、衤,弋、戈,木、本,木、禾,扌、　,冖、宀、穴,等;因笔画长短、曲折与否而形近形似的有:土、士,贝、见,目、月,等等。

这类偏误的实例颇多,毋庸赘举。

Basic Theories of TranslationBasic Theories of TranslationNature of Translation1. Nature of Translation1.1 What is translation?▪Translation is a science.▪Translation is an art.▪Translation is a skill.▪Translation is a language activity.▪Translation is communicating.Nature of TranslationNature of TranslationThe school of science maintains that translating should reproduce the message of the original by means of the transformation of linguistic equivalence.Nature of TranslationIt puts stress on the study of description of the process of translation, and the structures and forms of language so as to reveal the objective laws inherent in translating.Nature of TranslationThe school of art advocates re-creating a literary work by using expressions of another language.Nature of TranslationIt emphasizes the effect of translation.Nature of TranslationNature of TranslationThe horse is a useful animal.这马是一个有用的动物。

古籍校勘术语
古籍校勘术语涉及到许多专业术语，以下列举一些常见的古籍校勘术语：
1.校勘（Collation）：对古籍文本进行比对、核对和校正
的过程。

2.通行本（Authorized
Edition）：公认为权威的版本，被普遍接受并用作校勘的依
据。

3.甲本、乙本（Variant
Editions）：不同版本的古籍，包含了文本上的差异，用于校
勘和比较。

4.订正（Emendation）：对古籍文本中存在的错误或疑义
进行修改或纠正的过程。

5.补注（Annotation）：在古籍文本中添加注释或解释的
过程，以帮助读者理解。

6.刊误（Misprint）：在古籍印刷过程中出现的错误，需要
进行校勘和修正。

7.碑本（Epigraphic
Edition）：以碑文为依据进行校勘的版本，通常用于古代碑
刻的校勘。

8.注释（Commentary）：对古籍文本进行详细解释和阐释
的文字或著作。

9.删补（Omission and
Addition）：对古籍文本中漏删或补充的文字进行修正的过
程。

10.集补（Compilation and
Supplement）：将多个版本的古籍文本进行整合和补充，形
成一部完整的版本。

这只是一部分古籍校勘术语的简要介绍，实际上还有许多更具体的术语和概念。

在古籍研究领域，这些术语经常被使用，并且根据具体的古籍和研究目的可能会有更多的术语和技术。