太阳能热水器外文资料翻译

Solar Roof Water HeatersSolar roof water heaters are an environmentallyfriendly and cost-effective solution for domestic hot water needs. These systems harness the power of the sun to heat water, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources like electricity or gas. In this article, we will explore the principles, benefits, and installation considerations of solar roof water heaters.The basic principle behind solar roof water heaters is straightforward: they collect solar energy through absorber plates mounted on the roof and transfer this heat to the water stored in a tank. The absorber plates are typically coated with a material that efficiently absorbs solar radiation and converts it into heat. This heat is then transferred to the water through a series of pipes and heat exchangers.One of the key benefits of solar roof water heaters is their environmental friendliness. By harnessing renewable solar energy, these systems significantly reduce carbon emissions associated with traditional heating methods. Additionally, they offer significant cost savings over thelong term, as solar energy is free and abundant. This can lead to substantial reductions in energy bills, especiallyin areas with high electricity prices or limited access to fossil fuels.Installation considerations for solar roof waterheaters vary depending on the specific system and theroof's characteristics. However, some general guidelinescan be followed. It is important to ensure that the roof is structurally sound and able to support the weight of the solar collector and associated piping. Additionally, the installation location should be chosen to maximize exposure to sunlight, avoiding shading from trees or other obstacles. Maintenance of solar roof water heaters is generally straightforward. Periodic inspections and cleaning of the absorber plates may be necessary to ensure optimal performance. Additionally, it is important to monitor the water temperature and pressure to ensure that the system is operating efficiently.In conclusion, solar roof water heaters offer a sustainable and cost-effective solution for domestic hot water needs. By harnessing the power of the sun, thesesystems reduce reliance on traditional energy sources,lower carbon emissions, and save money on energy bills.With careful installation and maintenance, solar roof water heaters can provide reliable and efficient hot water for years to come.**太阳能屋顶热水器**太阳能屋顶热水器是一种环保且成本效益高的家庭热水解决方案。

淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：电子与电气学院专业：电气姓名：曹黎斌学号：1101205212外文出处：2011 International Conference on Electronic Devices,(用外文写)Systems and Applications (ICEDSA) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文太阳能热水器远程监控系统摘要：本文设计了一种由应用软件和硬件设备构成的能够对太阳能的使用情况进行远程监控的集成系统,该系统已经设计、实现并安装了。

目前，这种系统预期对当前来自管理处和消费者保障处监控的太阳能设备的热水温度、水箱热水量及消耗的热水量进行实时测量。

此外，可以对太阳能利用的辅助子系统发出命令和控制信号。

硬件设备（目前的太阳能热水器）安装在远处，而应用软件安装在公司PC 机或笔记本电脑上。

蜂窝网络被用来从全球任何覆盖蜂窝网络的地方访问远程设备进行数据检索或发出控制指令。

关键词：太阳能，远程监控，控制，热水器一、介绍约旦没有天然气石油资源，完全依靠进口燃料满足能源需求。

唯一可用的自然能源资源是太阳能。

约旦拥有非常晴朗的天气，平均每天地平面太阳辐射量为6.5KWh/m2。

在约旦，配置太阳能装置很贵的。

这些装置大多数是thermosyphonic 类型的。

这种类型的太阳能热水器由两个吸收面积在3至4平方米之间的平板式或真空集热管式太阳能集热器、一个容量为150至180升的储罐和一个冷水储罐。

这些都安装在一个合适的框架内。

一个用于集中供热协助产生热水的辅助电热管或逆流交换器在冬天低太阳辐射的阶段使用。

由于太阳能热水器的生产和安装在约旦快速发展，有必要开发一种远程监控及控制系统和研究大型商业机构远程维修的适用性。

普适计算是一种信息化空间和物理空间的无缝结合。

人们能在任何时间任何地点得到数字服务。

如GPRS, EDGE,3G,和WiMAX等相对较新的互联网和无线接入技术提供比基本的第二代GSM系统更高的数据(率)传输速度，提供未来远程监测及高端设计的控制方案。

Split Solar Water HeaterMy hometown is Yunnan, where the penetration rate of solar water heater has reached 90% in cities since adequate sunshine, but most of them are traditional forms of solar water heaters. So I introduce a new form of solar water heater: split solar water heater.Recalling Traditional solar water heater ， in order to make the low temperature water hot, the traditional double-decker vacuum tube solar water heater rely on many independent heat pipe to has the working substance evaporated and then condensation, thus putting the heat to the low-temperature water Through this process ，however, the disadvantage of such water heater is: a lot of holes will be drilled on the tank, and it’s willresult in heat loss.Figure-1 Traditional Double-decker vacuum tubeIn Figure-1, 6 is Hot water , 5 is Tank , 4 is Cold water , 3 is Sealing plug, 2 is Evaporator tube,1 is Vacuum tube.The new Split solar water heater has obvious advantages Compared to Traditional double-decker vacuum tube solar water heater ,it not only Requiring a lower level of accuracy, but also the evaporators be located at different heights can match up to the a same condenser at the same time.In split solar water heater, workingsubstance will evaporate after absorbing luminous energy when the evaporator tubes are exposed in the sun at the beginning, and then liquefaction of working substance will flows back to evaporator tube, after the working substance in the hot gas condition transfer the heat to the low-temperature water, flowing as follows:Evaporator tube→Joint→ box →Steam riser→Condenser→Condensation pipe→Joint box→Evapo ration tube.Figure-2 New Split solar water heaterIn Figure-2,1 is steam riser ,2 is hot water 3 is condensation pipe ,4 is Evaporator tube,5 is cold water,6 is condenser,7 is joint box, 8 is tank.Initially, there is a small part of working substance participate in the thermal cycle, but evaporation and condensation of these working substance not enough to transfer all the heat which is the evaporator tube absorbed, little by little, the working substance of a new cycle will greater on the quality then last cycle, with the working substance gradually less and level rise on joint box, evaporation and condensation will reach the dynamic balance in all working substance take part in.Because the tank will permit to be placedin interior, this will efficaciously reduce heat dissipation, and only 4 holes on the tank, will also reduce heat loss. Just in the meantime，the split soar water heater can add electric heating system or gas heating system so that users can also enjoy the warm water even in the rainy day.Improving program:Not only in view of the solar power panels installed on the housing is not pleasing to tour eyes and affect the interior lighting, but also difficult to repair. Proposed small-scale community or school set up unified solar power hot water supply station, put absorb solar power panels and water tanks are concentrated in one place, setting a unified water supply center, can make full use of resources and convenient the life of Community residents.。

附录A 外文文献译文有效地发展太阳能热发电技术在中国是一个巨大的挑战。

在该文件中的一个抛物面槽式太阳能集热器实验平台系统（抛物槽式太阳能集热器系统）的开发热发电，以及抛物槽式太阳能集热器系统性能进行了实验研究与合成油为散发有机热载体（导热油）。

该太阳能集热器与太阳通量的变化与流速的导热油效率鉴定。

该集热效率抛物槽式太阳能集热器系统可以在40％-60％之间。

有人还发现，存在着一个为导热油温度响应太阳能通量，而在设计中发挥了重要作用抛物槽式太阳能集热器系统指定的延迟。

对集热效率热损失的影响进行了研究，这对于用180℃之间的收藏家温度和环境温度的温差接收约220瓦/米，大约相当于在总数的10％，太阳能事件收藏家。

这些令人鼓舞的结果可为开发抛物面槽式太阳能在中国火电厂的基本数据。

简介抛物槽式太阳能热发电技术已经取得了三个太阳能热发电技术的广泛普及。

大型抛物面槽式收藏家可以提供热能，可用于生产蒸汽涡轮发电机一朗肯蒸汽。

经常采用的是抛物槽式太阳能集热器系统蒸汽发电由于其高集电极的效率在中间温度（约300℃）。

作者在抛物槽式太阳能集热器系统性能起着重要作用的抛物面槽式太阳能电厂，它直接决定了投资成本。

优化和改进的抛物槽式太阳能集热器系统性能，许多调查已经进行了自太阳能资源。

在中国丰富，尤其是在如青海省，西藏，新疆地区，西部，抛物线槽式太阳能热发电技术已受到广泛关注最近。

实验平台和程序为了研究太阳能热发电，实验平台的开发抛物槽式太阳能集热器系统。

实验平台主要由四部分组成：太阳能集热器，换热流体（导热油）循环，冷却水循环，测量系统.找个实验平台流程图使用合成油作为流通导热油。

该导热油不仅可以流通之间的油箱和水箱电热水器，还可以通过太阳能接收流动单位。

在一个典型的实验中，首先被送入导热油电加热器坦克一泵，加热到一定温度。

然后，导热油，抽到太阳能接收装置吸收太阳能。

加热后的导热油离开接收机是由冷却的冷却水热交换器，最后回流到油箱，循环完成的。

附录SOLAR WATER HEATING BACKGROUND Using the sun’s energy to heat water is not a new idea. More than one hundred years ago, black painted water tanks were used as simple solar water heaters in a number of countries. Solar water heating (SWH) technology has greatly improved during the past century. Today there are more than 30 million m2 of solar collectors installed around the globe. Hundreds of thousands of modern solar water heaters, such as the one shown in Figure 1, are in use in countries such as China, India, Germany, Japan, Australia and Greece. In fact, in some countries the law actually requires that solar water heaters be installed with any new residential construction project (Israel for example).Figure1: Evacuated Tube Solar Collector in Tibet, China In addition to the energy cost savings on water heating, there are several other benefits derived from using the sun’s energy to heat water. Most solar water heaters come with an additional water tank, which feeds the conventional hot water tank. Users benefit from the larger hot water storage capacity and the reduced likelihood of running out of hot water. Some solar water heaters do not require electricity to operate. For these systems, hot water supply is secure from power outages, as long as there is sufficient sunlight to operate the system. Solar water heating systems can also be used to directly heat swimming pool water, with the added benefit of extending the swimming season for outdoor pool applications.◆Solar Water Heating Application MarketsSolar water heating markets can be classified based upon the end-use application of the technology. The most common solar water heating application markets are service hot water and swimming pools.◆Service hot waterThere are a number of service hot water applications. The most common application is the use of domestic hot water systems (DHWS), generally sold as “off-the-shelf” or standard kits as depicted in Figure 2.Figure2: Solar Domestic Hot Water System in AustraliaSwimming poolsThe water temperature in swimming pools can also be regulated using solar water heating systems, extending the swimming pool season and saving on the conventional energy costs. The basic principle of these systems is the same as with solar service hot water systems, with the difference that the pool itself acts as the thermal storage. For outdoor pools, a properly sized solar water heater can replace a conventional heater; the pool water is directly pumped through the solar collectors by the existing filtration system.Swimming pool applications can range in size from small summer only outdoor pools, such as the one shown at a home in Figure 3, to large Olympic size indoor swimming pools that operate 12 months a year.Figure 3: Unglazed Solar Collector Pool Heating System in Canada◆Description of Solar Water Heating SystemsSolar water heating systems use solar collectors and a liquid handling unit to transfer heat to the load, generally via a storage tank. The liquid handling unit includes the pump (used to circulate the working fluid from the collectors to the storage tank) and control and safety equipment. When properly designed, solar water heaters can work when the outside temperature is well below freezing and they are also protected from overheating on hot, sunny days. Many systems also have a back-up heater to ensure that all of a consumer’s hot water needs are met even when there is insufficient sunshine. Solar water heaters perform three basic operations as shown in Figure 4:Collection: Solar radiation is “captured” by a solar collectorTransfer: Circulating liquid transfer this energy to a storage tank;circulation can be natural (thermo siphon systems) or forced, using a circulator (low-head pump); andStorage: Hot water is stored until it is needed at a later time in a mechanical room, or on the roof in the case of a thermo siphon system.Figure 4: System Schematic for Typical Solar Domestic Water Heater◆Solar collectorsSolar energy (solar radiation) is coll ected by the solar collector’s absorber plates. Selective coatings are often applied to the absorber plates to improve the overall collection efficiency. A thermal fluid absorbs the energy collected.There are several types of solar collectors to heat liquids. Selection of a solar collector type will depend on the temperature of the application being considered and the intended season of use (or climate). The most common solar collector types are:unglazed liquid flat-plate collectors; glazed liquid flat-plate collectors; and evacuated tube solar collectors.◆Unglazed liquid lat-plate collectorsUnglazed liquid flat-plate collectors, as depicted in Figure 5, are usually made of a black polymer. They do not normally have a selective coating and do not include a frame and insulation at the back; they are usually simply laid on a roof or on a wooden support. These low-cost collectors are good at capturing the energy from the sun, but thermal losses to the environment increase rapidly with water temperature particularly in windy locations. As a result, unglazed collectors are commonly used for applications requiring energy delivery at low temperatures (pool heating, make-up water in fish farms, process heating applications, etc.); in colder climates they are typically only operated in the summer season due to the high thermal losses of the collector.Figure 5: System Schematic for Unglazed Flat-Plate Solar Collector◆Balance of systemsIn addition to the solar collector, a solar water heating system typically includes the following “balance of system components”1. Solar collector array support structure, as depicted in the Figure 6;Figure 6: Solar Array Support Structure2. Hot water storage tank (not required in swimming pool applications and in some large commercial or industrial applications when there is a continuous service hot water low).3. Liquid handling unit, which includes a pump required to transfer the fluid from the solar collector to the hot water storage tank (except in thermo siphon systems where circulation is natural, and outdoor swimming pool applications where the existing filtration system pump is generally used) .it also includes valves, strainers, and a thermal expansion tank.4. Controller, which activates the circulator only when usable heat is available from the solar collectors (not required for thermo siphon systems or if a photovoltaic-Powered circulator is used).5. Freeze protection, required for use during cold weather operation, typically through the use in the solar loop of a special antifreeze heat transfer fluid with a low-toxicity. The solar collector fluid is separated from the hot water in the storage tank by a heat exchanger; and.6. Other features, mainly relating to safety, such as overheating protection, seasonal systems freeze protection or prevention against restart of a large system after a stagnation period. Typically, an existing conventional water heating system is used for back-up to the solar water heating system, with the exception that a back-up system is normally not required for most outdoor swimming pool applications.太阳能热水系统研究背景利用太阳能来加热水的并不是一个新的想法。

介绍太阳能屋顶热水器英语作文英文回答：A solar rooftop water heater is a device that uses solar energy to heat water. It consists of a solarcollector that absorbs sunlight and converts it into heat, and a storage tank that stores the heated water. Solar rooftop water heaters can be used in both residential and commercial buildings, and they can provide significant savings on energy costs.Solar collectors are typically made of copper or aluminum, and they are coated with a dark material that absorbs sunlight. The sunlight is converted into heat, which is then transferred to the water in the storage tank. Storage tanks are typically made of steel or plastic, and they are insulated to prevent heat loss.Solar rooftop water heaters are a renewable energy source, and they do not produce any emissions. They arealso relatively easy to install and maintain. However, they can be expensive to purchase, and they may not be suitable for all climates.中文回答：太阳能屋顶热水器是一种利用太阳能来加热水的设备。

Solar Water Heater: A Greener Choicefor Your HomeEmbracing Solar Water Heater Technology for a Sustainable FutureSolar Water Heater: A Greener Choice for Your HomeHow It Works: Capturing the Sun's WarmthThe magic of a solar water heater lies in its ability to capture solar radiation through a series of collectors. These collectors, typically flat plates or evacuated tubes, absorb the sun's heat and transfer it to the water flowing through them. The heated water is then stored in an insulated tank, ready for use whenever you need it.The Benefits: Beyond Energy SavingsWhile the immediate allure of a solar water heater is the potential for reduced energy bills, its benefits extend far beyond financial savings. By relying on the sun's energy, a solar water heater significantly cuts down on greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to the fight against climate change. It also offers a degree of energy independence, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and the fluctuations of energy markets.In the Home: A Seamless IntegrationIntegrating a solar water heater into your home is a breeze. Modern systems are designed to blend seamlessly with existing plumbing and can be connected to your home's water supply with minimal disruption. The result is a constant supply of hot water, powered the most reliable energy source we know – the sun.The Future: A Greener OutlookCommunity Impact: Leading the Charge in Renewable Energy Solar Water Heater: A Greener Choice for Your HomeEconomic Advantages: LongTerm SavingsWhile the initial investment in a solar water heater might seem substantial, the longterm economic benefits are undeniable. With solar energy being an essentially free resource, the ongoing operational costs are minimal. Over time, the money saved on utility bills can outweigh theinitial installation costs, making a solar water heater a wise financial investment. Moreover, many governments offer incentives, such as tax credits or rebates, further sweetening the deal for homeowners.Maintenance and Longevity: A Sound InvestmentAdapting to the Seasons: Versatility in ActionJoining the Movement: A Call to Action。

太阳能专业词汇中英文版太阳能电池: solar cell ;solar battery太阳能电池板: solar panel;solar cell panel太阳能热水器: soalr energy water heater;solar water heater;solar hot water heater;solar water collector电加热: electric heating;electrical heating太阳能草坪灯: solar energy lawn light;solar lawn light太阳能路灯: solar energy street lamp;solar street lamp太阳能庭院灯: solar energy courtyard light;solar courtyard light太阳能交通灯: solar energy traffic light;solar energy traffic signal太阳能树脂工艺品: solar energy polyresin crafts;太阳能充电灯: solar energy charging light太阳能空调: solar airconditioning生产设备: production equipment;production facilities保温材料: insulation;thermal-protection material集热管: heat collection电热带保温管: insulation pipe;holding tabe;bubular holder;covered pipe配件: fittings ; fitting生产线：product line测控仪：observe and control水位：waterwater level，water line水温: water temperature ;water temperature光控开关：photoswitch蓄电池: accumulator, secondary, cellstorage, battery,storage cell承压：pressure进水口: infall出水口：osculum，outlet，water outlet，dischatge port，drainage opening，delivery port，water outlet，delivery gate，drain outlet发光二极管：light-emittig diode, LED太阳能供电系统：solar power system控制器：controller;director;control逆变器：inverter;invertor;电线：electrical wire;current lead ;electric line;flex;wire;cord;shoestring;power cord冷阴极灯管：CCFL冷阴极灯：cold cathode lamp节能灯：energy-saving lamp支架：bracket;support;不锈钢：stainless steel反光板：inlluminator铸铝：cast aluminium;aluminum casting;cast aluminum聚光灯/投光灯：spoting light霓虹灯：neon light;neon sign锂电池：lithium cell;lithium power镍镉电池：nickel cadmium cell;nickel-cadmium cell;nickel cadmium battery镍氢电池：nickel hydrogen cell铅酸电池：lead-acid cell;lead-acid battery;灯柱：light staff;lamp post;light staff;lighting column;lighting standard输出电压：output voltage输出电流：current output ;outgoing current ;output current非晶硅：amorphous silicon;non crystallosilicon ;noncrystallosilicon多晶硅：multicrystal silicon; polycrystalline silicon; silicon polycrystal单晶硅：monocrystalline silicon;single crystalline silicon短路电压：short circuit voltage短路电流：shore circuit current ;short circuit current额定功率：nominal power ;normal power ;power rating ;rated horse power ;rated power 硅胶：silica gel环氧树脂：araldite ;epoxide resin ;epoxy resin亮度：brightnesslighteness；lum；luminance；luminosity光强：intensity of light ;lighting intensity ;luminous intensity电压：electric pressure;electric voltage;voltage电流：electric current ;electrical current直流：direct current交流：alternating current ;interflow水箱：water tank;storage cistern;内胆：internal bladder保温层：insulating blanket ;insulating coat ;insulating layer ;insulation course ;thermal barrier ;thermal insulation layer。

太阳能热水器专业英文词汇中文英文中文英文太阳能热水器solar water heater 太阳能集热器solar collector平板集热器flat plate collector 承压水箱split pressurized water tank承压pressure 非承压non-pressure 盘管copper coil 水箱water tank副水箱small tank 排气口air vent电加热棒electric heater 单向阀one way valve 混水阀mixing valve 溢流管over flow pipe 进水口inlet 出水口outlet预热pre-heated 换热盘管heat exchanger 排污口drainage T.P阀T.P valve测温探头temperaturesensor双内胆double-tank排污口back up 安全阀safety valve 联箱manifold collector 直径diameter外观轮廓长宽积total area 透光面积apertu re area 吸热面积absorb area 真空管vacuum tube 热管heat pipe 内玻璃管inner tube外玻璃管outer tube 发泡foaming真空夹层vacuum space 支承件spring clip吸气镜面inspiratory layer 吸气剂getter单靶镀膜one target coating 三靶镀膜three targets coating吸收层absorbing layer 减反层antireflection layer 红外反射层（金属层）metal layer 吸收率absorptance发射比emittance 集热管collector tube全玻璃真空太阳能集热管all glass evacuatedsolar collector tube光能luminous energy热能thermal energy转换convert效率efficiency薄膜film热力学thermodynamics物理physical领域fields资源resources选择性selectivity吸收absorb表面surface真空度vacuum rate构造construction工艺technics参数parameter检测inspection机械mechanism性能function耐热heatproof辐射radiation功率power密度density阴天cloudy day昼夜day and night污染pollution应用utilization平板flat panel热损heat lost吸气剂getter低散热率low emission ratio直径diameter吸收比absorption efficiency发射比emission coefficient 高硼硅玻璃High borosilicateglass不锈钢Stainless Steel铝aluminum国标Internationalstandard弯曲度camber切割incise切齐incise evenly圆头round end接排气嘴connect to exhausting tube烘干drying退火anneal镀膜coatin点焊spot welding 装机facility installation 熔封melting seal 封口seal封离sealing off 蒸散evapotranspiration膨胀性dilatability 稳定性stability颜色color透光率transmissionefficiency公差tolerance划伤scratch wounded缺陷defect环切round cutting封头sealing end 端盖cover尾座tailstock连接杆connection pole支腿pedestal聚氨酯polyurethane连集管manifold聚光栅sunray collectiongrid反射板reflection flat内胆inner tank外皮outer shell铝板aluminum flat彩涂板polychrome flat 镀锌galvanization搪瓷porcelain enamel 喷塑plastic-spray电泳electrophoresis 氧化oxidation阳极anode阴极cathode酸洗acid washing碱洗alkali washing脱脂degrease封口seal水箱water tank 支架support循环circulation水嘴water injection wellchoke自动上水阀automatic wateringvalve止回阀check valve单向阀one-way valve设计理念design conception 恒温阀constanttemperature valve屋脊式太阳能热水器steep roof type solarwater heater太阳伴侣Solar-mate温控仪temperaturecontroller传感器sensorO型橡胶O type rubber热管heat pipe承压bear pressure热水器系统water heater system保温水箱insulation watertank集热器collector运行控制单元operation controlunit 电磁阀electromagneticvalve排气管exhaust pipe水泵water pump排污阀limber valve爆晒under the blazing sun聚光器sunray collector 追求和谐的完美pursue harmoniousperfection太阳能产业化solar industrialize 技术研究所technology researchinstitution电热水器electric waterheater 中科院Chinese Academyof Sciences销售收入sales revenue利润率profit rate增长率increase rate 热水器生产基地production base of water heater人性化personality外型appearance塔式结构tower typestructure采暖heating干燥desiccation制冷refrigeration 海水seawater淡化desalt研究research开发development 质量quality原理principle理论theory空晒still stands temperature闷晒stuffy 热损heat lost吸收率absorptionefficiency发射率emissivity机械铝厚emission coefficient 超声波ultrasonic 清洗washing 循环circulation 动力drive潮汐能tidal energy风能wind energy生活热水household hot water温室greenhouse纬度latitude角度angle光谱spectrum波长wavelength长波long wave短波short wave反射reflect折射refraction海拔altitude对流convection保温材料insulation material 环境environment沉积aggradations弹簧spring卡子clip排气exhaust生产线assembly line水气hydrosphere二氧化碳carbon dioxide镀膜机coating machine机械泵mechanical pump 扩散泵diffused pump黑体blackbody可见光visible light吸收层absorbing layer减反层anti-reflection layer磁控溅射magnetically controlled sputter磁场magnetic field电场electric field电压voltage氩气argon氮气nitrogen烘烤roast金属层cermets film铝靶Aluminum target红外线infrared紫外光ultraviolet radiation陶瓷ceramics干涉interferometer coating倾斜角度tilt angle 尾座tail stock保温层insulating layer 蒸发vapor冷凝器condenser 集热面积collecting area工作压力working pressure 闭合回路closed-loop开放式回路open-loop 电流electricity单层玻璃single-piece glass 双层玻璃double-glazing铜支管U-type copperbranch硅silicon石墨graphite 防冻剂antifreeze三倍功效triple-performance 手工止闹manualalarm-stopping水位设置water-level setting 水位显示water-level display 上水开关water-supply switch 指示灯indicator水温设置water temperaturesetting电热开关electric heatingswitch电热指示electric heatingindicator即时电加热instant electricheating报警器buzzer 进水口water inlet出水口water outlet 内管inner tube外管outer tube 真空夹层vacuum space排气温度stagnationtemperature抗压能力pressure-endureability辅助电加热auxiliary electricbooster排气管vent-pipe上水管water supply pipe下水管drainage pipe 溢水管overflow tube球阀ball valve真空管vacuum tube红外反射层infrared-reflection layer散热器radiator热量损失thermal loss常规能源conventional energy替代能源alternative energy经济效益economic benefit支撑杆supporting arm底托bottom hold电阻resistance冰雹hail stone光电伏特photovoltaic隔离insulation霜frost雾dew螺丝self-tapping screw 分贝decibel抗风windproof抗腐蚀anticorrosive单向限流unidirectional flow渗透penetration镀膜技术film-coating technology蓄电池battery密封圈sealing ring寿命life span止回阀check valve橡胶rubber排污阀limber valve铝翅片aluminum fin热交换heat exchanger无毒液体non-toxic liquid铜翅片cobber fin 防冻剂insulating layer安全索safe cable维修人员maintenancepersonnel电泳现象electrophoresis发射率emissivity耐热heat proof膨胀性dilatability透光率transmission efficiency聚氨酯polyurethane支腿support喷塑plastic-spray 阳极anode氧化oxidation 阴极cathode碱洗alkali-washing 磁控溅射magnetic spattering 基座steel substrate 放射eradiation传感器sensor 湿管wet pipe热管heat pipe 工作原理work principle工艺technics 参数parameter高硼硅玻璃high borosilicateglass镀锌galvanization金属氮化铝steel aluminumnitride选择性吸收涂层selective absorptionlayer家用太阳热水系统热性能试验方法test methods forthermalperformance ofdomestic solarwater精确度accuracy精度precision 太阳辐照度solar irradiance太阳辐射量solar irradiation 平板太阳热水系统flat plate solarwater heatingsystem全玻璃真空集热管太阳能热水系统all-glass evacuatedtubular solar waterheating system玻璃-金属真空集热管太阳热水系统glass-metalevacuated tubularsolar water heatingsystem联集管manifold 真空集热管的反射器Reflector forevacuated collectortube曲面反射器curved specularreflector集热器倾角collector tilt angle贮热水箱storage tank 箱体容量tank capacity部件component 换热器heat exchange温差控制器differential 太阳热水系统solar water heatingtemperaturecontrollersystem紧凑式close-coupledcollector storage分离式remote storage闷晒式integral collectorstorage周围空气的速率surrounding airspeed负荷load 家用太阳能热水系统技术条件specification ofdomestic solarwater heatingsystem轮廓采光面积contour aperturearea单位轮廓采光面积日有用得热量Daily useful energyper contouraperture area平均热损系数average heat lossfactor耐压pressure resistance太阳能热水系统性能评定规范assessment code forperformance ofsolar water heatingsystems当地标准温差local standardtemperaturedifference民用建筑太阳能热水系统应用技术规范technical code forsolar water heatingsystem of civilbuilding建筑平台terrace变形缝deformation joint 日照标准insolation standards平屋面plane roof 坡屋面sloping roof管道井pipe shaft 集中供热水系统collective hot water supply system集中-分散供热水系统collective-individualhot water supplysystem分散供热水系统individual hotwater supplysystem太阳能直接系统solar direct system 太阳能间接系统solar indirect system集热器总面积gross collector area 集热器倾角tilt angle of collector自然循环系统natural circulationsystem强制循环系统forced circulationsystem直流式系统Series-connectedsystem太阳能保证率Solar fraction公共建筑节能设计标准design standard forenergy efficiency ofpublic buildings透明幕墙transparent curtainwall可见光透射比visibletransmittance综合部分负荷性能系数integrated partload value维护结构热工性能权衡判断building envelopetrade-off option参照建筑Reference building太阳能供热采暖工程技术规范technical code forsolar heatingsystem太阳能供热采暖系统solar heatingsystem短期蓄热太阳能供热采暖系统solar heatingsystem withshort-term heatstorage季节蓄热太阳能供热采暖系统solar heatingsystem withseasonal heatstorage液体工质太阳能集热器solar liquidcollector太阳能空气集热器solar air collector液体工质集热器太阳能供热采暖系统solar heatingsystem using solarliquid collector太阳能集热系统solar collector loop直接式太阳能集热系统solar direct system间接式太阳能集热系统solar indirectsystem开式太阳能集热系统solar open system闭式太阳能集热系统solar closed system排空系统drain down system 排回系统drain back system防冻液系统antifreeze system 循环防冻系统prevent freeze with circulation系统费效比cost/benefit ratio ofsystem建筑物耗热量heat loss of building采暖热负荷heating load ofspace heating太阳能集热器采光面积aperture collectorarea太阳能热利用术语solar energythermal applicationterminology天球celestial sphere天轴celestial axis 天极celestial pole天顶zenith 天底nadir天赤道celestial equator 天球子午圈celestial meridian时圈hour circle 赤经圈right ascension circle地平面horizontal plane 地平圈horizontal circle 地平经圈vertical circle 赤纬declination太阳赤纬solar declination 时角hour angle太阳时角solar hour angle 高度角altitude angle / elevation angle太阳高度角solar altitude angle/ solar elevationangle方位角azimuth太阳方位角solar azimuth angle/ solar azimuth天顶距zenith distance天顶角zenith angle 太阳天顶角solar zenith angle太阳行程图sun – path diagram 日地平均距离mean earth-sun distance天文单位astronomical unit 日面solar disk日出sunrise 日没sunset中天culmination 太阳正午solar noon真太阳日solar day 视太阳日apparent solar day 真太阳时solar time 视时apparent solar time 平太阳mean sun 平正午mean noon平太阳日mean solar day 平太阳时mean solar day时差equation of time 区时zoon time世界时universal time 远日点aphelion格林尼治平时greenwich meantime近日点perihelion辐射能radiant energy 辐射功率radiant power辐射照度irradiance 光谱辐射照度spectral irradiance平均辐射照度average irradiance 辐射照度的光谱密集度spectralconcentration ofirradiance辐射出射度radiant exitance 曝辐射量radiance exposure 等曝辐量线isorad 全辐射体full radiator太阳通量solar flux 地外太阳辐射Extraterrestrial radiation太阳常数solar constant 太阳光谱solar spectrum紫外辐射ultravioletradiation可见辐射visible radiation红外辐射Infrared radiation 短波辐射shortwave radiation长波辐射longwave radiation 地球辐射terrestrial radiation直接日射direct solarradiation直接日射辐照度direct solarirradiance直接辐射direct radiation 法向直接日射辐照度normal direct solarirradiance总日射global solarradiation总辐射global radiation半球向辐射hemisphericalradiation散射日射diffuse solarradiation天空辐射sky radiation 漫射辐射diffuse radiation散射日射辐照度diffuse solarirradiance环日辐射circumsolarradiation反射日射reflected solarradiation全辐射total radiation净全辐射net shortwave 净短波辐射net shortwaveradiation radiation大气辐射atmosphereradiation日照时数sunshine duration可照时数duration of possiblesunshine日照百分率percentage ofsunshine等日照线isohel 世界辐射测量基准World RadiationReference (WWR)日射测量学actinometry 辐射表radiometer变阻测辐射热表bolometer 绝对辐射表absolute radiometer相对辐射表relative radiometer 直接日射表Pyrheliometer / actinometer视场角field of view angle 腔体式绝对辐射表absolute cavityradiometer自校准绝对直接日射表self-calibratingabsolute radiometer补偿式绝对辐射表compensatedpyrheliomter总日射表Pyranometer 总日射计pyranograph分光总日射表spectralpyranometer地球辐射表pyrgeometer全辐射表pyrradiometer 净全辐射表net pyrradiometer净短波辐射表net pyranometer 标准辐射表standard dadiometer工作辐射表filed radiometer 一等标准直接日射表primary standardpyeheliometer二等标准直接日射表secondary standardpyeheliometer一级工作直接日射表first classpyeheliometer二级工作直接日射表second classpyeheliometer二等标准总日射表secondary standardpyranometer一级工作总日射表first classpyranometer二级工作总日射表second classpyranometer二等标准全辐射表secondary standardpyrradiometer一级工作全辐射表first classpyrradiometer二级工作全辐射表secondary classpyrradiometer紫外总日射表ultravioletpyranometer日照记录仪sunshine recorder 日照计heliograph太阳跟踪器solar tracker 赤道式跟踪器equatorial tracker 地平式跟踪器altazimuth tracker 遮光片shade disk遮光环shade ring 遮光带shadow band自动遮光装置solar tracker withshade disk kit太阳辐照度模拟器solar irradiancesimulator日影仪heliodon 太阳方位仰角显示器solar scope滤光片filter 干涉滤光片interference filter反射率reflectivity 反照率albedo内吸收比internalabsorpttance吸收率absorptivity投射transmission 透射比transmittance内投射比internaltransmittance透射率transmissivity散射scattering 大气吸收atmospheric absorption大气衰减atmosphericattenuation太阳辐射衰减attenuation of solarradiation大气浑浊度atmosphericturbidity大气光学质量optical air mass大气光学厚度Atmosphericoptical depth天空有效温度effective skytemperature非选择性表面Non-selectivesurface选择性表面selective surface灵敏度sensitivity 校准因子calibration factor 环境空气ambient air 风速wind speed环境风速surrounding airspeed液体集热器liquid collector空气集热器air collector 非聚光型集热器non-concentrating collector无透明盖板集热器unglazed collector带透明盖板集热器glazed collector涓流集热器trickle collector 聚光型集热器concentrating collector线聚焦集热器line-focus collector 槽型抛物面集热器parabolic-troughcollector点聚焦集热器point-focuscollector旋转抛物面集热器parabplic- dishcollector非成像集热器non-imagingcollector复合抛物面集热器Compoundparabolicconcentrator/CPCcollector多反射平面集热器faceted collector 菲涅耳集热器fresnel collector跟踪集热器tracking collector 真空集热器evacuated collector真空管集热器evacuated tubecollector全玻璃真空集热器all – glassevacuated collectortube热管式真空集热管heat pipe evacuatedcollector tube软百页帘集热器venetian blindcollector吸热体absorber 吸热板absorber plate排管tube bank 集管header真空集热管evacuated collectortube联集管manifold聚光器concentrator 定日镜heliostat接收器receiver 集热器盖层collector cover透明盖层transparent cover 集热器盖板collector cover plate隔热体insulator 集热器外壳collector casing 集热器进口collector inlet 集热器出口collector outlet 采光口aperture 采光平面aperture plane集热器阵列collector array 集热器阵列总面积gross collectorarray area工质进口温度fluid inlettemperature工质出口温度fluid outlettemperature工质平均温度mean fluidtemperature闷晒温度stagnationtemperature空晒温度exposuretemperature稳态steady state准稳态quasi-steady state 集热器效率collector efficiency集热器瞬时效率collectorinstantaneousefficiency归—化温差reducedtemperaturedifference集热器效率方程collector efficiencyequuation零损失集热器效率zero-loss collectorefficiency集热器总热损系数collector overallheat loss coefficient集热器热转移因子collector heatremoval factor集热器效率因子collector efficiencyfactor集热器流动因子collector flow factor入射角修正系数incident anglemodifier通量聚光比flux concentrationratio tracking error几何聚光比geometricconcentration ratio跟踪误差tracking error太阳能加热系统solar heatingsystem主动式太阳能系统active solar system被动式太阳能系统passive solar system 相变太阳能系统phase-change solarsystem太阳能热水系统solar water heatingsystem太阳能空气加热系统solar air heatingsystem太阳能单独系统solar-only system 太阳能带辅助热源系统Solar plussupplementarysystem太阳能预热系统solar preheatsystem直流系统series-connectedsystem循环系统circulation system 强制循环系统forced circulation system自然循环系统natural circulationsystem直接系统direct system间接系统indirect system 封闭系统closed system开口系统vented system 敞开系统open system充满系统filled system 回流系统drainback system 排放系统draindown system 集热器子系统collector subsystem输配子系统distributionsubsystem工作状态in-service condition流动状态flow condition 备用状态stand-by condition呆滞状态stagnationcondition太阳灶solar cooker箱式太阳灶box solar cooker 聚光型太阳灶concentrating solar cooler灶面reflector of solarcooker太阳灶采光面积aperture area ofsolar cooker太阳灶操作距离operating distanceof solar cooker太阳灶煮水热效率water-boilingthermal efficiencyof solar cooker被动式太阳房passive solar house 直接受益式direct gain集热墙式heat collection wall 附加阳光间式attached sunspace基础温度basic temperature 采暖期度日数degree-day during heating period综合气象因素synthetic weatherfactor太阳能制冷系统solar cooling system太阳能干燥系统solar drying system 太阳池solar pond太阳能热发电系统solar thermalpower generationsystem太阳能海水淡化系统solar desalinationsystem系统部件system component 集热器回路collector loop蓄热器thermal storagedevice蓄热容storage capacity贮水量storage tank 表面式换热器surface heat exchanger温差控制器differentialtemperaturecontroller压力温度安全器pressure-temperature safety device辅助热源auxiliary heatsource辅助加热器auxiliary heater附加能量parasitic energy 节能率fractional energy savings太阳能供热量solar contribution 时间常数time constant倾角Tilt angle 入射角Angle of incidence传热工质heat transfer fluid 额定工作压力nominal working pressure当量长度equivalent length 水力计算hydraulic calculation局部阻力local resistance 摩擦阻力frictional resistance 取水流量water draw-off rate 供水流量water delivery rate取水温度draw-offtemperature供水温度water deliverytemperature热负荷heat load 日热负荷daily heat load 热电堆thermopile 可重复性repeatability 可再现性reproducibility。

1 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了太阳能热利用中一部分关于天文与辐射的术语。

本标准适用于太阳能热利用中对太阳辐射的研究与测量。

2 引用标准GB 3102.6 光及有关电磁辐射的量和单位GB 4270 热工图形符号与文字代号3 天文3.1 天球celestial sphere为研究天体的位置和运动而辅设的一个半径为无限长的假想球体。

其中心按需要可设在观测点、地心、日心或银心等。

天体的位置即指沿天球中心至该天体方向在球面上的投影。

3.2 天轴celestial axis天球的自转轴。

它通过天球中心并平行于地球自转轴。

3.3 天极celestial pole天轴与天球相交的两个交点的统称。

3.4 北天极celestial north pole北半天球上的天极。

3.5 南天极celestial south pole南半天球上的天极。

3.6 天顶zenith观测点铅垂线向上延长与天球相交的交点。

3.7 天底nadir观测点铅垂线向下延长与天球相交的交点。

3.8 天赤道celestial equator通过天球中心并垂直于天轴的平面与天球相交的大圆。

3.9 天球子午圈celestial meridian天球上通过天顶和天极的大圆。

同义词天球子午线3.10 时圈hour circle天球上通过两天极的任一大圆。

同义词赤经圈right ascension circle3.11 地平面horizontal plane地球表面观测点以铅垂线为法线的切平面。

3.12 地平圈horizontal circle通过天球中心并垂直于天顶-天底连线的平面与天球相交的大圆。

同义词地平线horizon3.13 地平经圈vertical circle天球上通过天顶和天底的任一大圆。

3.14 角距离angular distance天球大圆上任意两点所对应的圆心角。

3.15 天球坐标系celestial coordinate system为确定天体在天球上的投影位置和运动而引入的球面坐标系。