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英语课堂中的纠错性反馈【摘要】纠错性反馈，作为英语课堂中师生双方交流的一个重要部分，长久以来吸引了很多学者和教师的关注。
本文探讨在中国的英语课堂上不同类型的纠正反馈的使用频率，分析不同类型的纠错反馈效果，以及学生对教师反馈行为的吸收情况，促进学生的第二语言学习。
【Abstract】The error correction feedback, takes an important part which in English classroom teachers and students both sides exchange, for long has attracted many scholars and teacher’s attention. This article discusses in China’s English classroom the different type correction feedback frequency of use, the analysis different type error correction feedback effect, as well as the student feeds back the behavior to the teacher the absorption situation, promotes student’s second language study.【Key words】Is clear about the error correction; Recast; Inspiration; Meta-language clue; The request clarifies; Redundant中国的英语课堂教学一直在探索更好的英语课程，英语教学新课程标准有六个设计原则：（1）教育目标为全员教育，并强调素质教育；（2）以学生为主体，尊重个体差异；（3）发展能力为基础目标，注重灵活性和适应性；（4）密切关注学习过程，倡导学习和参与过程；（5）特别重视形成性评价，特别注重能力的培养；（6）优化学习资源，最大限度机会学习和使用语言。
第二节 误差修正模型（Error Correction Model ，ECM ）一、误差修正模型的构造对于y t 的(1，1)阶自回归分布滞后模型：t t t t t y x x y εβββα++++=--12110在模型两端同时减y t-1，在模型右端10-±t x β，得：tt t t tt t t t t t t t x y x x y x y x x y εααγβεββββαββεββββα+--+∆=+---+--+∆=+-+++∆+=∆------)(])1()1()[1()1()(1101012120120121100其中，12-=βγ，)1/()(2ββαα-+=，)1/(211ββα-=。
记 11011-----=t t t x y ecm αα（5-5） 则t t t t ecmx y εγβ++∆=∆-1（5-6）称模型（5-6）为“误差修正模型”，简称ECM 。
二、误差修正模型的含义如果y t ~ I(1)，x t ~ I(1)，则模型（5-6）左端)0(~I y t∆，右端)0(~I x t∆，所以只有当y t 和x t 协整、即y t 和x t 之间存在长期均衡关系时，式（5-5）中的ecm~I(0)，模型（5-6）两端的平稳性才会相同。
当y t 和x t 协整时，设协整回归方程为：t t t x y εαα++=10它反映了y t 与x t 的长期均衡关系，所以称式（5-5）中的ecm t -1是前一期的“非均衡误差”，称误差修正模型（5-6）中的1-t ecmγ是误差修正项，12-=βγ是修正系数，由于通常1||2<β，这样0<γ；当ecm t -1 >0时（即出现正误差），误差修正项1-t ecm γ< 0，而ecm t -1 < 0时（即出现负误差），1-t ecm γ> 0，两者的方向恰好相反，所以，误差修正是一个反向调整过程（负反馈机制）。
Error Correction Model 用EVIEWS怎么做一、利用EG两步法做协整检验。
在两个变量情况下（设为Y、X），包括两序列单整检验、两变量最小二乘法回归并得到残差序列并命名为e、对e作单位根检验。
二、在证明Y、X两序列间存在协整后，才可以建立ECM。
其中，误差修正项ecm的值就是之前的回归模型的残差序列e。
三、直接输入以下命令：ls y c y(-1) x x(-1)得到的估计结果在实际预测时比较方便，不过需要计算得到ecm项的系数。
四、也可以直接输入以下命令：ls y c x e(-1)其中，e(-1)项的系数就是ecm项的系数。
这个模型的优点是直观，但是不便于预测。
五、两种估计是等价的。
六、建议参考阅读易丹辉：《数据分析与EViews应用》，中国统计出版社2002年版。
（也许有新版也不一定）对于误差修正模型，需要先建立一个模型，然后进行回归分析，分析它的短期均衡关系。
操作：举个例子说，比如试图建立y对y(-1)和x的误差修正模型。
STEP1 建立长期关系ls y c y(-1) xSTEP2 对残差进行单位根检验来检验协整关系ecm=residuroot(10,h) ecmSTEP3 建立误差修正模型ls d(y) c d(y(-1)) d(x) ecm(-1)教程：案例1上面的分析可以证明序列lconsume、lincome及lconsme(-1)之间存在协整关系，故可以建立ecm（误差修正模型）。
先分别对序列lconsume、lincome及lconsme(-1)进行一阶差分,然后对误差修正模型进行估计。
在主窗口命令行中输入：ls d(lconsume) c d(lincome) d(lconsume(-1)) ecm(-1)此时的常数项系数不明显，我们去掉常数项后再进行回归，结果如下图8.6所示图8.6从上式可以看出上式中的T检验值均显著，误差修正项的系数为-0.252,这说明长期均衡对短期波动的影响不大。
ecc码的定义-回复【ecc码的定义】ECC码是指纠错码（Error Correction Code）的一种，它是一种编码技术，用于检测和纠正在数据传输过程中发生的错误。
ECC码主要用于数字通信和存储系统中，以增强数据的完整性和可靠性。
它通过添加冗余信息（例如校验位）到原始数据中，使得接收端可以检测错误并纠正之。
一、ECC码的基本原理ECC码通过在数据中添加冗余信息，提供额外的校验和纠正功能。
这种冗余信息能够在数据传输或存储过程中检测并纠正错误。
它采用一种称为“海明码”的特殊纠错码算法。
海明码是由理查德·海明发明的一种纠错码。
其基本原理是通过在数据中插入校验位，并根据特定规则计算这些位。
这些校验位位于数据位之间，形成一个特定长度的冗余代码。
在数据传输或储存过程中，接收端可以使用这些冗余信息来检测和纠正位错误。
当错误位发生时，接收端根据校验码计算的结果来确定错误位的位置，并进行纠正。
二、ECC码的应用1. 数字通信领域：ECC码在数字通信中被广泛使用。
在无线通信、光纤通信等领域，数据传输往往容易受到噪声、干扰和传输错误等的影响。
ECC码可以有效减小由于传输错误带来的数据丢失或传输质量下降，提高数据传输的可靠性。
2. 存储系统：在计算机存储系统中，例如硬盘驱动器和闪存存储器等，也使用了ECC码。
存储设备很容易受到噪声、电压波动、介质老化等因素的干扰，这些都可能导致数据位的倒置或错误。
通过使用ECC码，可以提高存储设备的可靠性和数据完整性。
三、ECC码的特点1. 高纠错能力：ECC码能够检测和纠正多个错误位，提供更高的纠错能力。
因此，它具有处理数据在传输过程中发生的较大数量位错误的能力。
2. 较低的存储开销：尽管ECC码需要在原始数据中添加冗余信息，但其纠错效率使存储成本相对较低。
通过合理设计纠错码的大小以及适当的校验位分配策略，可以实现高效的纠错效果。
3. 简单实现：ECC码的实现相对简单，可以在硬件或软件层面进行。
（完整版）自动控制专业英语词汇自动控制专业英语词汇（一）acceleration transducer 加速度传感器acceptance testing 验收测试accessibility 可及性accumulated error 累积误差AC-DC-AC frequency converter 交-直-交变频器AC (alternating current) electric drive 交流电子传动active attitude stabilization 主动姿态稳定actuator 驱动器，执行机构adaline 线性适应元adaptation layer 适应层adaptive telemeter system 适应遥测系统adjoint operator 伴随算子admissible error 容许误差aggregation matrix 集结矩阵AHP (analytic hierarchy process) 层次分析法amplifying element 放大环节analog-digital conversion 模数转换annunciator 信号器antenna pointing control 天线指向控制anti-integral windup 抗积分饱卷aperiodic decomposition 非周期分解a posteriori estimate 后验估计approximate reasoning 近似推理a priori estimate 先验估计articulated robot 关节型机器人assignment problem 配置问题，分配问题associative memory model 联想记忆模型associatron 联想机asymptotic stability 渐进稳定性attained pose drift 实际位姿漂移attitude acquisition 姿态捕获AOCS (attritude and orbit control system) 姿态轨道控制系统attitude angular velocity 姿态角速度attitude disturbance 姿态扰动attitude maneuver 姿态机动attractor 吸引子augment ability 可扩充性augmented system 增广系统automatic manual station 自动-手动操作器automaton 自动机autonomous system 自治系统backlash characteristics 间隙特性base coordinate system 基座坐标系Bayes classifier 贝叶斯分类器bearing alignment 方位对准bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表benefit-cost analysis 收益成本分析bilinear system 双线性系统biocybernetics 生物控制论biological feedback system 生物反馈系统black box testing approach 黑箱测试法blind search 盲目搜索block diagonalization 块对角化Boltzman machine 玻耳兹曼机bottom-up development 自下而上开发boundary value analysis 边界值分析brainstorming method 头脑风暴法breadth-first search 广度优先搜索butterfly valve 蝶阀CAE (computer aided engineering) 计算机辅助工程CAM (computer aided manufacturing) 计算机辅助制造Camflex valve 偏心旋转阀canonical state variable 规范化状态变量capacitive displacement transducer 电容式位移传感器capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表CARD 计算机辅助研究开发Cartesian robot 直角坐标型机器人cascade compensation 串联补偿catastrophe theory 突变论centrality 集中性chained aggregation 链式集结chaos 混沌characteristic locus 特征轨迹chemical propulsion 化学推进calrity 清晰性classical information pattern 经典信息模式classifier 分类器clinical control system 临床控制系统closed loop pole 闭环极点closed loop transfer function 闭环传递函数cluster analysis 聚类分析coarse-fine control 粗-精控制cobweb model 蛛网模型coefficient matrix 系数矩阵cognitive science 认知科学cognitron 认知机coherent system 单调关联系统combination decision 组合决策combinatorial explosion 组合爆炸combined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵compartmental model 房室模型compatibility 相容性，兼容性compensating network 补偿网络compensation 补偿，矫正compliance 柔顺，顺应composite control 组合控制computable general equilibrium model 可计算一般均衡模型conditionally instability 条件不稳定性configuration 组态connectionism 连接机制connectivity 连接性conservative system 守恒系统consistency 一致性constraint condition 约束条件consumption function 消费函数context-free grammar 上下文无关语法continuous discrete event hybrid system simulation 连续离散事件混合系统仿真continuous duty 连续工作制control accuracy 控制精度control cabinet 控制柜controllability index 可控指数controllable canonical form 可控规范型[control] plant 控制对象,被控对象controlling instrument 控制仪表control moment gyro 控制力矩陀螺control panel 控制屏，控制盘control synchro 控制[式]自整角机control system synthesis 控制系统综合control time horizon 控制时程cooperative game 合作对策coordinability condition 可协调条件coordination strategy 协调策略coordinator 协调器corner frequency 转折频率costate variable 共态变量cost-effectiveness analysis 费用效益分析coupling of orbit and attitude 轨道和姿态耦合critical damping 临界阻尼critical stability 临界稳定性cross-over frequency 穿越频率，交越频率current source inverter 电流[源]型逆变器cut-off frequency 截止频率cybernetics 控制论cyclic remote control 循环遥控cylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人damped oscillation 阻尼振荡damper 阻尼器damping ratio 阻尼比data acquisition 数据采集data encryption 数据加密data preprocessing 数据预处理data processor 数据处理器DC generator-motor set drive 直流发电机-电动机组传动D controller 微分控制器decentrality 分散性decentralized stochastic control 分散随机控制decision space 决策空间decision support system 决策支持系统decomposition-aggregation approach 分解集结法decoupling parameter 解耦参数deductive-inductive hybrid modeling method 演绎与归纳混合建模法delayed telemetry 延时遥测derivation tree 导出树derivative feedback 微分反馈describing function 描述函数desired value 希望值despinner 消旋体destination 目的站detector 检出器deterministic automaton 确定性自动机deviation 偏差deviation alarm 偏差报警器DFD 数据流图diagnostic model 诊断模型diagonally dominant matrix 对角主导矩阵diaphragm pressure gauge 膜片压力表difference equation model 差分方程模型differential dynamical system 微分动力学系统differential game 微分对策differential pressure level meter 差压液位计differential pressure transmitter 差压变送器differential transformer displacement transducer 差动变压器式位移传感器differentiation element 微分环节digital filer 数字滤波器digital signal processing 数字信号处理digitization 数字化digitizer 数字化仪dimension transducer 尺度传感器direct coordination 直接协调disaggregation 解裂discoordination 失协调discrete event dynamic system 离散事件动态系统discrete system simulation language 离散系统仿真语言discriminant function 判别函数displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移振幅传感器dissipative structure 耗散结构distributed parameter control system 分布参数控制系统distrubance 扰动disturbance compensation 扰动补偿diversity 多样性divisibility 可分性domain knowledge 领域知识dominant pole 主导极点dose-response model 剂量反应模型dual modulation telemetering system 双重调制遥测系统dual principle 对偶原理dual spin stabilization 双自旋稳定duty ratio 负载比dynamic braking 能耗制动dynamic characteristics 动态特性dynamic deviation 动态偏差dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数dynamic exactness 动它吻合性dynamic input-output model 动态投入产出模型econometric model 计量经济模型economic cybernetics 经济控制论economic effectiveness 经济效益economic evaluation 经济评价economic index 经济指数economic indicator 经济指标eddy current thickness meter 电涡流厚度计effectiveness 有效性effectiveness theory 效益理论elasticity of demand 需求弹性electric actuator 电动执行机构electric conductance levelmeter 电导液位计electric drive control gear 电动传动控制设备electric hydraulic converter 电-液转换器electric pneumatic converter 电-气转换器electrohydraulic servo vale 电液伺服阀electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器electronic batching scale 电子配料秤electronic belt conveyor scale 电子皮带秤electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤elevation 仰角emergency stop 异常停止empirical distribution 经验分布endogenous variable 内生变量equilibrium growth 均衡增长equilibrium point 平衡点equivalence partitioning 等价类划分ergonomics 工效学error 误差error-correction parsing 纠错剖析estimate 估计量estimation theory 估计理论evaluation technique 评价技术event chain 事件链evolutionary system 进化系统exogenous variable 外生变量expected characteristics 希望特性external disturbance 外扰fact base 事实failure diagnosis 故障诊断fast mode 快变模态feasibility study 可行性研究feasible coordination 可行协调feasible region 可行域feature detection 特征检测feature extraction 特征抽取feedback compensation 反馈补偿feedforward path 前馈通路field bus 现场总线finite automaton 有限自动机FIP (factory information protocol) 工厂信息协议first order predicate logic 一阶谓词逻辑fixed sequence manipulator 固定顺序机械手fixed set point control 定值控制FMS (flexible manufacturing system) 柔性制造系统flow sensor/transducer 流量传感器flow transmitter 流量变送器fluctuation 涨落forced oscillation 强迫振荡formal language theory 形式语言理论formal neuron 形式神经元forward path 正向通路forward reasoning 正向推理fractal 分形体，分维体frequency converter 变频器frequency domain model reduction method 频域模型降阶法frequency response 频域响应full order observer 全阶观测器functional decomposition 功能分解FES (functional electrical stimulation) 功能电刺激functional simularity 功能相似fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑game tree 对策树gate valve 闸阀general equilibrium theory 一般均衡理论generalized least squares estimation 广义最小二乘估计generation function 生成函数geomagnetic torque 地磁力矩geometric similarity 几何相似gimbaled wheel 框架轮global asymptotic stability 全局渐进稳定性global optimum 全局最优globe valve 球形阀goal coordination method 目标协调法grammatical inference 文法推断graphic search 图搜索gravity gradient torque 重力梯度力矩group technology 成组技术guidance system 制导系统gyro drift rate 陀螺漂移率gyrostat 陀螺体Hall displacement transducer 霍尔式位移传感器hardware-in-the-loop simulation 半实物仿真harmonious deviation 和谐偏差harmonious strategy 和谐策略heuristic inference 启发式推理hidden oscillation 隐蔽振荡hierarchical chart 层次结构图hierarchical planning 递阶规划hierarchical control 递阶控制homeostasis 内稳态homomorphic model 同态系统horizontal decomposition 横向分解hormonal control 内分泌控制hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达hypercycle theory 超循环理论I controller 积分控制器identifiability 可辨识性IDSS (intelligent decision support system) 智能决策支持系统image recognition 图像识别impulse 冲量impulse function 冲击函数，脉冲函数inching 点动incompatibility principle 不相容原理incremental motion control 增量运动控制index of merit 品质因数inductive force transducer 电感式位移传感器inductive modeling method 归纳建模法industrial automation 工业自动化inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏感器inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系inertial wheel 惯性轮inference engine 推理机infinite dimensional system 无穷维系统information acquisition 信息采集infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析器inherent nonlinearity 固有非线性inherent regulation 固有调节initial deviation 初始偏差initiator 发起站injection attitude 入轨姿势input-output model 投入产出模型instability 不稳定性instruction level language 指令级语言integral of absolute value of error criterion 绝对误差积分准则integral of squared error criterion 平方误差积分准则integral performance criterion 积分性能准则integration instrument 积算仪器integrity 整体性intelligent terminal 智能终端interacted system 互联系统，关联系统interactive prediction approach 互联预估法，关联预估法interconnection 互联intermittent duty 断续工作制internal disturbance 内扰ISM (interpretive structure modeling) 解释结构建模法invariant embedding principle 不变嵌入原理inventory theory 库伦论inverse Nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图inverter 逆变器investment decision 投资决策isomorphic model 同构模型iterative coordination 迭代协调jet propulsion 喷气推进job-lot control 分批控制joint 关节Kalman-Bucy filer 卡尔曼-布西滤波器knowledge accomodation 知识顺应knowledge acquisition 知识获取knowledge assimilation 知识同化KBMS (knowledge base management system) 知识库管理系统knowledge representation 知识表达ladder diagram 梯形图lag-lead compensation 滞后超前补偿Lagrange duality 拉格朗日对偶性Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换large scale system 大系统lateral inhibition network 侧抑制网络least cost input 最小成本投入least squares criterion 最小二乘准则level switch 物位开关libration damping 天平动阻尼limit cycle 极限环linearization technique 线性化方法linear motion electric drive 直线运动电气传动linear motion valve 直行程阀linear programming 线性规划LQR (linear quadratic regulator problem) 线性二次调节器问题load cell 称重传感器local asymptotic stability 局部渐近稳定性local optimum 局部最优log magnitude-phase diagram 对数幅相图long term memory 长期记忆lumped parameter model 集总参数模型Lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理自动控制专业英语词汇（二）macro-economic system 宏观经济系统magnetic dumping 磁卸载magnetoelastic weighing cell 磁致弹性称重传感器magnitude-frequency characteristic 幅频特性magnitude margin 幅值裕度magnitude scale factor 幅值比例尺manipulator 机械手man-machine coordination 人机协调manual station 手动操作器MAP (manufacturing automation protocol) 制造自动化协议marginal effectiveness 边际效益Mason's gain formula 梅森增益公式master station 主站matching criterion 匹配准则maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计maximum overshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则mechanism model 机理模型meta-knowledge 元知识metallurgical automation 冶金自动化minimal realization 最小实现minimum phase system 最小相位系统minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计minor loop 副回路missile-target relative movement simulator 弹体-目标相对运动仿真器modal aggregation 模态集结modal transformation 模态变换MB (model base) 模型库model confidence 模型置信度model fidelity 模型逼真度model reference adaptive control system 模型参考适应控制系统model verification 模型验证modularization 模块化MEC (most economic control) 最经济控制motion space 可动空间MTBF (mean time between failures) 平均故障间隔时间MTTF (mean time to failures) 平均无故障时间multi-attributive utility function 多属性效用函数multicriteria 多重判据multilevel hierarchical structure 多级递阶结构multiloop control 多回路控制multi-objective decision 多目标决策multistate logic 多态逻辑multistratum hierarchical control 多段递阶控制multivariable control system 多变量控制系统myoelectric control 肌电控制Nash optimality 纳什最优性natural language generation 自然语言生成nearest-neighbor 最近邻necessity measure 必然性侧度negative feedback 负反馈neural assembly 神经集合neural network computer 神经网络计算机Nichols chart 尼科尔斯图noetic science 思维科学noncoherent system 非单调关联系统noncooperative game 非合作博弈nonequilibrium state 非平衡态nonlinear element 非线性环节nonmonotonic logic 非单调逻辑nonparametric training 非参数训练nonreversible electric drive 不可逆电气传动nonsingular perturbation 非奇异摄动non-stationary random process 非平稳随机过程nuclear radiation levelmeter 核辐射物位计nutation sensor 章动敏感器Nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据objective function 目标函数observability index 可观测指数observable canonical form 可观测规范型on-line assistance 在线帮助on-off control 通断控制open loop pole 开环极点operational research model 运筹学模型optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表optimal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术orbital rendezvous 轨道交会orbit gyrocompass 轨道陀螺罗盘orbit perturbation 轨道摄动order parameter 序参数orientation control 定向控制originator 始发站oscillating period 振荡周期output prediction method 输出预估法oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计overall design 总体设计overdamping 过阻尼overlapping decomposition 交叠分解Pade approximation 帕德近似Pareto optimality 帕雷托最优性passive attitude stabilization 被动姿态稳定path repeatability 路径可重复性pattern primitive 模式基元PR (pattern recognition) 模式识别P control 比例控制器peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法perceptron 感知器periodic duty 周期工作制perturbation theory 摄动理论pessimistic value 悲观值phase locus 相轨迹phase trajectory 相轨迹phase lead 相位超前photoelectric tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器phrase-structure grammar 短句结构文法physical symbol system 物理符号系统piezoelectric force transducer 压电式力传感器playback robot 示教再现式机器人PLC (programmable logic controller) 可编程序逻辑控制器plug braking 反接制动plug valve 旋塞阀pneumatic actuator 气动执行机构point-to-point control 点位控制polar robot 极坐标型机器人pole assignment 极点配置pole-zero cancellation 零极点相消polynomial input 多项式输入portfolio theory 投资搭配理论pose overshoot 位姿过调量position measuring instrument 位置测量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器positive feedback 正反馈power system automation 电力系统自动化predicate logic 谓词逻辑pressure gauge with electric contact 电接点压力表pressure transmitter 压力变送器price coordination 价格协调primal coordination 主协调primary frequency zone 主频区PCA (principal component analysis) 主成分分析法principle of turnpike 大道原理priority 优先级process-oriented simulation 面向过程的仿真production budget 生产预算production rule 产生式规则profit forecast 利润预测PERT (program evaluation and review technique) 计划评审技术program set station 程序设定操作器proportional control 比例控制proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器protocol engineering 协议工程prototype 原型pseudo random sequence 伪随机序列pseudo-rate-increment control 伪速率增量控制pulse duration 脉冲持续时间pulse frequency modulation control system 脉冲调频控制系统pulse width modulation control system 脉冲调宽控制系统PWM inverter 脉宽调制逆变器pushdown automaton 下推自动机QC (quality control) 质量管理quadratic performance index 二次型性能指标qualitative physical model 定性物理模型quantized noise 量化噪声quasilinear characteristics 准线性特性queuing theory 排队论radio frequency sensor 射频敏感器ramp function 斜坡函数random disturbance 随机扰动random process 随机过程rate integrating gyro 速率积分陀螺ratio station 比值操作器reachability 可达性reaction wheel control 反作用轮控制realizability 可实现性,能实现性real time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野rectangular robot 直角坐标型机器人rectifier 整流器recursive estimation 递推估计reduced order observer 降阶观测器redundant information 冗余信息reentry control 再入控制regenerative braking 回馈制动，再生制动regional planning model 区域规划模型regulating device 调节装载regulation 调节relational algebra 关系代数relay characteristic 继电器特性remote manipulator 遥控操作器remote regulating 遥调remote set point adjuster 远程设定点调整器rendezvous and docking 交会和对接reproducibility 再现性resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻resolution principle 归结原理resource allocation 资源分配response curve 响应曲线return difference matrix 回差矩阵return ratio matrix 回比矩阵reverberation 回响reversible electric drive 可逆电气传动revolute robot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器rewriting rule 重写规则rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学risk decision 风险分析robotics 机器人学robot programming language 机器人编程语言robust control 鲁棒控制robustness 鲁棒性roll gap measuring instrument 辊缝测量仪root locus 根轨迹roots flowmeter 腰轮流量计rotameter 浮子流量计，转子流量计rotary eccentric plug valve 偏心旋转阀rotary motion valve 角行程阀rotating transformer 旋转变压器Routh approximation method 劳思近似判据routing problem 路径问题sampled-data control system 采样控制系统sampling control system 采样控制系统saturation characteristics 饱和特性scalar Lyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数SCARA (selective compliance assembly robot arm) 平面关节型机器人scenario analysis method 情景分析法scene analysis 物景分析s-domain s域self-operated controller 自力式控制器self-organizing system 自组织系统self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制semantic network 语义网络semi-physical simulation 半实物仿真sensing element 敏感元件sensitivity analysis 灵敏度分析sensory control 感觉控制sequential decomposition 顺序分解sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计servo control 伺服控制，随动控制servomotor 伺服马达settling time 过渡时间sextant 六分仪short term planning 短期计划short time horizon coordination 短时程协调signal detection and estimation 信号检测和估计signal reconstruction 信号重构similarity 相似性simulated interrupt 仿真中断simulation block diagram 仿真框图simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度simulator 仿真器single axle table 单轴转台single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度陀螺single level process 单级过程single value nonlinearity 单值非线性singular attractor 奇异吸引子singular perturbation 奇异摄动sink 汇点slaved system 受役系统slower-than-real-time simulation 欠实时仿真slow subsystem 慢变子系统socio-cybernetics 社会控制论socioeconomic system 社会经济系统software psychology 软件心理学solar array pointing control 太阳帆板指向控制solenoid valve 电磁阀source 源点specific impulse 比冲speed control system 调速系统spin axis 自旋轴spinner 自旋体stability criterion 稳定性判据stability limit 稳定极限stabilization 镇定，稳定Stackelberg decision theory 施塔克尔贝格决策理论state equation model 状态方程模型state space description 状态空间描述static characteristics curve 静态特性曲线station accuracy 定点精度stationary random process 平稳随机过程statistical analysis 统计分析statistic pattern recognition 统计模式识别steady state deviation 稳态偏差steady state error coefficient 稳态误差系数step-by-step control 步进控制step function 阶跃函数stepwise refinement 逐步精化stochastic finite automaton 随机有限自动机strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器strategic function 策略函数strongly coupled system 强耦合系统subjective probability 主观频率suboptimality 次优性supervised training 监督学习supervisory computer control system 计算机监控系统sustained oscillation 自持振荡swirlmeter 旋进流量计switching point 切换点symbolic processing 符号处理synaptic plasticity 突触可塑性synergetics 协同学syntactic analysis 句法分析system assessment 系统评价systematology 系统学system homomorphism 系统同态system isomorphism 系统同构system engineering 系统工程tachometer 转速表target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器task cycle 作业周期teaching programming 示教编程telemechanics 远动学。
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全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试英语2级笔译综合能力真题2016年度上半年Section1Vocabulary and GrammarThis section consists of3parts.Read the directions for each part before answering the questions.Part1Vocabulary SelectionIn this part,there are20incomplete sentences.Below each sentence,there are4choices marked by letters A,B,C and D respectively.Choose the word which best completes each sentence.There is only ONE right answer.Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.（60pionts）1、Scientists are pushing known technologies to their limits in an attempt to______more energy from the earth.A．detract B．protractC．extract D．retract2、When the civil war ended,______tasks confronted the people.Soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized,readjusted to civilian life,and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.A．staggering B．appealingC．contending D．rewarding3、The new accessibility of land around almost every major city______an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we know as urbanization.A．incited B．followedC．claimed D．sparked4、Japan's______in the field of electronics would have to withstand much stronger challenge from competitors in the globalized economy.A．subordination B．supremacyC．submission D．subjection5、After the1870s,a number of important authors began to reject the Romanticism that had______immediately following the civil war.A．appeared B．recurredC．surfaced D．prevailed6、The poet was able to______the bucolic lifestyle in great detail because he had lived in the countryside for a long time.A．design B．determineC．depict D．denote7、The most______investments were made in small books that had proven to be steady sellers,providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher.A．appalling B．appealingC．astounding D．astonishing8、As early as1782,the______Delaware inventor Oliver Evans built a highly automated,labor-saving flour mill driven by water power.A．proficient B．prudentC．productive D．prolific9、These innovations in manufacturing______output and living standards to an unprecedented extent.A．moved B．triggeredC．boosted D．generated10、Studies reveal that obesity could,to a large extent,be attributed to the increasing popularity of the______lifestyle.A．sedentary B．secretiveC．seclusive D．solitary11、As a comet's orbit brings it closer to the sun,first the comet grows, then two______tails usually form.A．dim B．distinctC．definite D．descriptive12、In his letter he thanked his friend for the gift of tulip bulbs,but he then continued to______for their death.A．grumble B．greetC．grieve D．grudge13、Effective communication is an______part of qualifications for a good teacher.A．integral B．intellectualC．intangible D．inclusive14、When ancient artifacts have been______to these processes,their origin is usually impossible to trace.A．subordinated B．subdividedC．subjected D．submitted15、Fire ants make use of an alarm pheromone to______workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail as a guide during mass migrations.A．alert B．allotC．alternate D．adapt16、For a time he______a career as an army medical doctor,but his family obligation forced him to give up the idea.A．consulted B．contestedC．contemplated D．consented17、One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred65million years ago with the______of the dinosaurs and many other forms of life.A．demolition B．demiseC．diffusion D．decline18、When water is scarce,lizards may reduce their movements and remain in that condition for______periods of time.A．pronounced B．programmedC．projected D．prolonged19、The accounting firm deliberately destroyed documents to______government investigators.A．thrill B．threatenC．thwart D．terrify20、Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes,of which woodcut and engraving are two______examples.A．premier B．priorC．prime D．primaryPart2Vocabulary ReplacementThis part consists of20sentences.In each of them one word is underlined, and below each,there are4choices marked by letters A,B,C and D respectively. Choose the word that can replace the underlined part without causing any grammatical error or changing the basic meaning of the sentence.There is only ONE right answer.Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.（20pionts）21、By the1930s the wristwatch had almost completely supplanted the pocket watch.A．applied B．surpassedC．replaced D．imitated22、This group of people became great traders,bartering jewelry,pottery,animal pelts,tools,and other goods through extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America.A．auctioning B．exchangingC．marketing D．selling23、The main salt in Death Valley is sodium chloride,but other salts,mostly carbonates and sulfates,also exist there.A．basic B．dominantC．native D．visible24、The biggest challenge for hikers in this part of the mountain range isthat water is scarce.A．limited B．hiddenC．short D．needy25、To the casual observer,dust seems to act in a totally random fashion, moving about chaotically without fixed direction.A．adaptable B．movableC．dependable D．unpredictable26、The expense of moving a family to the frontier was too difficult for many, and the cost of tools,a wagon,a well,fencing,and of building the simplest house,might come to US$1,000--a formidable barrier.A．miserable B．difficultC．probable D．forcible27、Because the droplets or ice crystals in clouds are exceedingly small,the effect of gravity on them is minute.A．second B．mereC．tiny D．quick28、A reasonable proficiency in English is a prerequisite for the course.A．direction B．guidanceC．requirement D．method29、This century,the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.A．implied B．ascribedC．denoted D．clarified30、There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.A．different B．distinctiveC．disagreeable D．dispensable31、There are still serious constitutional impediments to the prosecution of senior officials.That is why no politician has ever been convicted of corruption.A．restrictions B．taboosC．imbalances D．obstacles32、This book comes as a revelation to one who sought to understand the works of the famous Chinese writer Lao She.A．reminder B．linkC．trace D．disclosure33、When the attack began,the loud noise of explosions made people scurry to seek cover.A．stumble B．rushC．flee D．cobble34、After the devastating disaster,some people started to spend prodigiously on entertainment,which was considered a typical response to traumatic experiences.A．sensibly B．lavishlyC．audaciously D．cautiously35、Experts are debating whether these happenings were really harbingers of an imminent disaster,or simply enigmatic tales from the locals who have rarely experienced an earthquake.A．signs B．forecastsC．results D．traces36、The disclosure of sensitive information related to national security wasreportedly inadvertent.A．reluctant B．irrationalC．consequent D．unintentional37、Perhaps what enchants most fans of all ages and from all regions about cartoons is their adolescent exuberance,their unique glorification of the dreams and their imagery of the youth.A．entices B．entrancesC．entertains D．enlivens38、The protesters oppose building a high-rise in their neighborhood,stating that it will stand too close to their apartments,obscure the sunlight and severely diminish their living standards.A．offset B．limitC．reduce D．lower39、Profits have burgeoned for the Internet-based retail business,driving many family-owned stores out of business.A．grown B．bubbledC．skyrocketed D．inflated40、When the policemen started to throw tear gas cans in an effort to dispersethe crowds,some of the demonstrators retaliated by throwing rocks.A．reacted B．respondedC．rejected D．resortedPart3Error Correction（20pionts)This part consists of20sentences.In each of them there is an underlined part that indicates a grammatical error,and below each,there are4choices marked by letters A,B,C and D respectively.Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part so that the error is corrected.There is only ONE right answer.Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.（20pionts)41、For many people,moths are swarming,dust-colored pests that eat our clothes and disturb us flying around lights after dark.A．with flying B．in flyingC．on flying D．by flying42、Many ice researchers believe that the melting Greenland,if it continues,will add at least three feet to global sea levels by2100.A．melted Greenland B．melting GreenlandC．Greenland's melting D．Greenland melted43、Biologists are concerned that coral maybe impacted negative by further warming of the oceans.A．negatively may be impacting B．may be negatively impacted C．may negatively be impacting D．may negatively be impacted 44、Supporters of genetic engineering have argued that this application ofscience allows farmers to grow crops more efficiently and save on money for pesticides and fertilizers.A．to save money on B．saving money onC．to save money to D．saving money to45、Irrespective on its disadvantages,however,genetic engineering has proliferated swiftly.A．with B．to C．of D．from46、The impossible high demands you make of yourself will invite only disappointment and widespread unhappiness.A．highly impossible demands B．impossibly high demandsC．demands impossibly high D．demands highly impossible 47、Even if you achieve an exceptional result,chances are whether you'll still be unhappy,as you'll find additional reasons for not being good enough.A．whether chances are B．chances will be whetherC．that chances are D．chances are that48、Never went to the city before,we bought a guidebook at the first stationer's we came to.A．going to B．gone toC．having been to D．having gone to49、Followed Tuareg traditions,Mohamed wears a cloth that wraps his head and face.A．Following Tuareg traditionsB．Tuareg traditions followedC．Being followed by Tuareg traditionsD．Tuareg traditions following50、Kublai Khan's city planning can still perceive by the straight,broad streets of China's modem capital.A．be perceived by B．be perceiving byC．be perceived in D．be perceiving in51、Opponents of genetic engineering claim that scientists are tampering with matters that they know little and essentially committing a crime against nature.A．that they know about little B．that they know little about C．they know about that little D．about that they know little52、The reason why I was alone in the mountains is as I had a difficulty with my guide.A．was because B．is becauseC．was that D．is that53、Although we know a lot about his life,the reason for his death has remaineda mystery,the most extreme possibility is murder.A．being murder the most extreme possibilityB．with the most extreme possibility murderC．being the most extreme possibility murderD．with murder the most extreme possibility54、While as workers or objects of affection,dogs have certainly proven themselves to be beneficial to humans in many ways.A．But B．WhetherC．Lest D．Though55、They are intelligent animals and can see work together as they hunt schools of small fish.A．can be seen.working B．to be seen workingC．can be seeing work D．to be seeing work56、Scientists involving in a serious debate about how to solve the problem of global warming.A．were to involve in B．involved inC．were involved in D．were to be involved in57、In the store,famous perfumes are displayed and guard against works of art in the nearby Louvre Museum.A．guarded like B．guard forC．guarded by D．guard with58、Researchers hypothesize that sharks sometimes confuse humans for another type of animals they usually consume,different from seals or fish.A．the other type B．another typesC．other type D．the other types59、To fetch water before breakfast seemed,to the villagers,a rule never have broken.A．never being broken B．never to be brokenC．never to break D．never breaking60、The island of Elephanta was named by the Portuguese,to suppose after a huge statue of an elephant that used to be there.A．suppose B．being supposedC．supposed D．supposingSection2Reading Comprehension(20pionts)"There is no real border between Israel and Palestine,"says Muhammad Hamudi, an olive farmer and olive oil producer from Asira al-Shamaliya,near Nablus in the West Bank.He has been working with the ongoing USAID-funded project Olive Oil Without Borders(OOWB.since its start in2011.Hamudi is in his mid-50s,with smiling eyes and palms so big that an olive looks tiny in them. "Today the border is here,tomorrow it will be there.The olive oil market has no borders as well.The bridge to the global market is the same bridgefor everyone."OOWB is a collaborative economic initiative among34olive oil farming communities in Israel and the West Bank.It is spearheaded by the Near East Foundation(NEF.,a100-year-old nongovernmental organization working on economic development among poverty-stricken communities throughout Africa and the Middle East.The initiative is funded by USAID,which provides financial and operative assistance to foreign nations and regions in need. The program has been successful enough that USAID has just granted OOWB its second US$1.2million round of funding,expected to serve some2,000 Palestinians and Israelis working in the olive oil business over the course of three years.Hamudi,one of the project's success stories,points out Salah Abu-Eisheh, NEF country director for the Palestinian authority."During the three-year run,he has tripled his production,improved significantly the quality and purity of his olive oil,and increased his income."Hamudi smiles when he hears Abu-Eisheh say this."NEF helped me achieve a sustained level of productivity,"Hamudi says."No more bad years and good years;now I am in control of the yield."This success is due in large part to direct grants farmers like Hamudi received for purchasing modern equipment,renovating facilities(such as mills),and planting new varieties of olive trees.The rest of the USAID funding goes to conducting seminars and hands-on workshops led by industry consultants, from agriculture and olive oil production to business management and marketing.Yet Palestinian farmers are only half of the OOWB equation:Israeli farmers and producers provide the necessary cross-border collaboration for this innovative and seemingly conflict-free program.When I ask Hamudi about his experience collaborating with hisIsraeli-Jewish counterparts,his answer is pragmatic."I see it as an exchange. We have things to teach,and they have things to teach.They use modern techniques,we have experience and knowledge.The benefits are for both sides. We have no other choices."But for a region stuck in political conflict,collaborating is a choice—and quite an unusual one.Ayala Noy,a40-year-old farmer and producer from the Israeli side,approaches the project from a different perspective:"It was a very important and empowering experience.Sitting down with a Palestinian farmer who tells me,with tears in his eyes,that his orchard was burned to the ground the previous night by Israeli settlers was very emotional for me. 'How do you sleep at night?'he asked me.I told him not very well.That was the biggest challenge for me—being a representative of Israel,dealing with the hard feelings they have toward us."Although one of OOWB's stated goals is to"leverage economic cooperation to promote peace and reconciliation,"according to NEF President Charlie Benjamin,the organization approaches its work from"a completely depoliticized perspective."The focus is on"building economic relationships. We don't touch the border issue."At the same time,Benjamin does acknowledge the growing trust,communication,and interaction outside the program.Noy agrees that the project has strengthened more than economic ties."We brought Palestinians to our house,we showed them our mill,and we try tokeep in touch by phone,"she says."I think it gave them a chance to see'other' Israelis.Many of them told me that was their first time to meet an Israeli who is not a soldier,or a settler."61、What information about OOWB is released from the passage?______A．It was founded in the early1980s.B．It receives financial support from USAID.C．It only supports olive farmers in Palestine.D．It is a political organization for seeking peace talks.62、The word"collaborative"underlined in Paragraph2is synonymous to ______.A．advanced B．dynamicC．cooperative D．progressive63、According to Paragraph2,which of the following statements is NOT true of NEF?______A．It is a part of the Israeli government.B．It has a history of100years.C．It aims at reducing poverty.D．It produces great results.64、From Paragraph3,we learn that Hamudi's olive production before he received support from NEF could only be described as______.A．disagreeable B．reliableC．stable D．unpredictable65、Besides providing direct grants to farmers,the USAID funding is also earmarked for______.A．running training courses B．building business schools C．purchasing industrial equipment D．consulting with legal departments66、What role do Israeli farmers'play in OOWB?______A．They try their best to stay out of it.B．They monitor it cautiously.C．They lend it a helping hand whenever needed.D．They turn a blind eye to its development.67、The word"pragmatic"underlined in Paragraph6is synonymous to______.A．ironic B．realisticC．majestic D．enthusiastic68、What is the biggest challenge for Ayala Noy?______A．He lacks modern equipment.B．He faces resentment from the Palestinians.C．He operates on the technical request.D．He tries to receive adequate funding for the region.69、The main topic of Paragraph8is that OOWB______.A．acts as an ambassador between the two countriesB．gets involved in economic activities onlyC．exerts political influence on the border tensionD．ignores the border between the two countries70、The Israeli-Palestinian collaboration in the project could be described as______.A．competitive B．imperativeC．peaceful D．resentfulAt the end of a recent feast at Restaurant Revolution in New Orleans,I ordered a cup of hot tea and was presented with an elegant silver kettle filled with an intoxicatingly aromatic lemon brew.Another notable meal enjoyed not long ago at Fixe in Austin began with their house-iced tea,a black tea and fruit blend customized for them by a local"tea guru."Tea has been a cherished beverage in the eastern hemisphere since the third millennium B.C.,but didn't make its way to the UK until late in the17th century,where it enjoyed immediate popularity.Another two centuries later,southerners in the United States began drinking their sweet and iced tea, but not until recently has tea appreciation started to spread throughout the rest of North America.These days,it's not uncommon to find Earl Grey in your cocktail or learn that your fried chicken was cooked in the stuff."I believe tea is still in its infancy in our country,"says Zhena Muzyka, owner of Zhena's Gypsy Tea,a Fair Trade CertifiedTM organic tea company, now in its13th year."It's the second-most-consumed beverage in the world, but the sixth-most-consumed in the U.S."But like a newborn,the U.S.tea industry is growing fast.Since1990, Americans have quadrupled their tea consumption,bringing it to aUS$10-billion industry in2014,according to the Tea Association of the U.S. Tea imports to the U.S.have grown by70percent in the last two decades alone. Starbucks,which started selling more than two dozen varieties of loose-leaf tea at their first location in Seattle,bought high-end tea-shop chain Teavana in2012.The concurrent artisanal food and beverage trend means that as more Americans learn to appreciate a cup of tea,they're also more interested in the source of the leaves,making"Fair Trade"tea particularly attractive. Fair Trade U.S.calculates that just between2012and2013,Fair Trade Certified tea—produced by cooperatives and farms—imports jumped by26 percent.Fair Trade certification ensures that farmers are guaranteed safe working conditions as well as a sustainable wage and fair capital,determined by the prices they set for their products.All workers also receive a Fair Trade premium,which they may choose to invest back into their farm or community."I believe that Americans love Fair Trade—they've backed it and bought it even when the economy was trashed,"Muzyka says,recalling when tea first joined coffee,bananas,and cocoa on the short list of available Fair Trade Certified products.Muzyka has visited Sri Lanka,India and China many times,growing closer with each visit to the families who grow and harvest the tea she uses for her blends.On conventional farms,a tea worker's daily quota is17.6pounds of tea per day,or about16,000individual plucks of leaves,she says.This strenuous work is usually done on steep hillsides at altitudes of5,000feet or higher,and workers collect leaves into large baskets on their backs,which are held in place by a forehead strap.Back when she was starting her company,Muzyka spent several years educating consumers and buyers at major grocery stores to choose Fair Trade suppliers over those without the certification."I showed them the photos I'd taken in the conventional fields,and explained that the workers were being paid US$1.35a day and unable to feed their families,"she says.71、The two cases described in Paragraph1show that______.A．restaurants aim at making more profits by selling expensive tea B．tea is enjoying increasingly great popularityC．tea containers should be different from those for other beveragesD．there should be more varieties of tea in U.S.restaurants72、The main idea of Paragraph2is______.A．the gradual acceptance of tea in different regionsB．the different ways of drinking tea in North and South AmericasC．the UK's dominance in the tea marketD．the history of picking tea leaves in China73、The phrase"Earl Grey"underlined in Paragraph2refers to______.A．a traditional dish B．a tropical fruitC．a tea brand D．a restaurant74、The word"infancy"underlined in Paragraph3is used as a rhetorical device termed______.A．simile B．personificationC．metaphor D．exaggeration75、Tea consumption in the U.S.is______.A．starting not long B．growing fastC．facing great challenges D．falling gradually76、The main idea of Paragraph6is______.A．farmers'complaints about taxesB．the key to pricing farm productsC．benefits from Fair Trade certificationD．the guide to farmers'investment77、The word"backed"underlined in Paragraph7means______.A．supported B．sharedC．sustained D．strengthened78、The word"strenuous"underlined in Paragraph8means______.A．difficult B．dangerousC．diligent D．different79、Muzyka is______tea workers.A．indifferent to B．doubtful aboutC．content with D．sympathetic with80、Muzyka tried to educate consumers at grocery stores to______.A．set preferential prices over qualityB．donate money to poor farmersC．understand the process of certificationD．support Fair Trade suppliersToday the long-awaited,much-heralded Apple Watch goes on sale.Touted by the company as its"most personal device yet,"it promises everything from quicker"interactions and technology"to a more intimate experience with our watches,whatever that might mean.The tech juggernaut,known for its cult-like devotion and grand live-streamed announcements,welcomes new product launches like Elvis just entered the building,with long lines of fans camped at local stores,and hysteria quickly hitting a fever pitch.Along with online launch countdowns and mass speculation,the company's hype always raises questions of whether their latest product will bring on the future of"X"—whether it's tech,retail,communication,or,really,take your pick.Basically,anything Apple does is a big deal.The Apple Watch,which comes at several price points,from the"moderately priced"US$350Apple Watch Sport to the$15,000luxurious Apple Watch Edition, has received pre-orders from over2.3million consumers and counting. Geek-chic watches have been around for decades,but the design of the iWatch, masterminded by Apple Senior Vice-President of Design and usability"god" Jony Ive,is expected to break the mold of what we can expect from all future time-telling gadgets,not just in terms of functionality but also mass production.This great leap forward,however,has just as much a foot in the past as the future—specifically,in an influential German design movement that grew out of the chaos of World War I,aiming to reinvent a more ordered and just society through great design.The Bauhaus school shifted between Weimar (1919-1925),Dessau(1925-1932)and Berlin(1932-1933)during Germany's most pivotal years,and acted as an innovation incubator,not unlike Apple's Design Lab.In both instances,a team of dedicated practitioners thought they could alleviate the alienation of modem society through more personal consumer products,clean lines,and user-friendly interfaces.In other words,a revolution centered on aesthetics that benefited the people.In1915,the visionary Walter Gropius,considered by many to be one of the first masters of modern architecture,began to develop his plan for a "purely organic building,"which declared"its inner laws,free of untruths or ornamentation."This"building"was more of a metaphor than a physical object,and extended beyond the concept of architecture to encompass product design,packaging,and even furniture.Not unlike Steve Jobs,Gropius was single-minded,and could be unwavering and brutally direct in his mission. As the head of the Bauhaus school in Weimar,he recognized the need to surround himself with a team of talented collaborators,instructors,and designers, on-boarding some of the biggest names in contemporary arts,including Paul Klee,Josef Albers,Herbert Bayer,Lazlo Moholy-Nagy and Vassily Kandinsky—names that history would prove incandescent creators.New-media artist Anthony Antonellis is one of those inspired by both modern technology and the Bauhaus's approach toward design education.Antonellis, who gained notoriety for his tech-inspired work and turning himself into a cyborg by implanting an RFID chip in his arm,studied at the current Bauhaus Dessau.He explained to me that the Bauhaus system,handed down by Gropius, is still resonant today."I arrived where I am as a direct result of my studies in Weimar.I studied alongside other artists,students in media,architects, craftsmen,product designers,graphic designers,and all these disciplines taught and learned from each other in a profound exchange of ideas and approaches."So whether you pre-ordered your watch online,or are part of the horde checking it out in stores,when you snap on your Apple Watch,just remember: It took literally thousands of brilliant thinkers and over a century of work to bring you that tiny,dazzling device.81、From Paragraph1,we know that the author's attitude toward the Apple product campaign is______.A．enthusiastic B．indifferentC．disapproving D．neutral82、The word"hysteria"underlined in Paragraph1means______.A．amazement B．revelationC．excitement D．contempt83、We can predict from the public response to the Apple iWatch that the sales of this product will be______.A．disappointed B．promisingC．troublesome D．unpredictable84、Which of the following statements is NOT true of the iWatch?______。
Project Title:Error Correction Design &Learners’ Error—reducing InvestigationInvestigatorPu ShuyingHuaihua Radio & TV UniversitySubmitted on May 15. 2003.In fulfillment of the coursePractical project DesignAcknowledgmentI’m m ost grateful to Professor Guide and Miss Yao without whose support this project would not implemented.I’m also grateful to my colleagues Yang jingqing YaoYafen, Zhang Meilian, Yao Xiaoqin and Yang Yinxiu for their time spent on brainstorming and discussions with me .No amount of thanks will be adequate of my students without those willing participation in the project implementation it would have remained on paper.Last but not least big thanks go to my husband and my mother in law who have shared with me worries, frustrations. And hopefully my ultimate happiness in eventually is project finishing this project.AbstractIt presents a detailed report of the project implemented to solve the problem that I spend a lot of time correcting my students’ errors in their assignment some of them always seem to make them again. It is hypothesized that learners’ errors in writing can be reduced by varied error-correction techniques. This hypothesis is verified by a two-week classroom teaching of varied—correction techniques.Methodologically four methods are used, and they are analytic method, cause analysis, Interview brainstorming and questionnaire.Key words:Technique, exercise, correction论文摘要围绕这一问题：即使本人花了大量时间给学生纠错，但仍然有些学生总是一错再错，从而影响他们进一步学习英语，本论文在分析解决实际问题和具体贯彻教学方案等方面做出了详细的研究。
论文中假设多样化的纠错方法，能减少学生答题中的错误。
采用多种纠错法，通过三个星期的课堂实践，这个假设的正确性得以证实。
在科学的调查实践中采用了五种方法：解析法、原因分析、采访法、集体探讨法和问卷调查等方法。
关键词：方法练习纠错Main Headings of the Project Report1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………..page 62.Summary of the Preliminary Research………………………………………..…..page 6 2.1Problem………..…………………………………………………………………..page 6 2.2Problem analysis………………………………………………………………..page 6-9 2.3Project objective…………………………………………………………………..page 9 2.4Project hypothesis……………………………………………………………… ..page 92.5Project rationale……………………………………………………………… ..page 9-103.Correction work design……………………………………………………… ..page 11-144.Control and target groups………………………………………………………… ..page 145.Project imple mentation…………………………………………………………… ..page 146.Project evaluation…………………………………………………………… ..page 16-177.Project findings and discussion …………………………………….………… ..page 178.Refferences…………………………………….………………….………………...page 18 9．Appendix : …………………………………….………………….………………...page 18A.The timetable of the project…………………………………….…………………...page 19B.Questionaire………………………………….………………………….…………page 20C.Exercises………………………………….………………………….…………page 21-23D.Teaching notesE.Diaries1. IntroductionI have been teaching the students who are in their second year of a junior middle school .In my teaching I’ve found there are some problems. Now I’ll finish my study in Huaihua TV University. I hope I can solve the problems that have troubled me for some time through the action research so that I can apply my knowledge and theory into practice, which I learned from Huaihua TV University .2 Summary of the preliminary Research2.1 ProblemThe problem I have in my teaching is that although I spend lots of time correcting my students’ errors in the ir exercises, some of them always seem to make them again .2.2 Pro1blem analysisIn my teaching , the problem identified was really a serious problem . I examined my problem scientifically to see whether it is researchable . I discussed and agreed the problem with the tutor . At the same time, I work out the timetable of my project ( to see appendix A.)I used several methods of problem analysis to analyze the problem. They are the analytic method cause analysis, interview, questionnaire and brainstorming2.2.1 The analytic method :Some of my students always make the same mistakes again and again .The phrase some made me think of the other side of the issue : some of my other students do not make the same mistakes again and again . This make me think of these.1. Why some don’t . While others do ?2. Who are the some that they don’t and who are other that do ?Moreover “My students”is contrast with “my colleagues’ students”. This prompted me to make a chain of reflections .What about some of my col leagues’ students ? Is it also the case that they make the same mistakes, either ? If on the other hand , all again then of my callegues’ students don’t make the same mistakes again and my problem is actually caused by myself, not clearly or my examples are not very tipical or my lesson plan is poorly designed .Through the above analysis I realize that my problem is problem caused by my error―correction technique.2.2.2 Cause analysis .The teacher’s side —that is myself.Is it because the teaching step is poorly designed ?Is it because I don’t explain the usage of the phrases clearly .?Is it because the examples are not efficient ?The students’ sideDo the students know the importance of the usage of the phrases ? And do they pay enough attention to it ?Do they need the teacher as their helper ?There are some absent—minded students . Is it because they are motivated ?Is it because they pay little attention to their mistakes?The class sizeMy class has 54 . The class size of 50 students may have some negative effect. The classroom is too crowd and too noisy.Of all the causes. I believe that the teacher is mainly responsible for the failure. I want to know what my students think about the problem Brainstorming.2.2.3InterviewI interviewed several students and find out my week points : my error-correction technique is ineffective. My voice is too low in the too noisy classroom . I just tell the right form. I give few analysis and I don’t like to write the words on the blackboard, either.2.2.4. Questionnaire surveyI made a pilot investigation is this respect to know more about the situation .One day, I gave them an exercise which we’ve done in a test . I corrected after class. I got the following feedback（To see Gragh 1）.The feedback of exercises from the testThe graph shows that only five students got A +100 marks, they are only 5.78% of the students.15 students got A,85-99 marks, they are 28.85%.20 students got B,60-84 marks, they amount to 38.46%.The rest 14 students even didn’t get C,60 marks, they are still 26.92%.Then I asked them two questions. One was why some students could do the exercises all correctly .The students’ responses: First they listened to the teachers’ explanation carefully . Then they played enough attention to the errors. At last, they correct the errors by themselves again and asked the teacher the ones without understanding.The second question was that why most students made the same errors again .The students’ responses: They listened to the teacher carefully and understood the teacher. But after that they played little attention to the errors and they were uncoils to make them again. Since most of my students made the same errors after I corrected . I designed a questionnaire ( To See Appendix B ) to find out why it should be so . I intended to get more detailed. More exact opinions from all the students through the questionnaire. And I tried to make it as scientific and effective as possible . At first I asked six students who were of different English levels to the items . After that I wrote questionnaire on the blackboard .My students copied and finished it .All of them 40 students returned their questionnaires which were left anonymous. When all these data came in . I made some statistical evaluation .The results showed that about 75% of the students understood the teachers’ explanations, but played little attention to the errors, so forgot them later and made the same errors again .At the same time, about 70% students thought the best way to correct the errors is that the teacher only points out the wrong, the students correct by themselves .But about 55% of the students tended to pay much more attention to the marks they got than the errors corrected when their exercise —books are given back. Therefore I thought the students were clear about the importance and necessary of error-correction, but they might run up against difficulties that they could not over come, so they lost their confidence and consciousness.2.2.5 Brainstorming activationWhen I was engaged in the problem analysis, I consulted my thesis supervisor Miss Yao Shuhong and often talked to my classmates about all the problems I met. They gave me a lot of advice and help so that I pondered the problem more deeply and carefullyAfter a lengthy problem analysis, I determine to launch a project to overcome this problem2.3 Project objectiveTo reduce the students to make the same errors2.4 Project hypothesis:It is hyp othesized that learners’ same errors can be reduced by varied error-correction techniques.2.5 Project rational2.5.1 The role of peer checkPeer correction offers a way out in case the student cannot discover or self-correct her or his mistake The teacher can then ask others in the class for assistance? Another students will then give the correct answer. Once the classmate has given the correct answer, the teacher will ask the student who made the mistake to repeat the correct form. In this way the teacher reinforces the learning of the correct form. The advantages of the method are many .In the first place, both the student who made the mistake and the students who corrects it are actively involved in the learning process. Moreover, the students who corrects it are actively involved in the learning process. Moreover, the students get the feeling that they can learn from each other. This then also trains them for more teacher-independent learning in group or pair work. Finally, peer correction gives the teacher a clearer picture of the level of more than one students ability.2.5.2 Teacher check after correction needed.What happens if the teacher feels a mistake should be corrected, but if the student who made a mistake can not correct it, and if at the same time no other student seems to be able to correct the mistake. In that case teacher correction seems to be the only possible way out. It is essential that we understand that teacher correction does NOT` mean that the teacherimmediately gives the correct answer. On the contrary, the teacher will first give more help. Thus, the student who made the mistake. or any other students is given a chance to still come up with the correct answer. Once again, when the correct answer is found or if the teacher has eventually given the correct answer, it is important that the student who made the mistake or if necessary , the class as a whole (if nobody know the answer ) repeats the correct form.2.5.3. The treatment of Mistakes ( by Michael West) .It’s not the teacher’s duty to correct mistakes which the children can correct themselves. If the teacher considers an exercise to be careless he may hand it back to the child to be corrected by the child himself, or he may ask another child in the class to correct it , as a demonstration that the work is not the best that can be done.3.Correction Work designGeneral timetable for project designI designed an adequate amount of activities (Cover two weeks of teaching ) to test the hypothesis. If error co rrection exercises care better designed, then the learners’ error in the assignment will be reduced accordingly.In my project, I decided to improve my error—correction technique and insightful correction of the students’ errors , and then ask them to do the same of exercise again, incorporating the corrections. Next, I would ask students to check their work in pairs or groups. And lastly , I would pick up some typical errors from the students’ assignment. Carry out and error-analysis and design relevant remedial exercises.I have designed five activities to be tried out in three weeks.Week 1Activity 1Assignment : For use with Junior English for China , Students’ Book 2 B.Purpose : to practice the usage of the following collocations :1 . stop doing / to do sth2. hear / see/ watch--- sb. do / doing sth3.3. shout at / to sbInstructions : Students listen to the teacher’s explanation carefully and then finish the assignment individually .Procedure : The teacher explains the usage of the collocations in the text. After they understand and master the text, finish the assignment .Then they check by themselves and hand in the papers .For students : You are going to do you assignment. First you should listen to the teacher carefully. Then you do tour assignment according the usage of the collocations. Pay more attention to tense. The exercises : to see the Appendix.Error—correction outside the class.Activity 2 :Follow up .Purpose : To correct students’ errors in their assignment.Instruction : Students look at their assignment which has already been corrected by the teacher .The teacher asks them analyze the situation and tell the correct from . Do some remedial exercises.For the students : You’re going to look at you assignment which ( has already been corrected by the teacher ) you have finished last time . Look at the paper carefully and find the reasons of your errors in your writing .Then do them again .Activity 3.Purposes: to practice the important words and collocation of lesson 98 .Instructions: Students listen to the teacher’s explanations carefully and then finish the assignment individually.Procedure: The teacher explains the usage of the important words and collocation carefully and finish their assignment individuallyFor students : You are going to finish your assignment . First, you should listen to the teacher carefully .Then you do your assignment individually. Check your work and finally check in pairs . You can use pencils to correct the errors.Exercises : to see the AppendixError—correction outside class.Activity 4Purpose: To reduce the students’ errors in their assignment .Instructions: Students look at their writing which has already been corrected by the teacher .The teacher asks them to find out the reasons of their errors . And the teacher point out the errors in common .Do some remedial exercises.For the students: You are going to look at you assignment which you have finished last time. Look at the paper carefully and find the reasons of your errors in your exercises. Finally read the sentences loudlyWeek 2Activity 5 : For use with a simple test paper made by the teacher.Purpose : To practice doing the test questions and correcting errors.Instructions : Students check the test questions in the test papers . First individually, then check in pairs.For the students : You are going to do and check the test questions in you test papers. First check by yourselves, then check in pairs You can check the errors in pencils ,Then you’ll be asked to write your answer on the blackboard4. Control and groupI set up control and target groups .The implementation of the project takes two weeks. Both groupware requirements of the book . However for the target group .the above three suggested error—correction techniques will be employed in turns to assess their compositions. While everything remains the same with the control group. After that both groups are asked to do an assignment again and I then compare the students performance .The results obtained from the comparison should show whether the students in the target group make fewer errors than the control group . This will show whether the students’ errors in the assignment can be reduced by varied errors correction techniques.5. Project implementationIt took two weeks for me to implement my project. For each week I am scheduled to do these :①Teaching notes : To see Appendix D②Exercises : To see Appendix C③Diary-keeping : Students’ responses and my own observation. To DI want to know if the hypothesis has been proved by the two week use of varied error-correction techniques with the target group . That is ,if my students’ errors in the assignment reduced or not, I have three sources of data that help me to find it out .All the details of my project implementation were carefully maintained .They are quite satisfied with what I have done for them .1.) The previous interview I did with my students for the cause anaysis of my initial problem. From the interview I know that I should give more practice and emphasizing .I should speak loudly and write down the important points on the blackboard. I pay more attention to this kind of problems. And find that the students can go with me easily.From the post-trial interview. The students say they are quite satisfied with what I have done for them.2.) Classroom observation I took in my diary.My students became more active than before. They are willing to correct their mistakes .They even feel the correction look is very interesting. It is easy for them to correct their mistakes, and reduce the errors in assignments.3).The comparison of the final assignment between the control and target group. (o see Graph2)The target groupThe control group70 (%)605040.004030 28.8520.00 24.0020 16.0010 9.62 3.851 2 3 4A+(100) A(85-99) B(60-84) C (<60)Comparison of the final testThis graph shows that the target group is much better than the control group. They also made fewer mistakes than before. In target group, there are 57.69% of the students got A+, while in control group, there are only 20.00% got A+. The students who got C only amount to 3.85%, while the percentage was 16.00% in control group. As the objective of our research is to reduce my students’ errors, such a result is very encouraging. It proves that our implemen- tation of the solutions if fruitful and effective.6 . Project evaluation①.The problemIs the problem a researchable one ? Yes. If give me the resources, the time and the expertise I have I can launch a project to solve the problem②The methods used in problem analysisAre the methods used to analyze the problem acceptable , suitable to it and properly applied ? Yes. I used the analytic method,, cause analysis Interview, questionnaire and brainstorming .These are all acceptable methods suitable to my problem .I also used them problem.③The project objectiveIs the project objective realistic ? Yes . Since it is researchable .It is real2istic. It can be achieved My project objective-to reduce learners’ errors in writing—is realistic.④The project hypothesisIs the project hypothesis provable ? Yes, My hypothesis—learners’ errors in assignments can be reduced by varied error—correction techniques is provable . I have found that my students’ errors in assignment has indeed been reduced after I used varied error—correction techniques.⑤The project rationaleDoes the project have a sound basis ? Yes. My project was based on the theoretical assumptions which are valid and sound⑥The project designI have defined my project objective and hypothesisI have stated my project rationaleI have worked out the detailed for project implementing.I have also planned the stages and time for the project implementation.⑦The stages and details of project implementation .The stages are necessary and complete .The implementation details are properly maintained. In my case, I can assessed on the following items .Week 1Teaching notesStudents’ assignmentDiary-keeping⑧The methods used in project implementation? In what way has the project been implemented ? In my case I first set up control and target groups and used the classroom teaching.⑨The methods used to obtain the results.In what way has the investigator obtained the project results ? Is it acceptable , suitable and properly used ? I used observations, diary—keeping and interviews to obtain the projectresults .They are all acceptable , suitable to the task and properly used.⑨he results obtained from the project implementation. My hypothesis has been proved to be correct .7.Project findings and discussions.From the project I’ve learned that learners’ errors in assignment can be reduced by varied error-correction techniques .I find my week points My error-correction technique is ineffective My voice is too low . I just tell the right form .I give few analysis and seldom emphasize the common mistakes. And I don’t like to write the words on the blackboard. Either My students also learned a lot .These errors in exercises have reduced a lot since the project implemented, We can say they had made rapid progress. At the same time I feel that I should have done better, if I implement the project earlier and was given plenty of time ,In the future I will do such project as early as possible I will implement this kind of project to improve my teaching8. References :Gu Yueguo 2002 English Teaching MethodologyWu Daocun 1991 How to Teach English Effectively—English Experts on English Teaching. Appendix :he timetable of the projectA.QuestionnaireB.ExercisesC.Teaching notesD.DiariesAppendix A : The timetable of the projectAppendix B Questionnaire( ) 1. Do you think why you make the same mistakes?A.I don’t listen to the teacher carefully and I don’t understand, eitherB.I understand at that time, but I forgot it later.C.I didn’t pay enough attention to those errors. I’m unscio us that I make the sameerrors.( ) 2. Do you think which way is the best one to correct your errors?A.The teacher only points out the wrong.B.The teacher points out the wrong and help me correct the wrong.C.The teacher points out the wrong, explains the reason in class. The studentscorrect the wrong by themselves.D.The teacher points out the wrong. The students discuss in groups to analyze thereason. At last, the teacher checks the answer.( ) 3. How do you usually treat your assignment corrected by the teacher?A.Only look at the result.B.Even don’t look at the result.C.Correct the wrong and learn by heart. Ask the teacher the ones withoutunderstaning.Appendix C. Assignment 1 Name一．单选。
