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Inanimate Subject Sentence无生命主语句（动作的执行者是无生命的）A.以时间、地点、事物等名词作主语This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relationship to the earth…vast areas were sometimes intentionally burned by people in their search for food.The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment.The consequences of all-out war between nations armed with nuclear weapons suddenly included the possibility of the destruction of both nations – completely and simultaneously.By midway through this century , at the end of WWⅡ,the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.…the word population will increase from 2 to more than 9 billion, and it is already more than halfway there.... the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress.If the sky is clear after sunset...This ―noctilucent cloud ”occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening darkness;... this clouds seem quite unnatural......noctilucent cloud have began to...... methane is released from...Even though noctilucent cloud were sometimes seen in the past ,all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere...that sun’s rays still strike long after sunset has brought......because methane has been one of the fastest growing green gases, and is third to ......whether it is the new frequency of days when temperature exceeds 100 degree, the new speed with which the sun burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growing mountains of waste.Why do some images startle us into effectively? And why do other images, through sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a kind of paralysis...A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflict in one of three different categories...This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation’s survival and must be understood in global context.Environmental threats can be considered in the same way....most instances of water pollution, air pollution, and illegal waste dumping are essentially local in nature.Problems like acid rain, the contamination of underground aquifers, andlarge oil spills are fundamentally regional....that the pattern appears to be global, but the problem themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.However, a new class of environmental problems does effect the global ecological system, and these threats are fundamentally strategic.The increase levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface......the radiation levels will also increase-to the point that all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon.Ten years ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America's Great Lakes.The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked.At the bottom of the world, two continents away from Washington, D. C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.Industry meant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it –bringing rising levels of CO2 with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth.But here too CO2 levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them ——indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world.As the polar air warms, the ice here will thin; and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can be found exactly halfway between the North and South poles.12.Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef; as I learned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlier and earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee's worth of rain forest being slashed and burned each year.B.表生理、心理状态，或表示某种遭遇的名词作主语(文中未出现此种类型，在此为你补充几个例句)A clear conscience laughs at false accusations.只要问心无愧，别人的指责可以一笑置之。
无灵主语句的翻译王宪生“无灵主语” (inanimate subject) 是指没有生命的物体作主语，尤其是抽象名词。
英语和汉语里都有无灵主语，但英语用的多，汉语用的少。
这一用法差异应该和中西文化的差异有关。
中国文化强调主客同构，西方文化强调主客对立。
汉语即便说到事物，也总要和人拉上关系，从人的立场上来说它。
英语即便说到人，甚至是说到自己，也往往会把他推到客体的位置，自己好像置身事外似的冷眼旁观。
所以，英语能用无灵主语就不用有灵主语，汉语正相反，能用有灵主语就不用无灵主语。
英语的无灵主语句可分为两类。
一类是纯粹描写事物，一点“人气”也没有。
另一类描写的是人，但偏不用人作主语，甚至把人“排挤”到很不重要的位置。
这里不说第一类，只说说第二类。
这一类的句子一般有两种翻译方法。
较常用的是将其转换为汉语的有灵主语句，另一种是仍然保留无灵主语。
用哪一种方法，只能视情况而定。
如果两种方法都能用，那就尽量转换成有灵主语句。
英语的无灵主语句看似简单，实际上想译得地道却不太容易。
另外顺便一提，我发现英语无灵主语句的掌握是中国学生的一个薄弱环节，多数人都用不好，主要是缺乏意识。
有的学生写记叙文只会用“I”、“He”、“They”等人称代词作主语，无灵主语句基本不会用，这样写出来的只能是披着英语外衣的汉语，离地道的英语差得远。
可以这么说，能否熟练使用英语的无灵主语句，是英语是否成熟的一个重要标志。
要译好无灵主语句，自己要首先掌握好无灵主语句。
自己都掌握不好，想译好是很困难的。
今天先出几个简单的句子。
例一：The boxer’s experience told in his favor.例二：The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late.例三：Jane’s kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her sister’s callous behavior.例四：His reading inspired him.例五：Fortune smiled on him.例六：Aimlessness and failure marked Hitler’s early life.例七：Childhood dearly loves a tale; for its simple heart finds the way out of a reality it does not understand by contriving a world of make-believe.A Research on the International Competitive Power of Transportation Service Exports from Guangdong ProvinceAbstract: Guangdong, as the largest import and export trading power in China, has seen further expansion in international trade in the 21st century, especially after China became a member country of WTO. Since the 90's of the last century, with the rapid development of information technology, transportation service exports has been flourishing globally. Guangdong, being one of the forerunners in Chinese economic reform, shows the state of affairs in the field of international transportation exports.Based on the analysis of development status of transportation service exports from Guangdong, of the necessity of tapping into transportation service exports, of the international competitive power and competitive edge of Guangdong in the field of transportation service exports, I putforward the strategy of improving the international competitive power of Guangdong in transportation service exports.Keywords: Guangdong Province, transportation service, service exports, international competitive power。
无生命名词作主语在英语语法中，除了人和动物，还有一类名词被称为无生命名词。
无生命名词指的是没有生命的事物，例如物体、抽象概念等等。
在句子中，无生命名词也可以作为主语，起到句子的主要表达作用。
首先，无生命名词作主语可以帮助我们描述客观存在的事物。
例如，"The sun rises in the east."（太阳从东方升起。
）这个句子中，"the sun"（太阳）作为无生命名词作主语，用来描述太阳的行为。
另外，"water is essential for survival."（水是生存的必需品。
）这个句子中，"water"（水）作为无生命名词作主语，用来描述水的重要性。
其次，无生命名词作主语也可以用来表达抽象概念。
例如，"Happiness is the key to a good life."（幸福是美好生活的钥匙。
）这个句子中，"happiness"（幸福）作为无生命名词作主语，用来表达幸福的重要性。
另外，"Knowledge is power."（知识就是力量。
）这个句子中，"knowledge"（知识）作为无生命名词作主语，用来强调知识的重要性。
此外，无生命名词作主语还可以用来描述自然现象。
例如，"Rain is falling outside."（外面正在下雨。
）这个句子中，"rain"（雨）作为无生命名词作主语，用来描述正在发生的自然现象。
另外，"Snow covers the ground."（大地被雪覆盖。
）这个句子中，"snow"（雪）作为无生命名词作主语，用来描述地面上的情况。
总的来说，无生命名词作主语在英语中起到了非常重要的作用。
它可以帮助我们描述客观存在的事物，表达抽象概念以及描述自然现象。
无生命主语句的翻译Translation Practice 2：（无生命主语句的翻译)1. The thought of spending another year makes me physically sick.想到花多一年的时间，我就反感。
2. Right now it strikes me that it is a mission by no means easy to complete.此时此刻我突然间想到这是个绝非容易完成的任务。
3. A clear conscience laughs at false accusations.只要问心无愧，别人的指责可以一笑置之。
4. Winter finds out what summer lays by.到了冬天才知道夏天储存东西的重要。
5. His youth got him off.他已青春不再。
6. The courage escaped from me at the moment.我当时没有勇气。
7. A lot of troubles visited the poor family.贫贱夫妻百事哀。
8. The shortest cut would take us five hours to get there.我们最快也要五个小时才能到那里。
9. Down met him well along the way.他一路挫败连连。
10. Shanghai first saw the rise of the movement．运动首先在上海爆发。
11. Something inside me seemed to stop momentarily.我脑子突然短路了。
12. Perhaps, this scene will come back to you years later when you sit alone at sunset like this.或许若干年后当你像这样独自坐在黄昏中你会回想起这种场景。
无生物主语句子翻译1.His work made it impossible for him to get home oftener than every other week.他因工作关系只能隔周没回家一次。
2.This medicine will make you feel better.你吃了这药就会好些。
3.His health enabled him to do anything. 他有钱，什么都可以做。
4.The sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents.一见到那孤儿，我就想到她的父母。
5.Bad weather prevented us from starting.天气不好，我们无法动身。
6.Careful comparison will show you the difference.你只需要比较一下，就可以发现不同7. A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.走过草地几步，我就到了一座华丽的大旅馆。
8. A bit of knowledge kept me from making a big mistake when an important question was tobe decided.我因稍具知识，所以在决定重要问题时，还没有犯大的错误。
9.His attitude didn’t incline me to help him.看了他的态度，想帮他的心都冷了。
10.Illness indisposes a man for enjoyment.人病了不想娱乐了。
11.Such delays ofen incommoded passengers. 这样误点，叫旅客常常感到不便。
12.Age incapacitated him for war.他年老体年老，不能打仗了。
无生命主语英语中，常用形象的写法赋予无生命主语以人或人的团体所特有的动作，以增加句子的表现力。
类似的用法有：My watch says five. 按我的表，现在5点了。
The one look had told Mary what sort of man she had to deal with.玛丽看了一眼就明白她要对付的是什么样的人了。
The city saw a series of fierce fights between blacks and whites in the 1960s and Dr King was shot to death in 1968.在20世纪60年代这座城市经历了黑人和白人之间一连串的冲突，金博士在1968年被枪杀。
(1)see vt. 目睹，经历，遭遇(为某事发生之时，为某事的现场或背景;无进行时态)。
例如：The year 1959 saw the first appearance of a real flying ship in the world.1959年世界上出现了一种真正的飞船。
This stadium has seen many thrilling football matches.这个体育场里举行过很多精彩的足球赛。
在英译汉的实践中，有生命主语(Animate Subject)引导的句子翻译起来比较容易，因为我们很容易地就可以确定译文的主语，但在翻译一些无生命主语(Inanimate Subject)引导的句子时就比较困难，因为很难确定译文的主语。
请先看以下四个例子。
1.The 1960s witnessed the growth of a very restive younger generation in the US.2.When he had to speak to her，his courage suddenly deserted him .3.His illness prevented him from joining the expedition.4.Nightfall found him many miles short of his appointed place.以上四例的主语：the 1960s，his courage，his illness，nightfall都是表示无生命的事物或现象的名词，它们称为无生命主语。
第十四讲无生命主语句的翻译一、教学目的：了解和掌握无生命主语句在翻译中的应用。
二、教学要点：无生命主语句的表现形式及译法三、教学过程：无生命主语句（Non-life subject sentences）:类型：The past decade saw much great progress in our society.我国社会在过去10年里取得了很大的进步That night sleep eluded him那天夜里他没有睡好。
Rome witnessed many great historic events.罗马城发生过许多重大的历史性事件。
Her illness prevented her from attending the conference on linguistics.她因病没有参加语言学术会议。
Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱尝辛酸。
译法：1．把无生命主语转换成有生命主语，必要时切分句子，将主语分译成分句。
The word “expect” always crept into Dad’s stories.爸爸讲故事时，总要不经意地说出“期望”这个词。
Absence and distance make the overseas Chinese heart increasingly fond of the Peking regime.华侨背井离乡，远居国外，因此他们在感情上越来越向往北京政权。
My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology.恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。
2. 把无生命主语转换成具体事物的主语，或是保留原主语，并同时改变与之搭配的谓语动词，必要时须切分句子，将主语分译成分句或者单句或是调整整个句子的语序。
Translation Practice 3：（无生命主语句的翻译)1. In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality.2. My watch says five.3. The one look had told Mary what sort of man she had to deal with.4. The city saw a series of fierce fights between blacks and whites in the 1960s and Dr King was shot to death in 1968.5. The year 1959 saw the first appearance of a real flying ship in the world.6. Nightfall found him many miles short of his appointed place7. This old building has seen better days.8. This stadium has seen many thrilling football matches.9. Nothing justifies cheating on an exam.10. In some cases, the end justifies the means.11. Your state of anxiety does not justify your being so rude to me .12. Your wife’s illness does not justi fy your long absence.13. The snapshots didn’t do you justice at all.14. The growing awareness by millions of people of their intolerable condition of life had promoted them to revolt.15. The satisfaction of killing time and of affording some outlet, however modest, for ambition, belongs to most work, and is sufficient to make even a man whose work is dull happier on the average than a man who has no work at all.16. The characteristics of his family claim some attention from all who would understand Napoleon and the influence which he was to wield over modern Europe.17. A little flattery would set him carried away.18. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.19. His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.20. Science absorbed me most, thoughI had excelled in all subjects at high school.21. His illness prevented him from joining the expedition．22. Business took me to town.23. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle24. The greatness of her beauty enslaved the hearts of all that looked upon her.25. Vandalism used to be a rare occurrence here.26. Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.27. The sight and the sound of her son filled her with joy and happiness.28. When he had to speak to her，his courage suddenly deserted him ．29. My conscience told me that I deserved no extrordinary politeness.30. The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.。
英语语法第七谈——无生命主语什么是无生命主语在中文只有人或者生物才能作为主语，但是在英文里，无生命的事物也可以作为主语。
例：（1）I was not able to go out as it was raining .= I was not able to go out because of rain .（2）Rain kept me from going out .由于下雨，所以我无法出去。
说明：（1）句是较为主观的口语表达，（2）句则无法使用于口语中，是客观的表达，（2）句即称为无生命主语。
在无生命主语的用法中，应注意什么？在使用无生命主语的用法时，必须考虑到句子的意思，以及主语与谓语之间的关系。
原因（主语）+结果（谓语）在上面的关系中，“+”的部分使用动词，最好使用具有“使.......'意思的及物动词，例如：1、make , cause , enable ： ”使得.......'A glass of water made him feel refreshed.一杯水使他感到比较有精神。
The enduring drought caused the plant to die.2、compel , oblige: ”强迫，迫使.....“Lack of money compelled Wang jia to give up going to college.贫穷使得王佳不得不放弃上大学。
3、allow , permit : ”允许........“My pride did not allow me to follow him.我的自尊不允许我跟着他。
4、prevent , keep : '避免.......'The urgent business case prevented me from seeing him for a long time .紧急公事使我很长时间没有见到他了。
Translation Exercises：（无生命主语句的翻译)
1. One reliable source said that major tax changes were being considered by the Treasury.
据可靠消息，财政部正在考虑对税收办法作重大改革。
2. The minutes slipped by quickly.
时间一分一分地溜走了。
3. The eighteenth century produced many volumes of the “life and adventures”of varous heroes
and heroines.
在18世纪，有关描写各种人物的生活与经历的书籍纷纷问世。
4. A profound melancholy seized him.
他突然产生了一种忧郁情绪。
5. Monday morning found T om miserable.
星期一早晨，汤姆显得很难过。
6. The explosion of births has made this country poorer and poorer.
由于出生率激增，这个国家越来越贫穷。
7. The sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents.
一见到那个孤儿，我就想到了她的父母。
8. The shortest cut would take us five hours to get there.
抄近路也要5 小时才能到那里。
9. The fresh sunlit January morning filled the young teacher with happy thought.
一月的早晨清新晴朗，令年轻教师心中充满了愉快的感想。
10. It is generally felt that his appointment was a serious mistake.
现在大家都觉得当时对他的任命是个严重的失误。
11. A splendid idea suddenly occurs to me.
我突然有了个好主意。
12. The sight of a tailor-shop gave me a sharp longing to shed my rags, and to clothe myself
decently once more.
我一看到一家服装店，心里就起了一阵强烈的愿望，很想扔掉这身褴褛的衣服，重新穿得像个样子。
13. From the moment we stepped into China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.
一踏上中国国土，我们就随时随地受到各方面的关怀和照顾。
14. Three hours set him down in a little town near the state line.
三小时后，他来到这个州边境附近的一个小镇。
15. A glance through his office window offers a panoramic (全景的）view of the Washington
Monument and the Lincoln Memories.
从办公室窗口望出去，他可以看见华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂的全景。
16. His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
他疲惫不堪，天气又越来越热，于是想就近找个阴凉的地方，坐下歇会儿。
17. Dawn met him well along the way. It was a pleasant uneventful ride.
东方欲晓的时候，他已走了一大段路了，这次骑马旅行是很愉快的，没有碰到意外事件。
18. The evening of November 3 saw the IWW (industrial workers of the world ) tactics bearing
fruit.
11月3日晚，世界产业工人协会的战术生效了。
19. The May Fourth Movement of 1919 saw the beginnings of the “New Redology”,
represented, by scholars such as Hu Shi and Yu Ping-bo.
1919年“五四”运动以后，开始了“新红学”时代，代表人物有胡适﹑俞平伯这样一些学者。
20. There was expected strong disagreement on the matter.
在这个问题上估计有很大分歧。
21. The realization of the plan will greatly enhance the warefare of the people.
当这个计划实现后，人们会享有更好的福利。
22. The complexity of the road map puzzled the truck driver.
复杂的道路交通图，使这位卡车司机不知所措。
23.The word “expect” always crept into Dad’s stories.
爸爸讲故事时，总要不经意地说出“期望”这个词。
24. My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology.
恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。
25. The knowledge of this nuclear fission process has made it possible to use uranium as fuel
to obtain nuclear energy.
由于掌握了这种核裂变过程，人们就有可能用铀作为燃料来取得核能。
26. Simplicity of language demands, in the first place, that the text should be colloquial rather
than literary, that they should be written in short sentences, not in long and complicated clause.
要做到语言简练，首先文章要用口语体，不要用文学体，其次要写短句，不要写长句和复杂句。
27.Its gleaming sands and backdrop of pine woods and distant hills give it a pleasant and
restful atmosphere.
这儿沙滩闪烁，松林掩映，远山连绵，自有一种心旷神怡的气氛。
28. His addition completed the list.
把他添上，名单就齐全了。
