!!!!!无生命主语句
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无灵主语句的翻译王宪生“无灵主语” (inanimate subject) 是指没有生命的物体作主语,尤其是抽象名词。
英语和汉语里都有无灵主语,但英语用的多,汉语用的少。
这一用法差异应该和中西文化的差异有关。
中国文化强调主客同构,西方文化强调主客对立。
汉语即便说到事物,也总要和人拉上关系,从人的立场上来说它。
英语即便说到人,甚至是说到自己,也往往会把他推到客体的位置,自己好像置身事外似的冷眼旁观。
所以,英语能用无灵主语就不用有灵主语,汉语正相反,能用有灵主语就不用无灵主语。
英语的无灵主语句可分为两类。
一类是纯粹描写事物,一点“人气”也没有。
另一类描写的是人,但偏不用人作主语,甚至把人“排挤”到很不重要的位置。
这里不说第一类,只说说第二类。
这一类的句子一般有两种翻译方法。
较常用的是将其转换为汉语的有灵主语句,另一种是仍然保留无灵主语。
用哪一种方法,只能视情况而定。
如果两种方法都能用,那就尽量转换成有灵主语句。
英语的无灵主语句看似简单,实际上想译得地道却不太容易。
另外顺便一提,我发现英语无灵主语句的掌握是中国学生的一个薄弱环节,多数人都用不好,主要是缺乏意识。
有的学生写记叙文只会用“I”、“He”、“They”等人称代词作主语,无灵主语句基本不会用,这样写出来的只能是披着英语外衣的汉语,离地道的英语差得远。
可以这么说,能否熟练使用英语的无灵主语句,是英语是否成熟的一个重要标志。
要译好无灵主语句,自己要首先掌握好无灵主语句。
自己都掌握不好,想译好是很困难的。
今天先出几个简单的句子。
例一:The boxer’s experience told in his favor.例二:The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late.例三:Jane’s kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her sister’s callous behavior.例四:His reading inspired him.例五:Fortune smiled on him.例六:Aimlessness and failure marked Hitler’s early life.例七:Childhood dearly loves a tale; for its simple heart finds the way out of a reality it does not understand by contriving a world of make-believe.A Research on the International Competitive Power of Transportation Service Exports from Guangdong ProvinceAbstract: Guangdong, as the largest import and export trading power in China, has seen further expansion in international trade in the 21st century, especially after China became a member country of WTO. Since the 90's of the last century, with the rapid development of information technology, transportation service exports has been flourishing globally. Guangdong, being one of the forerunners in Chinese economic reform, shows the state of affairs in the field of international transportation exports.Based on the analysis of development status of transportation service exports from Guangdong, of the necessity of tapping into transportation service exports, of the international competitive power and competitive edge of Guangdong in the field of transportation service exports, I putforward the strategy of improving the international competitive power of Guangdong in transportation service exports.Keywords: Guangdong Province, transportation service, service exports, international competitive power。
无生命名词作主语在英语语法中,除了人和动物,还有一类名词被称为无生命名词。
无生命名词指的是没有生命的事物,例如物体、抽象概念等等。
在句子中,无生命名词也可以作为主语,起到句子的主要表达作用。
首先,无生命名词作主语可以帮助我们描述客观存在的事物。
例如,"The sun rises in the east."(太阳从东方升起。
)这个句子中,"the sun"(太阳)作为无生命名词作主语,用来描述太阳的行为。
另外,"water is essential for survival."(水是生存的必需品。
)这个句子中,"water"(水)作为无生命名词作主语,用来描述水的重要性。
其次,无生命名词作主语也可以用来表达抽象概念。
例如,"Happiness is the key to a good life."(幸福是美好生活的钥匙。
)这个句子中,"happiness"(幸福)作为无生命名词作主语,用来表达幸福的重要性。
另外,"Knowledge is power."(知识就是力量。
)这个句子中,"knowledge"(知识)作为无生命名词作主语,用来强调知识的重要性。
此外,无生命名词作主语还可以用来描述自然现象。
例如,"Rain is falling outside."(外面正在下雨。
)这个句子中,"rain"(雨)作为无生命名词作主语,用来描述正在发生的自然现象。
另外,"Snow covers the ground."(大地被雪覆盖。
)这个句子中,"snow"(雪)作为无生命名词作主语,用来描述地面上的情况。
总的来说,无生命名词作主语在英语中起到了非常重要的作用。
它可以帮助我们描述客观存在的事物,表达抽象概念以及描述自然现象。
无灵主语句三种句型
无主语句是指句子中缺少主语,而且其他成分也没有发生变化的句子。
它在口语中经常出现,并且对交流有很大的帮助。
一般来说,无主语句可以分为三种:动词、形容词和副词句。
一、动词句
动词句是最常见的无主语句,即句子中只有一个动词,没有其他成分,表示一种动作或状态。
例如:Come. (来)、Go.(去)、Wait.(等待)、Stop.(停止)等。
这种句型有很多用法,可以用来表达要求、命令、提醒、询问或者仅仅用来引起对方的注意。
它们常常用在口语中,因为它们非常简洁,而且能够表达情感,使用起来更加方便。
二、形容词句
形容词句是只有一个形容词的句子,用来表达一种特定的状态或情况。
例如:Ready.(准备好)、Alone.(独自)、Ready.(准备好)、Lonely.(孤独)等。
形容词句也可以用来表达请求、命令、提醒、询问等。
例如:Ready?(准备好了吗? )、AIOne!(独自!)、Ready!(准备好了! )、Lonely!(孤独!)等。
三、副词句
副词句是只有一个副词的句子,用来表达一种特定的状态或情况。
例如:Now.(现在)、Well.(好)、Sure.
(当然)、Maybe.(也许)等。
副词句也可以用来表达请求、命令、提醒、询问等。
它们可以用来表达一种犹豫、思考的心理,使用起来更加地灵活。
总的来说,无主语句是一种简洁、便捷的句式,它可以用来表达要求、命令、提醒、询问等,也可以用来表达一种犹豫、思考的心理,使用起来更加地灵活。
它在口语中使用比较多,也常常出现在文学作品中,可以使句子显得更加简洁、有力。
娴熟使用无灵主语句“无灵主语”(inanimate subject) 指的是没有生命的事物充当主语,包括物品,抽象概念,情感,时间,地点等。
很多同学的作文读来甚是乏味,其中一个重要的原因,就在在写作中几乎从头到尾都是以“I”为主语的句子,缺乏变化。
下面一个是网课期间一个同学让老师改读后续写,收到的建议中其中一点就是改变主语,虽然当时没有提出使用“无灵主语”句(没有必要用专业术语,哈哈),但给出的一系列建议中:The sense of responsibility drove me to...The experience in the hospital enabled me to...Seconds count in such an emergency so my car headed to the spot like an arrow.这些其实都是无灵主语句,用来增加主语的多样性,让表达更生动。
无灵主语句不仅适合读后续写,在概要写作用的运用就更普遍了。
比如:Forbidding paper in the office forces information to be 100% digital. Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better.The decline of rote learning has been quickened by technology. Too much screen time affects kids' intelligence.除了概要写作、读后续写,再来看看无灵主语句在应用文中是怎么使用的?My past/previous experience as a volunteer in the local hospital will quality me for the job.My proficiency and fluency in spoken English will allow me to communicate with foreign visitors without any difficulty.Your prompt reply will be highly appreciated.Your attendance/participation will surely add color to our festival/activity.下面的例子,每个都是好句子哦,学会运用到你的写作中,肯定能为你的作文增色不少呢~~~赶紧背起来。
5.3 有生命主语句与无生命主语句按照动作的执行者是有生命的还是无生命的这一标准,英语和汉语的动词均可分为有灵动词(verbs for animate objects)和无灵动词(verbs for inanimate objects)。
前者用在表示有生命的名词后,后者用在表示无生命的名词后。
含有灵动词的句子称作有生命主语句(life subject sentence),含无灵动词的句子称作无生命主语句(non-life subject sentence)。
英语和汉语在有灵动词和无灵动词上的差别是:有灵动词与无灵动词在英语中无有明确的区别,即一个动词常常是既可用作有灵动词、又可用作无灵动词;而在汉语中这两类动词之间却有明确的区别,即一个用作有灵动词的动词不能同时用作无灵动词。
例如:(1) One reliable source said that major tax changes were being considered by the Treasury. 据可靠消息,财政部正在考虑对税收办法作重大改革。
(2) John said that he would come this evening.约翰说他今晚来。
上述两例中的said 分别与表示无生命的事物的one reliable source 和表示有生命的John搭配。
前句是无生命主语句,后者是有生命主语句。
动词say在前一例中用作无灵动词,在后一例中用作有灵动词。
而汉语中与say相对应的动词是"说",它只能作有灵动词。
如改作无灵动词,则很不符合汉语的表达习惯。
英译汉时一是要弄清英语无生命主语句特点,二是对原句的结构和搭配必须作出相应的调整。
一、英语无生命主语句特点从充当句子主语的词语来看,英语无生命主语句大致有下列几种类型:A. 以时间、地点等名词做主语的句子:(1) 1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China.(2) The minutes slipped by quickly.(3) Rome witnessed many great historicevents.B. 表示生理、心理状态的名词和表示某种遭遇的名词做主语:(1)His illness prevented him from attending the conference.(2)Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
Inanimate Subject Sentence无生命主语句(动作的执行者是无生命的)A.以时间、地点、事物等名词作主语This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relationship to the earth…vast areas were sometimes intentionally burned by people in their search for food.The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment.The consequences of all-out war between nations armed with nuclear weapons suddenly included the possibility of the destruction of both nations – completely and simultaneously.By midway through this century , at the end of WWⅡ,the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.…the word population will increase from 2 to more than 9 billion, and it is already more than halfway there.... the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress.If the sky is clear after sunset...This ―noctilucent cloud ”occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening darkness;... this clouds seem quite unnatural......noctilucent cloud have began to...... methane is released from...Even though noctilucent cloud were sometimes seen in the past ,all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere...that sun’s rays still strike long after sunset has brought......because methane has been one of the fastest growing green gases, and is third to ......whether it is the new frequency of days when temperature exceeds 100 degree, the new speed with which the sun burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growing mountains of waste.Why do some images startle us into effectively? And why do other images, through sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a kind of paralysis...A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflict in one of three different categories...This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation’s survival and must be understood in global context.Environmental threats can be considered in the same way....most instances of water pollution, air pollution, and illegal waste dumping are essentially local in nature.Problems like acid rain, the contamination of underground aquifers, andlarge oil spills are fundamentally regional....that the pattern appears to be global, but the problem themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.However, a new class of environmental problems does effect the global ecological system, and these threats are fundamentally strategic.The increase levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface......the radiation levels will also increase-to the point that all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon.Ten years ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America's Great Lakes.The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked.At the bottom of the world, two continents away from Washington, D. C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.Industry meant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it –bringing rising levels of CO2 with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth.But here too CO2 levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them ——indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world.As the polar air warms, the ice here will thin; and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can be found exactly halfway between the North and South poles.12.Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef; as I learned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlier and earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee's worth of rain forest being slashed and burned each year.B.表生理、心理状态,或表示某种遭遇的名词作主语(文中未出现此种类型,在此为你补充几个例句)A clear conscience laughs at false accusations.只要问心无愧,别人的指责可以一笑置之。