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高中英语学习资料madeofjingetiejiUnit5 Music定语从句(IV)(语法研究由介词+which/whom指引的定语从句)1、先行词是物时，用介词＋which；是人时，用介词＋whom；why=forwhich。
介词后边的关系词不可以省略。
2、that前不可以有介词。
比如：Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom. 我们依靠土地获取食品。
3、某些在从句中充任时间，地址或原由状语的"介词+关系词"构造能够同关系副词when、where和why交换。
比如：ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago. 这是我两年前住过的房屋。
Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub? Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那天吗？Thisisthereasonforwhichhewasputinprison.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasputinprison. 这就是他为何被关起来的原由。
4、介词＋which(指物)/whom（指人）在定语从句中作地址状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒置。
比如：Theyarrivedatasmallhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.他们到达一家田舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。
Isawaman,ontheheadofwhomstoodabird.我看到一个人，他头上站着一只鸟。
5、不定代词或数词＋of+which/whom,在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的部分。
比如：Tomhasthreebrothers,oneofwhomisasinger.汤姆有三个兄弟，此中一个是个歌手。
Unit 5 music语法Grammar “介词 + 关系代词〞引导的定语从句“介词 + 关系代词〞引导的定语从句是定语从句中较复杂的一种，多用于正式文体中。
这类定语从句的关系代词主要有 which， whom， whose 。
它们既可引导限定性定语从句，又可引导非限定性定语从句。
同学们在学习这种定语从句时要注意以下几种情况：一、注意介词的选取“介词〞+ “关系代词〞引导的定语从句中，介词的选取应根据如下几点：1 ．根据介词和定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。
如：• Who is the man with whom you just shook hands？刚才和你握手的人是谁？• The two things about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. 马克思不大有把握的两个方面是语法和某些习惯用语。
［典型考例 1 ］ In the dark street there wasn't a single person_____ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C.from whom D.to whom析：答案为 D 。
介词 to 和定语从句中的 turn 构成固定搭配 turn to sb. for help。
意为“向某人求助〞。
2 ．根据定语从句意思的需要，此时不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配。
如：• He had a bad cold， because of which he didn't attend the meeting.他患了重感冒，因此未能参加会议。
• The sp eed at which the car runs depends on the road condition. 这辆车的速度要根据路面状况而定。
［典型考例 2 ］ In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m.，_______ many people have got home.A. whose timeB.thatC. on whichD. by which析：答案为 D 。
必修二Unit 5 Music Grammar学习目标：1，掌握介词加关系代词的定语从句，灵活运用到考题中去。
2，自主学习，合作探究；学习分析和总结的方法并能学以致用。
3，激情投入，疯狂记忆，体验学习的快乐。
探究案第一部分：语法知识探究，“介词+ which / whom”引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，是定语从句一种介词前置的定语从句句型，介词与关系代词之间存在一种介宾关系。
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，把介词置于关系代词前，即演变出“介词+关系代词”句型。
例如：The man who/whom /that you spoke to is a teacher.=The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.一、基本构成1.“介词+关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which（指物）或whom(指人) ，即：介词+which/whom。
（1）The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.（2）The city in which she lives is far away.（3）The little girl is reading a book,in which there are many cartoons.注意：当介词放在关系代词的前面时，用在介词后的关系代词不能省略。
2.在限制性定语从句中，当介词置于定语从句的谓语动词之后时，可用that/which(指物)；that/who/whom（指人）作介词的宾语，且此处关系代词可以省略，特别是在口语中。
如：（1) The man (who/whom /that )you spoke to is a teacher.（2）The city（which/that）she lives in is far away.注：通常介词放在定语从句中动词后，也可以放在关系代词前面，但有些特殊动词短语搭配不能拆分，介词只能放在动词后，如：look for, look after, pay attention to ,take care of , look forward to, listen to等。
1. 学习句型，理解句型的含义。
2. 正确地运用句型，并能灵活地用于作文。
3. 学习most of which引导的定语从句。
重点：1. They may start as a group of high-school students, for whom practicing their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame.2. The musicians were to play jokes on each other as well as play music，most of which was based loosely on the Beatles.3. Freddy and his band could not go out anywhere without being followed.难点：掌握由介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。
【句型学习】1. They may start as a group of high-school students, for whom practicing their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame.他们开始可能是一群高中的学生，对他们来说，在某个人家里排练音乐是成名的第一步。
（1）介词+which/whom引导的定语从句是高考的重、难点，当先行词是人时，用介词+whom引导定语从句；当先行词是物时，用介词+which引导定语从句，而且只能用which，不能用that，有时也可以用whose引导。
介词要根据定语从句中的谓语动词来确定。
（2）practicing their music in someone’s house是动名词的形式，在for whom引导的定语从句中作主语，从句中谓语动词用单数形式。
The man to whom I spoke made no answer at first.我和他说话的那个人一开始就没有作答。
1. 学习句型，理解句型的含义。
2. 正确地运用句型，并能灵活地用于作文。
3. 学习most of which引导的定语从句。
重点：1. They may start as a group of high-school students, for whom practicing their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame.2. The musicians were to play jokes on each other as well as play music，most of which was based loosely on the Beatles.3. Freddy and his band could not go out anywhere without being followed.难点：掌握由介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。
【句型学习】1. They may start as a group of high-school students, for whom practicing their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame.他们开始可能是一群高中的学生，对他们来说，在某个人家里排练音乐是成名的第一步。
（1）介词+which/whom引导的定语从句是高考的重、难点，当先行词是人时，用介词+whom引导定语从句；当先行词是物时，用介词+which引导定语从句，而且只能用which，不能用that，有时也可以用whose引导。
介词要根据定语从句中的谓语动词来确定。
（2）practicing their music in someone’s house是动名词的形式，在for whom引导的定语从句中作主语，从句中谓语动词用单数形式。
The man to whom I spoke made no answer at first.我和他说话的那个人一开始就没有作答。
必修二Unit5介词+which/whom引导的定语从句介词+which/whom引导的定语从句用于正式场合。
在这一结构中，关系代词which/whom做介词的宾语。
●当先行词是人时，用介词+whom引导定语从句。
例：They may start as a group of high-school students, forwhom practicing their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame.●当先行词是物时，用介词+which引导定语从句，而且只能加which，不能加that。
例：They produced a newrecord in 1996, with which they celebrated their former time as a real band.●注：当关系代词作look after, look for等不能拆开使用的及物动词性短语的宾语时，介词不可以提前。
例：This is the book which/that I’m looking for.●关系副词可以替代介词+which/whom结构。
1. where可以替代to/at/from/in which；例：They visited the city where/in which John Denver was born.2. when可以替代during/at/in/on which；例：I will never forget the year when/in which our band started.3. why可以替代for which；例：The reason why/for which he left the band was that he hated the busy life.4. how可以替代in which，但是要同时去掉the way。
Unit 5MusicPart ⅡGrammar语法指南“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句是一个难点，也是高考的重要考点。
其使用的关系代词一般是which，whom或whose，在句中既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
在学习时我们要注意以下几点：(1)关系代词的选用在介词后作宾语的关系代词一般只有which，whose和whom。
如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom；w hose适用于两者。
This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai.这是我去上海时所乘坐的船。
This is the student for whom I bought the book.这是我给买书的那个学生。
The boss in whose firm I worked for 10 yea rs retired yesterday.我供职十年的那家公司的老板昨天退休了。
(2)介词的选用确定“介词＋关系代词”中介词的方法主要有以下四种：①根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词来选用The f ellow to whom I spo ke made no answer at first.和我说话的那个人起先没有回答。
(speak to)The West Lake，for which Hangzhou is famous，is a beautiful place.[来源:]西湖是个美丽的地方，杭州以此而闻名。
(be famous for)②根据先行词来确定In his room，we saw a big table on which there were all kinds of books.在他的屋子里，我看见一张上面放着各种书的大桌子。
(on the table)[来源数理化网]Yesterday we had a meeting at which we discuss ed many problems.昨天我们开了一个会，会上我们讨论了许多问题。
定语从句（介词+which/whom)概念引入This is the reason for which(=why) he left the company. 这就是他离开公司的原因。
Can you tell me for whom you are working? 你能告诉我你现在为谁工作吗?There are sixty students in our class，all of whom are working hard. 班上有60 名学生，他们都在努力学习。
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，the price of which was very reasonable.最近我买了一个中国古代花瓶，价格非常合理。
语法讲解【高清课堂：定语从句—定语从句关联词】，“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1). 介词放在关系代词前，关系代词只能用which或whom,关系代词不能省略。
这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?在黑暗的街道上，没有任何人能让她求助。
In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.2). 在限定性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用that/which(物), that/whom/who （指人）作介词的宾语，且关系代词可以省略。
This is the hero that/who/whom we are proud of.This is the pen that/which I wrote the letter with.“名（代）词+介词+关系代词”结构一般在从句中作主语。
常用于这个结构的代词有one, both, all, some, most, several, few, a few, little, a little, many, much, none, half等。
Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of which she spoke fluently.茱莉擅长德语、法语和俄语，这三样她都说得流利。
English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it somewhat differently.英语是一门被很多不同文化分享的语言，其中的每一种都在某种程度上不同地使用它。
She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of which had taken more than three years.她领着参观者游览博物馆，它的建造超过三年。
The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.这个定居点安置了将近一千人，他们中的许多人离开山村的家，到城市寻求更好的生活。
The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which were made of small diamonds.这个男人掏出来一块金表，它的指针是有小钻石组成的。
数词/形容词的最高级+of+关系代词The company has more than 100 employees, 60 percent of whom are women.这家公司有超过一百名雇员，其中百分之六十是女性。
She traveled abroad and bought a lot of gifts, the most expensive of which was a diamond.她在国外旅游，买了很多礼物，其中最昂贵的一件就是钻石。
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有数千座岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。
“介词+关系代词+名词”在从句中作状语。
He was born in 1948, by which time the Second World War had been over.他出生于1948年，到那时第二次世界大战已经结束。
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.我叫错了他的名字，因为这个错误我道歉了。
“介词短语+关系代词”在从句中一般作状语，可以与“介词+ whose+名词”结构互换。
用于此结构的关系代词有which, whom, whose。
常用于该结构的介词短语有：as a result of, at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front of, in case of, on account of等。
We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.我们来到一所后面有一个大花园的房子。
Is there a certain test b y means of which the No. 1 will be decided?有没有一种考试，通过它能决定第一名。
I went to visit my Chinese teacher yesterday, with the help of whom (with whose help) I got in touch with my classmates.昨天我去拜访我的语文老师了，在他的帮助下我联系上了我的同学们。
介词的选择介词的选择主要从以下几方面考虑：1. 从先行词跟介词的搭配出发I’ll never forget the day on which we worked together in the countryside.我不会忘记我们一起在乡下工作的日子。
(把the day代入从句后，加on 才构成完整的句子，即we worked together on the day in the countryside)The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through wh ich we could see what was happening inside the house.这个聪明的孩子在墙上挖了一个洞，透过它我们可以看到屋里发生的事情。
(through which即through the hole)2. 从定语从句中动词、形容词等对介词的搭配要求出发Do you know the girl _____ whom the man talked just now?你认识那个男人刚谈到的女孩吗？(talk后用to, with还是about，则根据先行词、定语从句中的动词talk考虑，此处用with或to比较好）3. 含有介词的动词短语不能拆开，则不能转化成“介词+关系代词”结构，介词仍然放在动词的后面。
常见的这类动词有listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of, look into, break into, get rid of, take part in, make use of, take/catch hold of, catch up with, get along with, look forward to…The babies whom the nurses are taking care of are very healthy.护士照顾的那些婴儿们都很健康。
4. 也有些介词不是和谓语动词构成短语关系，而是根据句子的逻辑需要填入的。
For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our future, of which New York is an example. 对世界上的许多城市来说，没有足够的空间拓展未来，纽约就是其中的一个例子。
Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, without which there won’t be much work.这儿的村民们依赖捕鱼行业，没有这个行业他们就没有什么活干。
关于定语从句的注意点：1. “介词+关系代词”后接不定式短语作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。
He has a knife with which to defend himself.= He has a knife with which he can defend himself.他有一把刀子，用来自卫。
2. 当先行词在从句中表示时间、地点、原因时，“介词+which”一般在定语从句中分别作时间、地点、原因状语，这时可以分别用when, where, why代替。
（when相当于“at/in/during/on 等+which”；where相当于“in/at/on等+which”；why相当于“for which”）。
但若“介词+which”不是作时间、地点、原因状语时，则不能用when, where, why代替。
Last week, I visited London, in which/where I have made several friends.上周我们去了伦敦，在那儿我们交了一些朋友。
Last year she bought this house, for which she paid her life's savings.去年她买了这所房子，为此她付出了一生的积蓄。
3. 有几个词虽然不指具体的地点，但它们作先行词时常用where/介词+which引导定语从句。
常见的有：situation/ case/ point/ circumstances/ stage/ family等。
I have come to the point where I can’t stand him. 我已经到了不能忍受他的程度了。
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.他把自己置于一个危险的境地，很容易失去对飞机的控制。
