礼貌原则运用中的性别差异以《傲慢与偏见》中人物会话为文本

基于礼貌原则视角下的言语分析——以傲慢与偏见为例一、研究背景1、傲慢与偏见简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国著名女作家。

虽然她的一生非常短暂，但她留下了许多著名的小说，如《理智与情感》，《艾玛》等。

《傲慢与偏见》也是她的代表作之一。

它描述了班尼特家五个女儿不同的爱情经历。

女主角是伊丽莎白。

她和男主人公达西经历了种种误会。

最后，他们放下了对彼此的偏见和傲慢，成为了幸福的一对。

这部小说在奥斯汀的笔下戏剧性地表现出来，语言诙谐幽默，尤其是对话，令人印象深刻。

其中的许多对话都涉及到了礼貌原则。

2、礼貌原则“礼貌”这个词很多人都很熟悉，但如果你没有学过语言学，就可能不太了解礼貌原则。

礼貌原则的研究可以追溯到20世纪50年代。

美国学者戈夫曼从戏剧的角度提出了面对面的行为。

他认为面子是人类行为的原则之一，对每个人来说都是神圣不可侵犯的。

在此基础上，Brown和Levison于1978年提出了面子理论。

他们认为，人们在交流中相互尊重的最好方式是使用礼貌的语言。

他们还把面子分为积极的面子和消极的面子。

积极的面子意味着人们想要得到别人的信任和赞扬。

而消极的面子指的是在做事情时因不迎合他人或被他人干涉而感到羞辱。

不久,英国语言学家Leech在1983年在他们的基础上提出了礼貌的六个原则:得体准则(最小限制地使别人受损；最大限制地使别人得益。

),慷慨准则(最小限度地使自己得益；最大限度地使自己受损),、赞誉准则(最小限度地贬低别人；最大限度地赞誉别人),谦逊准则(最小限度地赞扬自己，最大限度地贬低自己)，一致准则(最小限度地减少双方的分歧，最大限度地增加双方的一致)，同情准则(使对话双方的反感减至最小限度；使对话双方的同情增至最大限度)。

他明确区分了礼貌行为和不礼貌行为，并分析了人们有时故意违反合作原则的原因。

然而，他的研究也存在着一些局限性。

二、研究现状及不足由于早期礼貌原则研究的不足，20世纪70年代以前国外关于礼貌原则的研究更具普遍性和实用性。

傲慢与偏见中的女权主义与性别平等1. 引言《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀创作的经典小说，它以描绘社会底层女性面临困境、追求自主和平等为主题。

本文将探讨小说中蕴含的女权主义思想以及对性别平等的呼吁。

2. 小说中女性形象在《傲慢与偏见》中，奥斯汀塑造了多个鲜活而复杂的女性角色，展现了她对女性地位和权益的关注。

2.1 主人公伊丽莎白·班内特伊丽莎白·班内特是一个独立自主、机智聪明且具有坚定原则的角色。

她拒绝接受传统束缚，并勇敢地追求自己真正想要的幸福。

2.2 班内特姐妹班内特姐妹一直被视为“寻找好丈夫”的目标，但奥斯汀通过她们展示了不同类型的女性走向：•吉英，渴望爱情而不是物质，表达了她追求真爱和婚姻平等的愿望；•玛丽，注重教育自身、追求知识，体现了女性追求自我发展和独立的渴望；•若半娜、凯瑟琳，被描绘为传统女性角色，但也反映出社会对女性的限制和道德束缚。

3. 女权主义思想《傲慢与偏见》中的女权主义思想深刻地影响着角色们的行动和观念。

3.1 拒绝安排婚姻小说中多个女性角色都拒绝了父母为她们安排的婚姻。

奥斯汀通过这种方式呼吁女性应该有选择自己伴侣的权利，并强调婚姻应该建立在互相尊重和真实感情基础上。

3.2 女性地位与教育通过班内特姐妹中玛丽追求知识、吉英对男人要求更高以及伊丽莎白对慾望随意强迫者持质疑态度等情节，小说揭示了社会对于女性的双重标准，并提倡女性应该接受教育、追求自我发展。

4. 性别平等呼唤奥斯汀在《傲慢与偏见》中呼吁性别平等，并挑战当时对女性在社会和婚姻中地位的传统观念。

描述角色的自主意识和追求幸福的决心，使得小说成为一个积极倡导和呼唤平等权利的作品。

5. 结论《傲慢与偏见》是一部强调女权主义和性别平等观念的经典文学作品。

通过塑造独立自主且有思想的女性角色，书中探讨了婚姻、教育以及社会地位等问题，向读者展示了当时封建社会下女性所面临的困境，以及她们为争取平等权益努力与抗争的形象。

傲慢与偏见中的性别平等与人际关系引言《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀在19世纪初创作的一部经典小说，以描写社会生活为主题。

在小说中，奥斯汀巧妙地将性别平等和人际关系交织在一起，通过塑造各种不同性格的角色来探索性别对人际关系的影响。

本文将深入讨论《傲慢与偏见》中展现出来的性别平等问题，并分析它对人际关系造成的影响。

傲慢女主角伊丽莎白·班内特伊丽莎白·班内特是《傲慢与偏见》中最引人注目的女主角之一。

她舍弃了传统观念下对贵族男子的崇拜，拒绝了多次向她求亲的德西林先生，并最终选择自己真正爱的达西先生。

伊丽莎白具有独立、聪明和坚定的个性，她不愿意因为自己是女性而被束缚住。

在小说中，伊丽莎白通过与各类人物的互动，展现了她对性别平等的追求。

她拒绝了金钱和地位，大胆地表达自己的看法，并坚持认为女性应该被视为男性平等的存在。

社会阶级和性别角色《傲慢与偏见》也揭示了当时社会中严重存在的社会阶级划分和性别角色刻板印象。

小说中，男性主要从事政治、经济和军事等领域，而女性则被限制在家庭生活、嫁娶和养育子女等方面。

这种严格的分工导致了不平等待遇，阻碍了女性在社会上的发展。

通过描述班内特姐妹在找寻结婚对象时所受到的局限性，奥斯汀展示出这些不公平待遇给女性带来的困扰和挫折感。

其中一个例子是班内特家有五个女儿，没有一个男孩继承家产给父母带来了很大压力。

人际关系中展现出来的偏见和歧视小说中塑造了许多个性鲜明的角色，他们的态度和行为反映了当时社会中存在的傲慢和偏见。

特别是男性对女性的歧视和偏见，以及贵族阶级对中产阶级的鄙视。

这些偏见和歧视在人际关系中产生了种种冲突和误解。

例如，达西先生一开始被班内特一家视为傲慢的新邻居，而伊丽莎白也被德西林先生认为是一个狂妄自大的女人。

但随着彼此更深入地了解，他们才发现自己先前的偏见是错误的。

总结通过《傲慢与偏见》这部小说，我们可以看到作者简·奥斯汀对于性别平等和人际关系问题有着深刻的见解。

傲慢与偏见中的性别平等与女性意识的培养引言《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀的代表作之一，讲述了主人公伊丽莎白·班纳特奋发向上、坚持自我与自由婚姻观念的故事。

该小说在19世纪初创作，虽然时代背景已经改变，但其中探讨的性别平等与女性意识问题至今仍然具有现实意义。

本文将就《傲慢与偏见》中所体现的性别平等和女性意识培养展开探讨。

1. 剧情中的女性角色《傲慢与偏见》中塑造了多位独立、聪明且有主见的女性角色。

伊丽莎白·班纳特作为小说的主人公，在情感和理智上都展现出了强大魅力和独立思考能力。

其他角色如简、琼和夏洛特等都各具特点，也在不同程度上反映出作者对女性独立自主地追求幸福生活的看法。

2. 对待婚姻的态度小说中的女性角色对待婚姻的态度大多超越了当时社会的传统观念，更注重寻找真爱、追求自己的幸福。

伊丽莎白坚持不愿嫁给自己不爱的人，而是希望结合理智与感情以找到适合自己的配偶。

她以自身实力和品德来衡量伴侣是否值得嫁，显示出了对婚姻平等和尊重的观念。

3. 对抗社会偏见小说中揭示了当时社会对女性进行歧视和划定固定角色的现象。

作者通过描述班纳特家庭以及达西家族之间错综复杂的关系展示了种种阶级与家族既成观念对个人幸福选择产生影响。

然而，伊丽莎白并不甘心境遇受限制，她用独立、智慧、勇气与冲破这些偏见，并最终得到她的真爱。

4. 反思现实意义《傲慢与偏见》不仅仅是一部具有情感和戏剧性冲突的小说，更是对当时社会相对保守的婚姻制度和地位固化现象进行了有力的反击。

作为读者，我们应该从中反思女性意识的培养，倡导性别平等、尊重女性选择权以及打破传统观念与偏见。

结论《傲慢与偏见》通过生动而深入地描绘了女性角色强大的个人魅力和追求自由幸福的勇气，涵盖了性别平等和女性意识在当代社会仍然具有重要的现实意义。

通过阅读这部经典作品，我们能更好地理解和培养女性意识，推动社会进步。

注：以上内容为助手自行思考整理后构建出的文档内容，并未从其他来源复制并粘贴。

傲慢与偏见中的女性形象与性别平等教育1. 傲慢与偏见简介《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀的代表作之一，出版于1813年。

小说以19世纪英格兰乡村为背景，讲述了以伊丽莎白·班内特为主角的爱情故事。

在小说中，作者通过描绘女性角色的形象，反映了当时社会对女性的固有偏见和限制。

2. 女性形象分析2.1 伊丽莎白·班内特伊丽莎白是小说中最具争议和魅力的女主角之一。

她聪明、机智，并追求自己真正的幸福，不愿因贫穷而牺牲自己的尊严。

她拒绝了许多优秀男士的求婚，只因他们不能触动她心灵深处的琴弦。

伊丽莎白在婚姻问题上坚持独立思考和自主选择，它成为一个重要标志：女性应该追求自己想要的，而不是受到他人的束缚和期望。

2.2 女性被动与男性权力除了伊丽莎白，其他女性角色在小说中大多数被描绘为被动、依赖和顺从。

她们的一生几乎完全取决于家庭地位以及是否能嫁给有钱人。

这反映了当时社会对女性的限制和固有偏见，认为她们没有自主选择权，只能遵循传统的家庭价值观念。

3. 性别平等教育3.1 定义和重要性性别平等教育是指通过教育提倡男女在社会、经济、政治和文化方面享有平等权利和机会，消除性别歧视，并促进男女之间的平等关系。

它对于现代社会建立一个公正、包容、进步的社会至关重要。

3.2 在教育中实施性别平等教育•提供广泛且均衡的学科选择：学校应该鼓励男女学生广泛地选择各类学科，避免将某些学科刻板地归属于某个性别。

•打破性别角色刻板印象：学校应该教育学生，告诉他们性别不应该限制个人的才能和追求。

•提供平等机会：学校应该为男女学生提供平等的进步和成长机会，包括参与课外活动、领导角色以及在各类竞赛中展示自己才能等。

4. 总结《傲慢与偏见》中女性形象的塑造反映了当时对女性的固有偏见和对女性权利的限制。

然而，伊丽莎白·班内特这个角色展示了独立思考和自主选择的重要性。

通过进行性别平等教育，我们可以帮助打破社会对于女性的刻板印象，促进男女间更加公正、平等的关系。

从礼貌原则的角度对达西先生在《傲慢与偏见》中的话语分析摘要：本文从语用学的角度出发，从礼貌原则的遵循方面对《傲慢与偏见》中达西的话语进行分析，得出以下结论：虽然达西先生在小说的一开始是目中无人和傲慢无礼的，但通过深刻检讨自己，和遵循礼貌准则最终赢得伊丽莎白的心，同时对达西先生的言语行为分析，有助于读者将礼貌原则应用于日常生活，以得到理想谈话效果。

关键词：礼貌原则；《傲慢与偏见》；言语行为礼貌原则作为语用学的重要语用原则，在最近几年一直是研究的重点。

礼貌作为人们日常生活的一项行为准则，通常被理解为说话人为了实现某一目的而采取的策略，比如建立、维护或提升交际双方和谐的人际关系。

本文通过在礼貌原则的基础上对小说达西先生的言语行为分析，可以使读者更形象地了解礼貌原则，明白得体的语言是交际中的润滑剂，并对交际成败起着至关重要的作用。

一、《傲慢与偏见》中达西先生话语的语用分析（一）礼貌原则的遵循礼貌原则是由英国语用学家利奇提出来的，他是基于格莱斯的合作原则而提出来的，礼貌原则的定义是不伤害对方的面子。

礼貌原则主要包括六条准则，但本论文主要涉及到三个：策略准则、褒奖准则、赞同准则。

1.策略准则策略准则的内容是：缩小对方的损失，扩大对方的好处(何兆熊 90)。

例1：对话很快转向了钓鱼，她听见达西先生邀请她的叔叔去钓鱼，并且向他提供渔具，并指出鱼比较活跃的地方。

(Jane Austen 2003)346这个例子是关于参观Pemberley的部分。

这两句话都是达西先生说的。

在例子1中，达西先生想讨好伊丽莎白，所以他表现得像个绅士。

达西先生邀请伊丽莎白的叔叔在Pemberley钓鱼，很有礼貌，甚至给他渔具鱼。

他对听众的尊重，所以他赢得了伊丽莎白和她的亲戚们的赞赏。

这就是使用得体准则的好处。

2.褒奖准则褒奖准则的内容是：缩小对自己的赞扬，扩大对自己的诋毁(何兆熊 90)。

“宾利非常诚恳谦虚，羞怯妨碍了他自己的判断在如此紧张的情况下......”(Jane Austen 2003)346例2是故事结束时达西和伊丽莎白之间对话的一部分。

《傲慢与偏见》会话中性别差异的语用分析的开题报告一、选题的背景和意义《傲慢与偏见》是英国女作家简·奥斯汀的代表作之一，描绘了19世纪英国上层社会的生活和爱情。

小说中的角色形象生动，言辞风格清新流畅，对英国文学和女性文学的发展有很大影响。

本文选取小说中的几个典型场景，以语用学为主要研究方法，探讨小说中男女语言行为的性别差异，进一步了解19世纪英国社会中的性别角色分化和影响。

二、文献综述语用学是一门研究语言使用的学科，它主要关注人们在交际中所使用的语言的特点和规则。

在过去的几十年中，语用学已成为社会科学、语言学和文化研究的跨学科领域。

其中，性别语用学研究了男女在语言使用中的差异，并尝试解释这些差异与社会、文化、意识形态和语用背景有关。

在性别语用学研究的过程中，有很多学者进行了有益的探索和实证研究。

例如，Lakoff (1975)提出了一种基于语言和文化的性别学说，认为男性在生活中更倾向于使用“女性语言”，而女性则多使用“男性语言”，并且把这种性别差异的语言特征归结为性别角色的教育和社会化的结果。

Eckert 和McConnell-Ginet（2003）则认为，语言的使用必定受到诸多方面的影响，包括地区、年龄、社会阶层和性别，这些因素会在语言行为中留下痕迹。

本文将继承前人的研究成果，进一步深入理解性别差异的语言使用行为，并探讨剖析《傲慢与偏见》小说中的性别语言差异。

三、研究目标本文旨在通过分析《傲慢与偏见》中男女角色的语言行为，探讨性别差异的语用特征，解释其社会和文化背景，并进一步揭示该时期英国社会中男女性别角色的分化和影响。

最终目标是为加深人们的性别意识和性别平等观念提供参考，并为后续的语用学研究奠定基础。

四、研究内容和方法研究中选取小说中的典型场景，并采用质性研究方法，对小说中男女角色的语言行为进行深入剖析。

其中，研究对象是男主角达西和女主角伊丽莎白，研究场景分别是：第一次见面、舞会、求婚、婚礼和相互了解等。

以《傲慢与偏见》中的经典对话为例分析礼貌原则刘舒怡(辽宁大学外国语学院，辽宁沈阳110036)【摘要】礼貌原则是日常交际中的一项重要原则。

通过礼貌原则的分析，可以帮助人们更礼貌地交流。

礼貌原则是由杰弗里•利奇提出的，由得体准则、赞誉准则、慷慨准则、谦逊准则和一致准则构成。

【关键词】得体准则，赞誉准则，慷慨准则，谦逊准则，一致准则中图分类号：H08文献标志码：A文章编号：1007-0125(2019)08-0228-01刘舒怡：以《傲慢与偏见》中的经典对话为例分析礼貌原则 |228一、 礼貌原则介绍根据布朗和莱文森的说法，礼貌在所有文化中都是普遍 存在的，这很大程度上是因为所有的人都需要得到赞赏。

杰 痦里.利奇^G e o f f r e y L e e c h)i U R到这一点，并将拖也的礼貌原则视为基本原则之一。

利奇制定了“礼貌原则”，试图弥补合作原则在日常交流中所不及的地方。

礼貌原则包 括得体准则、慷慨准则、赞誉准则、谦逊准则、一致准则，同情准则。

对利奇来说，礼貌才是它的动力。

这些准则的应 用因文化而异，为了描述这一原则，我们需要面子的概念。

面子指的是指一个人在社会环境中的尊严感或威望感。

如果 我们想挽救别人的面子，我们就应该懂得礼貌原则。

二、 以《傲慢与偏见》中的经典对话为例《傲慢与偏见》是简•奥斯汀最著名的小说。

这个故事 通过描述婚姻问题展示了当时英国的社会生活。

(一）得体原则分析E l i z a b e t h：ttD o y o u d a n c e,M r.D a r c y?wD a r c y：“N o t i f I c a n h e l p i t.”在这一幕中，伊丽莎白邀请达西跳舞，但达西先生说：“如果我能帮上忙的话。

”这是是一种间接的拒绝。

所以伊 丽莎白选择离开。

因为达西先生是不愿意接受伊丽莎白的邀 请。

他没直接说“不，我不想跳”，而用恰当的方式说不。

他的话意味着如果你想跳，我可以带你跳，但实际上我是不 愿意跳的。

傲慢与偏见中的性别平等教育引言《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀创作的一部经典文学作品。

该小说以19世纪英国社会为背景，通过展现男女角色之间的互动和社会对女性地位的偏见，探讨了性别平等教育的重要性。

本文将从几个角度论述《傲慢与偏见》中所呈现出的性别平等教育问题。

1. 社会对女性地位的偏见在《傲慢与偏见》中，作者通过表达社会对女性地位的偏见，揭示了当时社会存在的性别不平等现象。

比如，小说中出现了许多对女性能力和地位的贬低言论、以及限制女性发展空间的行为。

这些描写提醒我们反思过去和当前存在着的同样问题，并强调改善性别平等教育迫在眉睫。

2. 教育机构中的不公平待遇小说中塑造了几个女主角，她们具备各自独特的智慧和才能。

然而，在当时的教育体制下，女性接受的教育相对不足，缺乏机会去发展个人潜能。

作者通过对女主角伊丽莎白·班内特的塑造，批判了当时教育机构中存在的性别歧视问题，并呼吁提供平等的学习机会和资源。

3. 对妇女角色的启发与变革尽管面临社会对女性地位的偏见，小说中的妇女角色展现出了坚强和独立思考的品质。

伊丽莎白·班内特作为一个有远见和勇气的角色，坚持自己独立思考并追求自己真正想要的幸福。

她通过自我教育和勇气来克服社会对女性地位的束缚，并最终实现了成长和变革。

这种启发性格塑造告诉我们，在性别平等教育中应注重培养女性独立思考、勇气面对挑战以及自信心。

4. 性别平等教育在现代社会中的重要性通过《傲慢与偏见》中所揭示出来的问题，我们可以借鉴到现代社会，加强性别平等教育的重要性。

我们应该确保男女学生在教育机构中能够平等获得资源和机会，并从小培养学生独立思考和自信的品质。

此外，性别平等教育还需要包括对性别偏见和刻板印象的教育，以促进社会的整体意识觉醒和转变。

结论《傲慢与偏见》通过展现当时社会中对女性地位的偏见和限制，唤起了人们对于性别平等教育的关注。

通过塑造发人深省的角色和情节，作者呼吁读者反思当时以及现今存在着的性别不平等问题。

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傲慢与偏见中的性别角色与社会规范概述《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀于1813年出版的著名小说，讲述了一段缠绵而又充满戏剧性的爱情故事。

小说通过展现不同人物之间的相互作用，揭露了当时英国社会中存在的严格性别角色和社会规范，并探讨了这些规范对个体自由和幸福的影响。

性别角色刻板印象在《傲慢与偏见》中，作者以各种方式展示了当时英国社会对于男女性别角色所持有的刻板印象。

男性被期望拥有财富、地位和高贵血统，扮演家庭经济支柱和决策者的角色。

女性则被期望注重外貌、遵行礼仪、保持优雅，并且以结婚生子为主要任务。

女性地位与选择权小说中的女性形象展示了被限制在家庭职责内并面临缺乏独立选择权问题。

例如，伊丽莎白·班内特的母亲非常迫切地想为她女儿找到合适的丈夫，这反映了当时社会中一个普遍的观念：女性的价值和幸福源自婚姻。

然而，伊丽莎白通过坚持自己的意见和拒绝与有钱却无情感的男子结婚，展示了她对于自由选择权的渴望。

男性固有尊严与责任在小说中，男性角色被赋予了更多政治、经济和社会权力，他们扮演着家庭和社会中重要角色。

但是这种权力也使得男性面临着一些压力和负担。

例如，达西先生作为财产继承人，在选择配偶时需要考虑家族背景和财富状况。

此外，在爱情问题上，他必须相对谨慎并遵循传统规范。

角色转变与突破在《傲慢与偏见》中，一些角色通过触发事件或深入思考意识到社会规范对于个体自由和幸福的限制，并试图突破这些限制。

例如达西先生通过反思自己的傲慢和偏见，转变了对伊丽莎白的态度。

同样，伊丽莎白也通过与达西先生的接触，开始重新评估自己对于社会规范的批判和独立思考。

结论《傲慢与偏见》通过揭示当时英国社会中存在的严格性别角色和社会规范，为读者提供了反思和讨论的空间。

小说中的人物形象和情节展现了个体与社会规范之间的冲突，并探讨了真实自我与传统期望之间的平衡问题。

这种深入剖析使得《傲慢与偏见》成为一部经典作品，并为我们理解当代社会中性别角色与社会规范之间的互动关系提供了洞察力。

以《傲慢与偏见》中的经典对话为例分析礼貌原则作者：刘舒怡来源：《戏剧之家》2019年第08期【摘要】礼貌原则是日常交际中的一项重要原则。

通过礼貌原则的分析，可以帮助人们更礼貌地交流。

礼貌原则是由杰弗里·利奇提出的，由得体准则、赞誉准则、慷慨准则、谦逊准则和一致准则构成。

【关键词】得体准则；赞誉准则；慷慨准则；谦逊准则；一致准则中图分类号：H08 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1007-0125（2019）08-0228-01一、礼貌原则介绍根据布朗和莱文森的说法，礼貌在所有文化中都是普遍存在的，这很大程度上是因为所有的人都需要得到赞赏。

杰弗里·利奇（Geoffrey Leech）认识到这一点，并将他所说的礼貌原则视为基本原则之一。

利奇制定了“礼貌原则”，试图弥补合作原则在日常交流中所不及的地方。

礼貌原则包括得体准则、慷慨准则、赞誉准则、谦逊准则、一致准则，同情准则。

对利奇来说，礼貌才是它的动力。

这些准则的应用因文化而异，为了描述这一原则，我们需要面子的概念。

面子指的是指一个人在社会环境中的尊严感或威望感。

如果我们想挽救别人的面子，我们就应该懂得礼貌原则。

二、以《傲慢与偏见》中的经典对话为例《傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯汀最著名的小说。

这个故事通过描述婚姻问題展示了当时英国的社会生活。

（一）得体原则分析Elizabeth：“Do you dance，Mr.Darcy？”Darcy：“Not if I can help it.”在这一幕中，伊丽莎白邀请达西跳舞，但达西先生说：“如果我能帮上忙的话。

”这是是一种间接的拒绝。

所以伊丽莎白选择离开。

因为达西先生是不愿意接受伊丽莎白的邀请。

他没直接说“不，我不想跳”，而用恰当的方式说不。

他的话意味着如果你想跳，我可以带你跳，但实际上我是不愿意跳的。

在这里，达西先生很好地使用了得体准则。

得体准则是指说话人最大限度地降低听话人的成本，使听话人的利益最大化。

AcknowledgmentsThanks for giving me this chance to accomplish this thesis and to make the conclusion for my four years’ education. Through writingthis paper, I have gained more knowledge than I supposed.First, I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Mr. Lei Hongyou, forhis invaluable supervision and suggestions, for his generosity in spending his time discussing questions concerning my thesis, and for his constant encouragement. Without his guidance and help, this paper would not have come into being.Here, I also want to give my thanks to my classmates who have given me much help. Without their assistance and encouragement, I would not have completed my thesis in such a short time. Thanks a lot!AbstractThrough the applications of the Lakoff’s theory on language and gender within the sociolinguistic field and Conversation Analysis in the linguistic field, the gender differences in language use in the novel Pride and Prejudice are intended to be explored by static and dynamic analysis in this thesis. In terms of static analysis, it is divided into lexical and syntactic levels; and dynamic aspectincludes amount of talk and topic management. This thesis attempts to make a contrastive study about gender differences embodied in the language used by male and female characters in the novel, and probes into how the different uses of language are employed to portray the typical characters, express emotions and reflect themes. In addition, this study will also explore the major factors leading to the gender differences in language use in the novel.This thesis provides a new perspective for others who are interestedin Pride and Prejudice to appreciate its unexcelled charm and also proves the feasibility that sociolinguistic and linguistic theories can be applied to the interpretation of literary works to some degree. Key Words: Pride and Prejudice; gender differences; language use摘要本文从社会语言学的角度出发，通过运用罗宾·莱考夫关于语言与性别的理论阐释，及会话分析的相关理论，试图从静态和动态两个方向对世界经典名著说中两性语言特点进行对比分析，进而探究这些语言差异是如何塑造人物性格、表达感情、照应主题的，另外本研究剖析了在作品创作中影响这种差异性的主本文阐述了《傲慢与偏见》中男女两性的语言差异及产生原因，提供读者以全新角度欣赏这部作品的同时在一定程度上证明了社会语言学和语言学的相关理关键词:《傲慢与偏见》；性别差异；语言使用Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \uHYPERLINK \l _Toc12622 1. Introduction 1HYPERLINK \l _Toc17008 2. Sex and Gender 2HYPERLINK \l _Toc4045 3. Analysis of Gender Differences in Language Use in Pride and Prejudice 3HYPERLINK \l _Toc8986 3.1 Formal Language Structure 4HYPERLINK \l _Toc15860 3.1.1 Lexical Level 4HYPERLINK \l _Toc23125 3.1.2 Syntactic Level 8HYPERLINK \l _Toc15579 3.2 Speech Style 10HYPERLINK \l _Toc13052 3.2.1 Amount of Talk 11HYPERLINK \l _Toc26988 3.2.2 Topic Management 12HYPERLINK \l _Toc26063 4. Causes of Gender Differences in Language Use in Pride and Prejudice 14HYPERLINK \l _Toc4866 4.1 Internal Individual Factors 14HYPERLINK \l _Toc24583 4.2 External Social Factors 15HYPERLINK \l _Toc2061 4.2.1 Social Status and Roles 15HYPERLINK \l _Toc31725 4.2.2 Sexism 17HYPERLINK \l _Toc20711 4.2.3 Sub-Cultures 18HYPERLINK \l _Toc8926 5. Conclusion 19HYPERLINK \l _Toc21049 Bibliography 21A Study of Gender Difference in Language Use in Pride and Prejudice1. IntroductionLanguage can be traced back to the beginning of human society. We can say that people are born to speak, though they are not born speaking. Language, as a communicative medium of crucial importance, plays a peculiar role in human relationships. Every day we use language here and there automatically, often without conscious effort. We take this phenomenon for granted that language is a natural instinct of human beings.With the development of society, more and more researchers put their focus on the influential functions of language. If a society is defined as any group of people who are drawn together for a certainpurpose; accordingly, a language is what the members of a particular society speak. No matter how language is defined, there is no doubt that language and society are interdependent. Sociolinguistics, a science of studying language in relation to society, appeared in the late 1960s. As a field of study involving the interaction of language and society, it has naturally been a form of linguistics which has been applied more than any other forms. With the rise of the feminist movement in the western countries, the studies concentrated on language and gender has become one of the major issues in sociolinguistics since late 1960s and early 1970s. At that time, Language and Woman’s Place, written by Robin Lakoff, has become milestone in this field. It made people begin to realize the striking characteristics of female language and the close relationship between language and gender.As we all know, Pride and Prejudice, written by English female novelist Jane Austen who is famous for realistic style and biting irony, is one of her masterpieces and the most favored novels in English literature. The stories take place in Austen’s works always from her familiar experience and observation. Many scholars have analyzed Pride and Prejudice in multiple perspectives from its themes and skills to linguistic phenomenon by concerning pragmatic theories. Some study its irony and humor art; some discuss about marriage and feminism; others focus on conversation styles on a basis of cooperative principle…since this novel has a great number of excellent speech and classic conversations, this thesis attempts to take it as object to make a contrastive research about gender differences embodied in the languages used by its male and female characters, and then discusses how the language differences of both genders are employed to portray the typical roles, express their emotions and reflect the work’s theme. Meanwhile, the study will explore the major causes contribute to the gender differences in language use in the novel. The study standing from the perspective of sociolinguistics, and combining the applications of Lakoff’s theory on language and gender and Conversation Analysis in the linguistic field, analyzes the gender differences in language from quantitative and qualitative directions: one is formal language structure, and the other is speech style. In terms of formal language structure which is divided into lexical level and syntactic level, 108 utterances asdate are collected from the novel text Pride and Prejudice. More specifically, the lexical level will be discussed from the aspects of intensifiers, interjections and extravagant adjectives. The syntactic level is mainly concentrated on tag questions and hedges used bymales and females in this novel. In terms of the aspect of speech style, the study includes amount of talk and topic management. The study of formal language structure is a static analysis in horizontal direction while the speech style is a dynamic one in vertical direction. The results of the research indicate that the gender differences in language use in Pride and Prejudice are thecombination of “similarity” and “particularity”. This thesis provides a new perspective for us to have a better comprehensionabout how Jane Austen presents her charming language skills use by male and female characters in Pride and Prejudice, and also provesthe feasibility that sociolinguistic and linguistic theories can be applied to the interpretation of literary works to some degree.2. Sex and GenderTo some extent, “gender” and “sex” are two similar concepts for us. However, they actually focus on different perspectives. In orderto better understand the theme of the thesis “gender difference”,it is necessary to make a clear distinction between gender and sex. Gender is a relatively new term emerging since the 1960s with the development of sociolinguistics and feminist movement, and widely adopted into American literature and daily life since the 1980s. Here are several well-accepted definitions of gender. For Ronald Wardhaugh, sex is biologically determined whereas gender is a socialconstruction (but one heavily grounded in sex) involving the whole gamut of psychological, social, and cultural differences betweenmales and females (53). According to Anthony Giddens, sex shows biological or anatomical differences between men and women, whereas gender concerns the psychological, social and cultural differences between males and females (47). In the view of Jennifer Coates, sex refers to biological distinction, but gender is a term used to describe socially constructed categories based on sex (39). Similar definition is given by Eckert and MeConell-Ginet, denoting thatgender is the social elaboration of biological sex in otherirrelevant fields and domains (51). Another definition comes from Chinese scholar Bai Jiehong: sex is a female and male signal based onbiology determined by genes, while gender is a feminine and masculine signal based on social roles and statues and gained from theinfluence of social, cultural and psychological factors (40).From the discussion above, we can make a conclusion that sex is a biological and birth-given term, either man or woman, which is static and unchangeable except individual preference and choice with thehelp of denaturation operation. On the contrary, gender is a social-and-cultural constructed term, which is dynamic and can be learnedand acquired by human beings in the lifetime under the influence of cultural background and environment. In another word, one may have both feminine and masculine characteristics but present them respectively and appropriately according to different contexts.3. Analysis of Gender Differences in Language Use in Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice mainly tells the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. Here we won’t talk much about the details of the novel but concentrate on their languages. Every individual’s language seems to have linguistic items that reflect social characteristics of the speaker, of the addressee or the relations between them. One of the typical features of this novel is its excellent and flexible use of language. In this section, we will put our focus about the language used by different genders in novel on two fields: the language structure employing the Lakoff’s theories of features in female speech; the speech style on a basis of Conversation Analysis. The research will be conducted by studying the data collected fromliterary text through quantitative and qualitative methods.3.1 Formal Language StructureLanguage is such an integral part of humanity that too much about it has been taken for granted. It is used as a medium for access toother fields of knowledge rather than just as a subject in and by itself. However, if we pause to think of the rhyme about language, it’s indeed necessary to reconsider the real essence of language. In linguistic system, formal structure consists of phonemes, syllables, intonation, pronunciation, then of words, phrases, sentences, and lastly, of speech and writing, etc. In this field, the representative scholar Robin Lakoff has made great contributions to the research on language and gender systematically. Here we discuss the words in formof written instead of spoken, so the analysis will be carried through lexical and syntactic level.3.1.1 Lexical LevelAs we mentioned before, there are three aspects we can discuss at lexical level in Pride and Prejudice. According to Lakoff’s theory, they are intensifiers, interjections and extravagant adjectives. Generally speaking, intensifier is one kind of adverb of degree usually functioned as the modifier to emotional adjectives. For example, the adverbs “so”, “really”, “very”…can be regarded as intensifiers to emphasize the emotional degree of the modified words. Accordingly, Lakoff refers to it in her Language and Woman’s Place that “the intensive so, used where purists would insist upon an absolute superlative, heavily stressed, seems more characteristic of women’s language than of men’s” (54). She supposes that females are more likely to use intensifiers to strengthen their moods and opinions. Under most circumstances, the intensifiers chosen by females are somewhat different from males’. With the guidance ofthis theory, a data about the using of intensifiers by each gender in Pride and Prejudice is listed in the following table:Table 3.1: The Frequency of Intensifiers Used by Male and Female CharactersIntensifierGender so really very quite totalMale 26 32 4 3 65Female 41 35 8 14 97From the table above, we can clearly conclude that female characters are more tend to use intensifiers than males do in speech. For example, in Chapter 25, Elizabeth and her aunt Mrs. Gardiner totally use “really” 6 times during their conversation about Lydia and Wickham. And only in this section Mrs. Gardiner uses intensifiers 11 times in all. Here we will take the female character Mrs. Bennet as a typical object to analyze her expressions in the novel, to prove these features more specifically.“Jane was so admired, nothing could be like it…and Mr. Bingley thought her quite beautiful…I was so vexed to see…and he seemed quite struck with Jane…” (Austen 13-14).“I am quite delighted with him. He is so excessively handsome!”(Austen 14).“…for he is a most disagreeable, horrid man…So high and so conceited ... fancying himself so very great! ... I quite detest the man.” (Austen 14).These expressions are selected from Chapter 3, happening after Mrs. Bennet comes back from the ball. The intensifiers help express Mrs. Bennet’s emotions more vividly. The three utterances respectively stand for her proud of Jane’s beauty, praise of Mr. Bingley’s elegance and disgust for Mr. Darcy’s prejudice.Another example is taken from Chapter 25 when Mrs. Bennet complains about Elizabeth refusing Mr. Collins’s proposal with Mrs. Gardiner:“It is very hard to think … He made her an offer in this very room. …The Lucases are very artful people … It makes me very nervous and poorly … and I am very glad to hear…” (Austen 174) There are five “very” in these utterances to emphasize the degree of Mrs. Bennet’s anger, and readers can feel her regret and disappointment for Elizabeth’s decision.We can certainly imply that Mrs. Bennet is a person who always speaks out what she thinks in mind directly from these samples. It is in accord with her personality described in novel that she always puts her daughters’ marriage in the first place and spares no effort to find a satisfactory husband for each of them. In addition, the other female characters such as Jane, Caroline also use intensifiers in their utterances. However, these words can hardly be uttered by male characters. Thus, we have no difficulty to draw a conclusion that female characters prefer to use intensifiers in their daily communication to express more strong feelings in the novel, in comparison to males. That is to say, the author Jane has a tendency to mould the sentimental feature of female when creating this works. And this linguistic phenomenon conforms to the result of Lakoff’s theory and actual language usage.Besides the difference on intensifiers, another typical aspect of vocabulary is the using of interjections between males and females. Under most circumstances, an interjection has no practical significance but just reflects the speaker’s emotion or implied attitude. Usually we define the interjection that it appears at the beginning of a sentence and is followed by a punctuation mark. For instance, “Oh!”, “Goodness!” are the common interjections.Lakoff states that interjections can be divided into strong and weak ones according to their degrees of mood (176). Previous studies has shown that female speakers are not expected to use strong interjections, such as “damn” or “shit”, but are encouraged touse weaker ones like “oh dear”, “goodness”, “fudge”, etc. However, with the rise of females’ status, we can hear the strong interjections are spoken by both genders in modern society, but weak ones like “Dear me” are still not being adopted by males in majority.Before collecting the data in the text, there is one thing we must take into consideration--social background. We all know that thestory took place at the turn of 19th century. It was a relatively conservative society and nearly all the characters in the story were upper-class roles, therefore, there is no swear words such as “damn”or “shit” uttered by male characters let alone females. So thethesis pays more attention to the frequency of weak interjectionsused by males and females instead of the difference of strong and weak ones.Table 3.2The Frequency of Interjections Used by Male and Female CharactersInterjectionGender Oh Dear me Good Lord For God’s Sake totalMale 3 0 1 1 5Female 7 1 8 2 18The data collected in the table 3.2 indicates that the number of interjections used by females characters accounts for more than three fourths. “Oh” and “Good God” are the most frequently used among females. Here some samples are selected spoken by Elizabeth inChapter 47 to explore her different psychological activities with the same expression “Oh”.“Oh, no, no--this is not likely.”“Oh, yes!--that, that is the worst of all.”“Oh, …this could not have happened!”“Oh! Thoughtless, thoughtless Lydia!” (Austen 341, 343, 351, 352). Although four sentences have the same simple interjection “Oh”, it really represents different emotions of Elizabeth. It contains not only her sorrow and anger for Lydia’s behavior but anxiety and worry about for sister’s safety. Thus, it helps readers to have a better comprehension for Elizabeth’s personality.On the other hand, we can get the information from the data that male characters hardly adopt interjections. In the story, nearly every male character is cultured and behaves elegantly. What they pay more attention to is the matter of conversation itself but avoid involving individual emotion. Another point is that the novel is different from traditional English literary works that we can find no interjections like “shit” between the lines. That may not be consistent with the previous relative research in some degree. It is not difficult tofind that the reasons for this language feature lie in the social environment. This novel describes a group of people who belong to upper-class or the bourgeois, whose social status and conservative culture mostly determine the Britons, especially the upper-class British men like Mr. Darcy and Mr. Bingley, to be gentlemen without saying any disgraceful words such as “shit” or “damn”, which would be detrimental to image and fame. Consequently, as Lakoff says, males from the upper-class in Britain may use the words listed in the females’ column categorized as specifically feminine, withoutraising doubts as to their masculinity among other speakers of the same dialect (53).The third aspect of lexical level is called extravagant adjectives, which usually show the users’ feelings like appreciation or admiration. Lakoff explains the concept more specifically in her Language and Woman’s Place that females like to use “women’s adjectives”, such as “adorable” or “driving”, while males prefer to use “neutral adjectives” such as “great” or “terrific”. She states that females are inclined to use extravagant adjectives to highlight their attitudes or emotions, but males have less such preference (84-85).Extravagant adjectives may not be an intuitionistic character as intensifiers and interjections in the whole novel. What attracts us most is the using of “charming”, which is the most frequent extravagant adjective used by both genders, totally 10 times. In the story, female characters use “charming” to praise others in most cases. This feature will be discussed in the following examples.Mrs. Bennet: “…a charming prospect over the gravel walk.” (Austen 50).Elizabeth: “He is a sweet-tempered, amiable, charming man.”(Austen 103).Both these two utterances are positive evaluations of Mr. Bingley from different people. The first one conveys Mrs. Bennet is so satisfied with Mr. Bingley that she really wants her daughter Jane would marry him. The second is uttered by Elizabeth who thinks highly of him, which implies that she has no good impression upon Mr. Darcy compared with Mr. Bingley. We can infer character’s psychological world from such extravagant adjectives.3.1.2 Syntactic LevelSyntax, as a major branch of general linguistics, identifies the permissible sequences in a language and the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure. Different genders differ in the selection of sentence patterns in communication. Lakoff gives her views that “there is no syntactic rule in English that only women may use. But there is at least one rule that a woman will use in more conversational situations than a man” (53). This section will explore some syntactic features of different genders in language use in the novel, including tag questions and hedges.According to Rabin Lakoff’s research, tag questions are added-on questions at the end of some statements, such as “It is the book for your class, isn’t it?” In her article You Are What You Say, she writes that,A tag is midway between an outright statement and a yes-no question; it is less assertive than the former, but more confident than the latter[…], it is polite to leave a decision open, not impose your mind, or views, or claims, on anyone else. (Lakoff 2)Putting our attention to the novel, we can conclude that both males and females use tag questions in their dialogue but apparently the latter account much more. In Pride and Prejudice, there are 7 tag questions in total: five belong to females’ speaking and the rest two are uttered by male characters, one is from Mr. Bingley and the other is from Mr. Bennet. The application of tag question in the story is correspondent with the previous studies. Although the tag question is not used in high frequency, these utterances still can express the personalities of different genders. Among the female characters, Mrs. Bennet is the one who uses tag questions most frequently. Here we take two of her expressions from Chapter 9 to analyze.“The country is a vast deal pleasanter, is not it, Mr. Bingley?”“What an agreeable man Sir William is, Mr. Bingley, is not he?”(Austen 52, 53).These conversations take place when Mrs. Bennet comes to Netherfieldto see her daughter Jane who is ill then. We can find that they are both related to Mr. Bingley who is the ideal husband for Mrs. Bennet’s daughter. So when Mr. Darcy thinks lowly of the country, Mrs.Bennet feels angry and wants to get support from Mr. Bingley to maintain her views. On the other hand, she uses tag questions to express her friendly attitude towards Mr. Bingley.From the aforesaid examples, it is clear that females are more likely to use tag-questions than males. Usually, female speakers associate themselves with tag-questions to exhibit a desire for agreement. They are not sure whether hearers will agree with them or not. It is a typical feature for female speakers to use tag-questions, presenting themselves as unsure of their opinions and thereby as not really having opinions that count very much.The second feature of syntactic level is hedges. Hedges are wordsused to avoid giving a direct answer to a question or a promise to support some particular ideas, adding expressions like “I believe”, “I think”, “well”, “I guess”, “perhaps” or “you know”, and so on uncertain ones. The table 3.3 lists the usage of different hedges collected from the utterances.Table 3.3 The Frequency of Hedges Used by Male and Female Characters HedgeGender Well perhaps I think/suppose You know totalMale 4 7 2 1 14Female 12 12 7 6 37From the table we can clearly get that the female characters in this novel use hedges much more frequently than males, more than two times. The reasons for this phenomenon can be explained as follows. First, most females are not certain about what they say and they lack confidence in some degree. Second, using hedges seems more polite in communication. Meanwhile females try to maintain a close relationship with listeners and avoid conflicts. Thus they tend to employ more hedges in speech.We can easily get some examples from the text:“We were married, you know…I was so afraid, you know…And then, you know…”“Oh, yes!--he was to come there with Wickham, you know.” (Austen 386, 387).These are Lydia’s words when she comes back home to share her wedding with her sisters in Chapter 51. Here “you know” occurs 4 times and we can infer that Lydia speaks so fast that she couldn’t cover up her excitement for this marriage. What’s more, she can’t wait to show off her wedding and handsome husband to her sisters. And in linguistic field, “you know” takes the function of interpersonal and helps the conversation continue smoothly.All in all, females who are short of confidence or uncertain about what they refer to are more likely to employ hedges while this phenomenon less occurs on males’ speech.3.2 Speech StyleIf the study of language structure is considered as a static process, then how we research speakers’ speech style is considered as a dynamic analysis. Different people have different kinds of behaviorin their communication. Equally, different genders have distinctive behavior patterns in language use. Numerous observers have described women’s speech as being different from that of men. Fischer’s work showed how very young boys and girls differ in certain choices they make, as did Cheshire’s work in Reading in an older group. Labov’s studies in New York also revealed noticeable gender differences in adult speech. All in all, these gender differences in communication can be concluded mainly in the aspects of topic and amount of talk. Thus, this part will concentrate on these two issues of talk, applying Conversation Analysis to explore gender differences in language use.3.2.1 Amount of TalkUsually it’s a little difficult for us to make sure the actual amount of characters’ talk and then make a comparison. Here the problem can be handled that several special contexts are selected from the novel to be analyzed. It seems a common sense for us that, when it comes to the amount of talk, females are considered to be more active than males to provide topics. It has been taken for granted for a long time that females like gossiping; accordingly, they talk more than males. This stereotype is firmly branded in human mind so that females are even called chatter-boxes. However, it is an unfair judgment. This section focuses on two stages in the novel torefute such view, by analyzing the conversations between Mr. Collins and Mrs. Bennet. The first example is in Chapter 14, when Mr. Collins comes to visit the family of Bennet. Four utterances of each character are chosen. And the second stage is about Mr. Collins who wants to make a proposal to Elizabeth in Chapter 19. Five utterances are chosen. The next table lists the figures of both genders’ amount of talk in detail.Table 3.4 The Amount of Male and Female Characters’ TalkStageDate Chapter 14 Chapter 19Number of words Mr. Collins 264 722Mrs. Bennet 88 389Through the data above we can clearly get that male character is much more talkative than female in Pride and Prejudice. The result breaks the traditional view about this issue. In Chapter 14, Mr. Collins’s words are nearly three times of Mrs. Bennet’s. Back to the context, it is Collins’s first visit to the Bennets, during the whole dinner, he spares no effort to flatter Lady Catherine with a large amount of elegant compliments in order to show his respect and admiration. In Chapter 19, he makes a proposal to Elizabeth with several selfish reasons instead of love. From these two contexts, it is obvious to see that Mr. Collins is a talkative character with the flattering, selfish and foolish personality.Up to now, almost all the surveys come to the opposite conclusionthat males talk more than females. In an investigation into the amount of talk in jury, Eakins found that males occupy the amount of talk four-fifths, while females only one-fifth; at the same time, men pose problems more frequently than women. Another research also found that when in public and formal settings, males contribute a large amount of talk than females, in which they think they could attract positive attention to value their statement highly. For example, in the workplace, males talk progressively and interrupt others so much to prove their dominant positions. But when they are in private places, like homes, males obviously leave the place to females. On the contrary, females have to work hard to keep conversation going and avoid interrupting others’ speech in public settings; while in private places, they enjoy themselves in every affectively oriented talk.3.2.2 Topic Management。

傲慢与偏见经典文学的性别角度分析《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀的代表作之一，它通过描绘女主角伊丽莎白·班纳特与男主角达西先生的爱情故事，展现了19世纪英国上层社会的文化、社会和家庭观念。

本文将从性别角度分析小说中的角色与情节，探讨其中所反映的性别偏见与女性束缚。

一、伊丽莎白·班纳特的勇敢与坚韧伊丽莎白·班纳特是小说中的女主角，她自信、聪明、直率，拒绝屈从于社会强加的规则和期望。

无论是在家庭中还是在婚姻问题上，她都坚守着自己的原则，从不为别人的期待而妥协。

她敢于坚持追求爱情与婚姻的自主权，展示了一名独立女性的勇气与坚韧。

通过伊丽莎白的形象，奥斯汀向读者传达了女性独立思考、坚守原则的重要性，挑战了当时社会对女性的固有观念。

二、露丝·德·伯根的婚姻压力与无奈小说中的露丝·德·伯根是一个为人婉约、善良的女性。

她来自一个社会地位较低的家庭，面临着婚姻的压力与束缚，这在19世纪的英国社会并不罕见。

露丝·德·伯根因为出身低微，被迫接受与富有的继承人的婚姻安排，而这样的婚姻并不真正给她带来幸福。

小说通过露丝的命运揭示了当时女性的无奈与被动，以此对社会上的婚姻制度进行了审视。

三、达西先生的转变与觉悟小说中的达西先生是一个看似傲慢冷漠的角色，在与伊丽莎白的冲突与争吵中起初表现出对社会地位和财富的高傲态度。

然而随着情节的发展，达西先生逐渐认识到了自己的偏见与傲慢，并通过自省与反思实现了性格上的转变。

他学会了珍惜与尊重女性，最终与伊丽莎白达成眷属。

达西先生在故事中的转变，呼应了当时的社会氛围，表达了男性对待女性的态度可以改变的观点。

四、女性地位与社会意识《傲慢与偏见》通过表现不同家庭背景和社会地位的女性形象，探讨了女性地位与社会意识的关系。

小说中，富家女孩们注重的是社交和财富，而班纳特家的女孩们更注重的是婚姻和家庭，这直接反映了当时社会对女性的期望和限制。

《傲慢与偏见》中人物会话的礼貌准则分析【摘要】简·奥斯汀在她的著作《傲慢与偏见》中的语言运用非常出色，她的会话描写不但符合人物性格，而且诙谐幽默、常含机锋。

本文使用语用学中的礼貌准则来分析这部小说中人物的会话，旨在深入地来理解小说中语言的精髓的同时，更形象地来解读礼貌准则。

【关键词】《傲慢与偏见》；人物会话；礼貌准则《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice）是19世纪英国小说家简·奥斯丁（Jane Austen）最著名的小说。

简·奥斯丁1796年到至1797年间完成此书，这部小说的主题是围绕着18世纪末19世纪初英国地主乡绅贵族的情感和婚姻问题来展开的。

简·奥斯汀在小说中的语言运用非常出色，这在提高她作品的水准上起着很大的作用。

她的对话不但符合人物性格，而且常含机锋。

作者偶尔亦用曲笔，不动声色地说几句谑而不虐的反话，使读懂的读者不禁要发出会心的微笑。

因此，本文使用语用学中的礼貌准则来分析这部小说中人物的会话，不仅更形象地来解读礼貌准则，而且使读者更深入地来理解小说中语言的精髓。

1 语用学中的礼貌准则传统语言学研究发展至今，有语音学来研究语音，音位学来负责语音体系，词法学来解释词汇构成，句法学来分析句子结构，语义学来关注词和句子的意义——这些研究似乎已经非常全面。

那么，语用学究竟能提供什么传统语言学研究所不能提供的独特发现和新鲜视角？语用学的方法、手段如何能帮助我们更好地理解人脑是怎样运作的、人类是怎样通过语言进行交流并彼此操控的？答案是：如果我们想得到——个关于人类语言行为的更完整、更深入、更合理的解释，那么我们就需要作语用学研究。

有时从语用学角度作出的解释甚至是唯一可能的解释。

Grice认为，在语言交际过程中，交际双方必须合作，遵循“合作原则”的四项准则，以最直接的方式、最高的效率进行交际。

但在实际交际中人们往往有意违反其中某项准则，以获得特殊的会话含义。

用《傲慢与偏见》中的经典句子，引导学生思考社交礼仪和性别角色的变化引言《傲慢与偏见》是英国作家简·奥斯汀的代表作之一，它不仅是一部优秀的小说，更是对19世纪末期社交礼仪和性别角色的揭露和思考。

该小说通过各个人物的言行举止，生动地展示了当时英国社会中独特而复杂的社交习俗及其背后隐藏的权力关系。

本文将以《傲慢与偏见》中的经典句子为线索，探讨社交礼仪和性别角色在小说中及现实生活中的变化。

社交礼仪的演变古老礼节 vs. 自由个性•"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife."（即：“一个富有良好家庭背景并且自身条件出众的单身男士必定渴望找到一个合适的妻子。

”）–这句话反映了19世纪早期英国贵族社会对于结婚对象选择的重视程度。

当时的社交礼仪要求人们更多地考虑财富和地位，而个人特质和兴趣往往被忽视。

•“An unhappy alternative i s before you, Elizabeth. From this day you must be a stranger to one of your parents."（即：“伊丽莎白，你面临一个不幸的选择。

从今天开始，你必须与你的其中一位父母断绝关系。

”）–这句话揭示了当时对婚姻的社会压力。

女性通常需要服从家庭安排，并将结婚视为自己唯一的出路。

自尊与主动权•"Vanity and pride are different things, though the words are often used synonymously. A person may be proud without being vain.Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves, vanity to what wewould have others think of us."（即：“虚荣与骄傲是两回事，尽管这两个词经常被用作同义词。

礼貌原则运用中的性别差异--以《傲慢与偏见》中人物会话为
文本
陈明娟
【期刊名称】《西安外国语大学学报》
【年(卷),期】2005(013)003
【摘要】本文将<傲慢与偏见>中的人物对话放置于Brown和Levinson的礼貌原则框架内,分析Holmes男女竞争与合作型会话框架,以此验证社会因素对形成性别差异的影响.研究证明:"社会距离"、"相对权势"和"特定语境"三个因素中,特定语境对会话框架的影响最大,受特定语境影响的会话框架可使男女竞争与合作型会话框架完全变形.鉴此可证:Holmes提出的会话框架理论具有拓展空间.
【总页数】4页(P20-23)
【作者】陈明娟
【作者单位】湖南理工学院,外语系,湖南,岳阳,414006
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H030
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