英语文体学教程(第二版)

Chapter11, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter?Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes.Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style .2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English?Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations.3, what factors can result in differences in style ?Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the re ader’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style.Chapter21, explain the following terms1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded.2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation.3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence.4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations .6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance.2,question for discussion2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture.Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a seriesstress a large number of the concrete things ,and these can produce an imagery in the mind of the reader that the large amount of things constitutes a significant situation in which certain aspect are highlighted. Another function of the rhetorical series is to use concrete items to highlight abstract concepts so that the abstract concept can be expressed in concrete ,lively and vivid way to enhance the aesthetic value of language.3)what factors affect the writer’s selection of words and styleAnswer : five criteria for the selection of words :whether they are familiar or not familiar, whether they are concrete or abstract, whether they are single or more ,whether they are short and simple. Or long. Whether they are Anglo –saxon words or latin words .field ,tenor ,mode affect the writer’s selection of style.4)what is the criterion used to classify wordsAnswer :we can use more systematic way to classify word according to register and dialect .register:field ,tenor , mode .dialect: regional dialect,such as London dialect;social dialect such as dialect of age, race,etc.temporal dialect such as od English .5)through what channels can words be used to achieve transferred meaning?Answer :simile :x is like Y, eg as busy as bee. Metaphor: X is Y ,eg he is a pig. Synecdoche eg many hands represent the people who work with their hands . Metonymy eg purse represent money.Chapter31,explain the following terms1),chiasmus:chiasmus is formed by inverting the word order of the second part of a parallel structure,so it forms a kind of antithetical structure. Eg:let us never negotiate out of fear,but let us never fear to negotiate.2)antistrophe: it is the repetition of the same items but in inverted order ,eg:what’s polly to me,or me to polly?3)epizeuxis:it is a continuous repetition for high lighting a particular feature.4)ploce: the repetition is not continuous , but intermittent or dispersed in the text.5)loose sentence: put the major idea first and than the illustration .such a sentence is easy to grasp .6)periodic sentence:a periodic sentence can be used to create suspense,or expectation, thus drawing the listener’s attention to the end of the sentence.it can be used to produce humorous and emphatic effect .2,question for discussion1),there are many types of syntactic deflection ,but they have one thing in common :recurrence of structures. How is syntactic deflection classified?Answer :there are two type of syntactic deflection :the unexpected high frequency of occurrence of a certain type of sentence; and the overregular occurrence of a particular pattern .2)the high frequency of occurrence of long and short sentence can create stylistic effect .apart from the difference in expressive meanings ,what are other characteristics of the two types of sentences?Answer : long sentences are good to provide the detailed descriptions ,and are good to reveal the mental activities of the speaker .so they are used to produce a vivid, rich, exuberant, luxuriousstyle. Short sentence：can produce direct ,terse ,concise ,clear effect or continuous ,compact ,swift effect ,so that it creates certain atmosphere , and leave a deep impression on the listeners.3) why do writers often violate the rule of grammar? What do we cal this violation?Answer: we call this violation syntactic incongruity .the violation of the grammatical rules can be used to produce certain stylistic effects. The so-called ungrammatical sentences are used to represent the different varieties of language according to register and dialect. In literary works, dialectical and personal features of speech are often used to depict the personality of the characters. In poetry, the poet often uses deviant grammatical structures to achieve special effects, makes lines terse and concise, to make it rich in meaning.4)what is the function of rhetorical questions?Answer: A rhetorical question is to use the form of a question in order to express a strong emotion or to emphasize a particular aspect. The function of inverted sentence is to make a declarative sentence more powerful, to attract the listener’s attention, or to induce others’ sympathy. Arranged in parallelism, rhetorical questions can express strong emotions and increase the persuasive power.A rhetorical question can also introduce the topic of the text.5) In what ways can we use inverted sentences to achieve emphatic effect?Answer: to change the normal word order can be used to produce some emphatic effect. What is put to the initial part of the sentence is usually the focus of information of the clause and also the theme of he clause. So it is highlighted.Chapter41 explain the following terms1)Synaesthesia: it refers to the fact that sounds s are attributed with certain values or estheticfeatures. It is very casual, and supported by situational features and meaning.2)Alliteration: refers to the repetition of the initial sound usually a consonant, or a vowel at firstposition, in two or more words that occur close together.3)Assonance: refers to the use of the same or related vowel sounds in successive words. It cancreate harmonious effect.4)Consonance: refers to the repetition of the last consonants of the stresses words at the end ofthe lines.2 questions for discussion1)What are the characteristic of spoken language and written language respectively?Answer: spoken language: 1 it can directly be accompanied by other non-linguistic means as the aid; 2 it is generally speaking not as formal as written language; 3 it permits errors in the process of production; 4 it uses a particular grammar, a grammar characteristics of spoken language. 5 homophones can be used for special stylistic effects, such as pun; 6 some implications are best represented by special sound features; 7 sound feature can represent the feature of regional dialect or social dialect.Written language:1 as written language communication is usually not a direct one, but is delayed in time and at different places, the writer generally has time to get well prepared and revise the text before he sends it out to the reader;2 as space is limited, it has special grammatical features so as to put more meaning in it .there are many nominalizations to make sentences into groups;3 written language is often used in a more formal situation; 4 as time is enough, it is usually writtenin a more detailed and logical way;5 as written language is more purposeful, and for a single specific goal, it is usually more constant and developed around a single subject.2)How many sound patterns do we have? What special stylistic effects can be achieved by them? Answer: these sound patterns include alliteration which can create harmony, connection and achieve special stylistic effects, assonance which can create harmonious effect, and consonance 3)What factors can influence graphological prominence? .Answer: there are three distinctive factors that can produce graphological prominence: marking, spacing and sequence. Marking refers to the use of written symbols to convey information; space is spacing arrangement departing from this normal way of spacing can be used to achieve stylistic effects.4 In modern English, punctuation marks are patterned and standardized. How can we use punctuation marks for special stylistic purpose?Answer: period typically occurs at the end of a declarative sentence. If period occurs in unexpected high frequency of occurrence, it often means that the text mainly functions to provide information; comma is used to mark the unit larger than a word, however, in Charles Dickens’ Dombey and Son, comma is used to indicate syllables; exclamation marks can be used to carry emotional coloring, a mark of expressing special feelings; parentheses are used for further explanation; the ellipsis of punctuation marks produces an illogical and non-sequential image. Chapter71 explain the following terms1）Guide: guide is the further explanation of the headline, it consists of six elements; location, character, event, mode, time, and cause.2）Nominalization: refers to a grammatical phenomenon in which the meaning which is normally expressed by a clause is here expressed by a phrase, so clause nominalization is normal. It is contracted.3）The highlighting method: from the productive point of view, the columnist can publish the whole story, or he can cut off some parts from the end. He can even cut off the main body.4）Meaning contraction: using the smallest form to get the most meaning.5）Journalese words: as new report requires the speaker to use the least form to get the most meaning, and it has to be fresh and attractive, so the words in news report is short and new.2 questions for discussion1) What are semantic features of news report?Answer:1 In terms of ideational meaning, apart from the semantic field of news report, it covers virtually all areas of meaning systems ;2 in terms of interpersonal meaning, it stresses objectivity;3 in terms of textual meaning, it has the feature of meaning contraction.3) Most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. Tell in what way ellipsis is best achieve in news report.Answer: most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. What is omitted is: (a) subject-predicate (b) predicate (c) link verb or auxiliary verb4) How is meaning contraction of news report embodied in grammar?Answer: one feature of news report is meaning contraction, that is using the smallest form to get the most meaning .its grammatical feature are as follows:(1) the nominalization of the processes (2)big noun phrases and complex modifications (3)as some of the pre-modifiers come from a separate clause, it is highly contracted .5）The concreteness contraction of news report is in contradiction to meaning contraction. Tell how this contradiction is revolved in news report.Answer: besides its authenticity and objectivity, news report should also emphasize concreteness and detailedness. Therefore, the writer often gives background information and details by using parenthesis. By doing so, the writer can provide concrete and detailed information and save space as well.6）What graphological means are used in news report? Analyze what effects are achieved by graphological means.Answer: grphological means are made in the typesetting, for example, headlines can be arranged in such ways: 1 flush-left(it is made into a square) 2dropped-line(the length of the line is the same, but dropped in a bit each time) 3 short line followed by a long tome 4 along line followed by a short line 5 concave form 6 convex form . They can increase esthetic value and become more attractive.7）What are lexical features of news report? Why are many nonce words used in news report? Answer: lexical feature: 1 short and new-fashioned such a “crisis” in “the UN faces crisis of credibility”. 2 short journalese phrase such as “key issue” in “jobless will be the key issue in 1993”. 3nonce words, often blends such as Euromarket=European market.8）Why is there so much use of direct speech in news report?Answer: the use of direct speech can enhance the credibility of news report. The directly quoted speech can be regarded as basis of facts.9）What prominent devices are used in headlines in news report?Answer: alliteration allusion suspense etc.Chapter61Explain the following terms1）time non-fluency :pauses in inappropriate positions within a phrase or groups position ,the use of um or er to delay the time ,the repetition of some expressions ,such as be said be said be said.,2）Quality non-fluency: often the speaker cannot find the appropriate words to express himself, and he is striving for words, so he uses many inexact expressions and even wrong expressions or wrong pronunciations to express himself.3） Adjacency pair: most of the sentences are declarative and interrogative sentences as they are mostly made up of questions and answers.4） Slot filling words: slot filling words are used to fill in the pauses when the speaker strives for meaning as words, or when he or she strives to be politeness or lessen the degree of imprudence.2 question for discussion1）What are the characteristics of conversation from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?Answer :semantic features:(1)the inexplicitness of meaning (2)the randomness of subject matter, and a general lack of planning (3)the lack of fluency Grammatical features :(1)sentence complexity (2)verbal phrases(3)nominal phrases(4)the types of sentences (5)quoted elements. Lexical feature:(1)most of the words are short and simple Anglo-Saxon ones, (2)the choice of words is limited in scope or range (3)slang and colloquial words, taboo words ,exclamatory words are frequently used (4)some slot filling words ,such as you know ,I mean,etc.(5)use exaggerated words and expressions. Phonological features :(1)use more contractions for the unimportant information (2)the often try to express themselves in spite of the fact that the other is speaking (3)there are many emphatic ways of speech ,such as stress .2）How do you account for the inexplicitness of language in daily conversation?Answer: the inexplicitness of meanings manifested in the following aspects: (1)lots of exophoric expression such as “this “is the tendency (2)there ar e missing links between the utterances(3) a lot of background information missing.(4)many inexact expressions using general words for particular concepts(5)many incomplete expressions.3）What are the features spontaneous commentary from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?Answer: from the perspective of semantic features, if the listeners could also see the event while the commentary is delivered, there will be a lot of meaning implied or simply presupposed; but in a commentary without visual support on the part of the listeners, the commentator has to provide all the necessary information. In terms of syntactic structure, the sentences and the clauses are usually short as the commentator has no time to give detailed description of the event, and the sentences contain fewer words than usual. From the perspective of lexical features, the words are mostly simple in structure, they are short and simple; they are mostly composed of verbs, and proper names; there might be specialized terms depending on the subject matter of the commentary. From the perspective of phonological features, it is very fast and fluent, but he has to pronounce every word clearly and loudly.4）What are the features of text structure of public speech?Answer: It consist of the following element :(1)a short introduction to the main issue or issues concerned (2)the declaration of one’s attitude and position in the matter (3)the listin g, reasoning, and explaining (4)conclusion5）How is it that in public speech there is much use of noun phrases with post modification? Answer: there are few pre-modifiers, but more post-modifiers such as “of phrase” and “which clauses” to give detailed and accurate description.Chapter81 explain the following termsLearned words: learned words are words that borrowed from Latin, Greek and French.Clichés: are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too often.Semantic features: correctness and completeness; conciseness and clearness; consideration and courtesy.Grammatical features: sentences structure; uses of voices; uses of affirmative sentences; inverted sentencesLexical features: concrete and natural words; technical terms and abbreviations; brief and common word s; avoid clichés (except business contracts)3 questions for discussion1）Why should business English be correct and complete?Answer: the content of business English should be correct and completely. First, the conveyed information should be correct; sometimes a small mistake would cause a great loss in a deal and even affect business relations between two parties. Second, the conveyed information should be complete. For example, if we order some commodities, we should state names of commodities, delivery dates, consignees, methods of payment, etc.2）In business English sometimes active voice is used, and sometimes passive voice is preferred. Point out what stylistic features can be achieved through using voices.Answer: In business English, both active voice and passive voice can be used, but there is a tendency towards preference of active voice in today’s business communication. Active voice is shorter in form and economic in words compared with passive voice. Thus active voice is more effective in stylistic effect than passive voice; besides, active voice can make style more familiar and less formal. But in some cases, passive voice is necessary. When we discuss something negative, we should avoid blaming the other party directly, in addition, passive voice can make business English style more formal, and the conveyed information more objective.3）Why should business letters be written in a way of consideration and courtesy?Answer: In business communication, in order to make it more efficient, we should be considerate of others and polite to others. “You- Atti tude”is very important principle in business communication, that is, we should think ourselves back into the shoes of others so as to cooperate sincerely. 4）The use of technical terms and abbreviations is one stylistic feature of business English. State the reason of this phenomenon.Answer: using technical terms and abbreviations can avoid long and tedious explanation, which is one lexical feature of business English. Such as L/C----letter of credit5）Why should we avoid clichés in business English?Answer: clichés are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too often. In old-fashioned business English there are a large number of clichés, which should be avoid in present-day business communication.Chapter91, explain the following terms2) Redundancy: in order to avoid opaqueness and ambiguity, it has express clearly what everyone knows and takes for granted. This makes the legal language redundant clumsy and hard to understand.3) Common words: many of the legal words come from ordinary language with the common core features especially those high-frequency words, such as prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.4) specialized words: specialized words are necessary for two important aspects of legal language. The first is that for the field of law itself, and the second is that for many non-legal field concerned with legal affairs. There are two sources of specialized legal words: common words endowed with legal meanings and archaic words.2, question for discussion1)Why is legal English syntactically complex?Answer: syntactic Complexity: as its main function is to ensure preciseness and accuracy and block any leakage, the draftsmen of legal documents have to be very carful and scrupulous, and the legal texts have to be able to stand the text of time .therefore legal language is rich in modifications, circumlocutions, and complex logic relations.2）Legal English is very conservative in form. Explain it from a historical perspective.Answer: conservativeness: as the legal language is produced by careful phrasing and tested over a long time, nobody dares to alter the structure of legal English, so that its structures become old-fashioned and archaic. The representative legal language in such a way is English legal language.3) What is the reason that there are many legal words of French source?Answer: because after the Norman Conquest, French because the official language used for all state affairs including law in Great Britain. That is why many French loan words were found in law afterwards.4) What are the lexical features of legal English?Answer: legal vocabulary mainly comes from French. (2) Legal words can be divided into following three types: 1, common words2, specialized words3, Multi-register words.。

英语文体学教程张德禄第二版课后答案1、What’s your _______ for the coming new year? [单选题] *A. playB. plantC. plan(正确答案)D. plans2、You should _______ fighting with your parents although you may have different ideas from time to time. [单选题] *A. suggestB. enjoyC. avoid(正确答案)D. practice3、—_____ will the bus arrive? —In four minutes. [单选题] *A. How longB. How oftenC. How soon(正确答案)D. How far4、The secretary was asked to_____of the waste paper on the desk. [单选题] *A.disappearB.dispose(正确答案)C.declareD.got rid5、He does ______ in math.（）[单选题] *A. goodB. betterC. well(正确答案)D. best6、Could you please ______ why you can’t come to attend the meeting? [单选题] *A. explain(正确答案)B. understandC. giveD. reach7、—______ pencils are these?—They are Tony’s.（）[单选题] *A. WhatB. WhereC WhoD. Whose(正确答案)8、20．Jerry is hard-working. It’s not ______ that he can pass the exam easily. [单选题] *A．surpriseB．surprising (正确答案)C．surprisedD．surprises9、--_______ I borrow these magazines?--Sorry, only the magazines over there can be borrowed. [单选题] *A. MustB. WouldC. May(正确答案)D. Need10、I live a very quiet and peaceful life. [单选题] *A. 宁静的(正确答案)B. 舒适的C. 和平的D. 浪漫的11、My friend and classmate Selina（)running in her spare time. [单选题] *A.likeB. likes (正确答案)C. is likedD. is liking12、He was born in Canada, but he has made China his _______. [单选题] *A. familyB. addressC. houseD. home(正确答案)13、If it _______ tomorrow, I won’t go there. [单选题] *A. rains(正确答案)B. is rainingC. will rainD. would rain14、—Do you know ______ box it is? —It is ______.（）[单选题] *A. who; myB. whose; meC. who; herD. whose; hers(正确答案)15、—What can I do for you? —I ______ a pair of new shoes.（）[单选题] *A. likeB. would lookC. would like(正确答案)D. take16、They all choose me ______ our class monitor.（）[单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. inC. withD. on17、39．—What do you ________ my new dress?—Very beautiful. [单选题] * A．look atB．think aboutC．think of(正确答案)D．look through18、You have coughed for several days, Bill. Stop smoking, _______ you’ll get better soon. [单选题] *A. butB. afterC. orD. and(正确答案)19、The storybook is very ______. I’m very ______ in reading it. （）[单选题] *A. interesting; interested(正确答案)B. interested; interestingC. interested; interestedD. interesting; interesting20、English is very important in our daily life. Never _______. [单选题] *A. give up itB. give it up(正确答案)C. give away itD. give it away21、The beautiful radio _______ me 30 dollars. [单选题] *A. spentB. paidC. cost(正确答案)D. took22、—What can I do to help at the old people’s home?—You ______ read stories to the old people. （）[单选题] *A. could(正确答案)B. mustC. shouldD. would23、My sister _______ listen to music when she was doing her homework．[单选题] *A. used to(正确答案)B. use toC. is used toD. uses to24、His father always _______ by subway. [单选题] *A. go to workB. go to schoolC. goes to bedD. goes to work(正确答案)25、Tony can _______ the guitar.Now he _______ the guitar. [单选题] *A. play; plays(正确答案)B. playing; playingC. plays; is playingD. play; is playing26、I paid twenty yuan _______ the book. [单选题] *A. offB. backC. for(正确答案)D. with27、He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones. [单选题] *A. anyB. someC. few(正确答案)D. many28、This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. [单选题] *A. howB. whichC. that(正确答案)D. what29、—Is this ______ football, boy? —No, it is not ______.（）[单选题] *A. yours; myB. your; mine(正确答案)C. your; meD. yours; mine30、( ) ----Would you like___ tea? ----No, thanks. I have drunk two____. [单选题] *A. any, bottles of orangeB. some, bottles of orange(正确答案)C. many, bottles of orangesD. few, bottle of oranges。

英语文体学教程第二版课后答案chapter11、Mary _______ Math. [单选题] *A. is good at(正确答案)B. do well inC. is good forD. is good with2、We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let's have _____ one this month. [单选题] *A.otherB.the otherC.moreD.another(正确答案)3、The old woman doesn’t feel _______ though she lives _______. [单选题] *A. alone; lonelyB. alone; aloneC. lonely; lonelyD. lonely; alone(正确答案)4、What about _______ there by bike? [单选题] *A. goesB. wentC. goD. going(正确答案)5、The flowers _______ sweet. [单选题] *A. tasteB. smell(正确答案)C. soundD. feel6、Tony is a quiet student, _______ he is active in class. [单选题] *A. soB. andC. but(正确答案)D. or7、—______? —Half a kilo.（）[单选题] *A. How much are theyB. How much is itC. How much would you like(正确答案)D. How many would you like8、16．We asked ______ engineer we met before to help repair the radio yesterday. [单选题] * A．aB．anC．the(正确答案)D．/9、Turn down the music. It hurts my _______. [单选题] *A. noseB. eyesC. mouthD. ears(正确答案)10、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?? ? ? --like peaches best. [单选题] *A. fruit(正确答案)B. vegetablesC. drinkD. plants11、Kate has a cat _______ Mimi. [单选题] *A. called(正确答案)B. callC. to callD. calling12、74．No person （）carry a mobile phone into the examination room during the national college Entrance Examinations．[单选题] *A.shall(正确答案)B.mustC.canD.need13、Can you give her some ______ ? [单选题] *A. advice(正确答案)B. suggestionC. advicesD. suggest14、—_____ will the bus arrive? —In four minutes. [单选题] *A. How longB. How oftenC. How soon(正确答案)D. How far15、--It is Sunday tomorrow, I have no idea what to do.--What about _______? [单选题] *A. play computer gamesB. go fishingC. climbing the mountain(正确答案)D. see a film16、The yellow bag _______ me. [单选题] *A. belong toB. belongs to(正确答案)C. belongD. belongs17、_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. [单选题]*A. TravelB. Traveling(正确答案)C. Having traveledD. Traveled18、Leave your key with a neighbor ___ you lock yourself out one day [单选题] *A. ever sinceB. even ifC. soon afterD. in case(正确答案)19、41．My father is a headmaster and he is _____ charge _____ a primary school. [单选题] * A．/, ofB．/, withC．in, of (正确答案)D．in, with20、These oranges look nice, but _______ very sour. [单选题] *A. feelB. taste(正确答案)C. soundD. look21、Marie is a _______ girl.She always smiles and says hello to others. [单选题] *A. shyB. friendly(正确答案)C. healthyD. crazy22、Mike and his friend are going to the _______ to see the new action movie tonight. [单选题] *A. book shopB. restaurantC. concertD. cinema(正确答案)23、I used to take ____ long way to take the bus that went by ____ tunnel under the water. [单选题] *A. a, aB. a. theC. a, /(正确答案)D. the, a24、_______! Jack,the floor is wet. [单选题] *A. Be careful(正确答案)B. Be careful toC. Be careful forD. Be careful with25、I’m sorry there are ______ apples in the fridge. You must go and buy some right now.（）[单选题] *A. a littleB. littleC. a fewD. few(正确答案)26、_______ is on September the tenth. [单选题] *A. Children’s DayB. Teachers’Day(正确答案)C. Women’s DayD. Mother’s Day27、I _______ the job because I couldn’t stand(忍受) the rules. [单选题] *A. gave inB. gave outC. gave backD. gave up(正确答案)28、78．According to a report on Daily Mail, it’s on Wednesday（）people start feeling really unhappy. [单选题] *A. whenB. whichC. whatD. that(正确答案)29、Lily is a very_____person and never wastes anything. [单选题] *A.generousB.economical(正确答案)C.economicD.efficient30、I always get ______ grades than he does, so maybe I should help him more.（）[单选题] *A. bestB. better(正确答案)C. goodD. well。

英语文体学教程课后题答案○91○92○93○94单选1 [单选题] *A、herB、his(正确答案)C、myD、your单选2 [单选题] *A、OfB、InC、OnD、At(正确答案)单选3 [单选题] *A、WhenB、WhereC、WhyD、How(正确答案)单选4 [单选题] *A、can't(正确答案)B、shouldn'tC、mustn'tD、needn't单选5 [单选题] *A、because(正确答案)B、soC、butD、or单选6 [单选题] *A、beautifulB、more beautiful(正确答案)C、most beautifulD、the most beautiful单选7 [单选题] *A、learnB、am learningC、learned(正确答案)D、will learn单选8 [单选题] *A、buys(正确答案)B、will buyC、is buyingD、has bought单选9 [单选题] *A、is teachingB、will teachC、teachesD、has taught(正确答案)单选10 [单选题] *A、sleepsB、is sleeping(正确答案)C、sleptD、has slept单选11 [单选题] *A、choosesB、choseC、is chosenD、was chosen(正确答案)单选12 [单选题] *A、where is the supermarketB、where was the supermarketC、where the supermarket is(正确答案)D、where the supermarket was完形13 [单选题] *A、suitableB、believableC、comfortableD、impossible(正确答案)完形14 [单选题] *A、 offeredB、canceled(正确答案)C、recordedD、improved完形15 [单选题] *A、argumentB、statementC、agreementD、encourage(正确答案)完形16 [单选题] *A、upsetB、curiousC、glad(正确答案)D、confused完形17 [单选题] *A、studyingB、exercising(正确答案)C、touchingD、driving完形18 [单选题] *A、closer(正确答案)B、betterC、colderD、stronger完形19 [单选题] *A、acceptB、enjoyC、stop(正确答案)D、keep完形20 [单选题] *A、chance(正确答案)B、courseC、dreamD、goalA篇21 [单选题] *Ａ、BambooB、PaperC、ClothD、Wood(正确答案)A篇22 [单选题] *A、In 2000B、In 2001C、In 2006(正确答案)D、In 2016A篇23 [单选题] *A、To tell a storyB、To make a soundC、To watch a play and a gameD、To symbolize hope and luck(正确答案) B篇24 [单选题] *A、travel aroundB、experience lifeC、find the treasure(正确答案)D、help other peopleB篇25 [单选题] *A、excitedB、sorry(正确答案)C、satisfiedD、disappointedB篇26 [单选题] *A、live life to the fullest(正确答案)B、find many interestsC、develop skills to live in the wildD、never give up searching for treasureC篇27 [单选题] *A. It shows your good judgement.B. It harms your brain and your body.C. It helps you correct your faults and mistakes.D. It tells you that you are not excellent enough.(正确答案)C篇28 [单选题] *A. To prove that positive self-talk brings improvements.(正确答案)B. To show that negative self-talk has some bad influence.C. To stress the necessity of asking questions before exams.D. To introduce some good ways to help students and friends.C篇29 [单选题] *A. Negative Self-talk Can Hurt You(正确答案)B. Negative Self-talk Makes You FailC. Positive Self-talk Betters Your GradesD. Positive Self-talk Can Change Your GoalD篇30 [单选题] *A. helpful suggestions and ideasB. excellent products and services(正确答案)C. responsible children and parentsD. confident performances and voiceD篇31 [单选题] *A. Supportive.B. Various.C. Confusing.D. Harmful.(正确答案)D篇32 [单选题] *A. The economy can grow rapidly in competition.B. Kids should not just learn the skills of competition.(正确答案)C. UN was set up to call on people to create competition.D. Sportsmen should not be cooperative to win the game.D篇33 [单选题] *A. people should value competition more than cooperationB. people can perform better in competition than cooperationC. people can benefit more from cooperation than competition(正确答案)D. people should depend more on competition than cooperation。

Chapter 2 The Need for Stylistic StudyReview●STYLE是使用语言的一种方式，它属于言语(parole)，而不属于语言(langue)。

●STYLE体现在语言运用的各个层面，体现在语音、书写、词汇、句法结构乃至语篇类型的选择上。

●任何类型的语篇都具有特定的文体特征；任何一个语篇也都具有特定的文体特征。

●STYLE的涵义颇多，既可指“文体”，“语体”，也可指“风格”或“文风”。

广义的文体学成为普通文体学或语体学，狭义的文体研究称作文学文体学。

●不论是从事广义的文体研究，还是进行狭义的文体研究，我们都需要借助于相关学科的理论和知识、尤其是修辞学、语用学、余篇分析和文学批评领域的知识。

What is context?Definition:Context refers to the conditions in which something exists or occurs. Linguistically, this is the part of a discourse surrounding a word or passage that helps make its meaning clear.语境是人们运用语言进行言语交际的言语环境。

言语交际有成效的进行（即说话人恰当地表达话语的意义和听话人准确地理解话语意义）必须依赖言语环境。

Classifications:Classification 1:1)内部语境(lingual/ linguistic context)Rules concerning the language itself such as grammar2)外部语境(extra-lingual/non-linguistic context)The speaker‟s and the audience‟s mood, age, position, occupation, cultural background, etc.Classification 2:1) 指语篇内部的上下文(co-text; linguistic context)2) 指言语事件发生时的社会情境特征(socio-situational features)以及交际双方的社会历史文化和风俗习惯，乃至价值观念等。

英语文体学教材
以下是一些常见的英语文体学教材：
1. 《英语文体学教程》（A Course in English Stylistics）- Peter Verdonk
这本教材是英语文体学领域的经典教材之一，适合大学本科
及研究生阶段的学习。

它介绍了英语不同文体的特点、用途和分析方法，并提供了大量实例进行练习。

2. 《英语文体学导论》（An Introduction to English Stylistics）- Lesley Jeffries
这本教材主要介绍了英语文体学的基本概念、理论和方法，
并结合具体的文本分析进行实际应用。

适合学习者系统学习英语文体学的入门教材。

3. 《英语文体学教程：理论与实践》（A Practical Introduction to English Stylistics: Theory and Practice）- Yiming Wu
这本教材着重介绍了英语文体学的理论和实践，并通过具体
的文本分析来展示文体学的应用。

适合学习者培养分析文本的能力和理论思维。

4. 《英语文体学教程：理论、实例与习题》（A Coursebook
on English Stylistics: Theory, Illustration, and Exercises）- Robert De Beaugrande
这本教材包含了英语文体学的基本理论、实例分析和练习题，帮助学习者全面了解和应用英语文体学的知识。

以上教材都可以通过一些在线书店或图书馆进行购买或借阅。

此外，还有许多其他的英语文体学教材可供选择，你可以根据自己的具体需求和学习水平选择适合的教材。

《英语文体学教程》评述
张德禄
【期刊名称】《山东外语教学》
【年(卷),期】1991(000)003
【摘要】《英语文体学教程》(A Course in English Stalistics,下称《教程》,王守元编著,胡壮麟作序,山东教育出版社1990年6月出版)是我国第一部文学文体学专著性教材,也是整个文体学科中全国屈指可数的几部著作之一。

笔者认为有必要把它介绍给读者,并就其编写特点谈谈自己的看法。

不妥之处,望方家斧正。

《教程》全部用英语写成,共八章。

从总体布局上讲,作者首先对文体学的定义,发展特点,目标以及研究的方面和步骤等进行丁系统而又精练的分析和论述。

在论述中,作者博采广引,显示了在文体学方面的功底。

接着,从讨论三种有影响的文体理论入手,确定了本书所依据的文体学理论框架,并以获取文体效应的两种方式为基点,讨论了取得文体效应的手
【总页数】2页(P1-2)
【作者】张德禄
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H319
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2.浅议文体学与大学英语精读教学——以新世纪大学英语系列教材综合教程为例[J], 李梦欣
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

Table of Contents1 The Concern of Stylistics1.1. Stylistics1.2. Language1.3. Aspects of the Speech Event1.4. Language Varieties and Function1.5. Style1.6. The Study of Style1.7. The Concern of Stylistic Study1.8. Stylistics and Other Spheres of Study2 The Need for Stylistic Study2.1. Stylistic Study Helps Cultivate a Sense of Appropriateness2.2. Stylistic Study Sharpens the Understanding and Appreciation of Literary Works2.3. Stylistic Study Helps Achieve Adaptation in Translation3 Varieties of Language3.1. Two Kinds of Varieties3.2. Dialects3.3. Registers3.4. The Mutual Dependence Between Register and Dialect3.5. The Social Meaning of Language Varieties4 Linguistic Description4.1. The Aims of Stylistics in Linguistic Description4.2. Levels of Language4.3. Stylistic Features4.4. Procedure of Linguistic Description4.5. The Practical Description and Analysis in This Book5 Formal vs Informal Language5.1.The Interpersonal Function of Language5.2. Degrees of Formality5.3. Functional Tenor and Degrees of Formality5.4. Martin Joos' Classification5.5. Speech Situation and Formality5.6. Formality and Linguistic Features5.7. Sets of Co-occurring Features5.8. Involved vs Informational Texts5.9. Tenors, Field, and Mode6 Spoken vs Written Language6.1. Striking Differences6.2. Stylistic Differences6.3. Examples of Contrast6.4. More Delicate Distinctions Amongst Modes of Discourse6.5. Mode, Field, and Tenors7 The English of Conversation7.1. Necessity of Studying Speech7.2. Necessity of Studying Conversation7.3. Object of Study7.4. An Adapted Way of Transcription7.5. A Sample Text of Casual Conversation7.6. General Features7.7. Stylist Features in Terms of Levels of Language7.8. Summary7.9. Other Kinds of Conversation8 The English of Pubic Speech8.1. Scope of Public Speech8.2. A Sample of Text for Analysis8.3. General Features of Public Speech8.4. Stylistic Features of Public Speech9 The English of Advertising9.1. Advertising English as a Variety9.2. Newspaper Advertising9.3. Radio Advertising9.4. Television Advertising10 The English of News Reporting10.1. The English of New Reporting as a Variety10.2. Two Samples Texts for Analysis10.3. General Features of Newspaper Reporting10.4. Stylistic Features of Newpaper Reporting10.5. Stylistic Features of Radio and Television News11 The English of Science and Techology11.1. The Scope of the English of Science and Technology 11.2. Sample Texts for Analysis11.3. General Features of EST11.4. Stylistic Features of EST11.5. Features of Spoken EST12 The English of Legal Documents12.1. The English of Legal Documents as a Variety12.2. Sample Texts for Analysis12.3. Stylistic Features of Legal English13 The English of Literature (1) --General Remarks13.1. Literature as Language Art13.2. Literary Language and Ordinary Language13.3. Literary Language as a Variety14 The English of Literature (2) --The Language of Fiction 14.1. Manipulation of Semantic Roles14.2. Creation of Images and Symbols14.3. Preference in Diction14.4. Artistic Manipulation of Sentence Variety and Rhythm14.5. Employment of Various Points of View14.6. The Subtle Workings of Authorial Tones14.7. Various Ways of Presenting Speech and Thought15 The English of Literature (3) --The Language of Drama15.1. Manipulation of the Naturalness of Characters' Speech15.2. Exploitation of Different Speech Act, Turn-taking and Politeness Patterns15.3. Use of Assumptions, Presuppositions and Conversational Implicature16 The English of Literature (4) --The Language of Poetry16.1. Various Devices for Compression16.2. Extreme Care in Word Choice16.3. Free Arrangement of Word Order16.4. Lexical and Syntactical Repetition16.5. Full Manipulation of Sound Effects16.6. The Manipulation of Sight16.7. Analysis of Poems at All LevelsGlossary1. The Concern of Stylistics1.1 StylisticsWhat is stylistics?Simply defined, STYLISTICS is a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used; it is a discipline that studies the styles of language in use.This definition, however, needs elucidation.The stylistics we are discussing here is MODERN STYLISTICS, a discipline that applies concepts and techniques of modern linguistics to the study of styles of language use. It has two subdivisions: GENERAL STYLISTICS and LITERARY STYLISTICS, with the latter concentrating solely on unique features of various literary works, and the former on the general features of various types of language use. 'Stylistics', in this book, is general stylistics: one that studies the stylistic features of the main varieties of language, covering the functional varieties from the dimension of fields of discourse (different social activities), formal vs informal varieties from the dimension of tenors of discourse (different addresser-addressee relationships), and the spoken vs written varieties from the dimension of modes of discourse (different mediums). Meanwhile, general stylistics covers the various genres of literature (fiction, drama, poetry) in its study. But it focuses on the interpretation of the overall characteristics of respective genres, with selected extracts of literary texts as samples.If we say that literary stylistics also discusses the overall linguistic features of the various genres of literature, then the scope of general stylistics and the scope of literary stylistics are only partly overlapping, as is shown in the following figure:ModernStylisticsGe neral StylisticsLite rary StylisticsVar iety FeaturesGenreFeaturesLiterary TextStyleGeneral stylistics, as a discipline, needs to make clear a whole set of related terms and terminology and answer questions like: What is language? What is language variety? What is style? What are stylistic features? etc.1.2 LanguageFirst, we need to clarify our views on language. We must be clear about what language is, or how we should look at language.There are many definitions of language, or many ways of looking at it. Modern linguistics which began with Saussure's lectures on general linguistics in 1906-11 regards language as a system of signs. Meanwhile, American structuralism represented by Bloomfield regards language as a unified structure, a collection of habits. From the late 1950s on, the fact that 'man talks' and the implications of this human capacity have been at the centre of investigation in the linguistic sciences. The transformational-generative (TG) linguists headed by Noam Chomsky have beenconcerned with the innate and infinite capacity of the human mind. This approach sees language as a system of innate rules (Chomsky, 1957). The approach advocated by the systemic-functional linguists headed by M. A. K. Halliday sees language as a 'social semiotic', as an instrument used to perform various functions in social interaction. This approach holds that in many crucial respects, what is more important is not so much that 'man talks' as that 'men talk'; that is, that language is essentially a social activity (Halliday, 1978).The philosophical view of LANGUAGE or A LANGUAGE is related of the actual occurrence of language in society--what are called language activities. People accomplish a great deal not only through physical acts such as cooking, eating, bicycling, running a machine, cleaning, but also by verbal acts of all types: conversation, telephone calls, job application letters, notes scribbled to a roommate, etc. All utterances (whether a word, a sentence, or several sentences) can be thought of as goal-directed actions. (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969) Such actions as carried out through language are SPEECH ACTs. Social activities in which language (either spoken or written) plays an important role such as conversation, discussion, lecture, etc are SPEECH EVENTs.Most of these events are sequential and transitory (that is, they occur in sequence and can not last for a long time). It is difficult to examine them at the time of their occurrence. So we have to record the events. Any such record, whether recalled through memory, or committed to a tape, or written down on paper, or printed in a book, of a speech event, is known as a TEXT.Language is often compared to a CODE, a system of signals or symbols used for sending a MESSAGE, a piece of information. In any act of verbal communication (both spoken and written, primarily spoken), language has been regarded as a system for translating meanings in the ADDRESSER's (the speaker's/writer's) mind into sounds/letters, ie ENCODING (meaning-to-sound/letter), or conversely, for translating sounds/letters into meanings in the ADDRESSEE's (the hearer's/ reader's) mind, ie DECODING (sound/letter-to-meaning), with lexis and grammar as the formal code mediating between meaning and sound/letter.But we must keep in mind that, unlike other signalling codes, language code does not operate in a fixed way- it is open-ended in that it permits generation of new meanings and new forms (such as metaphorical meanings, and neologisms); ie it is in a way creatively extendible.Text, then, is verbal communication (either spoken or written) seen as a message coded in a linear pattern of sound waves, or in a linear sequence of visible marks on paper.1.3 Aspects of the Speech EventLanguage is transmitted, patterned, and embedded in the human social experience. So it is both possible and useful to discern three crucial aspects of a speech event--the substantial, the formal, and the situational. (see Gregory and Carroll, 1978) Language is transmitted by means of audible sound waves in the air or visible marks on a surface. These sounds or marks are the SUBSTANCE of the speech events. The audible sounds or visible marks are not jumbled together--rather, they are arranged in a conventionally orderly way, displaying meaningful patterns in their internal relations. These meaningful internal patterns are the FORM of the speech event. Language activities do not occur in isolation from other human activities. They take place in relevant extratextual circumstances, linguistic and non-linguistic. These relevant extratextual circumstances are the SITUATION * of the speech event. Any speech event is part of a situation, and so has a relationship with that situation. Indeed, it is this contextual relationship between thesubstance and form of a speech event on the one hand and the situation in which it occurs on the other, which gives what is normally called 'meaning' to utterances. In other words, context determines meaning of features in situations.*Situation, as the non-linguistic setting or environment surrounding language use, can clearly influence linguistic behaviour. It is frequently synonymous with context, a conceptual abstraction from all possible situations, and its collocates -- context of situation, especially, context of utterance. The abstracted context, composed partly of the probable co-text, partly of the probable situation of each item, establishes the meaningfulness of the formal items in the language.1.4 Language Varieties and FunctionAs mentioned just now, when language is used, it is always used in a context. What is said and how it is said is often subject to a variety of circumstances. In other words, speech events differ in different situations, ie between different persons, at different times, in different places, for different purposes, through different media, and amidst different social environments. We often adjust our language according to the nature of the context of situation. Some situations seem to depend generally and fairly consistently on a regular set of linguistic features; as a result, there have appeared different types of a language which are called V ARIETIES OF LANGUAGE. So far as the English language is concerned, there are different 'Englishes' to fit different situations: for instance, Old/Modern English, British/American English, Black English, legal English, scientific English, liturgical English, advertising English, formal/ informal English, spoken/written English, etc. There is actually no such thing as a homogeneous English language.In all these varieties, language performs various communicative roles, ie FUNCTIONs. For example, language is used (functions) to communicate ideas, to express attitudes, and so on. The roles that language plays are ever changing and the number of the roles can be numerous. There have been many attempts to categorize these roles into a few major functions. The IDEATIONAL or REFERENTIAL function serves for expressing the speaker's/writer's experience of the real world, including the inner world of his/her own consciousness. The INTERPERSONAL or EXPRESSIVE/SOCIAL function serves to establish and maintain social relations, for the expression of social roles, and also for getting things done by means of interaction between one person and another. The TEXTUAL function provides means for making links within the text itself and with features of its immediate situation. (For detailed discussion see Buhler, 1934; Halliday, 1971.)The three functions represent three coexisting ways in which language has to be adapted to its users' communicative needs. First, it has to convey a message about' reality', about the world of experience, from speaker/writer to hearer/reader. Secondly, it must fit appropriately into a speech situation, fulfilling the particular social designs that speaker/writer has upon hearer/reader. Thirdly, it must be well constructed as an utterance or text, so as to serve the decoding needs of hearer/reader.These functions and the needs they serve are interrelated: success in interpersonal or expressive/social communication depends in part on success in transmitting a message, which in turn depends in part on success in terms of text production.Different types of language have relations with predominant functions, eg advertising with persuasion, TV commentary with information, address terms with social roles. Literary texts can be regarded as a type of language which performs a distinct social function -- an aesthetic orpoetic function.The functions are not mutually exclusive: an utterance may well have more than one function.1.5 StyleNow we come to the question of style.The word STYLE has been used in many ways:Style may refer to a person's distinctive language habits, or the set of individual characteristics of language use, as 'Shakespeare's style', 'Miltonic style', 'Johnsonese', or 'the style of James Joyce'. Buffon's ' Le style, c'est l'homme même', has contributed to the vogue of this definition. Often, it concentrates on a person's particularly singular or original features of speaking or writing. Hence at the extreme end style may refer to a writer's deviations from a relatively normal use of language.Style may refer to a set of collective characteristics of language use, ie language habits shared by a group of people at a given time, as 'Elizabethan style', in a given place, as 'Yankee humour', amidst a given occasion, as 'the style of public speaking', for a literary genre, as ‘ballad style', etc. Here the concentration is not on the individuality of the speaker or writer, but on their similarities in a given situation.Style may refer to the effectiveness of a mode of expression, which is implied in the definition of style as 'saying the right thing in the most effective way' or 'good manners', as a 'clear' or 'refined' style advocated in most books of composition.Style may refer solely to a characteristic of 'good' or 'beautiful' literary writings. This is the wide-spread use of style among literary critics, as 'grand style', 'ornate style', 'lucid style', 'plain style', etc, given to literary works.Of the above four senses of style, the first two (especially the second) come nearest to our definition of style. To be exact, we shall regard STYLE as the language habits of a person or group of persons in a given situation. As different situations tend to yield different varieties of a language which, in turn, display different linguistic features, so STYLE may be seen as the various characteristic uses of language that a person or group of persons make in various social contexts.Here we can use Ferdinand de Saussure's distinction between langue and parole. Langue is the system of rules common to speakers of a particular language (such as English), ie the general mass of linguistic features common to a language as used on every conceivable occasion. Parole is the particular uses of this system, or selections from this system, that a person or group of persons will make on this or that occasion. Style, then, belongs to parole. It consists in choices from the total linguistic repertoire of a particular language.All linguistic choices are meaningful, and all linguistic choices are stylistic. Even choices which are dearly dictated by subject matter are part of style. In our discussion, however, stylistic choice is limited to those aspects of linguistic choice which concern alternative ways of rendering the same subject matter, or those forms of language which can be seen as equivalent in terms of 'referential reality' they describe, or, in other words, the 'synonymous expressions' in transmitting the same 'message'.We are interested in the way in which choices of codes are adapted to communicative functions for advertising, news reporting, science thesis, ere including the aesthetic function forliterature. Hence the occurrence of different functional styles and of the various styles of literature.When we look at style in a text, we are not likely to be struck by local or individual choices in isolation, but rather at a pattern of choices. If, for instance, a text shows a repeated preference for passive structures over active structures, we are likely to consider this preference a feature of style. But local or specific features may also be noteworthy features of style if they form a significant relationship with other features in a coherent (consistent) pattern of choice. Consistency in preference is naturally reduced to 'frequency': To find out what is distinctive about the style of a text, we just measure the frequency of the features it contains. The more we wish to substantiate what we say about style, the more we will need to point to the linguistic evidence of texts; and linguistic evidence has to be couched in terms of numerical frequency.Yet it is worth our note that a feature which occurs more rarely than usual is just as much a part of the statistical pattern as one which occurs more often than usual; and it is also a significant aspect of our sense of style. (see 4.4)1.6 The Study of StyleSome scholars call the object of stylistics simply style, without further qualifications. Indeed, the study of style in western countries has been undertaken for more than two thousand years. The doctrine of 'decorum' or fittingness of style has passed down from the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece and Rome , who applied it first to oratory and then to written language. Up till the late 19th century, style studies had always been closely integrated with the art of writing and the evaluation of literary works. In fact, traditional approaches to language laid such heavy store by the quality of written language that 'good style' or sometimes simply 'style' was used as a description of writing that was praiseworthy, skilful or elegant.At the turn of the century, Ferdinand de Saussure, in his Geneva lectures of 1906-11, Cours de linguistique generale (1916), attacked the 19th century philologists for their 'diachronic' or historical study of language (ie looking at language as it changes through time), and for their interest in prescribing normal or 'correct' usage modelled on 'classic' literary writings. His influence was so strong that, after him, the professional study of language soon veered away from the historical concern of philology towards linguistics, which claimed to be heavily descriptive and to describe a given language 'synchronically' (ie synchronic study: looking at language as it exists at a given time). Saussure, with his insistence on the primacy of everyday speech, was little interested in the written language and even less in the literary. He viewed literary language as special uses of language which were comparatively unimportant in the study of language as a whole. His pupil, Charles Bally, who began the systematic study of what we now call 'stylistics', again gave scant attention to literature. American linguist Leonard Bloomfield held much the similar view. This is only too natural, for, at the turn of the century, new linguistics was yet fighting for its autonomy and needed to emphasize its difference from traditional language studies. It was not until the fifties that there appeared a sway from this position.Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures (1957) revived interest in what had once looked a discredited concern with 'correctness' in speech and with an inherited system of rules. Chomsky believes that the human mind must be constituted at birth to receive certain patterns of language; otherwise it would be very hard to explain how infants learn their mother tongue so quickly and with little effort. So it may not have been absurd of the European Renaissance to have interested itself in the prospect of a universal grammar underlying all human languages. Chomsky destroyedthe dominance of structuralism and encouraged a new tolerance of historical grammar. And in doing this he initiated a new interest in literature among professional linguists and the prospect of co-operation between criticism and the professional study of language.By the 1950s most of the early anxieties on the part of linguists had become unnecessary. The tools of linguistics could be used in related disciplines without the danger of reducing linguistics itself to a mere technology or a service station. On the contrary, by the time they came back to literary language, linguists had been armed to the teeth – with fresh insights and new theories as well as a formidable technical vocabulary. This time they would study style in a much more detailed and systematic way. They would not study literature to the exclusion of other varieties of language. Rather they would approach literature as a complex of varieties of language in use and point to the aesthetic function of literary language.The 1960s saw the flourishing of modern stylistics: Two landmark volumes of papers presented respectively to the Indiana Style Conference in 1958 ( Style in language , MIT Press) and to the Bellagio Style Conference in 1969 ( Literary Style: a Symposium , OUP) came into being. Monographs such as Linguistics and Style (Enkvist et al, 1964) and Investigating English Style (Crystal and Davy, 1969), A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (Leech, 1969) appeared. New courses on style were offered in colleges and universities. Textbooks concerning spoken varieties of English (some with accompanying records or tapes) such as Varieties of Spoken Englis h (Dickinson and Mackin, 1969), Scientifically Speaking (Brookes, 1971) were published. Grammars, as A Grammar of Contemporary English (Quirk et al, 1972) widened their scope to include in their study 'sentence connection', 'focus', 'theme', 'emphasis', and 'varieties of English and classes of English'. Dictionaries began to give labels (eg. fml, colloquial, slang, etc) to words and phrases of stylistic colouring.From the 1960s onward, application of various linguistic models such as transformational-generative linguistics, systemic-functional linguistics, speech-act theory, discourse analysis etc in stylistic analysis has been gaining momentum in the past decades of years.1.7 The Concern of Stylistic StudyHaving discussed what language is and the sense of style, we are now in a position to come to a more refined definition of stylistics: It is a discipline that studies the sum of stylistic features characteristic of the different varieties of language.Stylistic study concerns itself with the situational features that influence variations in language use, the criterion for the classification of language variety, and the description and interpretation of the linguistic features and functions of the main varieties (both literary and non-literary) of a language-- in this book, of the Modern English language.As an independent discipline, stylistics offers a comparatively more complete theoretical framework and a more rigorous procedure of linguistic description, so that learners will have a systematic knowledge of the features of different varieties of language, make appropriate use of language in their communication, familiarize themselves with the stylistic features of the different genres of literature, and deepen their understanding and appreciation of literary works. Besides, stylistics offers useful ideas on translation and language teaching.1.8 Stylistics and Other Spheres of StudyA formerly very much borderline discipline, stylistics takes roots in the soil of modern linguistics, using models and methods of linguistic description in the stylistic analysis of texts. Stylistics also absorbs nourishment from literary theories, and so is closely related to them.Similar to modern linguistics, stylistics lays stress on the study of language functions and the different structures dictated by these functions. But linguistics stresses the description of linguistic structures while stylistics on the stylistic effects of different language structures.Stylistics is the continuation and development of rhetoric. However, discarding the traditional practices of rhetoric to establish norms for people to model on, stylistics turns to the presentation of the functional features of language, --- it is descriptive, not prescriptive. It does not aim at a so-called 'refined' style of writing, but at a manner 'appropriate' to the situation.Stylistics supplies literary criticism with a brand-new approach. Since the beginning of the 20th century the linguistic turn in literary criticism has enabled the scientific school of literary theorists such as Russian formalism, New Criticism, Structuralism, etc to place language in the central position of their theories. With a whole set of meta-language renewed by modern linguistics and modern literary theory-- deviation, prominence, function, situational factors, narrative points of view, modes of presenting speech, etc, and with the multi-level structural approach, stylistics has pushed the linguistic turn to its extreme. Making literary research still more scientific and more accurate, it broadens the vision of literary criticism.Study Questions1) Consult at least five books on stylistics, note down the definitions of stylistics that they give, and discuss the similarities and differences among the definitions.2) Compare the definitions of language put forward by different schools of linguistics. Tell what view or views of language is or are suited to stylistics, and why.3) What aspects are there in a speech event?4) Different scholars classify the function of language into different major types. Compare them, and comment on the saying: The functions of language are mutually exclusive.5) Comment on the different senses of style.6) The goal of most stylistic study is simply to describe the formal features of texts for their own sake. What do you think of this statement?7) Discuss the relationship between stylistics and rhetoric, and tell how stylistics broadens the vision of literary criticism.。

英语文体学教程张得禄课后题答案1、Across the river（）. [单选题] *A. lies a new built bridgeB.lies a newly built bridge(正确答案)C. a new built bridge liesD.a newly built bridge lies2、We will _______ Mary this Sunday. [单选题] *A. call on(正确答案)B. go onC. keep onD. carry on3、John and Jack had looked for the key, but _____ of them found it. [单选题] *A. noneB. neither(正确答案)C. bothD. either4、The travelers arrived _______ Xi’an _______ a rainy day. [单选题] *A. at; inB. at; onC. in; inD. in; on(正确答案)5、The manager was quite satisfied with his job. [单选题] *A. 担心的B. 满意的(正确答案)C. 高兴的D. 放心的6、He was?very tired，so he stopped?_____ a rest. [单选题] *A. to have(正确答案)B. havingC. haveD. had7、31．That's ______ interesting football game. We are all excited. [单选题] * A．aB．an(正确答案)C．theD．/8、_______ is on September the tenth. [单选题] *A. Children’s DayB. Teachers’Day(正确答案)C. Women’s DayD. Mother’s Day9、26．—Mary, is this your pen?—No, it isn't. ________ is black. [单选题] *A．MyB．IC．MeD．Mine(正确答案)10、The children were all looking forward to giving the old people a happy day. [单选题]*A. 寻找B. 期盼(正确答案)C. 看望D. 继续11、Its’time to go to bed. _______ your computer, please. [单选题] *A. Turn onB. Turn inC. Turn off(正确答案)D. Turn down12、95．-Dad, can we walk? ? ? ? ? ? ?the road now?-No,we? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . We have to wait until the light turns green. [单选题] *A．across, needn’tB．across, mustn’t(正确答案)C．though, can’tD．through, mustn't13、Taking the subway is quite fast and cheap. It can _______ both time and money. [单选题] *A. savesB. save(正确答案)C. earnD. use14、My camera is lost. I am ______ it everywhere.（）[单选题] *A. looking atB. looking for(正确答案)C. looking overD. looking after15、Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people_____harm them. [单选题] *A.more thanB.other thanC.rather than(正确答案)D.better than16、59．—Can I talk to the manager?—Please wait ________ minute. [单选题] *A．anB．a(正确答案)C．theD．/17、I gave John a present but he gave me nothing_____. [单选题] *A.in advanceB.in vainC.in return(正确答案)D.in turn18、—Look at those purple gloves! Are they ______, Mary?—No, they aren’t. ______ are pink. （）[单选题] *A. you; IB. your; MyC. yours; Mine(正确答案)D. you; Me19、99．—Would you please show me the way _________ the bank?—Yes, go straight ahead. It’s opposite a school. [单选题] *A．inB．forC．withD．to(正确答案)20、91．—Do you live in front of the big supermarket?—No. I live ________ the supermarket ________ the post office. [单选题] *A．across; fromB．next; toC．between; and(正确答案)D．near; to21、48．—________ is your new skirt, Lingling?—Black. [单选题] *A．HowB．What colour(正确答案)C．WhichD．Why22、28．—Where is Fujian Province?—It’s ________ the southeast of China. [单选题] *A．in (正确答案)B．onC．toD．at23、You can't rely on Jane as she is _____ changing her mind and you will never know what she is going to do next. [单选题] *A. occasionallyB. rarelyC. scarcelyD. constantly(正确答案)24、You wouldn't have seen her if it _____ not been for him . [单选题] *A. hasB. had(正确答案)C. haveD．is having25、28．The question is very difficult. ______ can answer it. [单选题] *A．EveryoneB．No one(正确答案)C．SomeoneD．Anyone26、75．As a student in Senior Three, I must work hard．（）, I should take exercise to strengthen my body．[单选题] *A.OtherwiseB.Meanwhile(正确答案)C.ThereforeD.Thus27、Experts are making an investigation on the spot. They want to find a way to（）the tower. [单选题] *A. Restore(正确答案)B. resumeC. recoverD. reunite28、Lily is a very_____person and never wastes anything. [单选题] *A.generousB.economical(正确答案)C.economicD.efficient29、Sichuan used to have more people than ______ province in China. [单选题] *A. otherB. any other(正确答案)C. anotherD. any others30、Boys and girls, please _______ your favorite book here and show it to us next class. [单选题] *A. bring(正确答案)B. sellC. buyD. take。

Chapterl1, what is style in your opi nio n accord ing to what we have studied in this chapter?from the perspective of the content, the events and activitiesdiffere nt ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for differe nt purposes.Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least toointerpretations .one is that first we have a preexist ing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in Ianguage. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of Ianguage is at the same time a choice of mea ning and a choice of style .2, what is the sig ni fica nee of study ing the style of Ian guage in lear ning and teach ingEn glish?Anwser,the answer is that if we want to use Ianguage appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign Ianguage learners, if wedisregard the rules of using what variety of Ianguage in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become in stead a barrier to successful com muni cati on . Therefore its n ecessary to have a clear aware ness of how Ian guage should be used in differe nt types of situati ons especially in un familiar situati ons.3, what factors can result i n differe nces in styleAn swer , 1, the differe nt types of vocabulary create differe nt images of the events inthe reader ' mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style.Chapter2 1, explain the followi ng terms1) ,foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent andmotivated ,that is ,foregro un ded.2) ,i neon gruity: the lin guistic features depart from the no rmal use ofIan guage ,break ing the rules grammar ,spell ing ,pronun ciati on.3) deflection : the linguistic featuresdon ' t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles,but have an unexpected high frequency ofoccurre nee.4) ,field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happe nin gs,go ing-ons, the An wser1described ,style is saying differentthings in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the usersof Ianguage ,style is different speakers using Ianguage inconten t ,etc5) tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----therelati on ship betwee n the speaker and the liste ner ,their relative status,theirattitude,a nd their role relati ons .6) mode: its concerned with how the in teract ion is con ducted ,that is whether it iswritten or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substanee or graphicsubsta nee.2,questi on for discussi on2) i n rhetorical series,the nu mber of items can in flue nee the stylistic effect.try toan alyze the causes on the basis of social culture.Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate con texts. Two items express assert ion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that」n appropriate situatio ns three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and represe ntative effect. Four or more items in a series stress a large number of the concretethings ,and these can produce an imagery in the mind of the reader that the large amount of things constitutes a significant situation in which certain aspect arehighlighted. Another funetion of the rhetorical series is to use concrete items tohighlight abstract concepts so that the abstract concept can be expressed incon crete ,lively and vivid way to enhance the aesthetic value of Ian guage.3) what factors affect the writer se'etio n of words and styleAnswer : five criteria for the selection of words :whether they are familiar or notfamiliar, whether they are concrete or abstract, whether they are single ormore ,whether they are short and simple. Or long. Whether they are Anglo -saxon words or lati n words .field ,tenor ,mode affect the writer ' s selectio n of style.4) what is the criterion used to classify wordsAn swer :we can use more systematic way to classify word accord ing to register anddialect .register:field ,te nor , mode .dialect: regio nal dialect,such as London dialect;social dialect such as dialect of age, race,etc.temporal dialect such as od En glish .5) through what cha nn els can words be used to achieve tran sferred meaning?An swer :simile :x is like Y, eg as busy as bee. Metaphor: X is Y ,eg he is a pig.Syn ecdoche eg many hands represe nt the people who work with their hands .Metonymy eg purse represe nt mon ey.Chapter31, explain the following terms1) ,chiasmus:chiasmus is formed by inverting the word order of the second part of a parallel structure,so it forms a kind of antithetical structure. Eg:let us never negotiate out of fear,but let us n ever fear to n egotiate.2) a ntistrophe: i t is the repetitio n of the same items but i n in verted order ,eg:what polly to me,or me to polly?3) epizeuxis:it is a continuous repetition for high lighting a particular feature.4) ploce: the repetiti on is not continu ous , but in termitte nt or dispersed in the text.5) loose sentence: put the major idea first and than the illustration .such a sentence is easy to grasp .6) periodic senten ce:a periodic sentence can be used to create suspe nse,or expectati on,thus draw ing the liste ner attend on to the end of the senten ce.it can be used toproduce humorous and emphatic effect .2, questi on for discussi on1) ,there are many types of syntactic deflection ,but they have one thing in com mon :recurre nee of structures. How is syn tactic deflect ion classified?An swer :there are two type of syn tactic deflecti on :the un expected high freque ncy ofoccurrenee of a certain type of sentence; and the overregular occurrenee of aparticular patter n .2) the high frequency of occurrenee of long and short sentence can create stylisticeffect .apart from the differe nee in expressive meanings ,what are other characteristics of the two types of senten ces?Answer : long sentences are good to provide the detailed descriptions ,and are good to reveal the men tal activities of the speaker .so they are used to produce a vivid, rich, exuberant, luxurious style. Short sentence : can produce direct ,terse ,concise ,clear effect or continu ous ‘compact ,swift effect ,so t hat it creates certa in atmosphere , and leave a deep impressi on on the liste ners.3) why do writers ofte n violate the rule of grammar? What do we cal this violati on?Answer: we call this violation syntactic incongruity .the violation of the grammatical rules can be used to produce certain stylistic effects. The so-called ungrammatical sentences are used to represent the different varieties of Ianguage according toregister and dialect. In literary works, dialectical and pers onal features of speech are often used to depict the personality of the characters. In poetry, the poet often uses devia nt grammatical structures to achieve special effects, makes lines terse and con cise, to make it rich in meaning.4) what is the function of rhetorical questi ons?Answer: A rhetorical question is to use the form of a question in order to express astro ng emoti on or to emphasize a particular aspect. The function of in verted sentenceis to make a declarative sentence more po werful, to attract the listener ' s attention, orto in duce others ' sympathy. Arran ged in parallelism, rhetorical questi ons can expr essstro ng emoti ons and in crease the persuasive power. A rhetorical questi on can alsoin troduce the topic of the text.5) In what ways can we use in verted senten ces to achieve emphatic effect?Answer: to change the normal word order can be used to produce some emphatic effect. What is put to the initial part of the sentence is usually the focus of in formati on of the clause and also the theme of he clause. So it is highlighted.Chapter41 explain the following terms1) Syn aesthesia: it refers to the fact that sounds s are attributed with certa in valuesor esthetic features. It is very casual, and supported by situational features andmea ning.2) Alliterati on: refers to the repetitio n of the in itial sound usually a consonant, or a vowel at first positi on, in two ormore words that occur close together.3) Assonance: refers to the use of the same or related vowel sounds in successive words. It can create harm oniouseffect.4) Consonance: refers to the repetitio n of the last consonants of the stresses wordsat the end of the lin es.2 questi ons for discussi on1) What are the characteristic of spoke n Ian guage and writte n Ian guage respectively?Answer: spoken Ianguage: 1 it can directly be accompanied by other non-linguistic means as the aid; 2 it is gen erally speak ing not as formal as writte n Ian guage; 3 it permits errors in the process of product ion; 4 it uses a particular grammar, agrammar characteristics of spoke n Ian guage. 5 homoph ones can be used for special stylistic effects, such as pun; 6 some implications are best represented by specialsound features; 7 sound feature can represe nt the feature of regi onal dialect or social dialect.Written Ianguage:1 as written Ianguage communication is usually not a direct one,but is delayed in time and at differe nt places, the writer gen erally has time to get well prepared and revise the text before he sends it out to the reader;2 as space is limited, it has special grammatical features so as to put more meaning in it .there are many nominalizations to make sentences into groups;3 written Ianguage is often used in a more formal situati on; 4 as time is eno ugh, it is usually writte n in a more detailed and logical way;5 as written Ianguage is more purposeful, and for a single specific goal, it is usually more con sta nt and developed around a sin gle subject.2) How many sound patter ns do we have? What special stylistic effects can be achieved by them?An swer: these sound patter ns in clude alliterati on which can create harm ony, conn ecti on and achieve special stylistic effects, ass onance which can create harm onious effect, and consonance3) What factors can in flue nee graphological prominence?.An swer: there are three disti nctive factors that can produce graphological prominence:marking, spacing and sequenee. Marking refers to the use of written symbols to convey in formati on; space is spaci ng arran geme nt depart ing from this no rmal way ofspaci ng can be used to achieve stylistic effects.4 In moder n En glish, pun ctuati on marks are patter ned and sta ndardized. How can weuse pun ctuati on marks for special stylistic purpose?Answer: period typically occurs at the end of a declarative sentence. If period occursin unexpected high frequency of occurrenee, it often means that the text mainlyfunctions to provide information; comma is used to mark the unit larger than a word,however, i n Charles Dicke ns ' Dombey and Son, comma is used to in dicate syllables;exclamation marks can be used to carry emotional coloring, a mark of expressing special feeli ngs; pare ntheses are used for further expla nati on; the ellipsis of pun ctuatio n marks produces an illogical and non-seque ntial image.Chapter71 explain the following terms1) Guide: guide is the further explanation of the headline, it consists of six elements;location, character, event, mode, time, and cause.2) Nominalization: refers to a grammatical phenomenon in which the meaning whichis normally expressed by a clause is here expressed by a phrase, so clause nomin alizati on is no rmal. It is con tracted.3) The highlighting method: from the productive point of view, the columnist can publish the whole story, or he can cut off some parts from the end. He can eve n cutoff the main body.4) Meaning con tract ion: using the smallest form to get the most meaning.5) Journalese words: as new report requires the speaker to use the least form to getthe most meaning, and it has to be fresh and attractive, so the words in n ews reportis short and n ew.2 questi ons for discussi on1) What are sema ntic features of news report?Answer:1 In terms of ideational meaning, apart from the semantic field of news report,it covers virtually all areas of meaning systems ;2 in terms of in terpers onal meaning,it stresses objectivity;3 in terms of textual meaning, it has the feature of meaning con tract ion.3) Most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. Tell in what way ellipsis is best achieve in n ews report.Answer: most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. What is omitted is: (a) subjectpredicate (b) predicate (c) link verb or auxiliary verb4) How is meaning con tract ion of n ews report embodied in grammar?An swer: one feature of n ews report is meaning con tracti on, that is using the smallestform to get the most meaning .its grammatical feature are as follows:(1) the nomin alizati on of the processes (2)big noun phrases and complex modificati ons (3)as some of the pre-modifiers come from a separate clause, it is highly con tracted .5)The con crete ness con tract ion of n ews reportis in con tradicti on to meaning con tract ion. Tell how this con tradicti on is revolved in n ews report.Answer: besides its authenticity and objectivity, news report should also emphasize con crete ness and detailed ness. Therefore, the writer often gives backgro und information and details by using parenthesis. By doing so, the writer can provide con crete and detailed in formatio n and save space as well.6) What graphological means are used in news report? Analyze what effects are achieved by graphological mea ns. Answer: grphological means are made in the typesetting, for example, headlines can be arran ged in such ways: 1 flush-left(it is made into a square) 2dropped-li ne(the length of the line is the same, but dropped in a bit each time) 3 short linefollowed by a long tome 4 along line followed by a short line 5 con cave form6 convex form . They can in crease esthetic value and become more attractive.n ews report?3nonce words, ofte n ble nds such as Euromarket=Europea nmarket.8) Why is there so much use of direct speech in news report?Answer: the use of direct speech can enhance the credibility of news report. The directly quoted speech can be regarded as basis of facts.9) What prominent devices are used in headlines in news report?An swer: alliterati on allusi on suspe nse etc.7) What are lexical features of news report?Why are many nonce words used in Answer: lexical feature: 1 short and new- fashioned such a crisis in ” theUN faces crisis of credibility ”um Slelaerphrase such astesye ” in "jobless will be the key issue in 1993Chapter61 Explain the followi ng terms1) time non-flue ncy :pauses in in appropriate positi ons with in a phrase or groupsposition ,the use of um or er to delay the time ,the repetition of someexpressi ons ,such as be said be said be said.,2) Quality non-fluency: often the speaker cannot find the appropriate words to express himself, and he is strivi ng for words, so he uses many in exact expressi ons and even wrong expressi ons or wrong pronun ciati ons to express himself.3) Adjacency pair: most of the sentences are declarative and interrogative sentences as they are mostly made up of questi ons and an swers.4) Slot filling words: slot filling words are used to fill in the pauses when the speaker strives for meaning as words, or when he or she strives to be politeness or lessen the degree of imprude nee.2 questi on for discussi on1) What are the characteristics of conversation from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phono logy?An swer :sema ntic features:(1)the in explicit ness of meaning (2)the randomn ess ofsubject matter, and a general lack of planning (3)the lack of fluency Grammaticalfeatures :(1)se ntence complexity (2)verbal phrases(3 [nominal phrases(4)the types ofsentences (5)quoted eleme nts. Lexical feature:(1)most of the words are short and simple An glo-Sax on on es, (2)the choice of words is limited in scope or range (3)sla ngand colloquial words, taboo words ,exclamatory words are frequently used (4)someslot filling words ,such as you know ,I mean,etc.(5)use exaggerated words and expressi ons. Phono logical features :(1)use more con tract ions for the uni mporta ntin formatio n (2)the ofte n try to express themselves in spite of the fact that the other is speak ing (3)there are many emphatic ways of speech ,such as stress .2) How do you acco unt for the in explicit ness of Ian guage in daily con versati on?An swer: the in explicit ness of meanings mani fested in the follow ing aspects: (1)lots of exophoric expressi on such as “ this "is the tendency (2)ther^rake between the uttera nces(3) a lot of backgro und in formatio n miss in g.(4)ma ny in exact expressi onsusing gen eral words for particular con cepts(5)ma ny in complete expressi ons.3) What are the features spontaneous commentary from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phono logy?An swer: from the perspective of sema ntic features, if the liste ners could also see theevent while the commentary is delivered, there will be a lot of meaning implied or simply presupposed; but in a comme ntary without visual support on the part of the liste ners, the comme ntator has to provide all the n ecessary in formati on. In terms of syntactic structure, the sentences and the clauses are usually short as the comme ntator has no time to give detailed descripti on of the eve nt, and the sentencescon tain fewer words tha n usual. From the perspective of lexical features, thewords are mostly simple in structure, they are short and simple; they are mostly composed of verbs, and proper n ames; there might be specialized terms depe nding on the subject matter of the comme ntary. From the perspective of phono logicalfeatures, it is very fast and flue nt, but he has to pronounce every word clearly andloudly.4) What are the features of text structure of public speech?An swer: It con sist of the follow ing eleme nt :(1)a short in troducti on to the main issueor issues concerned (2)the declaration of one ' altitude and position in the matter(3)the listi ng, reas oning, and expla ining (4)c on clusi on5) How is it that in public speech there is much use of noun phrases with post modificati on?Answer: there are few pre-modifiers, but more post-modifiers such as “ of phrase ” and“ which clauses ” to give detailed and accurate description.Chapter81 expla in the follow ing termsLearned words: learned words are words that borrowed fromLat in, Greek and Fren ch.Clich e are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too ofte n.Semantic features: correctness and completeness; conciseness and clear ness; con siderati on and courtesy.Grammatical features: sentences structure; uses of voices; uses of affirmative senten ces; inv erted senten cesLexical features: con crete and n atural words; tech ni cal terms and abbreviations; brief and com mon word s; avoid clich e e s ceptbus in ess con tracts)3 questi ons for discussi on1) Why should bus in ess En glish be correct and complete?An swer: the content of bus in ess En glish should be correct and completely. First, the conveyed information should be correct; sometimes a small mistake would cause a great loss in a deal and eve n affect bus in ess relati ons betwee n two parties. Second, the conveyed information should be complete. For example, if we order some commodities, we should state n ames of commodities, delivery dates, con sig nees, methods of payme nt, etc.2) In bus in ess En glish sometimes active voice is used, and sometimes passive voice is preferred. Point out what stylistic features can be achieved through using voices.An swer: In bus in ess En glish, both active voice and passive voice can be used, but there is a tendency towards preferenee ofactive voice in today s'bus in ess com muni cati on. Active voice is shorter in form and econo mic in words compared with passive voice. Thus active voice is more effective in stylistic effect tha n passive voice; besides, active voice can make style more familiar and less formal. But in some cases, passive voice is necessary. Whe n we discuss somethi ng n egative, we should avoid blam ing the other party directly, in addition, passive voice can make bus in ess E n glish style more formal, and the conv eyedin formati on more objective.3 ) Why should bus in ess letters be writte n in a way ofcon siderati on and courtesy?An swer: In bus in ess com muni catio n, in order to make it more efficie nt, we should be con siderate of others and polite to others. “ You Attitude is” v e ry importa nt prin ciple in bus in esscom muni cati on, that is, we should thi nk ourselves back in to the shoes of others so as to cooperate sin cerely.4) The use of technical terms and abbreviations is one stylistic feature of bus in ess En glish. State the reas on of this phe nomenon.An swer: using tech ni cal terms and abbreviati ons can avoid long and tedious expla nati on, which is one lexical feature of bus in ess En glish. Such as L/C----letter of credit5) Why shou ld we avoid clich e s in bus in ess En glish?Answer: clich e rs words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too ofte n. In old-fashi oned bus in ess En glish there are a large number of clich e wS)ich should be avoid in present-day bus in ess com muni catio n.Chapter91, explain the following terms2) Redu ndan cy: in order to avoid opaque ness and ambiguity, it has express clearly what every one knows and takes for gran ted.This makes the legal Ianguage redundant clumsy and hard to un dersta nd. 3) Common words: many of the legal words come from ordinary Ian guage with the com mon core features especially those high- freque ncy words, such as prepositi ons, conjun cti ons, articles, etc.4) specialized words: specialized words are necessary for two importantaspects of legal language. The first is that for the fieldof law itself, and the second is that for many non-legal field con cer ned with legal affairs. There are two sources of specialized legal words: com mon words en dowed with legal meanings and archaic words.2, questio n for discussi on1) Why is legal English syntactically complex?Answer: syntactic Complexity: as its main function is to ensure precise ness and accuracy and block any leakage, the draftsme n of legal docume nts have to be very carful and scrupulous, andthe legal texts have to be able to sta nd the text oftime .therefore legal Ian guage is rich in modificati ons,circumlocuti ons, and complex logic relatio ns.2) Legal English is very conservative in form. Explain it from a historical perspective.An swer: con servative ness: as the legal la nguage is produced by careful phras ing and tested over a long time, no body dares to alter the structure of legal En glish, so that its structures become old-fashi oned and archaic. The represe ntative legal la nguage in such a way is En glish legal la nguage.3) What is the reas on that there are many legal words of French source?An swer: because after the Norma n Conq uest, French because the official Ianguage used for all state affairs including law in Great Britain. That is why many French loan words were found in law afterwards.4) What are the lexical features of legal En glish?Answer: legal vocabulary mainly comes from French. (2) Legal words can be divided into followi ng three types: 1, com mon words2, specialized words3,Multi-register words.。