【上海高考概要写作】summary writing4(10篇,有解析)

上海高考英语新题型之概要写作(Summary)Starting from 2017.the Shanghai English exam will undergo many adjustments。

one of which is the n of summary writing。

also known as "XXX 15 points and tests XXX of students in reading and writing.The given language in summary writing is generally een 200-250 words。

with diverse content including stories。

current events。

and science pXXX。

with a word count requirement of 50-60 words。

The answer should try to meet the requirements of "Key points of a summary".1.n of summary writingXXX。

in one's own words。

of the content of a passage。

article。

XXX.2.Key points of a summaryConciseness: XXX。

ns。

and unimportant n.Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text.Completeness: Include all the main and supporting points in a condensed manner。

using your own words.Accuracy: Give the same n and stress to the points as the author does.Coherence: A summary should be a paragraph with XXX to make it flow。

01 - Sales StrategiesHow can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salesperson? Is the salesperson’s job narrative, suggest ive, or consultive?The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same and is also well suited to companies who have a large number of prospects on which to call.The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual customer. The salesperson must be in a positio n to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored specifically to a consumers needs.More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations are looking more at intangibles (无形资产) such as creativity and analytical skills and less at educational background and technical skills.Sales strategies are classified as narrative, suggestive and consultive. Salespeople use the narrative strategy to promote products with standard presentations. The suggestive approach requires the salesperson to recommend a suitable product after talking with customers. The consultive strategy demands that salespeople acquire information about customers and act as their “consultants”. Nowadays more and more sales teams prefer the consultive approach. (60 words)02 - When You Hear the Final WhistleOne of the hardest things for any sportsperson to do is to know when to retire. But even harder is finding the answer to the question “What am I going to do with the rest of my life?”Some sportspeople go on playing too long. Perhaps they just can’t stand life without the “high” of playing professional sport. Michael Jordan, the greatest basketball player of all time retired three times. He retired once from the Chicago Bulls, made a successful comeback with the Bulls, then retired again. His second comeback with an inferior team ended in failure and he retired for ever at the age of 38. Jordan said, “There will never be anything I do that will fulfill me as much as competing did.”Others can’t resist the chance of one last “pay day”. Muhammad Ali needed the money, but his comeback fight, at the age of 39, against Trevor Berbick, was one of the saddest spectacles in modem sport. After losing to Berbick, Ali retired permanently. Three years later he developed Parkinson’s disease.For some people, the pain of retirement never leaves them. As Jimmy Greaves, an ex- England international footballer said, u I think that a lot of players would prefer to be shot once their career is over. J, Many of them spend their retirement in a continual battle against depression, alcohol, or drugs.But for the lucky few, retirement can mean a successful new career. Franz Beckenbauer is a classical example of a footballer who won everything with his club, Bayern Munich. After retiring he became a successful coach with Bayern and finally president of the club. John McEnroe, the infamous “bad boy” of tennis, is now a highly respected and highly paid TV commentator. But sadly, for most sportspeople these cases are the exceptions.For one thing, sportspeople find it hard to decide when to retire. Some don’t want to retire because they can’t stand living without playing professional sport while others just need money. For another, sportspeople find it harder to decide what to do after retirement. Some suffer from the pain of retirement while the lucky few take up a new career. (60 words)03 - IKEASince it opened its first store in 1943 , IKEA has become one of the biggest furniture empires in the world. The company has made people think differently about the way they furnish their homes, particularly in countries like Germany, the UK and France. Over 365 million people worldwide spend more than £8 billion in IKEA stores each year and the number of customers keeps rising. The best-selling products are bookshelves, sofas, candles, chairs and coat hangers, but perhaps IKEA is most famous for its flatpack furniture.Flatpack furniture was invented by chance in 1956 by a man called Gillis Lundgren. He lived in a Swedish town called Almhult and worked for a small furniture company. One day Lundgren needed to deliver a table to a customer, but the table wouldn’t fit in his car. “Let’s pull off the legs and put them underneath,” said Lundgren — and that was the moment flatpack furniture was bom. From that simple beginning, the small furniture company became IKEA and Lundgren became one of its top designers.The se cret of IKEA’s success is not just the design, it’s also the price. Flatpacks don’t take up much space, so IKEA can send furniture round the world vey cheaply. Also the stores don’t employ lots of salespeople to help you find or carry things; it seems peop le don’t mind doing that for themselves. And most importantly, IKEA doesn’t pay anyone to put the furniture together — they let the customers do that. Apparently, people would rather pay less and build the furniture themselves.IKEA is a big furniture chain store, well known for its flatpack furniture, which was invented by Gillis Lundgren when he managed to put a table into a car. IKEA’s success lies in the design and the price. IKEA can deliver flatpacks round the world cheaply. Customers would rather pay less and put the furniture together themselves. (57 words)4 - Refusing to Be ModernizedAn elderly couple are going to exchange candles for light bulbs after 37 years without electricity at their Suffolk home. Pat Payne, 74, and his wife Margaret, 72, brought up their large family in their farmhouse in Whepstead, near Bury St Edmunds, without any modem appliances.Their children left home years ago but now one of them has moved back and is paying £ 19,000 to have electricity put in the 200-year-old house next month. Mrs. Payne said that she was looking forward to “ being modernized “ but does not feel that she has missed much by not having electricity.“It would have been nice to have been able to do the ironing or to have vacuum cleaner instead of having to sweep the floor, but we got by,” she said. “I think our children are more excited about us getting electricity than we are.”The couple have mostly lived off the land. Mr. Payne, a former farm labourer, grows vegetables in the garden. Without a fridge or freezer in the three-bedroom house, milk is delivered every other day and fresh meat is bought as needed. Water comes from a well.Mrs. Payne used to wash clothes by hand, and with nine children that was a lot of clothes, but she believes that not having electricity may have been a good thing for her children while they were growing up.“Instead of watching television, they played together and used to make up games or read books,” she said.The life also suited her and her husband. “ Neither of us has eve r been seriously ill and we rarely get a cough or cold,” Mrs. Payne said. “With our fresh vegetables and not having central heating it’s been a very healthy way to live.”The Paynes have lived in their farmhouse without electricity for 37 years but they do n’t regret it. They think living in this way does good to their children’s growing up and their health. Now they are going to have electricity put in their house and will make use of modern alliances. (51 words)5 - Designer Brands Aren’t for Me!Although I follow fashion, I hate the phrase “must-have”. If I read that Ugg boots or Prada sunglasses are the latest “must-haves”, my immediate reaction is to think, “Why must I have them?” Why should I fall for the designer’s manipulative tactics, which are only intended to increase his bank balance at the expense of mine?Designer brands, in general, are for people who are too insecure to trust their own tastes. These people decide that everything at Prada must be “cool”, so if you shop there, you can’t go wrong. I find it much more satisfying to pop into one of the cheap chain stores on the High Street and buy a copy of designer’s clothes for a tenth of the price. OK, you have to use your skill to find the one garment in there that looks great. But it’s worth it! It’s like finding a piece of gold in a river. The find gives you immense satisfaction.Which is why, according to a survey done by a British bank, young people with money are abandoning the designer shops and buying their clothes in chain stores, second-hand shops, and in markets. This is the best news I’ve heard all week. It means that young people have the confidence to trust their judgment. They are prepared to take risks to look individual and not mass-produced.That has always been my shopping philosophy. The surprisingly high prices in designer shops leave me open-mouthed. Even if I had the money, I would think of all the other things I could spend it on!The writer thinks there is no need to buy those “must-haves” and that designer brands are intend ed for those who aren’t sure of their tastes. He prefers to do shopping in a cheap chain store. Besides, a survey reports that rich young people are switching to cheaper places to do shopping, thus looking individual. (54 words)6 - A Lesson Goes ViralAt the end of 2014, Tulsa, Oklahoma, sixth-grade teacher Melissa Bour received a friend request on Facebook from one of her students. She didn’t accept the request, but a quick browse through the girl’s friends list revealed the names of dozens of kids from her classroom. Many of the students’ Facebook pages were completely public, meaning even strangers could search through the kids’ personal photos and messages.“I saw middle fingers, students dressed inappropriately, and extremely offensive language,” Meli ssa says. “It was disturbing.” When she brought up her discovery in class, the students thought it was nothing. So she created a post of her own.With a bright green Sharpie, she wrote on a piece of paper in all caps, “Dear Facebook：My 12-year-old students think it is ‘no big deal’ that they are posting pictures of themselves ... Please help me show them how quickly their images can get around.” She put a picture of the letter on her Facebook page and asked people to share it.In hours, it was shared 108 ,000 times across dozens of states and four countries. She deleted it after eight hours, but it continued to spread. “I wanted to show them that it’s on the Internet forever,” she says.As she explained the results of her experiment in class, the students’ “eyes got bigger and bigger,” she says. “It scared a few of them into deleting their pages completely,” she says. Others have removed inappropriate posts and used privacy settings to manage their pages.Her intention wasn’t to scare them off social media bu t to push them to be mindful of what they post. Melissa says, “I tell them, ‘just because everyone else is sharing doesn’t mean you have to.’”At the end of 2014, Melissa Bour, a sixth-grade teacher in Tulsa, Oklahoma, found her students were using social media improperly. In order to warn them of the danger, she posted a picture with some words on it. It spread quickly and remained online even when deleted. She told the students what she did and her efforts were fruitful. (59 words)7 - Parallel LivesMargaret Richardson and Terry Connelly have almost identical taste in clothes, both have four children of more or less the same age, and both were married on exactly the same day. Not surprising, perhaps, Margaret and Terry are identical twins. What is surpri sing is that they didn’t even meet until they were in their mid-thirties.What happens if, like Terry and Margaret, identical twins are separated at birth and brought up in different families? Will their backgrounds make them completely different, or will their shared genes still mean that they have a lot in common? Professor Tom Bouchard from the University of Minnesota, set out to find the answer to this question. He traced more than a hundred pairs of twins who were adopted by different parents at birth, sixty-four of whom were identical twins. Each twin is then tested and interviewed about every detail of their life and personality.It turned out that Margaret and Terry were not unusual. As well as looking very similar, many twins had the same IQ, the same health problems, the same hobbies and interests, the same attitudes and even the same tastes. Several pairs of twins arrived at their first meeting in the same clothes, and one pair of middle-aged women were wearing identical jewellery. Others had made the same career choices：Jerry and Mark Levy first met in their thirties to discover that they were both firefighters, who drank the same kind of beer and weighed exactly the same.Of course, some of this must be coincidence. But Professor Bouchard has come to a remarkable conclusion. Identical twins brought up separately are more similar than non-identical twins brought up together. “I am not saying that upbringing doesn’t matter —it’s very important of course —but this research shows that our genes influence almost every part of our lives：they influence our IQ, our hobbies; our personalities, our political attitudes, our health, even the clothes and food we like.”Margaret Richardson and Terry Connelly are identical twins. Though they were separated at bi rth and didn’t meet until in their mid-thirties, they had a lot in common. Professor Tom Bouchard found through his study that identical twins who grew up separately are more like each other than non-identical twins who grew up together and that genes play a large part. (60 words)8 - They Beat Odds TogetherAFTER A CAR CRASH left 14-year-old Collin Smith unable to walk, doctors told him he had a 20 percent chance of finishing high school. The opportunity to attend college seemed even slimmer. Yet eight years later, Collin earned a bachelor of arts degree in communications from High Point University. Collin had achieved the nearly impossible — with the help of a kind man five decades his senior.Dial back to 2005. Ernest Greene had just moved to the same area that Collin and his parents lived. The families did not know each other. But when Ernest heard about Collin’s accident and the fact that his parents would not be able to care full-time for their son, Ernest says, he felt a calling. “The Lord was leading me to help,” he says. He had time to spare.Ernest approached Collin’s parents with the idea that he look after the boy while they were at work. The Smiths gratefully accepted. Collin, now 23 , says it was hard for him to understand then “how someone I didn’t know would drop everything to help me.”Ernest sought training to care for Collin and then began arriving at the Smiths’ home early on weekday mornings. He would help Collin get out of bed, wash, and dress. He would help him have breakfast. Then he’d drive Collin to school. And at 3 p.m., every day, Ernest would drive back to pick him up. Then, while the two waited for one of Collin’s parents to get home, “we played a lot of Monopoly,” says Ernest with a laugh.Collin graduated from high school with the rest of his class and was accepted to nearby High Point. Ernest accompanied him to every class. “The first year was interesting,” Ernest recalls. “Collin didn’t want to stick out.” Ernest, on the other hand, says he took full advantage of the opportunity, taking down notes and often commenting in class.Collin Smith lost his ability to walk at 14 after a car accident. When Ernest Greene, 64 then, heard about that, he offered to help him. He looked after the boy, sent him to school and picked him up after school. Thanks to Ernest, Collin graduated from high school and was admitted to a nearby college. (56 words)9- What I Think of Boxing as a SportBoxing is a popular sport that many people seem to be fascinated by. Newspapers, magazines and sports programmes on TV frequently cover boxing matches. Professional boxers earn a lot of money, and successful boxers are treated as big heroes.It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it appealing because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer, and this gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. It is a fact that many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their aggression in their everyday lives. Watching a boxing match gives them an outlet for this aggression.However, there is a negative side to boxing. It can be a very dangerous sport. Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. Furthermore, studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing, in the form of serious brain damage, even if a boxer has never been knocked out.To conclude, I am personally not at all in favour of aggressive sports like boxing. I think it would be better if less time was given to aggressive sports on TV, and we celebrated more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes and heroines in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like competitive sports, and so do I, but I think that hitting other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as a sport.Some people love boxing because it is an aggressive sport, which echoes with the feelings of aggression they have. But boxing is also a dangerous sport, not only because boxers are very likely to be injured or even killed, but also because there might be potential brain damage. Personally, the writer doesn’t like boxing and appeals for non-aggressive sports. (59 words)。

Summary如何写（I)说明文的summary我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例The Problem of Packaging第一段A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total。

To understand why this is true， think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product， such as toothpaste。

The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste， but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper。

Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container。

第二段Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away。

Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink，and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution.第三段People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials。

上海高考英语新题型之概要写作澄衷高级中学孙吉从2017年起，上海英语高考试卷的题型将面临许多调整，其中之一便是增加了概要写作（Summary writing），也有许多人将之称为“小作文”。

概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。

概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60字，答案尽量符合“Key points of a summary”的要求。

一．正确认识概要写作1. Definition of summary writing（概要写作的定义）By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book.2. Key points of a summary（概要写作的要点）Conciseness（简要性）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information.Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text.Completeness（完整性）：To include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner.Accuracy（准确性）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does.Coherence（连贯性）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow.Objectivity（客观性）：Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only.3. Steps to write a summary（概要写作的步骤）1）Skim the text to find out the general theme.2）Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 3）Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details.4）Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.5）Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.4. Beginning of a summary（概要写作的开头）Begin your summary with:*The author’s name*The article’s or chapter’s name*The author’s thesis statement—a general overview(survey) of the article.The Body:First of all, the author describes……He then points out that……In addition, the author talks about……Finally, the author suggests……Some other introductory phrases:*(The author) states in (this article) that…*(The author), in (this article) shows that…*In (this article), (the author) writes that…*As (the author) says in (this article),…*The main idea of (the author’s article) is…*The author believes (holds; maintains; claims; argues; points out; suggests; proposes) that + clause…*The author talks about (explains; describes; reveals; discusses; focuses on) + n.二．记叙文概要写作要点点拨记叙文体的阅读材料，相比其他文体而言，写概要相对容易。

上海市部分区2023-2024学年高三上学期期末（一模）英语试卷分类汇编概要写作2024届上海市金山区高三上学期一模英语试卷IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71. Benefits of Green SpacesWe all know the value of taking a walk in the fresh spring weather. It allows yourmind to relax and forget about the problems in everyday life. Studies have commonlyshown the benefits of being around green spaces, including gardens, urban parks andforests.But did you know that being in contact with these natural surroundings during childhood could positively impact your mental health as an adult? A study by the Institute for Global Health surveyed 3,600 people from all over Europe.The all-adult study gave participants a questionnaire (问卷) on how frequently they used natural spaces during childhood — for example, playing in a garden or riding a bike at the park. They were also asked about the importance they put on using such places. Volunteers were then given a psychological test, which included a variety of questionnaires and problem-solving activities, to analyze their nervousness and feelings of depression within a four-week period. The results consistently showed that the people who were more exposed to natural spaces had higher mental health scores compared to those with lower childhood exposure — as did those who attached higher importance to using green spaces. The study’s assistant, Wilma Smith, wrote that the results “show the importance of childhood exposure to natural spaces for the development of a nature-appreciating attitude and a healthy psychological state in adulthood”. She also stressed the importance of “recognizing the i mplications of growing up in environments with limited opportunities for exposure to nature”.According to the study, 73 percent of Europe’s population only has limited access to natural spaces. So we call on policymakers to improve the availability of natural spaces for children.While this study was based in Europe, a lack of green space can affect anyone, anywhere. So remember to make time to expose yourself to nature, as your mental health is just as important as the physical one.2024届上海市徐汇区高三上学期一模英语试卷IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.There are many reasons why some cats are bad-tempered; their temperament can be influenced by their upbringing or they are simply born that way. However, even the sweetest, most affectionate cats can suddenlybecome bad-tempered and behave out of character. According to veterinarian Dr Katrina Warren, the problem can generally be solved, but you’ll need to look for underlying issues.Changes in a cat’s behaviour can often be explained by a health problem. Pain can cause cats to behave very differently, and it’s easy to mistake a problem as behavioural, when in fact i t is medical. Should you observe a significant change in your cat’s behaviour, then a visit to the vet is the best place to start? Watch out for changes in eating, drinking or litter-box habits. Also hiding and avoiding being touched. Be sure to report all changes to your vet. There are many cat health problems that can be readily treated to ease symptoms and pain for your cat.It pays to remember that cats don’t like to share or queue. Sharing of ‘resources’ such as litter trays and foodbowls can cause str ess and anxiety for many cats. It’s always a good idea to provide each cat with their own litter box, food, water bowls and bed as a minimum. One litter box for each cat plus a spare is even better, as are multiple sleeping spots and extra scratching posts. A lack of space to hide from or avoid other cats, competition for territory and lack of individual attention can also add to household friction. If your cat is feeling anxious, offering it an elevated place to sit, such as a climbing tree, can be helpful.Moving to a new house, the arrival of a new baby, new pets and other types of change can seriously impact cat behaviour. Cats are creatures of habit and tend to be territorial, so a change in routine may cause them to react in a number of ways, including withdrawal or aggression. Try to keep your cat’s environment as calm as possible and make sure there are places where they feel safe. Sometimes confining them to a single room with a litter box, bedding and home comforts can help them to settle.Some cats simply do not like being touched and handled. These are often cats that received limited socialisation with humans when they were kittens. These cats do best in a quiet household without children and need understanding and patience to help build their confidence.2024届上海市松江区高三上学期一模英语试卷IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71. Why Should We Read Literary Classics?Many have grown up on a healthy diet of literary classics. Some literary classics have been inspiring readers in many ways. In this age of fast-turners, how does investing our time in a timeless literary classic change us for the better?Many literary classics from yesteryear, which got little or no success when published, are considered invaluable. These books offer a window through which we can experience histories rooted in different cultures. One can always ask,“But we can do so by reading our history books too. Why do we need to read classics?"The simple answer is that these literary classics are not just a retelling of history. They allow us to have a more individualized experience, where they show us other ways to look at history.It is common knowledge that reading as a habit helps us improve our command of the language. But literary classics have an edge:the enriching writing style is something that sets them apart. Fascinated with the amazing wording and phrasing, we'll surely pause and wonder about what we read. For instance, when we read Shakespeare, we naturally begin to consider how to better express our ideas just like his far-reaching "Have more than you show；speak less than you know."One more benefit is that after reading classics, we won't see non-classics as just other stories: we'll become interested in them. Maybe we'll realize that some details we ignored last time are actually worth appreciating, or we'll discover literary devices that bring a whole new meaning to the story. Literary classics offer us more perspectives to dig deep and enhance our ability to think and reason, which will inevitably spill over into our reading of other works. We finally fall in love with non-classics as well.2024届上海市长宁区英语高三上学期一模试卷IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71. The problem of robocalls has become so bad that we refuse to pick up calls from numbers we don’t know. Nearly half of the calls we receive are scams(欺诈). We’ve realized the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little. By the time these “solutions” become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real.That’s because there are many powerful voice manipulation(处理) technologies to be available. A company showed a new voice technology able to produce a convincing human–sounding voice able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data disclosure of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to cheat the targeted people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what l ooks to be a familiar number and talk to you with a voice sounding exactly like your bank teller’s, misleading you to “confirm” your address and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. V oice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like WeChat and Alipay, which can be tied to your identity.2024届上海市黄浦区高三上学期一模英语试卷IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Why companies are hiring ‘prompt engineers’?With the new generative AI tools, like ChatGPT, anyone can put in a prompt — type in a few words and get a result. But that doesn’t mean that the results will be relevant or accurate.The ke y is putting in the right prompt. That’s why some businesses are now hiring prompt engineers —people with the skills, background and practice to talk to so-called large-language AI systems effectively — and why many people expect prompt engineering to be a desirable skill for many kinds of workers to add to theirrésumés.In general, the more detailed the request, the closer the response will come to what the user is looking for. But the most effective prompt engineering goes beyond adding detail.For one thing, adding the right detail to get the best response is crucial. Also, there are many ways to guide how an AI system presents the information it finds, depending on the goal — telling it to write in a certain style or for a certain audience, for instance. Each tool also has particular capabilities and limitations that users can learn to tackle. And the best results often come from an extended conversation with the AI, reacting to what it produces and asking for refinements.Even for people applying to j obs that don’t clearly mention prompt engineering, having this skill could become essential for all sorts of roles. Art directors could use generative AI to outline ideas, and marketers could use it to develop new slogans. Software engineers could use it to find problems with their code. Lawyers could useit to research a piece of law. This is going to be a foundational skill that all of us need to know. The through line is when you learn a new skill, you can take it in any direction you like.参考答案2024届上海市金山区高三上学期一模英语试卷Summary71. Researches show exposure to nature during childhood has a positive impact on mental health in adulthood. Those using natural spaces more frequently and attaching greater importance to using them score higher in psychological tests including problem-solving abilities and negative feelings’ analysis. Therefore, availability of natural spaces should be improved by governments and being exposed to nature should be highlighted.2024届上海市徐汇区高三上学期一模英语试卷IV. Summary WritingCats’ temperament is linked to their upbringing or innate traits. Health issues may also affect behavior, requiring vet attention. Stress from sharing resources like litter trays is highlighted, suggesting individual essentials. Environmental changes, like moving or having new comers, can impact cats, urging a calm environment. Cats not liking touch might stem from limited socialization, needing patience in quiet homes.2024届上海市松江区高三上学期一模英语试卷Reading literary classics benefits us a lot. Firstly, It offers us individualized ways of experiencing history.secondly, it improves our writing ability by encouraging us to think over their expressions and learn to express our ideas in that way. Besides, we’ll love to read non-classics because reading classics enable us to think and reason deeply from diverse perspective. (57’)2024届上海市长宁区英语高三上学期一模试卷IV. Summary Writing(For reference only)评分标准：本答题满分10分。

Exercise 1With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet.Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.Both male and female are buying into the trend, but women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be. Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to £ 240 (3.360 yuan) compared to the slightly lower average of £ 233 (3,262 yuan) for men.In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping online has become more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn’t slowed down the ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers.One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. The average spending per person on the high street is only £197. 70% of Internet users who are now buying their Christmas gifts online.参考范文：This year, people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leave their homes for cheaper goods and more convenience.(要点1) With increasing popularity of online shopping, women spend more than men.(要点2) Although safety is a major concern for shopping online,still more and more people choose to shop online.(要点3) With the pressure from widespread online shopping, traditional shops in the UK high street began their sales promotion earlier this Christmas.(要点4)分析过程：一、试题详解1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文,共分五段。

Exercise 1Water is very important for living things. Without water there can be no life on the earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water. Almost everyone knows that water covers three- fourths of the earth5s surface. Most of it, however, is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also, some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact, less than one percent is left for the use of people, animals and plant life.All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel, petrol, paper, rubber and so on.Meanwhile, water problem is becoming more serious and more complex. Our increasing population tremendously increases urban wastes, primarily polluted water. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting(稀释）wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volume of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. Scientists estimate that the problem of water shortage will become severe. Thus it is apparent that effective steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem and to find new ways of saving and producing fresh water as well. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug, and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another, they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.参考范文：Water is essential for all the living things on the earth.(要点1) With the worldwide increase ofpopulation，more water is needed.(要点2) Meanwhile，water sources are getting polluted by poisonous chemical wastes produced by human beings in one way or another.(要点3) Thus measures are being taken to solve this problem, hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs.分析过程1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文分为四段。

上海高考英语新题型之概要写作(Summar y)上海高考英语新题型之概要写作澄衷高级中学孙吉从2017 年起，上海英语高考试卷的题型将面临许多调整，其中之一便是增加了概要写作( Summary writing)，也有许多人将之称为“小作文”。

概要写作分值占据15 分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。

概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250 字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60 字，答案尽量符合“Key points of a summary的要”求。

一．正确认识概要写作1.Definition of summary writing （概要写作的定义）By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book.2.Key points of a summary （概要写作的要点）Conciseness（简要性）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information.Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text.Completeness（完整性）：To include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner.Accuracy （准确性）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does.Coherence（连贯性）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow.Objectivity （客观性）：Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only.3.Steps to write a summary （概要写作的步骤）1）Skim the text to find out the general theme.2）A nalyze the text 's structure to divide it into severioanl s,e fcitnd out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. （one sentence）3）W rite down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details.4）O rganize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.5）Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.4.Beginning of a summary （概要写作的开头）Begin your summary with: *The author ' s name *The article ' s or chapter 's name*The author 's thsetsaiste ment—a general overview（survey） of the article. The Body:First of all, the author describes ⋯⋯He then points out that ⋯⋯In addition, the author talks about ⋯⋯Finally , the author suggests ⋯⋯Some other introductory phrases: *(The author) states in (this article) that ⋯*(The author), in (this article) shows that ⋯*In (this article), (the author) writes that ⋯*As (the author) says in (this article), ⋯*The main idea of (the author ' s article) is ⋯*The author believes (holds; maintains; claims; argues; points out; suggests; proposes) that + clause⋯*The author talks about (explains; describes; reveals; discusses; focuses on) + n. 二．记叙文概要写作要点点拨记叙文体的阅读材料，相比其他文体而言，写概要相对容易。

上海市高考概要写作9篇（有答案）01 - Sales StrategiesHow can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salespe the salesperson’s job narrative, suggestive, or consultive?The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product orservice. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the sameand is also well suited to companies who have a large number of prospects on which to call.The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual customer. The salesperson mustbe in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s n key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in somesort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes adetailed presentation tailored specifically to a consumers needs.More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations are looking more at intangibles (无形资产) such as creativity and analytical skills and less at educational background and technical skills.Sales strategies are classified as narrative, suggestive and consultive. Salespeople use thenarrative strategy to promote products with standard presentations. The suggestive approachrequires the salesperson to recommend a suitable product after talking with customers. Theconsultive strategy demands that salespeople acquire information about customers and act astheir “consultants”. Nowadays more and more sales teams prefer the consultive approach. (60 words)02 - When You Hear the Final WhistleOne of the hardest things for any sportsperson to do is to know when to retire. But even harderis finding the answer to the question “What am I going to do with the rest of my life?Some sportspeople go on playing too long. Perhaps they just can’t stand life without the of playing professional sport. Michael Jordan, the greatest basketball player of all time retired threetimes. He retired once from the Chicago Bulls, made a successful comeback with the Bulls, thenretired again. His second comeback with an inferior team ended in failure and he retired for ever atthe age of 38. Jordan said, “There will never be anything Ido that will fulfill me as much as competing did.”Others can’t resist the chance of one last “pay day”. Muhammad Ali needed the mone comeback fight, at the age of 39, against Trevor Berbick, was one of the saddest s pectacles in modem sport. After losing to Berbick, Ali retired permanently. Three years later he developed Parkinson’s disease.For some people, the pain of retirement never leaves them. As Jimmy Greaves, an ex- England international footballer said, u I think that a lot of players would prefer to be shot once their careeris over. J, Many of them spend their retirement in a continual battle against depression, alcohol, ordrugs.But for the lucky few, retirement can mean a successful new career. Franz Beckenbauer is aclassical example of a footballer who won everything with his club, Bayern Munich. After retiringhe became a successful coach with Bayern and finally president of the club. John McEnroe, theof tennis, is now a highly respected a nd highly paid TV commentator. Butinfamous “bad boy”sadly, for most sportspeople these cases are the exceptions.For one thing, sportspeople find it hard to decide when to retire. Some don’t want towithout playing professional sport while others just needretire because they can’t stand livingmoney. For another, sportspeople find it harder to decide what to do after retirement. Somesuffer from the pain of retirement while the lucky few takeup a new career. (60 words)03 - IKEASince it opened its first store in 1943 , IKEA has become one of the biggest furniture empiresin the world. The company has made people think differently about the way they furnish theirhomes, particularly in countries like Germany, the UK and France. Over 365 million people worldwide spend more than ￡8 billion in IKEA stores each year and the number of customers keeps rising. The best-selling products are bookshelves, sofas, candles, chairs and coat hangers, but perhaps IKEA is most famous for its flatpack furniture.Flatpack furniture was invented by chance in 1956 by a man called Gillis Lundgren. He livedin a Swedish town called Almhult and worked for a small furniture company. One day Lundgrenfit in his car. “Let’s pull off the legs needed to deliver a table to a customer, but the table wouldn’ｔand that was the moment flatpack furniture was bom.and put them underneath,” said Lundgren —From that simple beginning, the small furniture company became IKEA and Lundgren became oneof its top designers.The secret of IKEA’s success is not just the design, it’s also the price. Flatpacks don much space, so IKEA can send furniture round the world vey cheaply. Also the stores donlots of salespeople t o help you find or carry things; it seems people don’t mind doing that forthey themselves. And most importantly, IKEA doesn’t pay anyone to put the furniture togetherlet the customers do that. Apparently, people would rather pay less and build the furniture themselves.IKEA is a big furniture chain store, well known for its flatpack furniture, which wasinvented by Gillis Lundgren when he managed to put a table into a car. IKEA’s success the design and the price. IKEA can deliver flatpacks round the world cheaply. Customers would rather pay less and put the furniture together themselves. (57 words)4 - Refusing to Be ModernizedAn elderly couple are going to exchange candles for light bulbs after 37 years withoutelectricity at their Suffolk home. Pat Payne, 74, and his wife Margaret, 72, brought up their largefamily in their farmhouse in Whepstead, near Bury St Edmunds, without any modem appliances.Their children left home years ago but now one of them has moved back and is paying￡ 19,000 to have electricity put in the 200-year-old house next month. Mrs. Payne said that she waslooking forward to “ being modernized “ but does not feel that she has missed much by not havin electricity.“It would have been nice to have been able to do the ironing or to have vacuum cleaner insteadof having to sweep the floor, but we got by,” she said. “I think our children are more excited us getting electricity than we are.”The couple have mostly lived off the land. Mr. Payne, a former farm labourer, grows vegetables in the garden. Without a fridge or freezer in the three-bedroom house, milk is deliveredevery other day and fresh meat is bought as needed. Water comes from a well.Mrs. Payne used to wash clothes by hand, and with nine children that was a lot of clothes, butshe believes that not having electricity may have been a good thing for her children while they weregrowing up.“Instead of watching television, they played together and used to make up games orread books,” she said.r been seriously ill and we The life also suited her and her husband. “ Neither of us has eveMrs. Payne said. “With o ur fresh vegetables and not having centralrarely get a cough or cold,”heating it’s been a very healthy way to live.”The Paynes have lived in their farmhouse without electricity for 37 years but they do n’tgrowing up and theirregret it. They think living in this way does good to their children’shealth. Now they are going to have electricity put in their house and will make use of modernalliances. (51 words)5 - Designer Brands Aren’t for Me!Although I follow fashion, I hate the phrase “must-have”. If I read that Ugg boots or Prada-haves”, my immediate reaction is to think, “Why must I have the sunglasses are the latest “mustintended to increase hisWhy sho uld I fall for the designer’s manipulative tactics,which are onlybank balance at the expense of mine?Designer brands, in general, are for people who are too insecure to trust their own tastes. These. Ipeople decide that everything at Prada must be “cool”, so if you shop there, you canfind it much more satisfying to pop into one of the cheap chain stores on the High Street and buy acopy of designer’s clothes for a tenth of the price. OK, you have to use your skill to find the one garment in there that looks great. But it’s worth it! It’s like finding a piece of gold in a ri find gives you immense satisfaction.Which is why, according to a survey done by a British bank, young people with money are abandoning the designer shops and buying their clothes in chain stores, second-hand shops, and in markets. This is the best news I’ve heard all week. It means that young people have the confidenc to trust their judgment. They are prepared to take risks to look individual and not mass-produced.That has always been my shopping philosophy. The surprisingly high prices in designer shopsleave me open-mouthed. Even if I had the money, I would think of all the other things I could spendit on!The writer thinks there is no need to buy those “must-haves” and that designer brandsare intend ed for those who aren’t sure of their tastes. He prefers to do shopping in a cheapchain store. Besides, a survey reports that rich young peopleare switching to cheaper placesto do shopping, thus looking individual. (54 words)6 - A Lesson Goes ViralAt the end of 2014, Tulsa, Oklahoma, sixth-grade teacher Melissa Bour received a friendrequest on Facebook from one of her students. She didn’t accept the request, but a quick browher classroom. Many of thethrough the girl’s frie nds list revealed the names of dozens of kids fromstudents’ Facebook pages were completely public, meaning even strangers could search through the kids’ personal photos and messages.“I saw middle fingers, students dressed i nappropriately, and extremely offensive language,”Meli ssa says. “It was disturbing.” When she brought up her discovery in class, the students thoug it was nothing. So she created a post of her own.：My With a bright green Sharpie, she wrote on a piece of paper in all caps, “Dear Fac e 12-year-old students think it is ‘no big deal’ that they are posting pictures of themselves ... Please help me show them how quickly their images can get around.” She put a picture of the letter on Facebook page and asked people to share it.In hours, it was shared 108 ,000 times across dozens of states and four countries. She deleted iton the Internetafter eight hours, but it continued to spread. “I w anted to show them that it’sforever,” she says.“eyes got bigger and As she explained the results of her experiment in class, the students’bigger,” she says. “It scared a few of them into deleting their pages completely,”have removed inappropriate posts and used privacy settings to manage their pages.t to push them to be mindful of what Her intention w asn’t to scare them off social media buthey post. Melissa says, “I tell them, ‘just because everyone else is sharing doesn’to.’”At the end of 2014, Melissa Bour, a sixth-grade teacher in Tulsa, Oklahoma, found herstudents were using social media improperly. In order to warn them of the danger, she posteda picture with some words on it. It spread quickly and remained online even when deleted.She told the students what she did and her efforts were fruitful. (59 words)7 - Parallel LivesMargaret Richardson and T erry Connelly have almost identical taste in clothes, both have four children of more or less the same age, and both were married on exactly the same day. Not surprising, perhaps, Margaret and Terry are identical twins. What is sur pri sing is that they didn’t even meet until they were in their mid-thirties.What happens if, like Terry and Margaret, identical twins are separated at birth and brought upin different families? Will their backgrounds make them completely different, or will their sharedgenes still mean that they have a lot in common? Professor Tom Bouchard from the University of Minnesota, set out to findthe answer to this question. He traced more than a hundred pairs of twinswho were adopted by different parents at birth, sixty-four of whom were identical twins. Each twinis then tested and interviewed about every detail of their life and personality.It turned out that Margaret and Terry were not unusual. As well as looking very similar, manytwins had the same IQ, the same health problems, the same hobbies and interests, the same attitudes and even the same tastes. Several pairs of twins arrived at their first meeting in the same clothes,and one pair of middle-aged women were wearing identical jewellery. Others had made the samecareer choices：Jerry and Mark Levy first met in their thirties to discover that they were both firefighters, who drank the same kind of beer and weighed exactly the same.Of course, some of this must be coincidence. But Professor Bouchard has come to a remarkable conclusion. Identical twins brought up separately are more similar than non-identical twins brought up together. “I am not saying that upbringing doesn’t matter —it’s very important of course —but this research shows that our genes influence almost every part of our lives：they influence our IQ, our hobbies; our personalities, our political attitudes, our health, even the clothesand food we like.”Margaret Richardson and Terry Connelly are identical twins. Though they were separated at bi rth and didn’t meet until in their mid-thirties, they had a lot in common. Professor TomBouchard found through his study that identical twins who grew up separatelyare more like each other than non-identical twins who grew up together and that genes play alarge part. (60 words)8 - They Beat Odds TogetherAFTER A CAR CRASH left 14-year-old Collin Smith unable to walk, doctors told him he hada 20 percent chance of finishing high school. The opportunity to attend college seemed even slimmer. Yet eight years later, Collin earned a bachelor of arts degree in communications from High Point University. Collin had achieved the nearly impossible — with the help of a kind manfive decades his senior.Dial back to 2005. Ernest Greene had just moved to the same area that Collin and his parentslived. The families did not know each other. But when Ernest heard about Collin’s acc fact that his parents would not be able to care full-time for their son, Ernest says, he felt a calling.“The Lord was leading m e to help,” he says. He had time to spare.Ernest approached Collin’s parents with the idea that he look after the boy while they were at work. The Smiths gratefully accepted. Collin, now 23 , says it was hard for him to understand then“how someone I didn’t know would drop everything to help me.”Ernest sought training to care for Collin and then began arriving at the Smiths’weekday mornings. He would help Collin get out of bed, wash, and dress. He would help him havedrive Collin to school. And at 3 p.m., every day, Ernest would drive back to breakfast. Then he’dpick him up. Then, while the two waited for one of Collin’s parents to get home, “w Monopoly,” says Ernest with a laugh.Collin graduated from high school with the rest of his class and was accepted to nearby HighPoint. Ernest accompanied him to every class. “The first year was interesting,”Ernest recalls.Ernest, on the other hand, says he took full advantage of the “Collin d idn’t want to stick out.”opportunity, taking down notes and often commenting in class.Collin Smith lost his ability to walk at 14 after a car accident. When Ernest Greene, 64then, heard about that, he offered to help him. He looked after the boy, sent him to school andpicked him up after school. Thanks to Ernest, Collin graduated from high school and wasadmitted to a nearby college. (56 words)9- What I Think of Boxing as a SportBoxing is a popular sport that many people seem to be fascinated by. Newspapers, magazinesand sports programmes on TV frequently cover boxing matches. Professional boxers earn a lot ofmoney, and successful boxers are treated as big heroes.It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it appealing because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer, and this gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. It is a factthat many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their aggression in their everyday lives. Watching a boxing match gives them an outlet for this aggression.However, there is a negative side to boxing. It can be a very dangerous sport. Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. Furthermore, studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing, in the form of serious brain damage, even if a boxer has never been knocked out.To conclude, I am personally not at all in favour of aggressive sports like boxing. I think it would be better if less time was given to aggressive sports on TV, and we celebrated more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes and heroines in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like competitive sports, and so do I, but I think that hitting other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as a sport.Some people love boxing because it is an aggressive sport, which echoes with the feelingsof aggression they have. But boxing is also a dangerous sport, not only because boxers are very likely to be injured or even killed, but also because there might be potential brain-aggressive sports. (59 damage. Personally, the writer doesn’t like boxing and appeals for nonwords)。

【上海高考概要写作】summarywriting4（10篇,有解析）Exercise 1College pays off financially. A wide range of statistics shows the economic advantage of a four-year college education. Over a lifetime, students who graduate from college can expect to make about 60% more than those who do not, well over a million dollars more than they would otherwise. But what about the benefits of college that are more difficult to measure? They are equally significant and add up to a lot of value over the course of a lifetime：College takes students to places they’ve never been to before. College is a passport to different places, different times, and different ways of thinking —from learning new languages to considering the development of human history to diving deep into the building blocks of matter. It gives students a chance to understand themselves differently, seeing how their lives are both like and unlike those who populated other eras(时代)）and other lands.College introduces students to people they've never met before. One of the most important ways in which students learn, at colleges and universities everywhere, is by interacting with people who are different from themselves both inside and outside the classroom. Students learn more at a place full of engaging people with a wide range of viewpoints.In these ways and in so many others, college helps students see themselves differently, giving them the room and the license to imagine new possibilities. Yes, it opens opportunities reflected in earning and employment statistics. But, perhaps even more valuable, it opens minds and worlds in ways that are beyondmeasurement. The value of higher education is symbolized by people who dream bigger and achieve more, who create their own futures and shape their own futures.参考答案：According to statistics，college makes a great difference to students’ earning power,(要1) while it also contributes to other valuable aspects beyond assessment in life.(要点2) Firstly, college motivat es students’ self-realization through various learning activities.(要点3) Secondly, it shapes students’ diverse perspectives by encouraging them to communicate with differentpeople.(要点4) In short, not only does college provide financial opportunities，but it opens up new possibilities.(要点5) 分析过程：试题详解：1，核心内容——本文是一篇议论文，全文共分四段。