初中英语百科知识

中学生百科英语2:Thoughts& Notions01 The Zipper02 The Postage Stamp03 Pencils and Pens04 The Umbrella05 The Metric System06 Thai Boxing07 Sumo Wrestling08Tarahumara Foot Races09 Olympic Sports10 Greatathletes11 The Puffer Fish12 Foods from Around the World13 Chocolate14 The Blue Revolution15 Twenty-One Days Without Food16 The Marie Celeste17 The Roanoke Settlement18 The Easter Island Statues19 The Tunguska Fireball20Mystery of the Monarchs21 The History of Money22 Mass Marketing23 Inflation24 Doing Business Around the World25 Credit Cards1 The ZipperThe zipper is a wonderful invention. How did people ever live without zippers?They are very common, so we forget that they are wonderful. They are very strong,but they open and close very easily. They come in many colors and sizes.In the 1890s, people in the United States wore high shoes with a long row of buttons. Clothes often had rows of buttons, too. People wished that clothes were easier to put on and take off.Whitcomb L. Judson, an engineer from the United States, invented the zipper in 1893. However, his zippers didn't stay closed very well. This was embarrassing, and people didn't buy many of them. Then Dr. Gideon Sundback from Sweden solved this problem. His zipper stayed closed.A zipper has three parts: 1.Thereare dozens of metal or plastic hooks (called teeth) in two rows. 2. These hooks are fastened to two strips of cloth. The cloth strips are flexible. They bend easily. 3. A fastener slides along and joins the hooks together.When it slides the other way, it takes the hooks apart.Dr. Sundback put the hooks on strips of cloth. The cloth holds all the hooks in place. They don't come apart very easily. This solved the problem of the first zippers.(212 words)2 The Postage StampBefore the invention of the postage stamp, it was difficult to send a letter to another country. The sender paid for the letter to travel in his or her own country.Then the person in the other country paid for the rest of the trip. If a letter crossed several countries, the problem was worse.Rowland Hill, a British teacher, had the idea of a postage stamp with glue on the back. The British post office made the first stamps in 1840. They were the Penny Black and the Twopence Blue. A person bought a stamp and put it on a letter. The post office delivered the letter. When people received letters, they didn't have to pay anything. The postage was prepaid.Postage stamps became popular in Great Britain immediately. Other countries started making their own postage stamps very quickly.There were still problems with international mail. Some countries did not want to accept letters with stamps from other countries. Finally, in 1874, a German organized the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Each country in the UPU agreed to accept letters with prepaid postage from the other members. Today, the offices of the UPU are in Switzerland. Almost every country in the world is a member of this organization. It takes care of any international mail problems.Today, post offices in every country sell beautiful stamps. Collecting stamps is one of the most popular hobbies in the world, and every stamp collector knows about the Penny Black and the Twopence Blue.(250 words)3 Pencils and PensNo one knows who invented pencils or when it happened. A Swiss described a pencil in a book in 1565. He said it was a piece of wood with lead inside it. (Lead is a very heavy, soft, dark gray metal.) Pencils weren't popular, and people continued to write with pens. They used bird feathers as pens.Then, in 1795, someone started making pencils from graphite, and they became very popular. Graphite is like coal. (Coal is black, and we burn it for heat and energy.) Today, people make pencils in the same way. They grind the graphite, make it into the shape of a stick, and bake it. Then they put it inside a piece of wood. One pencil can write 50,000 English words or make a line 55 kilometers long.People wrote with feather pens and then used pens with metal points. They had to dip the point into ink after every few letters. Next, someone invented a fountain pen that could hold ink inside it. A fountain pen can write several pages before you have to fill it again.Two Hungarian brothers, Ladislao and Georg Biro, invented the ballpoint pen.They left Hungary and started making ballpoint pens in England in 1943, during World War II. English pilots liked the pens. They couldn't write with fountain pens in airplanes because the ink leaked out. Later, a French company called Bic bought the Biros' company.Some people call ballpoint pens "Bics." Australians call them "biros." Whatever we call them, we use them every day.(256 words)4 The UmbrellaThe umbrella is a very ordinary object. It keeps the rain and the sun off people.Most umbrellas fold up, so it is easy to carry them.However, the umbrella has not always been an ordinary object. In the past, it was a sign of royalty or importance. Some African tribes still use umbrellas in this way.Someone carries an umbrella and walks behind the king or important person.Umbrellas are very old. The Chinese had them more than 3,000 years ago. From there, umbrellas traveled to India, Persia, and Egypt. In Greece and Rome, men wouldn't use them. They believed umbrellas were only for women.When the Spanish explorers went to Mexico, they saw the Aztec kings using umbrellas. English explorers saw Native American princes carrying umbrellas on the east coast of North America. It seems that people in different parts of the world invented umbrellas at different times.England was probably the first country in Europe where ordinary people used umbrellas against the rain. England has a rainy climate, and umbrellas are very useful there.Everybody uses umbrellas today. The next time you carry one, remember that for centuries only great men and women used them. Perhaps you are really a king or queen, a princess or prince.(210 words)5 The Metric SystemPeople all over the world use grams, kilograms (kilos), meters, and liters. These are all ways to measure things. They are all part of the metric system.During the French Revolution (1789-1799) against the king, the revolutionary government started the metric system. Before that, every part of France had a different system for measuring things. Also, cloth makers measured cloth with one system. Jewelers used another system. Carpenters used another. Other countries used different systems. The revolutionary government wanted one scientific system of measurement. They asked a group of scientists and mathematicians to invent a system.The mathematicians and scientists decided to use the numbers ten, hundred, and thousand for their system.Next, they had to decide on a "natural" length. They chose one ten-millionth (1/ 10,000,000) of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. They called this distance the meter. Then they chose the gram for weighing things. A cubic centimeter of water weighs 1 gram.Mathematicians and scientists worked for 20 years until they finally had a complete measuring system. The biggest problem was measuring the meter.The metric system was a wonderful gift to the world. There are only a few countries that don't use it. The United States is one. The metric system is truly an international system.(214 words)6 Thai BoxingBoxing is popular in many countries. Two fighters wear boxing gloves on their hands. The boxers hit each other until one is knocked out or until the final bell rings.Each part of the fight is three minutes long. It is called a round.Thai boxing is different.The boxing match begins with music. Then the two fighters kneel and pray to God. Next, they do a slow dance that copies the movements of Thai boxing. During this dance, each fighter tries to show the other that he is best.Then the fight begins. In Thai boxing, the fighters can kick with their feet and hit each other with their elbows and knees. Of course, they hit with their hands, too.Each round is three minutes long. Then the boxers have a two-minute rest. Most boxers can fight only five rounds because this kind of fighting is very difficult.Thai boxing began over 500 years ago. If a soldier lost his weapons in a battle, he needed to fight with just his body. The soldiers learned how to use all the parts of their bodies. In 1560, the Burmese army captured Naresuen, the King of Thailand, in a war. King Naresuen was a very good boxer. He won his freedom from Burma by defeating all the best Burmese fighters. When he returned to Thailand, his people were very proud of him. Thai boxing became a popular sport.(237 words)7 Sumo WrestlingSumo wrestling is a national sport in Japan. Every year there are six tournaments,and millions of Japanese watch them on television. A tournament is a series of matches.Sumo is almost as old as the nation of Japan itself. Stories say that there was sumo wrestling over 2,000 years ago. There are written records of national sumo tournaments in the 8th century.In many sports, athletes are thin and can move very quickly. However, sumo wrestlers weigh from 100 to 160 kilos (kilograms). One famous wrestler weighed 195kilos. Sumo wrestlers do not move quickly, and sumo wrestling is a very slow sport.Sumo wrestlers start training when they are boys. They exercise to make their bodies strong. They also eat a lot.They wrestle in a round ring with a sand floor. A wrestler loses the match if he leaves the ring. He is also the loser if any part of his body except his feet touches the floor. Each wrestler tries to push the other down on the floor or out of the ring.Sometimes one wrestler just steps aside when the other wrestler rushes toward him.Then, the wrestler who is rushing falls down or moves out of the ring.Sumo is not very popular in other countries, but the Japanese think that it is a very exciting sport.(223 words)8Tarahumara Foot RacesThe Tarahumara live in the mountains in the state of Chihuahua in northern Mexico. This is an area of high mountains and deep tropical valleys. It sometimes snows in the mountains in winter. There are not many roads.The Tarahumara walk wherever they need to go. They carry heavy baskets on their backs. Perhaps this is why the Tarahumara can run many kilometers without getting tired. They are excellent runners, and they like to organize races.When the men race,they kick a wooden ball ahead of them while they run. Before they start racing, they plan where and how long they will run. They might run just a few minutes, or they might run for several hours. Sometimes they run in teams, and sometimes each person runs as an individual.The women's races are similar except that the women do not kick a ball. They throw a wooden hoop in front of them with a stick. A hoop is a ring, or a circle.The Tarahumara play other games and sports. However, they are famous because they can run so fast and so far.(185 words)9 Olympic SportsThe first modern Olympic Games took place in Athens, Greece, in the year 1896.Athletes from only 13 countries participated in the Games that year. They competed in 43 different events in just 9 sports (track and field, swimming, cycling, fencing,gymnastics, shooting, tennis, weight lifting, and wrestling). In 2004, the summer Olympic Games took place once again in Athens, Greece. This time athletes from 202 countries competed in 300 events in 28 sports.Only five sports have been in every Olympic Games. They are track and field,swimming, fencing, cycling, and gymnastics. Other sports come and go in the Olympic Games. For example, tennis was an Olympic sport from 1896 until 1924.Then it disappeared from the Olympics until 1988. Baseball, badminton, and taekwondo are more recent additions to the Olympic Games.It is the job of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to add and remove sports from the Olympic Games. A sport has to be popular in at least 50 countries on three continents before it can be added. However, the IOC doesn't want to add more sports to the Olympic Games without eliminating others. The IOC is afraid that there will be too many sports in the Olympics.Artistic events were also a part of the Olympic Games from 1912 to 1948. There were contests in architecture, music, literature, and painting. Today some people think that artistic events and games such as chess should be part of the Olympics.However, many people oppose this idea.The Olympic Games today are very different from the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. These differences reflect the changing definition and popularity of sports.(273 words)10 Great AthletesYou might think that Olympic athletes are the healthiest people in the world. It's true that many are. However, it's also true that quite a few Olympic athletes had to overcome illnesses early in their lives.One excellent example is Wilma Rudolph. She competed in track-and-field events in the 1960 Olympics. She didn't win just one gold medal. She won three. At the time, people called her "the fastest woman in the world."As a young child, Wilma Rudolph could not participate in sports. She had a series of serious illnesses, and then, at the age of 4, she got polio. She lost the use of her left leg, and the doctors said she would never walk again.The people in Rudolph's family did everything they could to help her walk again.Wilma and her mother frequently traveled 100 miles to get treatments for her leg. Her brothers and sisters took turns giving her leg a daily massage. Four times a day, they helped her do special exercises for her leg. Amazingly, by the time Rudolph was 9years old, she was able to walk again. Before long, she started playing basketball and running. In high school, she was a track star, and then she went to the Olympics.Wilma Rudolph retired from her career as a runner when she was 22 years old.She then became a teacher and track coach. Her story encouraged many people to work hard and to overcome difficulties.(244 words)11The Puffer FishMost people avoid eating dangerous foods. They don't want to get sick. However,there is one food that can be deadly, yet some people eat it on purpose. It's called the puffer fish.This kind of fish, called fugu in Japanese, lives in the Pacific Ocean. Some people die every year from eating fugu. In fact, the Emperor of Japan is not allowed to touch it. Why? Well, the insides of the puffer fish are very poisonous. They contain a poison 275 times more powerful than the deadly poison cyanide.Usually nothing bad happens when fugu is on a restaurant's menu. Customers feel great after the meal. That's because chefs are trained to remove the insides of the puffer fish before they give it to customers. If they miss even a small amount, the fish is not safe to eat.Puffer fish is very expensive. A plate of fugu costs more than $200 in some restaurants in Tokyo. Besides being dangerous to eat, the fish is very ugly, with spines all over its body. Also, it can puff, or blow, itself up to double its normal size.Why do the Japanese risk so much for such an ugly and dangerous fish? Well, some people like taking risks. And fugu tastes wonderful.(211 words)12 Foods from Around the WorldFoods that are well known to you may not be familiar to people from other countries. Tourists and other travelers almost always get to try some unfamiliar food.That is part of the fun of traveling. Here are four people's experiences with foreign food.Shao Wong is a student in France. He comes from China. "I never had cheese or even milk before I came to France. Cattle are rare in my part of China, so there are no dairy products. I drank some milk when I first arrived in France. I hated it ! I tried cheese, too, but I didn't like it. I love ice cream, though, and that's made from milk."Birgit is from Sweden. She traveled to Australia on vacation. "I was in a restaurant that specialized in fish, and I heard some other customers order flake. So I ordered some, too, and it was delicious. Later, I found out that flake is an Australian term for shark. Now, whenever I see a new food, I try it on purpose. You know why? I remember how much I enjoyed flake."Chandra is a dentist in Texas. She is from India. "I'm afraid to try new foods because they might contain beef. I'm a Hindu, and my religion forbids me to eat meat from the cow. That's why I can't eat hamburgers or spaghetti with meatballs."Nathan is from the United States. He taught for a year in China. "My friends gave me some 100-year-old eggs to eat. I didn't like their appearance at all. The eggs were green inside, but my friends said the color was normal. The Chinese put chemicals on fresh eggs. Then they bury them in the earth for three months. So the eggs weren't really very old. Even so, I didn't want to touch them."Life in a new country can be scary, but it also can be fun. Would you eat a 100-year-old egg? Would you order shark in a restaurant?(328 words)13 ChocolateWe think of chocolate as something sweet. However, a long time ago, people thought of chocolate as something very bitter. For us, chocolate is a candy, but once it was a medicine. Today, chocolate can be a hot drink, a frozen dessert, or just a snack.Sometimes it's an ingredient in the main course of a meal. Mexicans make a hot chocolate sauce called mole and pour it over chicken. The Mexicans also eat chocolate with spices like chili peppers.Chocolate is a product of the tropical cacao tree. Cacao beans taste so bitter that even monkeys say "ugh!" and run away. The word chocolate comes from a Mayan word. The Mayas were an ancient people who once lived in Mexico. They valued the cacao tree. Some of the Mayas used cacao beans for money, while others ground them to make a bitter drink.When the Spaniards came to Mexico in the 16th century, they started drinking cacao, too. Because the drink was strong and bitter, they thought it was a medicine.When the Spaniards took the drink back to Europe, people discovered that sugar removed the bitter taste of cacao. Wealthy Spaniards heated the sweet drink and thought that it was good for their health.In the 19th century, an English company made the first solid block of sweetened chocolate. Now people could both drink and eat chocolate. Later, a Swiss company mixed milk and chocolate together. People liked the taste of milk chocolate even better.Besides the chocolate candy bar, one of the most popular American snacks is the chocolate-chip cookie. Favorite desserts are chocolate cream pie and, of course, an ice cream sundae with hot fudge sauce.(280 words)14 The Blue RevolutionThe population of the world is increasing rapidly. By 2020, there could be 7.5billion people on earth. Will there be enough food for all these people, or will we have a food shortage? Some scientists think fish farming could solve this problem.However, other scientists worry that fish farming could cause serious environmental problems.Fish farming is not a new thing. There were fish farms in China 3,000 years ago.Today, about one-third of the fish we eat comes from fish farms.Most fish farms raise plant-eating fish. Popular kinds of plant-eating fish are carp,tilapia, and catfish. Unfortunately, many fish farms are starting to raise meat-eating fish. A popular type of meat-eating fish is salmon. These meat-eating fish live on processed food made from wild fish. However, it takes up to 5 tons of wild fish to produce just 1 ton of farm-raised salmon. The supply of wild fish is already decreasing. Eventually, many types of wild fish could become extinct. What will we do then?Critics of fish farming also say that farm-raised fish is unhealthy for humans.They say the fish contains dangerous chemicals. They also criticize fish farming because it pollutes the water. Another criticism is that farm-raised fish can spread diseases to wild fish.Some people say that the farming methods being used now won't produce enough fish anyway. Instead of putting fish farms in lakes or near the coast, they say that the fish farms should be moved far out into the ocean. Several countries are already experimenting with deep-ocean farms. In the future, fish farms might be large cages that move across the ocean.Like most things, there is both a good and a bad side to fish farming. Fish farming may help to feed millions of people. At the same time, however, fish farming may damage the environment.(307 words)15 Twenty-One Days Without FoodWhy would someone decide to stop eating? We know that the body needs food in order to function well. However, many people fast at some time during their lives.Why is this?Some people fast for political reasons. In the early 20th century, women in England and the United States weren't allowed to vote. In protest, many women went on fasts. They hoped that fasting would bring attention to this injustice. Mohandas Gandhi, the famous Indian leader, fasted 17 times during his life. For Gandhi, fasting was a powerful political tool. In 1943, he fasted to bring attention to his country's need for independence. For 21 days, he went without food. Another famous faster was Cesar Chavez. In the 1960s, he fasted for three weeks. Why? His goal was to bring attention to the terrible working conditions of farm workers in the United States.Fasting is also a spiritual practice in many religions. Every year during the month of Ramadan, which is a religious holiday, Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset. Many Hindus fast on special occasions, as do some Christians and Buddhists.Of course, not everyone fasts for political or religious reasons. Some people occasionally fast just because it makes them feel better. The American writer Mark Twain thought fasting was the best medicine for common illnesses. Whenever he had a cold or a fever, he stopped eating completely. He said that this always made his cold or fever go away. Another American writer, Upton Sinclair, discovered fasting after years of overeating, indigestion, and headaches. His first fast lasted for 12 days.During this time, his headaches and stomachaches went away. Sinclair said that fasting also made him more alert and energetic.Choosing to go without food can be very dangerous. However, that doesn't stop people from fasting for political, religious, or health reasons.(305 words)16 The Marie CelesteThere are many stories about the ocean. One of the strangest is a true story about a sailing ship. It is a mystery even today.In 1872, the Marie Celeste started on a trip across the Atlantic Ocean with a crew of ten people.Sometime later, the captain of another ship, the Dei Gratia, saw the Marie Celeste. There was something strange about its appearance. The captain called out, but there was no answer. The Marie Celeste seemed deserted.When the captain went to inspect the ship, no one came to meet him. He knew something was wrong, but there were no signs of violence. Nothing was missing, and there was no damage to the ship's instruments. And strangely enough, there was food on the table. Where was everyone? Did the crew jump from the Marie Celeste? Or did something come up from the ocean and take the captain and crew away?The captain of the Dei Gratia looked around for clues. The last entry in the Marie Celeste's diary was ten days earlier. However, the food on the table was only a few days old. Someone was on the ship a few days before, but they didn't write anything in the ship's diary. Why?There were many different explanations for the mystery of the Marie Celeste.Some people thought that a huge octopus ate the crew. Others said bad weather carried them away. A few people believed that the Marie Celeste was under a curse,because it sank on a later voyage. Now that the Marie Celeste lies somewhere at the bottom of the ocean, no one can ever solve the mystery.(274 words)17 The Roanoke SettlementOnly a few Europeans lived in North America in the 16th century. Most of them settled on the northeast coast. In 1587, a small group of about 100 people decided to 11/20go south. They moved to the small island of Roanoke. That area later became part of the state of North Carolina.Unfortunately, the Roanoke settlers weren't well prepared. They didn't have enough food for the winter, and there wasn't enough grain for future crops. Their leader, Captain White, decided to sail back to England to get supplies. However,there was a war in Europe, and three years passed before he returned to North America.When Captain White came back to Roanoke in 1590, he was eager to see the settlers. He looked out from his ship, but no one was there to meet him. There were no signs of life. The settlement was deserted.No one knows why the Roanoke settlers disappeared. Many people thought that hostile Native Americans killed them, but there were no signs of a fight. Some thought that the settlers died from hunger or disease, but they couldn't explain the absence of bodies.Many years later, more settlers came to North Carolina. One of them met a Native American group called the Lumbee. They were unusual looking compared to the black-haired, brown-eyed Native Americans in the north. Some Lumbee had blonde hair and gray eyes. Then he listened to their speech and almost fell off his horse.They seemed to speak an odd kind of English!He asked where they were from. None of them knew, but they said that their grandparents "talked from a book." Did they mean that their grandparents were able to read? As he rode back home, he asked himself a question: Were the Lumbee people the descendants of the Roanoke settlers?People are still asking the identical question. Because there are no written records,we can't be certain. However, there is one interesting fact. Today, some of the Lumbee people have names like Sampson, Dare, and Cooper. They are identical to the names of the vanished settlers ofRoanoke Island.(350 words)18 The Easter Island StatuesWhen the first sailing ship came to Easter Island in 1722 the captain and crew were afraid to land. They saw giants looking down at them from the high cliffs. The giants didn't move, so the ship slowly moved closer. Finally, the sailors realized that the giants were statues. Who made these huge statues? How did they get there?Easter Island is a very small island in the Pacific Ocean. It is more than 2,000miles from the nearest continent (South America). It is one of the most isolated places on earth.The biggest statue on Easter Island is over 60 feet high and weighs over 100 tons.There are hundreds of smaller ones, about 15 feet high. All of the statues are made of stone, and some wear stone hats. Their faces are solemn and unsmiling.Earlier inhabitants of Easter Island made the statues from the rocks in a volcanic crater. Next, they had to move the statues a long distance. In some cases, they moved the statues to locations more than ten miles away.No one knows for certain how the inhabitants were able to move the statues. Some scientists say that palm trees grew on Easter Island in the past. They think the inhabitants cut the trees down and placed the heavy statues on the trees. Then groups of 70 or more people rolled the statues to their present locations. Other scientists disagree with this theory because there are no palm trees on the island today. More important, the purpose of the statues is still a mystery. Was the purpose of the statues to prevent strangers from landing on the island?The result, however, has been the opposite. Large groups of eager people come to look at the statues. Easter Island now has a modern airport, and people come from all over the world to visit.(309 words)。

百科知识【美剧口语】1.get back at sb. 报复=take vengeance on 2.make an ass of oneself 做蠢事,闹笑话 3.Shut it down .安静点，把嘴闭上。

= Shut up! 4.Don't even bother.别费力气了5.hit the road 离开，出发6.put in a good word for sb 为某人美言几句7.be picky about sth 对某物很挑剔【down结尾的英文】1. Keep it down. 小声一点。

2. Calm down. 冷静点。

3. Put it down. 把这东西放下来。

4. Y ou look down. 你看起来很沮丧。

5. Upside down. 上下颠倒了。

6. Step down. (从高处)下来(下台)。

7. He broke down. 他崩溃了。

【看''牙医''必备词汇】1)dentist 牙医2)tooth ache牙痛3)tooth decay 蛀牙4)dental filling 补牙5)dental floss 牙线6)dental extraction 拔牙7)crown 牙冠8)dental braces 牙套9)denture假牙10)toothbrush 牙刷11)gum 牙龈12)incisor 门齿13)wisdom tooth 智齿14)baby tooth 乳牙【各种医生的表达】medical specialist专科医生；paediatrician儿科医生；physician( internist)内科医生；surgeon外科医生；ophthalmologist眼科医生；pharmacist药剂师；general practitioner全科医师；clinician临床医师；gynecologist 妇科医生；plastic surgeon整形外科医生【各种花】补充：lavender薰衣草；hyacinth风信子；rose玫瑰花；carnation 康乃馨；azalea杜鹃花；camellia山茶花；lily百合花；tulip郁金香；sunflower向日葵；syringa(lilac)紫丁香；begonia 秋海棠；holly冬青；water lily荷花~另外，玉兰花应为magnolia【各种花】Cactus 仙人掌；Camellia 山茶花；Chinese Flowering Crab-Apple 海棠花；Chrysanthemum 菊花；Daisy 雏菊；Datura 曼陀罗；Epiphyllum 昙花；Fringed Iris 蝴蝶花；Gardenia 栀子；India Canna 美人蕉；Jasmine 茉莉；Lilac 丁香；Mangnolia 玉兰花；Narcissus 水仙花；Pansy 三色堇Shit happens, but life goes on. 人人都有悲催时，但是生活还得继续。

中学生百科英语4中学生是指年龄在13到18岁之间的学生。

这个阶段是孩子们从儿童转变为成年人的关键时期。

在这个时期，学生们面临着许多新的挑战和机会，其中之一就是学习英语。

英语作为一门全球通用的语言，对于中学生来说是非常重要的。

本篇文章将介绍一些中学生应该了解的英语知识。

首先，中学生需要掌握基本的英语单词和词汇。

英语单词是语言的基础，中学生需要学会正确拼写和发音这些单词。

此外，词汇也是中学英语学习的重要部分。

中学生应该学会使用词典和学习词根词缀来扩展他们的词汇量。

其次，中学生需要学会正确的语法和句子结构。

英语语法是学生们学习英语的基础。

学生们需要学习主语、谓语、宾语等基本语法知识，以及学习英语中的时态和语态。

学生们还应该学会正确使用连词和冠词。

除了语法，中学生还需要学会正确的语音和发音。

英语的发音对于理解和交流是非常重要的。

学生们需要学习正确发音国际音标和练习正确的发音。

此外，学生们还可以通过听英语音乐和观看英语电影来提高他们的听力和发音能力。

另外，阅读是提高英语能力的重要方法。

中学生应该养成阅读英语文章的习惯。

他们可以选择一些适合自己水平的英语书籍和杂志来阅读。

通过阅读，学生们可以学习新的词汇和句子结构，同时提高他们的理解能力。

此外，写作也是提高英语能力的重要方式。

中学生应该学会写作简单的英语句子和段落。

他们可以练习写日记、作文等来提高他们的写作能力。

通过写作，学生们可以巩固他们的语法和词汇知识，同时提高他们的思维和表达能力。

最后，口语是学习英语的重要组成部分。

中学生应该勇敢地开口说英语。

他们可以和同学们或老师们练习对话，参加英语角和英语俱乐部，提高他们的口语表达能力。

此外，学生们还可以通过和外国朋友交流来提高他们的口语能力。

总之，中学生百科英语4涵盖了中学生学习英语的基本知识和技能。

中学生们应该掌握基本的英语单词和词汇，学会正确的语法和句子结构，提高语音和发音能力，培养阅读和写作的习惯，同时加强口语表达能力。

新加坡美食：1.啰惹Rojak——蔬果狂想曲啰惹在马来语中意为“狂野的结合”，是一种传统的蔬果沙拉，可作为头盘或单独菜肴，颇受欢迎。

新加坡有着众多丰盛的水果与新鲜，在当地，主要有两种沙拉类型其中一种罗惹是马来菜与华族佳肴的混合产物，是将切好的炒花生翻掷混匀(形成了完美的质感与酥脆的口感)并与豆芽、绿叶蔬菜、豆卜(或油炸豆饼)、油条、菠萝及黄瓜混合，放入发酵的辣虾酱。

2.新加坡著名的咖喱鱼头是本地印度、华族和马来文化相互融汇的美食结晶，肉块的柔软、鱼肉的精华、诱人的味道，还有高脚杯中的印度翠鸟啤酒或是冰镇柠檬水……这是一道您在新加坡不可不试的菜肴。

3.乌打这道菜在部分亚洲十分著名，乌打在马来语中意为“大脑”，因为其柔软糊状的质感与大脑颇有相似之处。

尽管鱼肉乌打是最常见的做法，您也可以找到以虾、墨鱼、虾以及鱼头制作的乌打。

乌打单独作为小吃本身就颇有风味，搭配叻沙(laksa)、椰浆饭(nasi lemak)等其它本地美食也会让您惊喜。

4.黑果鸡这土生华人最喜爱的菜肴，以其香味和口感让所有品尝过的人都难以忘怀。

其材料为鸡肉片(有时用猪肉片)和黑果——一种有着坚硬外壳和辛辣内瓤的果实。

而黑果的诱人味道只有亲身一试才能了解其魅力所在。

5.Cendol Cendol的基本配料有椰浆、绿色浆面条以及香兰调味料、棕榈糖和珍多冰。

Cendol上面可以加上碎冰、红豆、糯米、凉粉和奶油玉米等其他美食，这使得这一美味的甜品成为了新加坡晴朗天气的完美搭配。

了解：1.美国梦与中国梦先让我们再重温一下“中国梦”和“美国梦”的具体内容。

实现全面建成小康社会、建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家的奋斗目标，实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，就是要实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。

——习近平在十二届全国人大一次会议闭幕会上的讲话让我们所有阶层的公民过上更好、更富裕和更幸福的生活的美国梦，这是我们迄今为止，为世界的思想和福利作出的最伟大的贡献。

U1-Animal : Lesson 4 - The HippopotamusThe hippopotamus, or hippo, lives in the hot part of Africa. It is a mammal. That is, its babies are born alive, and they drink milk from the mother's body.The hippopotamus is a large animal. It weighs four tons. Its stomach is seven meters long, and it eats only plants. It is a mammal, but it spends a lot of time in the water.During the day, it sleeps beside a river or a lake. Sometimes it wakes up. Then it goes under the water to get some plants for food. It can close its nose and stay under water for ten minutes. Its ears, eyes, and nose are high up on its head. It can stay with its body under the water and only its ears, eyes, and nose above the water.Then it can breathe the air.At night, the hippo walks on the land and looks for food. It never goes very far from the water.A baby hippo often stands on its mother's back. The mother looks for food underwater. The baby rides on her back above the water. (184 words)中学生百科英语1-第一单元Animal 1。

英文版百科知识（总8页）-本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可--内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小-winters. • Iroam dark brown and bI ack ha i r.My native hom8 is colored gresn on the map Ear Iy i n the 19th century. about 60 million b i son Ii ved on the Great Plains i n North Amer i ca ・ They were central to the ex i stence of the Plains peopIe ・ Then from 1830 to 1889 they neared ext inction. with I ess than 1.000 still roaming ・ Today, they are a protected animal and there are we I I over 200,000 I i v i ng i n protected areas and ranches ・ Ii ve i n North America, however. I have some cIose re I atives i n Europe. i n plains regions ・ I am able to surv i ve co Id on the Great Plains of North Amer i ca.and pr i vate ranches ・a hump over my front shouIders and sharp Iy pointed horns ・• I have a th i ck coat of • I am about feet (2 meters) taI I and about 9-12 feet meters) Iong.• I'm quite heavy. I can weigh 1800-2400 pounds (850-1100 kg)・• I eat lots I eaves and lots of grass ・• I have he Ip getting protection now, because I was near extinction. But I do have horns and I usuaI Iy hang out in a group with my fr iends.• I f i rst came to North Amer i can i n preh i storic times when I crossed the Ber ing Strait land br idge from Eurasia ・译文野牛——地图上涂绿色的地方是我的家有趣的常识：早在十九世纪，约六千万野牛生活在北美大草原上。

七年级英语百科知识点总结英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，已经成为了国际交流、商业合作、科技和文化领域必不可少的工具。

对于初学者来说，英语课程中包含了许多的知识点，下面将就七年级英语课程中的知识点进行总结。

一、语法分辨一般现在时和现在进行时 - 在句子中，一般现在时和现在进行时的动词形式是不同的，需要通过观察动词是否带有正在进行的意思来判断应该使用哪种时态。

使用形容词比较级和最高级 - 形容词的比较级和最高级用于两件事物之间的比较。

比较级用于两个事物之间的比较，最高级用于三个或更多物品之间的比较。

使用动词“to be”和“do” / “does”词组 - “to be”动词用于描述状态或性质，而“do”和“does”用作动词行为的辅助词。

二、词汇学习如何使用冠词 - 冠词是描述名词的前置符号，通常可以分为“a”“an”“the”，具有限定名词的作用。

掌握复数名词形式 - 复数名词以“s”结尾，但也有一些不规则的复数名词。

学生们需要掌握这些复数名词的形式与用法。

学习如何使用情态动词 - 情态动词是用于表达意愿、建议、能力、可能性等情况的助动词。

三、阅读理解学习如何提取文章中的主要信息 - 通过阅读文章，提取文章中的关键信息和主旨信息，需要通过归纳总结来寻找信息。

学习如何在文章中使用上下文推断词汇 - 在阅读时，使用上下文推断词汇的意思是一种提高阅读理解能力的有效方法。

学习如何使用连词- 连词是链接两个短语、句子或思想的单词。

如：and，but，or，so等。

四、口语表达学习如何正确发音 - 通过学习拼读规则和常见发音问题，提高发音水平。

学习如何说出简单的句子 - 初学英语时，需要掌握如何组成简单的句子，这些句子应该具有主语、谓语和宾语。

学习如何使用日常用语- 学习英语，需要学习日常用语，例如：问候、道别、感谢、请求等。

五、写作技能学习如何撰写简单的句子 - 同口语表达中一样，初学者在写作时需要先掌握如何写简单的句子。

1.Which of the following games is the one WITHOUT a goal?下列哪个游戏没有最终结果的？应该是A 模拟城市没有最终结果。

A.SimCity.B.Pac-Man.C.Tomb Raider.D.International.2.Where is the Fairy Tale Castle of Neuschwanstein?哪里是天鹅堡的神话传说地点？答案应该是B 德国A.In Sydney.B.In Germany.C.In California.D.In Paris.3.Hangman is a game that helps with____.刽子手游戏能帮助D 学习历史A.spellingB.calculatingC.drawingD.history studying4.A hummingbird's egg is only as big as____.蜂鸟的蛋相当于C 豌豆大小。

A.an orangeB.a potatoC.a peaD.a grape5.Which of the following is NOT a part of a fire engine?下列C一匹马不是消防装置的一部分。

A.A siren.B.A ladder.C.A hose.D.A fire hydrant.6.Where was the first World Expo held?哪里是第一届世界博览会的召开地点。

C 伦敦A.In New York.B.In Berlin.C.In London.D.In Tokyo.7.How many languages have the stories of the Grimm Brothers been translated into? 格林童话被翻译成多少种语言。

BA.140B.150C.160D.1708.Dr Bethune visited many countries in his life but he NEVER visited _____.白求恩在他一生中到访过许多国家但是没去过B 德国A.FranceB.GermanyC.Malays iaD.Spain9.Wei Qi is called ____in English.围棋用英语说成BA.Chinese chessB.GoC.bridgeD.Go Fish10.What was Einstein's favorite sport?下列B 游泳是爱因斯坦最喜欢的运动A. Sailing.B.Swimming.C.Football.D.Basketball.1.Which of these martial arts is no longer used fighting?(而这些武术不再是用来战斗吗？)A.Boxing(拳击)B.Tai chi(太极)C.Kung fu(功夫)D.backbones(跆拳道)2.The hot melted rock inside the Earth is called ____.veB.magmaC.ashD.crater3.“Cirque du Soleil”is French.In English,it means“______”.A.Circus of the Moon.B.Circus of the Sun.C.Circus of the Universe.D.Circus of the Earth.4.Who invented air conditioning?（谁发明了空调?)A.Dr Willis CarrierB.Albert EinsteinC.Thomas EdisonD.Amelia Earhart5.____was the first person to fly alone across the Atlantic Ocean non-stop.(____独自一人穿越大西洋而且中间没有停留的.）A.Charles LindberghB.Wilbur WrightC.Orville WrightD.Amelia Earhart1.Around which period of time did the Celts start to arrive in Britain?2. What are the British Isles made up of ?3.Which part of England does “ The Danelaw” refer to which was occupied by the Danes in King Alfred’s time?4.Who gives their name to the English people?5. Today, the City of London is the business center of London, so what can you find there?6. The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of independent countries. What do other political units have?7. In Northern Ireland, who made up the dominant group?8. Who is the first real king of England, though he did not assume that title?9. When did the Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain?10. From 1649 to 1658 England was called a Commonwealth. What did Oliver Cromwell work as when he ruled first the Commonwealth?11. Who founded the Plantagenet dynasty?12. Most of the land belonging to the Saxons was confiscated by William. Which nation was given the most land?13. Among the most typical English sports, what is having been in existence since the 16th century?14. What are the names of the two newest sates which joined the United States?15.Who were the two famous leaders of black movements in the U.S. in the 60s?16. Who issued the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War?17. Which branch of the American government has the power to interpret the constitution?18. What is the position of the United States, talking of its population?19. Which coast of America did the British establish 13 colonies?20. Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature among T.S.Eliot, Emily Dickenson, Walt Whitman and Richard Wright?21. How has Australia, which is one of the world’s developed countries, become rich?22.When did American women start to have voting right until the adoption of the 19th amendment?23. What kind of period has been the 1920s in the United States described as?24. What are the courses of the "basics" taught in American elementary schools?25. In Australia, what is April 25 known as?26. Under the Whitlam government, what took place of "God Save the Queen" replaced as Australi a’s national anthem?27. What does Australia export most in the world?28. When did the third wave of migration begin in Australia?29. The name "Canada" is thought of be derived from kanata. Do you know the meaning of the Indian word?30. Where is most o f Canada’s farmland located?31.Do you know the reason why Ireland is called the Emerald Isle?32. What happened at the same time with the transition of Canadian culture from European to authentically Canadian?33. Where do the majority of French Canadians live?34. In Canada, the Queen is represented by the governor-general. Who appointed on the recommendation of the Queen?35. Ireland has a bipolar political party system with two major parties. What are they?提问者：霖幻子- 一级最佳答案1 500BC2 Great Britain, Ireland and numerous smaller islands3 northern and eastern England4 The Anglo-Saxons5 London Stock Exchange, Lloyd's of London, Bank of England, Barclays BankCitigroup etc etc......6 They have same legal system and7 Protestant8 Eg'bert, king of Wessex9 55 BC10 Lord Protector11 King Henry II12 the Norman barons13 Cricket14 Hawaii, Alaska15 Steve Biko, Malcolm X16 Abraham Lincoln17 The Supreme Court18 Third19 East coast20 T.S.Eliot21 可能是the gold rushes22 18 August 1920, when the 19th amendment was ratified23 Roaring Twenties or The Jazz Age24 reading, writing and math25 Anzac Day26 Advance Australia Fair27 commodity28 1950s ??29 village or settlement30 Prairies31 because it's so green32 A lot of things happened. Canadian culture has been influenced at the same time by American culture.33 Quebec34 the prime minister35 Fine Gael and Fianna Fail1. Which of the following means“不辞而别”?A. take a Chinese leaveB. take a French leaveC. take a English leaveD. take a Germany leave2. What do the letters “WTO” mean in Chinese?3. What is the nickname (昵称) of New York?4. A very famous disabled scientist visited China and spoke to university students in Beijing. Who is he?5. What do you call your grand-father’s mother?6. Where is Eiffel Tower (埃菲尔铁塔) located?7. When is Christmas?8.Translate the sentence “Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.” into Chinese.9.When and where will the 29th Olympic Games be held?10. A thief is often afraid when he hears “OICU”. Do you know what “OICU” means in English?11. Do you know the Chinese meaning of the film Gone With the Wind ?12. What kind of dog can’t bark (吠)?Keys(答案): 1.B 2.世界贸易组织3. Big Apple 4.Stephen Hawking /霍金5. great grand-mother(曾祖母)6.Paris7. December258.天才是百分之一的灵感加百分之九十九的汗水9. 2008; Beijing10.Oh, I see you. 11.《飘》/《乱世佳人》12. hot-dog回答者：彰之青春- 十一级2008-12-2 15:53 帮你找了一些英语智力题，再自己筛选一下。

中学生百科英语4
《中学生百科英语》是为广大中学生量身定制的一套内容丰富、功能强大的英语读物。

这套书共6册，每册有8个单元，每个单元围绕一个主题展开，包括科技、文化、历史、人物、动物、植物等。

以下是《中学生百科英语4》的部分内容：
1. 主题：太空探索。

介绍了太空探索的历史、人类在太空中的生活、太空站等。

2. 词汇和语法：重点讲解了太空相关的词汇，如卫星、火箭、宇航员等，以及一些重要的语法点，如现在完成时和被动语态。

3. 练习：设计了多种形式的练习，包括填空、选择、翻译等，帮助学生巩固所学知识。

4. 文化背景：介绍了太空探索的历史背景和文化意义，帮助学生更好地理解这一主题。

5. 语音：提供了标准的美式发音录音，帮助学生纠正发音和提高口语能力。

此外，《中学生百科英语4》还配有大量的图片和图表，使内容更加生动形象。

这套书适合中学生使用，既可以作为教材的辅助读物，也可以作为课外
的拓展阅读材料。

通过阅读这套书，学生可以丰富自己的知识储备，提高英语阅读能力、词汇量和语法水平，为未来的学习和生活打下坚实的基础。

U1-Animal : Lesson 2 - The CamelThe camel can go without water for a long time.Some people think it stores water in its hump. This is not true. It stores food in its hump. The camel's body changes the food into fat. Then the fat is stored in the hump. A camel cannot store the fat all over its body.Fat all over an animal's body keeps the animal warm.Camels live in the desert. They do not want to be warm during the day.The desert is very hot. The camel gets hotter and hotter during the day. It stores this heat in its body because the nights are cool.The Arabian camel has one hump. The Bactrian camel of Central Asia has two humps. It also has long, thick hair, because the winters are cold in Central Asia.There is a lot of sand in the desert. The camel has long eyelashes. The eyelashes keep the sand out of the camel's eyes.Arabic has about 150 words to describe a camel.Many people who speak Arabic need all these words because the camel is very important to them.(185 words)中学生百科英语1-第一单元Animal 1。