CLT教学法相关介绍
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一、交际法教学的概念及特点交际教学法(简称交际法)是英国应用语言学家Christohper Candi和Henry Widdowson等人在60年代后期创立的一种英语教学法。
交际法是以语言功能项目为纲,以发展交际能力为目标,以一系列社会语言学理论为基础的教学方法。
交际法的核心是交际能力,而交际能力的核心是使语言学习者能够运用所学的语言形式在不同场合对不同的对象进行有效而得体的交际。
交际法所强调的不是抽象的语言形式,而是不同语言形式的实际运用及其交际功能。
交际法的特点有以下几方面:1、其教学目的注重学生交际能力的培养。
使学生能够在不同的交际场合运用所学语言与不同的对象进行有效得体的交际。
2、交际教学法强调在课堂教学中学生是课堂的主角,应积极主动地参与课堂活动。
3、交际教学法强调语言的流利性,忽略语言的准确性。
老师应鼓励学生大胆用英语交际。
4、交际教学法重视对目的语比国家文化的学习,同时注意介绍中西文化差异和培养跨文化交际知识。
交际教学法的优势1. 强调语言的社会性功能该教学法认为语言是人们交际的需要,其目的就是使交际双方达到理解和沟通。
斯大林指出:“语言是属于社会现象之列的,从有社会存在的时候起,就有语言的存在。
”交际教学法的运用可以迎合具有不同语言的同一名族及拥有不同方言的同一名族间,要达成相互间信息的畅通。
英国语言学家H.G Widdowson曾说:“现实生活中,人们使用语言,不是造句,而是表达概念,通过造句的形式展现语言交际的功能。
”教育部对小学英语教学大纲的规定明确指出其教学目的:“培养学生基本的日常会话能力以及拼读、拼写能力。
同时,注重培养学生学习英语的兴趣,使他们喜欢学习英语和使用英语,为他们升入中学继续学习英语奠定初步的基础。
在英语教学过程中,培养学生良好的思想品德和行为习惯。
”不难发现教育部颁布的小学英语教学大纲是结合语言的实际交际功能,结合我国经济、文化发展制定的有阶段性的目标。
用clt设计教案教案标题:通过语言交际教学法(CLT)设计英语教案教案背景:本教案旨在通过语言交际教学法(CLT)设计一堂英语课,以促进学生在真实交际环境中的语言运用能力。
本教案适用于中学英语教学,针对初级水平的学生。
教学目标:1. 学生能够运用所学英语知识和技能,参与到真实的交际活动中。
2. 学生能够通过与他人的互动,提高听说能力和交际策略。
3. 学生能够理解并运用一些常见的交际用语和表达方式。
教学重点:1. 通过语言交际教学法(CLT)设计的教学活动,提高学生的语言交际能力。
2. 培养学生的听说能力和交际策略。
3. 引导学生运用所学知识和技能参与到真实的交际活动中。
教学准备:1. 多媒体设备和投影仪。
2. 学生教材和活动手册。
3. 真实的交际材料,如图片、视频或音频资源。
4. 学生分组名单和评价表格。
教学步骤:1. 导入(5分钟):- 引入本节课的主题,并与学生进行简短的讨论,激发学生的兴趣。
- 展示一段真实的英语交际视频或音频,让学生感受到真实交际中的语言运用。
2. 学习活动(30分钟):- 将学生分成小组,并给每个小组分配一个真实生活场景,如购物、旅行等。
- 要求学生在小组内进行角色扮演,模拟真实交际情境。
- 提供相关的交际用语和表达方式,帮助学生进行对话。
- 教师在小组活动中引导学生,提供必要的语言支持和反馈。
3. 总结和评价(10分钟):- 邀请学生分享他们在小组活动中的交流体验和收获。
- 教师总结本节课的教学重点和学习成果。
- 根据学生的表现,评价学生的语言交际能力,并提供个别指导和建议。
4. 作业布置(5分钟):- 布置相关的练习作业,如写一篇关于真实交际体验的日记或制作一个交际情境的短视频。
- 引导学生在日常生活中积极运用所学知识和技能。
教学延伸:1. 教师可以邀请外教或母语为英语的人士来班级进行真实交际活动,提供更真实的语言环境。
2. 学生可以参与英语角、英语演讲比赛等活动,锻炼语言交际能力。
一、交际法教学的概念及特点交际教学法(简称交际法)是英国应用语言学家Christohper Candi 和Henry Widdowson 等人在60年代后期创立的一种英语教学法。
交际法是以语言功能项目为纲,以发展交际能力为目标,以一系列社会语言学理论为基础的教学方法。
交际法的核心是交际能力,而交际能力的核心是使语言学习者能够运用所学的语言形式在不同场合对不同的对象进行有效而得体的交际。
交际法所强调的不是抽象的语言形式,而是不同语言形式的实际运用及其交际功能。
交际法的特点有以下几方面:1、其教学目的注重学生交际能力的培养。
使学生能够在不同的交际场合运用所学语言与不同的对象进行有效得体的交际。
2、交际教学法强调在课堂教学中学生是课堂的主角,应积极主动地参与课堂活动。
3、交际教学法强调语言的流利性,忽略语言的准确性。
老师应鼓励学生大胆用英语交际。
4、交际教学法重视对目的语比国家文化的学习,同时注意介绍中西文化差异和培养跨文化交际知识。
交际教学法的优势1.强调语言的社会性功能该教学法认为语言是人们交际的需要,其目的就是使交际双方达到理解和沟通。
斯大林指出:“语言是属于社会现象之列的,从有社会存在的时候起,就有语言的存在。
”交际教学法的运用可以迎合具有不同语言的同一名族及拥有不同方言的同一名族间,要达成相互间信息的畅通。
英国语言学家H.G Widdowson曾说:“现实生活中,人们使用语言,不是造句,而是表达概念,通过造句的形式展现语言交际的功能。
”教育部对小学英语教学大纲的规定明确指出其教学目的:“培养学生基本的日常会话能力以及拼读、拼写能力。
同时,注重培养学生学习英语的兴趣,使他们喜欢学习英语和使用英语,为他们升入中学继续学习英语奠定初步的基础。
在英语教学过程中,培养学生良好的思想品德和行为习惯。
”不难发现教育部颁布的小学英语教学大纲是结合语言的实际交际功能,结合我国经济、文化发展制定的有阶段性的目标。
A Brief Introduction to Communicative Language TeachingMethodDefinitionCommunicative language teaching is an approach to the teaching of second and foreign languages that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. It is also referred to as ―communicative approach to the teaching of foreign languages‖ or simply the ―communicative approach‖.Background and development of communicative language teaching The idea of communicative language teaching developed in the UK in the early70s. The earliest reference to the term, according to Brumfit, was made in Candlin’spaper ―Sociolinguistics and Communicative Language Teaching‖ presented to theconference in London in 1971. The socio-linguistic theory emphasizes onmeaning and communication and attempts to develop learners’communicative competencefrom the socio-cognitive perspective. Rules should not be learned in isolation but should be linked with the functional usesof language. These specific functional needs of the learner have to be ascertained by aneeds analysis. Use, not merely usage, should be the objective of the CLTteacher. CLT thus posited an approach towards language teaching.Since the notion of ―communicative competence‖wasfirst put forward by Hymes in 1972, many researchers and scholars havedeveloped theoriesand practices of CLT method. With theadvance of the notion, CLT approach have developed as an important language teachingmethod and replaced the previous traditional grammar teaching methods gradually.Hymes introduced the concept of ―communicative competence‖ in order to contrast toChomsky's view of ―linguisticcompetence‖. Chomsky made a differentiation betweenlinguistic competence and linguistic performance.For Chomsky, the focus oflinguistic study is to show the speaker's abstract abilities which make them producegrammatically correct sentences. Hymes pointed out that such a view of linguistic study wasmeaningless, linguistic theory should be seen as part of a broader theory combiningcommunication and culture and stated that Chomsky'scategory of performance, which included just psychological restraints on performance and ignored all factors of socialinteraction.In Hymes' opinion, a person who acquires communicative competence acquires notonly the grammatical knowledge but also the ability to use the language as for if something isformally possible; if something is practical by the way of implementation available; ifsomething is appropriate in relation to a context that it is used; if something is done in fact.The main characteristics and principles of CLTCLT derives its essential characteristics from the fact that at every stage-the setting oflearning objectives, the development of learning contents, the elaboration and implementationof classroom activities, the judgment of learners' progress, and the definition of a syllabus—itfocuses on language as a medium of communication (Little, 1991). CLT has manycharacteristics which can be summarized as follows:(1) Language teaching should pay more attention on meaning rather thanform;(Johnson,1982; Bnunfit, 1981);(2)Fluencyshould be emphasized beforeaccuracy (Finocchiaro&Bnmifit, 1981);(3)After the learners have achieved fluency, the accuracy ofexpression should become the focus of teaching (Savignon, 1983);(4)The sequence of language presentation should be based on the semanticconsiderations and the analysis of learners' needs rather than according to linguistic structure(Munby,1978);(5) Since learning a language means learning to do things by way of the language,language teaching should be on the basis of activities (Littlewood, 1981);(6)CLT focus systematic on functional as well as structural views of language, integrating these views into a more fully communicative idea (Littlewood, 1981);(7)Since authentic communication needs a real exchange of information, classroom communication should have information gap (Prabhu,1987);(8)Since language use is the main goal of language teaching, learners should be exposedto real language in use on the basis of real materials (Allright,1981);(9)Learners should be encouraged to improve the strategies to communicate meaning inreal situations which may be above their present level of language proficiency (Canale,1983);(10) Learners should become subtle to the notion of suitableness in communication (Canale,1983).Richands and Rogers stated that ―there are some principles to be taken into considerationin practice: the task principle, the communication principle and theprinciple.‖ The followings are seven principles of CLT which s ummarized by Berns in 1990.(1) Language teaching is on the basis of the notion that language is used forcommunication. That is, language is viewed as a social tool which speakers use to makemeaning and communicate with someone about something for some purpose.(2) Diversity is recognized and accepted as a part of language development.(3) A learner's competence is viewed in relative, not in absolute aspects.(4) Over one variety of a language is recognized as a feasible sample for languageteaching and learning.(5) No single methodology or regular set of techniques is provided.(6) Language use is considered as serving textual, ideational, and interpersonal functionsand is bound up with the development of learners' competence.(7)It is fundamental that learners should be at devoted to doing things with language—that is, they use language for a lot of purposes in all periods of learning.Classroom ProceduresSano, et al (1984) argues that communicative language teaching should meet the local needs and the methodology of FL teaching should vary significantly according to the environments in which teachers find themselves working. Based on the teaching aim at the secondary schools in Japan "linguistic competence plus an ability to use the language appropriately", teachers from the communicative Teaching Society chose a method of teaching English which would be effective and appropriate in Japan and which was different from that of CLT developing in Europe at about the same time.Their procedures is :1) Warm-up.This offers learners interesting language activities to relax them and to let them use English creatively. Establishing a non-threatening environment is given prime importance here.2) Introduction of new grammatical items. This is usually carried out through conversion between the teacher and learners concerning objects or incidents familiar to them.... After eliciting appropriate responses for learners, the teacher explains the meaning of the items briefly in Japanese.3)Practice.This is generally carried out either by stimulating learners’ intellectual curiosity or by appealing to their emotional value judgments. Self—expression, activities, though sometimes quite limited in scope, are incorporated even at the earliest stage. C are is also taken to make learning and Production ―deep‖ .4) Reading the text.This includes listening to the tape of a ―gist‖explanation of the content, as well reading the text both silently and aloud.5) Communicative practice. This requires not only mastery of the target item, but also creative use of the knowledge of language so far acquired. It can be totally oral, but quite often involves some writing.There is another procedure designed by Terry Moston and Malcolm Sexton which is a systematic collection of exercise-types. They are:1) Organizing Information. Exercises in this phase focus on ways of encouraging learners to check their basic understanding of a variety of texts in a controlled way, using a range of matching and multiple choice exercises linked to various written, pictorial and heard stimuli.2) Implanting Skills. Here exercises introduce controlled simulations, designed to exploitthevariety of social meanings contained with particular grammatical structures in different situations. Once again the exercises make use of a range of stimuli.3) Developing Skills. Exercises in this phase are intended to enable the learner to make productive use of his language, but still within controlled situations.Gradually,however, the exercises encourage manage transfer to those situations and areas of interest which are personal to the hearer.4) Using Skills.In this open-ended phase, exercises concentrate on language charts and discourse plans to stimulate the production of extended spoken and written communication.Evaluation(1)Advantages of CLTCommunication—According to AbilityWhether CLT should be considered an approach or a methodology is a more abstract debate and here I want to deal with its more practical aspects. In fact, it is those very elements, and the name itself, which have been used to challenge the future relevance of CLT. Firstly, the label implies a focus on communication and some might argue that this method can't be employed genuinely with low levels as there is no authentic communication, due to a limited vocabulary and restricted range of functions. Initially, many of a learner's utterances are very formulaic. As an aside, consider just what percentage of our own English expressions are unique, and how often we rely on a set phrase; just because it is delivered unselfconsciously and with natural intonation does not make it original. The aim is that the length and complexity of exchanges, and confident delivery, will grow with the student's language ability.With the emphasis on communication, there is also the implication that spoken exchanges should be authentic and meaningful; detractors claim that the artificial nature of classroom–based (i.e. teacher - created) interactions makes CLT an oxymoron. Nevertheless, a proficient teacher will provide a context so that class interactions are realistic and meaningful but with the support needed to assist students to generate the target language. We need to consider that producing language is a skill and when we learn a skill we practise in improvised settings. For example, before a nurse gives a real injection, they have punctured many a piece of fruit to hone their technique.Accuracy as Well as InfluencyThis focus on accuracy versus fluency is one of the issues not often considered in a discussion of CLT. The teacher decides to pay attention to one or other end of this band, depending on the type of lesson, or the stage of a particular lesson, and accuracy is their choice if they want to deal with students getting things right, take an opportunity for correction, or gauge the success of their teaching, for example. Freerspeaking involves more choice, therefore more ambiguity, and less teacher intervention. While CLT implies the lessons are more student-centered, this does not mean they are un-structured. The teacher does have a very important role in the process, and that is setting up activities so that communication actually happens. There is a lot of preparation; accuracy practice is the bridge to a fluency activity. By implication, CLT involves equipping students with vocabulary, structures and functions, as well as strategies, to enable them to interact successfully.Promoting LearningThis returns us to the consideration of who we are teaching, and why. Are our students aiming to learn or acquire English? Do they need to know lexical items and linguistic rules as a means of passing an exam, or do they want to be able to interact in English? For those inclined to maintain the dichotomy between learning and acquisition, and who argue that our primary focus is learners, CLT still has relevance. It is timely to review an early definition of CLT. According to Richards and Rodgers, in Guangwei Hu, CLT is basically about promoting learning.(2)DisadvantagesThe style also is potential limited to certain types of student. For instance, it might benefit field-independent students rather than field- dependent students, extroverts rather than introverts, and less academic students rather than academic students. The CLT is not appropriate to students with an interest in language structure or a desire for personal liberation.ConclusionCLT is an innovation in language teaching. It emerged as a new teaching method in Britain in the 1970s and became popular since than. It views language as a vehicle for communication. It recognizes as its aim the teaching of communicative competence, which includes grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence and strategic competence. Communicative activities play an important role in developing communicative competence and are an important part in communicative classrooms. In communicative classrooms, the teacher's role is facilitator and co-communicator while students become communicators. The communicative teaching procedure has no fixed format and can vary with local needs. Teachers can use CLT flexibly according to their teaching context. With theknowledge of CLT and a better understanding of CLT principles, teachers are likely to succeed in education.Reference(1)Allright, R 1981. Language leaning through communicative practice. In K. Johnson.& K. Morrow (Eds.), Communication in the Classroom. London: Longman.(2)Berns, Margie S. 1990. Contexts of Competence: Social andCultural Consideration inCommunicative Language Teaching. New York: Plenum Press.(3)Hymes, D. 1972. On Communicative Competence. [M]. Harmondsworth: Penguin.(4)Hymes, D. 1979. On Communicative Competence: The Communicative Approach to Language Teaching. Eds. C. J. Bnimfit&K Johnson. Oxfor3: Oxford University Press(5)Cai, Kun(蔡坤). 2002.交际教学法的理论、实践与思考,[J] 广西师范大学学报(1)。
clt教学法
教学反思学习理念(CLT)是:课程设计着最熟悉教学资源,最有效支持学习成果,
优化学习环境,为学习者提供有益的学习活动来支持他们的学习。
在CLT课堂上,教师以
学生为核心,教师将更多精力放在生动、精彩和有趣的课堂活动上,以此有效地激发学习
热情,并使学生获得最大的学习效果。
CLT课堂依赖各种活动,以实现课堂内容。
教师的重点是在掌握课程内容的基础上,
引入更多的活动以支撑主题,以激发学生内在的求知欲望。
CLT课堂的活动类型很多,可
以根据不同的课堂内容,灵活的选取适当的活动形式,如向不同的组分发问、小组合作等等。
这些活动让学生更深入的参与到课程当中,并有趣味地学习课程中的新知识。
CLT模式也强调了学习者本位,CLT教师要分析学生在学习上的需求,合理选择学习
内容和设计教学活动。
学生可以以自身特点和学习习惯为把握争取更好的学习成果,并从
中得到乐趣和满足感。
教师应灵活机动,让学生能够证明自己的想法,形成能够让他们更
好的学习的学习态度和意识。
通过采用CLT模式,学生可以获得课堂学习的最大效果。
作为一种跨学科的教学方式,CLT模式更注重学习活动和学习过程,让学生更丰富的参与其中,尤其是一些跨学科知识,真正把学习者的理念贯穿于课堂学习中,实现学习最大效果。
CLT与传统教学法的结合与其在英语课堂教学中的应用引言?CLT是community language teaching 的缩写,其汉语意思为交际语言教学,它是一种新的语言教学方法,其核心是教语言应当教学生怎样使用语言,用语言达到交际的目的,而不是把教会学生一套语法规则和零碎的词语用法作为语言教学的最终目标。
关于语言教学有很多的理论,但在我看来,单纯的交际语言教学不足以保证语言学习的成功,而这些理论的混合并且以交际语言教学为主,其他教学方法为辅助,才是更有效和切实可行的。
每一个理论都有其优缺点,把这些理论结合起来并且扬长避短,这将是语言传授者的最好的选择。
正文?2.1两种理论的概述?互动论者强调对话在第二语言习得过程中重要性。
互动论者把语言环境看得很重要。
在语言环境对语言习得的重要性方面我赞同他们的意见,环境之于语言学习正如水之于鱼。
语言输入,特别是修正后的语言输入对语言习得非常重要。
很明显,只有语言学习者对目标语有足够多的接触后,其语言的学习才变得有可能。
这种语言输入可以是书面的也可以是口头的形式。
语言输入是语言习得必不可少的部分。
?然而,语言学习互动派过分强调外部因素在语言习得过程中的作用,而忽视学习者在学习过程中自身的内部因素。
语言学习者知道语言该在什么样的场合使用固然很重要,但他们没有意识到只靠环境和语言输入并不能保证二语习得的成功。
我认为要想成功的习得一门二语,还是离不开适当的模仿和练习,正如人类的其他行为一样,语言的习得也是一个习惯的形成过程。
学习外语的人都知道,我们在学习一条语法规则的时候都会先模仿其句子结构,模仿和练习可以有效避免语言学习者一开始就犯错误。
对这些理论的分析让我认识到CLT和传统教学方法的结合对教师来说才是更有用的。
?2.2混合理论在课堂上的应用?如果我是一名英语教师,我将会这样安排我的课堂教学,首先我要变更现有的学生成绩评定制度,之前的学生成绩评估只是靠试卷评估,填空,选择,作文等传统方式,这些方式都是要求同学们用手写,通过反复的练习和模仿同学们可以很好的掌握某一个语法点。
CLT :理论和实践 (CLT: theory and application)——对CLT教师培训班学员的讲话。
2003年3月20日,广东外语外贸大学*--李筱菊1. CLT的基本性质(essence): 通过运用学语言(learn a language by using it)交际语言教学(CLT)的理论,核心是:在用中学(learn by doing)。
更准确一点,就是:通过运用学语言(learn a language by using it)。
这是CLT的基本性质。
这里说的基本性质是essence的意思,定义是 that which makes something what it is。
通过运用学语言,正是CLT 之成为CLT 的最基本的性质。
1.1 “通过运用学语言”的理据通过运用学语言,这道理看似显浅,在国际外语教学历史中却长期得不到承认。
近三十年来经过心理学家、语言学家、应用语言学家、语言习得研究学者的研究提出而引起注意。
这里只能尽可能简单地说明一下为什么我们认为这是外语教学的基本原理,是CLT的基本性质。
我曾经引用过的最简单最明显的例子是:要通过游泳才能学会游泳。
这道理明白不过。
你不能靠听体育老师讲解,靠阅读《游泳手册》,靠在岸上练习划手踢腿,用脸盆盛水练习呼吸,就能学会游泳。
你必须跳到水里去,通过游泳,才能学会游泳。
但是,学语言和学游泳究竟不是一回事。
应该说,学语言,尤其是学外语,是复杂得多的事。
1.1.1 语言运用过程与语言学习过程要说明为什么CLT认为语言学习必须通过语言运用,科学的方法是研究学语言和用语言这两个过程,看看这是两个什么样的过程。
运用过程先看语言运用过程。
我们说的语言运用,是指语言用于交际,用于进行交际行为。
以英语为例,通过听、说、读、写英语进行交际,达到一定的交际目的,才是运用英语。
不是任何听说读写英语都是运用英语。
比如默英语单词、做英语语法练习、抄英语课文、甚至背诵整本英语书,表面也在听、说、读、写英语,却不是在运用英语,因为这里没有交际目的。
clit教学法-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分:在教育领域中,采用不同的教学方法和策略对于学生的学习效果具有重要的影响。
而其中一种备受关注的教学法就是clit教学法。
本文将探讨clit教学法的定义、优势以及实施方式,旨在为教育工作者提供一种全新的教学思路和方法。
clit教学法不仅能够提高学生的学习兴趣和动力,还能够促进他们的自主学习和思维能力的培养。
通过深入研究和分析,我们将展示clit教学法在教育领域的重要性和应用前景,为教育改革和发展贡献我们的思考和建议。
1.2 文章结构文章的结构主要包括引言、正文和结论三个部分。
在引言部分,我们将对clit教学法进行概述,介绍文章的结构和目的,为读者提供一个整体的概念。
在正文部分,将详细介绍什么是clit教学法,它的优势以及实施方式。
通过具体的案例和分析,让读者更加深入地了解这种教学法。
在结论部分,将总结clit教学法的有效性,讨论它在教育领域的应用和未来的发展展望。
通过总结和展望,为读者提供对这一教学法的更深入理解和思考。
1.3 目的本文的目的在于介绍和探讨clit教学法的概念、优势以及实施方式,旨在帮助读者了解这种教学方法的特点和优势所在。
通过详细分析和讨论,我们希望能够引起教育工作者对于clit教学法的关注和思考,促进其在教育领域的应用和推广。
同时,我们也希望能够为教育改革和教学方法创新提供一些新的思路和启示,从而提高教育质量,促进学生学习效果的提升。
通过本文的阐述,我们希望能够激发教师和教育管理者对于教学方法改革的热情,推动教育事业的进步和发展。
2.正文2.1 什么是clit教学法clit教学法是一种注重学生主动参与和实践的教学方法。
它强调学生在学习过程中的自主性和合作性,让学生通过实际操作和实践来掌握知识和技能。
在clit教学法中,教师不再是传统意义上的知识传授者,而是学生学习的引导者和组织者。
教师通过设计启发性和挑战性的学习任务,激发学生的思维和创造力,引导学生自主学习和合作学习。
一、交际法教学的概念及特点交际教学法(简称交际法)是英国应用语言学家Christohper Candi和Henry Widdowson等人在60年代后期创立的一种英语教学法。
交际法是以语言功能项目为纲,以发展交际能力为目标,以一系列社会语言学理论为基础的教学方法。
交际法的核心是交际能力,而交际能力的核心是使语言学习者能够运用所学的语言形式在不同场合对不同的对象进行有效而得体的交际。
交际法所强调的不是抽象的语言形式,而是不同语言形式的实际运用及其交际功能。
交际法的特点有以下几方面:1、其教学目的注重学生交际能力的培养。
使学生能够在不同的交际场合运用所学语言与不同的对象进行有效得体的交际。
2、交际教学法强调在课堂教学中学生是课堂的主角,应积极主动地参与课堂活动。
3、交际教学法强调语言的流利性,忽略语言的准确性。
老师应鼓励学生大胆用英语交际。
4、交际教学法重视对目的语比国家文化的学习,同时注意介绍中西文化差异和培养跨文化交际知识。
交际教学法的优势1. 强调语言的社会性功能该教学法认为语言是人们交际的需要,其目的就是使交际双方达到理解和沟通。
斯大林指出:“语言是属于社会现象之列的,从有社会存在的时候起,就有语言的存在。
”交际教学法的运用可以迎合具有不同语言的同一名族及拥有不同方言的同一名族间,要达成相互间信息的畅通。
英国语言学家H.G Widdowson曾说:“现实生活中,人们使用语言,不是造句,而是表达概念,通过造句的形式展现语言交际的功能。
”教育部对小学英语教学大纲的规定明确指出其教学目的:“培养学生基本的日常会话能力以及拼读、拼写能力。
同时,注重培养学生学习英语的兴趣,使他们喜欢学习英语和使用英语,为他们升入中学继续学习英语奠定初步的基础。
在英语教学过程中,培养学生良好的思想品德和行为习惯。
”不难发现教育部颁布的小学英语教学大纲是结合语言的实际交际功能,结合我国经济、文化发展制定的有阶段性的目标。
CLT教学法相关介绍
大连翻译职业学院教务处阅读:366次发布:2009-1-18 9:19:56
1. 交际教学法的历史背景与渊源
正当Situational Language Teaching (SLT) 在英国的语言教学界盛行之时,美国已于1960年代末期开始检讨Audiolingual Method (ALM) 的理论基础。
此举让英国的语言学家们重新对SLT的教学理论产生质疑。
他们开始注意到语言教学的重点应该摆在“交际能力”(communicative competence/ability);用来呼应美国语言学家乔姆斯基所提的“语言能力”(linguistic competence),而非语言结构的熟练度(mastery of structures)。
美国语言学家们也表示,语言的独特性与多变性不是用几个结构性的理论就能笼统概括的。
正巧,欧陆的语言学家所提出的观点也与英美两国对语言教学理论所产生的反思潮互相辉映:语言教学的课程内容应该以语言学习者所需之沟通需求与能力为主。
于是,在英、美、欧陆三方的教学理论的激荡下,诞生了Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)。
2. 交际教学法的教学观
交际教学法认为,语言包含了〝交际能力〞和语言所处的〝文化社会意涵〞,其功用则包括了功能性(functional;指用言语和他人互动)、规范性(regulatory;指用言语限制他人行动)、互动性(interactional; 指用言语和他人互动)、想像性(imaginative;指用言语创造出想像世界)以及再现性(representative;指用言语沟通、呈现讯息)等多种用途。
交际能力这一概念最初是由美国社会语言学家海姆斯(Hymes)提出来的其中。
海姆斯的〝交际能力〞可以概括为一个人对语言知识和能力的运用,主要包括4个方面:
⑴语法能力(grammatical competence),也就是语言符号本身的知识(包括词汇,构词规则,语音,句法等方面),主要涉及正确理解和和表达话语(utterance)的字面意义的知识,也就是句平面上遣词造句的能力。
⑵社会语言能力(sociolinguistic competence),指在不同的社会语言环境中适当理解和表达话语的能力。
语境因素包括话题(topic),交际双方的社会地位(status of participants)和交际目的(purposes of interaction)。
话语应该在语义和形式两方面都是适当的。
⑶语篇能力(discourse competence),指把语法形式和意义融合在一起,用口头或书面形式连贯地表达不同种类语篇的能力。
语篇的完整统一通过语言形式的衔接(cohesion)和语义的连贯(coherence)来实现。
语篇能力也就是超句平面上组织语段的能力。
⑷策略能力(strategic competence),为了加强交际效果或弥补由于缺乏交际能力等因素引起的交际中断所使用的策略,包括言语(verbal)和非语言(nonverbal)两方面。
换句话说,策略能力就是在交际过程中的应变能力。
3. 交际教学法的学习原则
⑴沟通原则---实际的沟通情境会增强学习效果;
⑵任务原则---籍由语言沟通来完成任务的学习型
⑶意义原则---教学内容对学习者能产生意义则较能增强学习效果。
交际教学法(communicative approaches)并不是一种单一的,固定的教学模式,它的核心内容是“用语言去学”(using language to learn)和“学会用语言”(learning to use language),而不是单纯的“学语言”(learning language),更不是“学习关于语言的知识”(learning about language)。
其教学的最终目的是让学生获得足够的交际能力。
在课堂学习中,学生在多数情况下处于某种“交流”,“交往”,“交际”的场景中,通过听,说,读,写等具体的行为去获得外语知识和交际能力。
4. 交际教学法的教材教法
⑴教学目标:CLT的目标是以培养学生能运用语言来表情达意,完成评论、沟通等任务为主。
⑵课程安排:CLT的课程内容是以能达成功能的任务为主,例如:旅游、商务、描述物景、表达意见、说明时间、频率、长短等。
⑶教学活动与学习型态:只要是能藉由语言沟通来完成某项任务工作的活动,都可能出现在CLT的教学中。
这些活动另可区分为功能性和社会互动性两大类。
功能性的活动包括看图作比较、讯息互补(information gap)、自由选择(free choice)、看图重组、找出图中遗漏的部分、合力完成一幅图、按照指示做动作等:社会互动性的活动则例如会话、角色扮演、小组讨论、即兴表演、辩论、虚拟情境等。