FlavorandFlavorMaterialforTobacco

The Techniques Behind Perfectly Grilled FoodsGrilling is a culinary technique that is as much an art as it is a science.It's a method that imparts a distinctive flavor and texture to food,creating a unique dining experience.Whether it's a succulent piece of steak,a tender chicken breast,or a flavorful vegetable skewer,the allure of grilled foods is undeniable.This essay explores the techniques behind perfectly grilled foods,focusing on the importance of temperature control,seasoning,and timing.Mastering Temperature ControlOne of the key techniques in grilling is controlling the temperature.This can be a challenge,especially when using charcoal grills,but it's crucial for achieving the desired doneness and avoiding over or under-cooking.A dual-zone setup,where one side of the grill is hotter than the other,is a useful technique for managing temperature.This allows for searing the food on the hot side to create a flavorful crust,then moving it to the cooler side to cook through more gently.Temperature control also involves preheating the grill to the right temperature before adding the food.This ensures a good sear and helps to prevent sticking.The Art of SeasoningSeasoning is another crucial aspect of grilling.This involves more than just salting the food right before it goes on the grill.Marinating is a popular technique that not only adds flavor but can also help to tenderize the food.However,it's important to be mindful of the ingredients in the marinade. Sugar-based marinades can burn at high temperatures,creating an unpleasant flavor.For this reason,it's often best to apply sweet glazes or sauces towards the end of cooking.Dry rubs,which are mixtures of spices and herbs,are another great way to add flavor to grilled foods.These can be applied a few hours before grilling to infuse the food with flavor.Timing is EverythingThe saying"timing is everything"holds true in grilling.Leaving food on the grill for too long can result in a dry,tough texture,while not cooking it long enough can lead to food safety issues.Using a meat thermometer is the best way to ensure food is cooked to the correct temperature.It takes the guesswork out of grilling and is especially useful for large cuts of meat or poultry.Resting is another important aspect of timing.Allowing meat to rest for a few minutes after it comes off the grill helps the juices to redistribute, resulting in a moister and more flavorful dish.ConclusionIn conclusion,the techniques behind perfectly grilled foods involve a combination of temperature control,seasoning,and timing.Mastering these techniques requires practice and patience,but the reward is well worth the effort.Whether you're a seasoned grill master or a novice, keep these techniques in mind the next time you fire up the grill.Happy grilling!。

河南农业科学，2023，52（2）：1‑11Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciencesdoi ：10.15933/ki.1004‑3268.2023.02.001生态因素影响烟草香味特征的研究进展刘晶晶1，崔光周2，段旺军3，王卫民4，张力4，贾玮1，许自成1，许嘉阳1，5（1.河南农业大学烟草学院，河南郑州450046；2.河南省烟草公司信阳市公司，河南信阳464000；3.四川中烟工业有限责任公司，四川成都610017；4.浙江中烟工业有限责任公司，浙江杭州310009；5.河南农业大学资源与环境学院，河南郑州450002）摘要：香味物质是衡量烟叶质量的重要品质因素，优质烟叶香气风格的形成易受生态因素的制约。

对烟草中4种重要的香气前体物进行了介绍，分析了不同香型烟草香味物质含量差异。

从非生物因子（光照、温度、降雨量、土壤、海拔）和生物因子（土壤微生物）2个方面综述了不同生态因素对烟草香味物质的影响，并进一步讨论了香味物质与烟草香味特征的关系，总结了香气前体物和生态因素对烟草香味的影响特征。

最后对未来研究方向做出了展望，以期为烟草合理化种植和提质增香等方面研究提供新思路。

关键词：烟草；香气前体物；香味物质；香味特征；生物因子；非生物因子中图分类号：S572文献标志码：A文章编号：1004-3268（2023）02-0001-11收稿日期：2022-10-22基金项目：四川中烟工业有限责任公司项目（20205100003440393）；信阳市烟草公司项目（2022411500200092）作者简介：刘晶晶（1998-），女，河南周口人，在读硕士研究生，研究方向：烟草品质生态。

E-mail ：********************通信作者：许嘉阳（1990-），男，河南郑州人，副教授，博士，主要从事烟草品质生态研究。

E-mail ：*******************.cnResearch Progress on the Effects of Ecological Factors on TobaccoAroma CharacteristicsLIU Jingjing 1，CUI Guangzhou 2，DUAN Wangjun 3，WANG Weimin 4，ZHANG Li 4，JIA Wei 1，XU Zicheng 1，XU Jiayang 1，5（1.Tobacco College ，Henan Agricultural University ，Zhengzhou 450046，China ；2.Xinyang Company of Henan Tobacco Company ，Xinyang 464000，China ；3.China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co.，Ltd.，Chengdu 610017，China ；4.China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.，Ltd.，Hangzhou 310009，China ；5.Resources and Environment College ，HenanAgricultural University ，Zhengzhou 450002，China ）Abstract ：Aroma substance is an important quality factor to measure the quality of tobacco leaves.The formation of aroma style of high quality tobacco leaves is easily restricted by ecological factors.In thispaper ，four important aroma precursors in tobacco were introduced ，and the difference of aroma substance content in different aroma types of tobacco was analyzed.The effects of different ecological factors ontobacco aroma substances were reviewed from two aspects ：abiotic factors （light ，temperature ，rainfall ，soil ，altitude ）and biological factors （soil microorganisms ）.The relationship between aroma substances and tobacco aroma characteristics was further discussed ，and the effects of aroma precursors and ecological factors on tobacco aroma were summarized.Finally ，the future research direction was prospected ，in order to provide new ideas for the study on rational planting and quality improvement of tobacco.Key words ：Tobacco ；Aroma precursor ；Aroma substance ；Aroma characteristic ；Biological factor ；Nonbiological factor烟草是我国典型的经济作物。

烟用香料市场的综合分析及市场前景研究报告Title: Comprehensive Analysis and Market Outlook of the Tobacco Flavoring MarketAbstract:The tobacco flavoring market has witnessed significant growth in recent years, driven by the increasing demand for flavored tobacco products. This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the market, including an overview of the industry, key players, market trends, and future prospects.Introduction:The tobacco flavoring market has emerged as a lucrative segment within the tobacco industry. Flavoring agents are added to tobacco products to enhance their taste and aroma, catering to the preferences of consumers. This report will analyze the market dynamics, competitive landscape, and growth opportunities in the tobacco flavoring market.Market Overview:The tobacco flavoring market is primarily driven by the rising consumer demand for flavored tobacco products. Flavors such asmenthol, fruit, and chocolate are popular choices among consumers, especially the younger demographic. Additionally, the growing trend of smoking alternatives, such as e-cigarettes and vaping, has further fueled the demand for tobacco flavorings.Key Players:The market is highly competitive, with several key players dominating the industry. Major companies such as International Flavors & Fragrances Inc., Firmenich SA, and Givaudan SA are actively involved in the development and production of tobacco flavorings. These companies invest heavily in research and development to create innovative flavor profiles and maintain a competitive edge in the market.Market Trends:Several trends have been observed in the tobacco flavoring market. Firstly, there is a shift towards natural and organic flavorings, driven by the increasing consumer preference for healthier and more sustainable products. Secondly, the market is witnessing a surge in demand for customized tobacco flavorings, allowing consumers to personalize their smoking experience. Lastly, the rising popularity of tobacco flavorings in emerging economiespresents significant growth opportunities for market players.Market Outlook:The tobacco flavoring market is expected to continue its growth trajectory in the coming years. Factors such as the increasing adoption of flavored tobacco products, advancements in flavoring technologies, and the expansion of the smoking alternatives market will drive market growth. Moreover, the growing awareness regarding the harmful effects of traditional smoking has led to a rise in demand for tobacco flavorings in smoking cessation products.Conclusion:In conclusion, the tobacco flavoring market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the rising consumer demand for flavored tobacco products. The market is highly competitive, with key players investing in research and development to create innovative flavor profiles. As the market continues to evolve, opportunities lie in the development of natural and customized flavorings, as well as expansion into emerging economies. With the increasing focus on healthier smoking alternatives, the demand for tobacco flavorings is expected to soar in the coming years.标题: 烟用香料市场的综合分析及市场前景研究报告摘要:烟用香料市场近年来呈现出显著增长势头，受到对于香味烟草产品需求的推动。

国际贸易标准分类国际贸易标准分类（Standard International Trade Classification，简称：SITC）为用于国际贸易商民的统计和对比的标准分类方法。

简介它是一种用于国际贸易商品的统计和对比的标准分类方法。

现行“国际贸易标准分类”于1950年7月12日由联合国经济社会理事会正式通过，目前为世界各国政府普遍采纳的商品贸易分类体系。

到2006年为止，该标准分类经历了四次修改，最近的一次修改为第四次修订版，于2006年3月获联合国统计委员会第三十七届会议通过。

该分类法将商品分为为10大类、63章、223组、786个分组和1924个项目。

部分目录在它的编号中第一位数字表示类、第二位数字表示章、第三位数字表示组、第四位数字表示分组。

如果对分组再进行细分，五位数即表示品目，六位数字表示细目。

以下是部分目录：0 -食品和活畜00 -活的动物以外的其他动物的分裂00 - Live animals other than animals of division01 -肉及肉制品 01 - Meat and meat preparations02 -乳制品和鸟蛋 02 - Dairy products and birds' eggs03 -鱼（不是海洋哺乳动物），甲壳类，软体动物和水生无脊椎动物 03 - Fish (not marinemammals), crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof04 -谷物和谷物制品 04 - Cereals and cereal preparations05 -蔬菜和水果 05 - Vegetables and fruit06 -糖，糖制品及蜂蜜 06 - Sugars, sugar preparations and honey07 -咖啡，茶，可可，香料，及其制造 07 - Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof08 -喂养（不包括没有碾磨的谷物）08 - Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals)09 -杂项食品产品和筹备工作09 - Miscellaneous edible products and preparations1 -饮料和烟草11 -饮料11 - Beverages12 -烟草及烟草制品 12 - Tobacco and tobacco manufactures2 -粗材料，不能食用，但燃料21 -皮，表皮和毛皮，原料 21 - Hides, skins and furskins, raw22 -石油种子和含油果实 22 - Oil-seeds and oleaginous fruits23 -天然橡胶（包括合成和再生）23 - Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed)24 -软木及木 24 - Cork and wood25 -纸浆及废纸 25 - Pulp and waste paper26 -纺织纤维（毛条除外和其他精梳羊毛）及其废料（不成纱或布料制造的）26 - Textile fibres (other than wool tops and other combed wool) and their wastes (not manufactured into yarn or fabric)27 -原油肥料，矿产和原油（不包括煤，石油和宝石）27 - Crude fertilizers, other than those of division and crude minerals (excluding coal, petroleum and precious stones)28 -金属矿砂及金属废料 28 - Metalliferous ores and metal scrap29 -原油动物和植物材料制2 9 - Crude animal and vegetable materials, nes3 -矿物燃料，润滑剂和相关材料32 -煤，焦煤及煤球 32 - Coal, coke and briquettes33 -石油，石油产品及副产品 33 - Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials34 -天然气(天然和制造的) 34 - Gas, natural and manufactured35 -电流 35 - Electric current4 -动物和植物油，油脂和蜡41 -动物油脂 41 - Animal oils and fats42 -固定油脂，原油，成品或分馏 42 - Fixed vegetable fats and oils, crude, refined or fractionated43 -动物或植物油脂，加工过的;不宜食的混合物或动物或植物脂肪或油类，不另说明 43 - Animal or vegetable fats and oils, processed; waxes of animal or vegetable origin; inedible mixtures or preparations of animal or vegetable fats or oils, n.e.s5 -化学品及有关产品，不另说明51 -有机化工产品 51 - Organic chemicals52 -无机化学品 52 - Inorganic chemicals53 -染料，鞣革料 53 - Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials54 -医药产品 54 - Medicinal and pharmaceutical products55 -精油及香膏和香水原料;厕所，抛光和清洗的准备工具 55 - Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials; toilet, polishing and cleansing preparations56 -肥料（除组272人） 56 - Fertilizers (other than those of group 272)57 -初级形状塑料 57 - Plastics in primary forms58 -在非塑料，初级形状 58 - Plastics in non-primary forms59 -化学材料及制品，不另说明 59 - Chemical materials and products, n.e.s6 -主要以材料分类的制成品61 -皮革，皮革制品，不另说明，并经处理的毛皮 61 - Leather, leather manufactures, nes, and dressed furskins62 -橡胶制品，不另说明 62 - Rubber manufactures, nes63 -软木及木制品（不包括家具） 63 - Cork and wood manufactures (excluding furniture)64 -纸，纸板和纸浆的文章，纸或纸板 64 - Paper, paperboard and articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard65 -纺织纱线，织物，制成品，不另说明，以及相关产品 65 - Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, nes, and related products66 -非金属矿产制品，不另说明 66 - Non-metallic mineral manufactures, nes67 -钢铁 67 - Iron and steel68 -有色金属 68 - Non-ferrous metals69 -金属制品 69 - Manufactures of metals, nes7 -机械和运输设备71 -发电机械设备 71 - Power-generating machinery and equipment72 -个别工业专用机械 72 - Machinery specialized for particular industries73 -金属加工机械 73 - Metalworking machinery74 -一般工业机械和设备和机器零件，不另说明 74 - General industrial machinery and equipment, nes, and machine parts, nes75 -办公室机器和自动资料处理仪器 75 - Office machines and automatic data-processing machines76 -电信和录音及音响设备和仪器 76 - Telecommunications and sound-recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment77 -电气机械，仪器和用具，巢，及零件（包括非电气同行，电家庭型设备） 77 - Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, nes, and electrical parts thereof (including non-electrical counterparts, nes, of electrical household-type equipment)78 -道路车辆（包括气垫车辆） 78 - Road vehicles (including air-cushion vehicles)79 -其他运输设备 79 - Other transport equipment8 -杂项制品81 -预制建筑物，管道，发热及照明装置和设备，不另说明 81 - Prefabricated buildings; sanitary, plumbing, heating and lighting fixtures and fittings, nes82 -家具及其零件，床上用品，床垫，床垫，软座垫及类似的填充制品 82 - Furniture, and parts thereof; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings83 -旅游用品，手袋及类似容器 83 - Travel goods, handbags and similar containers84 -服装及衣服配件 84 - Articles of apparel and clothing accessories85 -鞋子 85 - Footwear87 -专业，科学及控制用仪器及器具 87 - Professional, scientific and controlling instruments and apparatus, nes88 -摄影仪器，设备和供应品，光学产品;钟表 88 - Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, nes; watches and clocks89 -杂项制品,不另说明 89 - Miscellaneous manufactured articles, nes9 -分类商品，而不是其他地方的贸易标准分类交易91 -邮政包裹并无按实物 91 - Postal packages not classified according to kind93 -特殊交易和商品并无按实物 93 - Special transactions and commodities not classified according to kind96 -硬币（金币除外），没有法定货币 96 - Coin (other than gold coin), not being legal tender97 -金，非货币（不包括黄金矿砂及其精矿） 97 - Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates)。

flavorFlavor: Unraveling the Essence of TasteIntroductionFlavor is an intriguing and multifaceted concept that has captivated human senses for centuries. It is an essential element of our daily lives, influencing our food preferences, social interactions, and even cultural identities. In this document, we will explore the fascinating world of flavor and delve deeper into its various aspects, including its definition, perception, and significance in different aspects of life.1. Defining FlavorFlavor can be defined as the sensory perception created by the combination of taste, aroma, and texture of a particular food or beverage. It is the unique characteristic that distinguishes one food item from another, making it enjoyable and enticing to our taste buds. While taste is limited to the basic sensations of sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, flavor encompasses a wider range of sensory experiences.2. Perception of FlavorThe perception of flavor involves a complex interplay of our senses, namely taste, smell, and touch. When we take a bite of food, our taste buds discern the basic tastes, while the olfactory receptors in our nose identify the aroma. These two senses work together to create a unified flavor experience. Additionally, the texture of food, perceived through our sense of touch, further influences our perception of flavor.3. Influences on FlavorSeveral factors influence the flavor of a particular food or beverage:3.1 Ingredients: The quality and freshness of ingredients playa crucial role in determining the overall flavor of a dish. The combination and balance of various ingredients contribute to the complexity and richness of flavors.3.2 Cooking Techniques: Different cooking techniques, such as grilling, stir-frying, or baking, can enhance or alter the flavor profile of food. The application of heat and variouscooking methods can unlock hidden flavors or create a caramelization effect, adding depth and complexity.3.3 Cultural and Geographical Influences: Flavor preferences are often shaped by cultural and geographical factors. Different cuisines around the world have distinct flavor profiles that reflect the local traditions, ingredients, and cooking methods.4. The Power of FlavorThe significance of flavor extends beyond our taste buds. It has a profound impact on various aspects of our lives:4.1 Food Preferences: Flavor plays a vital role in shaping our food preferences. Pleasurable flavors stimulate our appetite and make us more likely to consume certain foods regularly. It also shapes our food choices, leading to a wide variety of culinary traditions globally.4.2 Social Interactions: Flavor brings people together. Sharinga meal with family and friends fosters social connections and creates shared experiences. The enjoyment of deliciousflavors enhances the dining experience and promotes bonding between individuals.4.3 Health and Nutrition: Flavor is a double-edged sword when it comes to health and nutrition. While some flavorful foods may be unhealthy due to excessive salt, sugar, or unhealthy fats, others, such as fruits, vegetables, and herbs, offer not only great flavors but also essential nutrients that support a healthy diet.4.4 Emotional Impact: Flavor has the power to trigger emotional responses. Certain tastes or aromas can evoke memories or emotions, leading to feelings of comfort, nostalgia, or happiness. This aspect of flavor is often utilized in various culinary and marketing strategies.ConclusionFlavor is an intricate and captivating concept that goes beyond mere taste. It encompasses taste, aroma, texture, and the sensory experience as a whole. Its significance in our lives is undeniable, influencing our food preferences, social interactions, and even emotional well-being. Exploring the diverse world of flavors allows us to appreciate the artistryand creativity behind the foods we love and broadens our understanding of the cultural and societal impact of flavor.。

专利名称：TOBACCO-FLAVOR-RELEASING MATERIAL AND NON-HEATING TYPE TOBACCOFLAVOR ASPIRATOR COMPRISING SAME 发明人：CHIDA, Masahiro,千田正浩,NAKAGAWA,Yasuhiro,中川泰宏,TATEMATSU, Tadashi,立松正申请号：JP2011/068457申请日：20110812公开号：WO2012/023515A1公开日：20120223专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A material capable of releasing a tobacco flavor, which comprises granules each comprising (a) a cut tobacco material, (b) water, (c) a moisturizing agent comprising a polyhydric alcohol, (d) at least one pH-adjusting agent selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate, and (e) at least one binder selected from the group consisting of pullulan and hydroxypropyl cellulose.申请人：JAPAN TOBACCO INC.,日本たばこ産業株式会社,CHIDA, Masahiro,千田　正浩,NAKAGAWA, Yasuhiro,中川　泰宏,TATEMATSU, Tadashi,立松　正地址：2-1, Toranomon 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1058422 JP,〒1058422 東京都港区虎ノ門二丁目２番１号 Tokyo JP国籍：JP,JP代理人：KURATA, Masatoshi et al.,蔵田　昌俊更多信息请下载全文后查看。

安息香浸膏挥发性成分分析及其在卷烟中的应用作者：潘连华李琪王弘黄宇亮吴斯伟黄瑗来源：《安徽农业科学》2020年第24期摘要 [目的]开发新型烟用天然香原料。

[方法]使用旋涡振荡萃取的前处理方法提取安息香浸膏挥发性成分，采用GC-MS法分析提取出的挥发性成分。

同时进行卷烟加香评吸试验。

[结果]共分离鉴定出60种挥发性成分，主要有松柏醛、苯甲酸、苄醇、肉桂酸、乙基香兰素、桂酸桂酯、香兰素、肉桂酸甲酯、长叶烯等。

卷烟加香评吸试验结果表明，安息香浸膏可用于卷烟加香，明显增强和改善卷烟的香气和吃味，提升卷烟的吸食品质。

[结论]该研究可为安息香浸膏作为天然香原料在卷烟中的应用提供参考。

关键词安息香浸膏;挥发性成分;卷烟;加香中图分类号 TS426文献标识码 A文章编号 0517-6611（2020）24-0195-03doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2020.24.055开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：Analysis of Volatile Components in Benzoin Extract and Its Application in Cigarette FlavoringPAN Lianhua， LI Qi， WANG Hong et al （China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co.， Ltd.，Nanning， Guangxi 530001）Abstract [Objective]To develop new natural flavor materials for tobacco.[Method] Using vortex oscillation to extract volatile components of benzoin extract， the volatile components were analyzed by GCMS method， and cigarette flavoring rating test was conducted.[Result]Sixty kinds of volatile components were identified， such as coniferaldehyde， benzoic acid， benzyl alcohol， cinnamic acid， ethyl vanillin， cinnamyl cinnamate， vanillin， cinnamic acid methyl ester， longifolene，etc.Cigarette flavoring rating ceiling test results showed that benzoin extract can be used for the cigarette flavoring， obviously enhance and improve the aroma and taste of cigarettes， improve the cigarette smoking quality.[Conclusion]The study can provide a reference for application of benzoin extract in cigarette as natural flavor material.Key words Benzoin extract;Volatile component;Cigarette;Flavoring安息香系安息香科植物白花树的干燥树脂[1]，主要分布在泰国、苏门答腊、越南等地[2-3]，具有开窍醒神、行气活血、镇惊息风、止痛等功效[4-5]。

饮料研发配方加料流程英文回答：Beverage Development Formulation and Ingredient Addition Process.Introduction.The beverage development process involves several stages, including formulation, ingredient addition, manufacturing, and packaging. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the beverage development formulation and ingredient addition process.Formulation.The first step in beverage development is formulation. This involves determining the ingredients and their proportions to create the desired flavor, texture, and nutritional profile. The formulation process typicallybegins with market research to identify consumerpreferences and trends. Once the target consumer is defined, the beverage developer can begin experimenting withdifferent ingredients and ratios.Ingredient Addition.Once the formulation is finalized, the next step is to add the ingredients to the beverage. The order in which the ingredients are added is crucial to ensure proper mixingand hydration. Dry ingredients, such as powders, aretypically added first, followed by liquid ingredients, such as water, juice, or milk. The beverage is then mixed until all of the ingredients are evenly distributed.Process Considerations.The beverage development formulation and ingredient addition process can be affected by several factors, including:Ingredient availability: The availability and cost ofingredients can impact the formulation and ingredient addition process.Equipment: The equipment used to mix and hydrate the ingredients can affect the quality of the final product.Temperature: The temperature of the ingredients and the mixing environment can impact the hydration process.Time: The time it takes to mix and hydrate the ingredients can affect the quality of the final product.Quality Control.Throughout the beverage development process, quality control measures are essential to ensure the safety and quality of the final product. This includes testing the ingredients for purity and contamination, as well as testing the final product for flavor, texture, and nutritional content.Conclusion.The beverage development formulation and ingredient addition process is a complex and critical step in the beverage development process. By following best practices and adhering to quality control standards, beverage developers can create high-quality beverages that meet the needs of consumers.中文回答：饮料研发配方加料流程。

肉桂醛-醛类产品的代表【主要成分】肉桂醛【产品别名】苯丙烯醛;3-苯基丙烯醛;亚苄基乙醛;Β-苯基丙烯醛;桂皮醛【产品来源】苯甲醛、乙醛【分子量】132.16【分子式】C9H8O【产品含量】≥98%【外观】无色至淡黄色黏稠液体，有特殊的肉桂香味。

【产品功能及应用】在碱性条件下由苯甲醛和乙醛缩合精制而得。

相对密度1.049（20℃/4℃），熔点-7.5℃，沸点253℃（部分分解），127℃（2.13Kpa），折射率1.6195，闪点71℃。

易溶于乙醇、乙醚、氯仿和油脂，溶于丙二醇，难溶于水和甘油。

在空气中易被氧化成硅酸，能随水蒸汽挥发。

其主要运用及特点：1、在医药方面的应用：肉桂醛是重要医药原料之一，常用于外用药、合成药中。

也是抗真菌的活性物质，用于杀菌消毒防腐，特别是对真菌有显著疗效。

肉桂醛能降低胰酶活性，有显著的健胃、驱风效果。

可以用于血糖控制药中，防治糖尿病。

除此之外，肉桂醛还具有抗病毒、抗癌、扩张血管及降压作用。

对皮肤的疤痕、纤维瘤的软化与清除皆具有效果。

还用于活络油等跌打外用药中，主要起活络筋骨、散淤血，具有镇静、镇痛、解热、抗惊厥、调节中枢神经系统的作用，还可提高白血球及血小板数。

2、在化工方面的应用：用于有机化工合成合成α-溴代肉桂醛、肉桂酸、肉桂醇、肉桂腈等系列产品。

还可做成显色剂，实验试剂、杀虫剂、驱蚊剂、冰箱除味剂、保鲜剂等。

肉桂醛不仅安全环保而且气味芬芳。

还可应用于石油开采中的杀菌灭藻剂、酸化缓蚀剂，可显著增加石油产量，提高石油质量，降低开采成本。

3、在香精香料中的应用：肉桂醛是重要香料之一，常用于皂用香精，调制桅子、素馨、铃兰、玫瑰等香精。

肉桂醛作为羟酸类含香化合物，有良好的持香作用，在调香中作配香原料使用，使主香料香气更清香。

因其沸点比分子结构相似的其他有机物高，因而常用作定香剂。

在食品香料中可用于水果香精及糕点等食品的增香剂。

4、在食品工业中的应用：肉桂醛是GB 2760一96规定为允许使用的食用香料。

Chapter 1 单词翻译：单词翻译：Nicotian 烟草属烟草属 combustion ：燃烧. Solanaceae 茄科茄科 combustibility 可燃性度可燃性度 nicotine 尼古丁，烟碱尼古丁，烟碱 pest resistance 抗虫害抗虫害agronomic performance 农艺性能农艺性能 Chinese －Style Cigarette ：中式卷烟：中式卷烟Chinese-style cigarette ：中式卷烟：中式卷烟 Virginian-type cigarette ：烤烟型卷烟：烤烟型卷烟blended cigarette ：混合型卷烟：混合型卷烟 tar content ：焦油含量：焦油含量：焦油含量 aromatic 芳香的芳香的 limit regulation’：限焦令. Virginia tobacco ：弗吉尼亚烟：弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco ：烤烟：烤烟 Bright tobacco ：浅色烟：浅色烟 Burley tobacco ：白肋烟：白肋烟Oriental tobacco 东方烟东方烟 Aromatic tobacco ：香料烟：香料烟 Maryland tobacco ：马里兰烟：马里兰烟 Cigar tobacco ：雪茄烟：雪茄烟 disease resistance ：抗病性：抗病性 plant's physiology ：植物生理：植物生理thresh ：打叶：打叶 redrying ：复烤：复烤 aging ：老化，(陈化、醇化) fermentation 发酵发酵cigarette manufacture ：卷烟生产：卷烟生产 smoke chemistry ：烟气化学：烟气化学 cigar 雪茄雪茄cigarillo 小雪茄小雪茄 smokeless tobacco ：无烟烟草：无烟烟草 botanical 植物的植物的air-curing 晾制晾制 sun-curing 晒制晒制 fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing 烤制烤制the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration ：STMA officially ：国家烟草专卖局：国家烟草专卖局2. 长句子翻译长句子翻译Tobacco (Nicotiana (Nicotiana tabacum tabacum L.) L.) is is is a a a kind kind kind of of of special special special plant plant plant containing containing containing nicotine, nicotine, nicotine, belong belong belong to to Solanaceae, Nicotiana. Tobacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion. Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability. 烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，属于茄科烟草属。

荷兰全称尼德兰王国，位于欧洲西偏北部，国土总面积41864located in the north west Europe, the total land area of 41，864 square kilometers ,near the North Sea, which borders with Germany , Belgium. The capital in Amsterdam.今天，我和我的搭档将给大家介绍荷兰四宝——风车、郁金香、奶酪、木鞋。

Today, My partisan and I are going to introduce you to the Holland four treasures - windmills, tulips, cheese and clogs.风车：Holland is located in the Earth's prevalent westerly, westerly winds blow throughout the year. While it is on the verge of the Atlantic, the sea breeze long endless. Therefore, it is favorable wind resources.荷兰的风车，最早从德国引进。

开始时，风车仅用于磨粉之类。

到了十六、七世纪，风车对荷兰的经济有着特别重大的意义。

当时，在荷兰占首要地位的各种原料，都需要风车进行加工。

十八世纪末，荷兰全国的风车约有一万二千座，每台拥有6000匹马力。

这些风车用来碾谷物、粗盐、烟叶、榨油，压滚毛呢、毛毡、造纸，以及排除沼泽地的积水。

Holland windmill , first imported from Germany. At the beginning, the windmill is only used for milling and so on. To sixteen, seventh Century, has a special significance to the economy of the Holland. At that time, all kinds of raw materials occupy the most important status in Holland, all need the windmill processing. At the end of eighteenth Century, Holland national windmill approximately twelve thousand seat, each with 6000 horsepower. The windmill used to grind grain, coarse salt, tobacco, oil, roller, wool, blankets, papermaking, and elimination swampy ground water.欧洲流传的这样一句话：“上帝创造了人，荷兰风车创造了陆地。

flat rib knitting Cotton machine 柯登式罗纹机 flat rib top machine 平式罗⼝针织机 flat roll 平⾯压辊 flat rolled steel bar 压延钢条 flat roller 平滚筒 flat rolling mill 扁钢轧机 flat rope 扁平钢丝绳 flat round fan 团扇 flat rubber strip 扁橡⽪条 flat ruler 直尺 flat scraper 平头刮⼑ flat screen printing machine 平印花机 flat screen printing range 平印花机 flat screen printing unit 平印花机 flat screen 平板筛 flat screw 平头螺钉 flat seaming machine 绷缝机 flat sheet transfer printing machine 平板⾐⽚转移印花机 flat sheet transfer unit 平板转移印花机 flat silk 扁丝 flat smooth file 细扁锉 flat spade 扁铲 flat spinning machine 扁丝纺丝机 flat spiral coil 游丝形线圈 flat spring steel 扁弹簧钢 flat spring 扁簧 flat steel bar 扁钢条 flat steel lawn rake 草地扁钢耙 flat steel 扁钢 flat strip slate pencil ⽅条滑⽯笔 flat switchboard 平⾯交换机 flat taper head rivet 平锥头铆钉 flat taper head socket shank rivet 平锥头半空⼼铆钉 flat threaded steel 扁螺纹钢 flat tile 平⽡ flat toothed bit 平底⽛轮钻头 flat top guitar 扁头吉他 flat top mattress cover 平⾯床垫套 flat top shoes 平⼝鞋 flat tower bolt 扁插销 flat transmission belt 平型传动带 flat truck 平板汽车 flat tube radiator 扁管式散热器 flat twin cable 扁平双芯电缆 flat twist drill 扁⿇花钻 flat type aluminium wire 扁铝线 flat type copper wire 扁铜线 flat type lamp shade 扁灯罩 flat type relay 扁型继电器 flat type stranded wire 扁形多股绞合线 flat type zinc-manganese dioxide dry cell 扁平式锌-锰⼲电池 flat underwear fabric 平针内⾐织物 flat valve 平座阀 flat varnish ⽆光漆 flat venice bedspread 床罩 flat venice insertion tablecloth 镶拼台布 flat venice sofa set 沙发套 flat venice tablecloth 台布 flat vulcanizing machine 平板硫化机 flat wagon for transport 运货平车 flat wagon 平车 flat washer 平垫圈 flat wave wool 平卷曲⽑ flat wheel roller 平轮压路机 flat wire mill 扁线材轧机 flat wire rope 扁钢丝绳 flat wire with paper wrapped 纸包扁线 flat wire 扁钢丝 flat wrapper 平板包装纸 flat yarn 扁平长丝纱 flat-back type refrigerator 平背式冰箱 flat-bed lock stitch machine 平板锁缝缝纫机 flat-bed offset press 平台胶印机 flat-bed offset-machine 平台胶印机 flat-bed photogravure machine 平台照相凹版印刷机 flat-bed plotter 平板绘图仪 flat-bed press 平板压烫机 flat-bed printing machine 平板印刷机 flat-bed purl machine 平板双反⾯针织机 flat-bed recorder 平板记录器 flat-bed scanner 平台式扫描机 flat-bed screen printing machine 平台丝印刷机 flat-bed single needle sewing machine 平板单针缝纫机 flat-bed truck 平板卡车 flat-belt conveyor 平带式输送器 flat-bottomed vessel 平底船 flat-braided cord 扁形编织绳 flat-car 平车 flat-chemical fibre blended yarn 亚⿇-化纤混纺纱 flat-compound dynamo 平复激发电机 flat-compound exciting generator 平复激励发电机 flat-cotton blended fabric 亚⿇-棉混纺织物 flat-ended horizontal cylindrical drum 平底卧式圆筒形罐 flat-ended tube 平底管 flat-field achromatic objective lens 平场消⾊差物镜 flat-field generator 平⾯场发⽣器 flat-geometry light emitter 平坦型光发射器 flat-head pliers 平头钳 flat-headed piston 平顶活塞 flat-lock machine 绷缝缝纫机 flat-plate heat exchanger 平板式换热器 flat-plate solar collector 平板型太阳能采集器 flat-plate vibrator 平板式振动器 flat-sealed valve 平座密封阀 flat-surface grinding machine 平⾯磨床 flat-top antenna 平顶天线 flat-top plastic bifocal 平顶塑料双焦点透镜 flat-top sealed can 平顶密封罐 flat-turret lathe 平转塔车床 flat-type mixing plant 平台式拌和设备 flat-type travelling mixer 平台式移动拌和机 flat-wise coil 平绕线圈 Flatesa 弗拉特莎半⽆光粘胶纤维 flatness measuring instrument 平⾯度测量仪 flattened liquorice orange ⽢草桔饼 flattened preserved mandarin orange 博罗柑饼 flattened preserved plums 蜜李饼 flattened rayon 扁平⼈造丝 flattened rivet 平头铆钉 flattened spiced plums ⼋珍李饼 flattened square head bolt 平顶⽅头螺栓 flattened sugared orange 糖桔饼 flattener 矫直机 flattening hammer 平锤 flattening machine 矫直机 flattening mill 轧扁机 flatter generator 噪声发⽣器 flatter ribbon-like fibre 扁带状纤维 flatter 平⾯锤 flattered rivet 扁头铆钉 flattie 平跟鞋 flatting machine 压平机 flatting mill 压扁机 flauk 格⼦花呢 flavone 黄酮 flavonol 黄酮醇 flavor essence 味精 flavoring almond essence 杏仁⾹精 flavoring almond oil essence 杏仁油⾹精 flavoring apple essence 苹果⾹精 flavoring apple oil essence 苹果油⾹精 flavoring banana essence ⾹蕉⾹精 flavoring banana oil essence ⾹蕉油⾹精 flavoring butter essence 奶油⾹精 flavoring cherry essence 樱桃⾹精 flavoring cherry oil essence 樱桃油⾹精 flavoring cocoanut oil essence 椰⼦油⾹精 flavoring fragrancy industrial material ⾹料⼯业原料 flavoring ginger oil essence 姜油⾹精 flavoring grape essence 葡萄⾹精 flavoring grape oil essence 葡萄油⾹精 flavoring lemon essence 柠檬⾹精 flavoring lemon oil essence 柠檬油⾹精 flavoring mulberry essence 桑葚⾹精 flavoring mulberry oil essence 桑葚油⾹精 flavoring orange essence 桔⼦⾹精 flavoring orange oil essence 桔⼦油⾹精 flavoring peach essence 桃⼦⾹精 flavoring pear essence ⽣梨⾹精 flavoring pear oil essence ⽣梨油⾹精 flavoring pineapple essence 菠萝⾹精 flavoring pineapple oil essence 菠萝油⾹精 flavoring rose essence 玫瑰⾹精 flavoring rose oil essence 玫瑰油⾹精 flavoring strawberry essence 草梅⾹精 flavoring strawberry oil essence 草梅油⾹精 flavoring vanilla essence ⾹草⾹精 flavoring vanilla oil essence ⾹草油⾹精 flavoured beef 调味⽜⾁ flavoured ginger 五味姜 flavoured gooseberry 五⾹⽢果 flavouring essence for aerated water 汽⽔⾹精 flavouring essence for tobacco 烟⽤⾹精 flavouring essence ⾹精 flavouring material 调味品 flavoxate 黄酮哌酯 flaw detector 探伤器 flaw-detecting hook 探伤钩 flax board 亚⿇纸板 flax buncher 亚⿇割捆机 flax bush 亚⿇ flax canvas 亚⿇帆布 flax cloth 亚⿇布 flax common 长茎亚⿇ flax damask 亚⿇花缎 flax fibre 亚⿇纤维 flax linen 亚⿇布 flax puller 拔⿇机 flax rope 亚⿇绳 flax roving 亚⿇粗纱 flax sliver 亚⿇条 flax spinning frame 亚⿇细纱机 flax tow combined card 亚⿇联合梳⿇机 flax twine 亚⿇细绳 flax waste 废亚⿇ flax yarn 亚⿇纱 flax 亚⿇ flax-chemical fibre blended fabric 亚⿇-化纤混纺布 flax-cotton mixed fabric ⿇棉交织布 flax-lily 亚⿇ flax-seed oil 亚⿇籽油 flax-seed 亚⿇籽 flax-wool blended yarn ⿇⽑混纺纱 flaxen cloth ⿇纱布 flaxlike rayon 亚⿇型⼈造丝 Flaxon 弗拉克森仿⿇细平布 flaxseed gum 亚⿇树胶 flaying knife 剥⽪⼑ flea bag 露宿⽤睡袋 fleam 放⾎⼑ flecainide acetate 醋酸氟卡胺 flecainide 氟卡胺 fleck yarn 混纺闪点短条纹花⾊纱 flecked yarn 霜花纱 fleece fabric 起绒织物 fleece knit goods 起绒针织物 fleece lined goods 厚绒布 fleece wool 套⽑ fleece ⽺⽑ fleece-faced fabric 绒⾯织物 fleece-flower root 何⾸乌 fleece-lined underwear 绒⾥内⾐ fleeced underwear ⽑绒内⾐ fleeced union suit ⽑绒衫连裤 fleecy fabric 起绒织物 fleecy hosiery 起绒针织物 fleecy sweatshirt 卫⽣绒衫 Fleetwood 弗利特伍德牌汽车 Fleisch tube 弗莱施⽒管 Fleming's valve 弗来明管 flenu coal 长焰烟煤 fleroxacin 氟罗沙星 flesh tights ⾁⾊紧⾝⾐ flesh-coloured wool and cotton underhose ⾁⾊⽑棉长衬袜 flesher 仿麂⽪⽪⾰ fleshing machine 去⾁机 fleshings ⾁⾊紧⾝⾐ fletazepam 氟⼄西泮 fleur de jeunesse 泽纳斯花绸 fleur de soie ⾼级丝花缎 fleur de velour ⾼级花丝绒 fleuret silk 绣花绸 fleuret 粗纺斜纹厚呢 flex socket 弯曲套管 flex steel tape 钢卷尺 flex-combination wrenches 回旋式两⽤扳⼿ flex-head wrench 回旋头扳⼿ Flexcel 佛莱克斯赛⽿合股弹⼒丝 Flexcrepe 佛莱克斯克莱泼弹⼒丝 flexi-van 可伸缩运输车 flexibility tester 挠性测试仪 flexible armoured cable 软铠装电缆 flexible armoured face conveyor 可弯曲铠⾯运输机 flexible axle 挠性轴 flexible bearing 挠性轴承 flexible bend 挠性弯管 flexible bolt with ball head 挠性球头螺栓 flexible booster autopilot 柔性助准器⾃动驾驶仪 flexible boring machine 挠性镗孔机 flexible cable 软电缆 flexible condiut 软管 flexible conduit joint 蛇⽪管接头 flexible connector 挠性连接器 flexible cord 花线 flexible coupling 弹性联轴节 flexible desk lamp 软杆台灯 flexible disk 软磁盘 flexible electrode 软焊条 flexible electron multiplicator 挠性电⼦倍增器 flexible fiber scope 柔性纤维镜 flexible foam 弹性泡沫塑料 flexible fuel tank 软燃油箱 flexible graphite 柔性⽯墨 flexible hacksaw blade 挠性钢锯条 flexible harrow 挠性链齿耙 flexible head coupler 活头车钩 flexible hose covered with plastic film 包塑软管 flexible hose machine tool working lamp 软管机床⼯作灯 flexible hose 软管 flexible lamp cord 电灯花线 flexible light transmitting fibre 挠性光导纤维 flexible light-image probe 弹性光象探索器 flexible magnetic disk machine 软磁盘机 flexible manufacturing cell 柔性制造单元 flexible metal conduit ⾦属软管 flexible metal hose 软钢管 flexible metal tube 柔性⾦属管 flexible micanite sheet 软云母⽚ flexible neoprene bellow 氯丁橡胶波纹管 flexible oil pipeline 软质输油管线 flexible paddle pump 柔性叶⽚泵 flexible pipe 蛇管 flexible plastic disc 软塑料盘 flexible plastics 软质塑料 flexible polyurethane foam 软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料 flexible printed circuit board 柔性印刷电路板 flexible resistor 挠性电阻器 flexible roller 弹簧滚柱 flexible rotor vibration control system 柔性转⼦振动控制系统 flexible rubber hose 软胶管 flexible rubber joint 挠性橡胶接头 flexible rubber-insulated wire 橡胶绝缘软线 flexible rule 卷尺 flexible shaft grinder 软轴砂轮机 flexible shaft pipe cleaner 软轴洗管器 flexible shaft type level controller 挠性轴式液位控制器 flexible shaft vibrator 软轴振捣器 flexible shaft 挠性轴 flexible shirt 柔性衬衫 flexible spindle 弹性锭⼦ flexible spline 柔性曲线规 flexible steel cable 软钢丝绳 flexible steel wire rope 柔软钢索 flexible stranded wire 软性绞合线 flexible table lamp 软杆台灯 flexible tool system 柔性⼑具系统 flexible transducer 弯曲换能器 flexible tube filling machine 软管灌装机 flexible tube valve 挠性管阀 flexible turning cell 柔性车削单元 flexible unsaturated polyester resin 柔性不饱和聚酯树脂 flexible water delivery tank 软体运⽔罐 flexible water storage tank 软体储⽔罐 flexible waveguide 柔性波导管 flexible wire for electric welding 电焊软线 flexible wire rope 软钢丝绳 flexible-mounted engine 安装在弹性座垫上的发动机 flexible-shaft centrifugal compressor 挠性轴离⼼式压缩机 fleximesh 正反线圈交替针织物 flexing machine 弯曲试验机 flexiplastics 柔性塑料 flexographic ink 苯胺印刷油墨 flexographic printing machine 苯胺印刷机 flexometer 曲率计 flexoplate monitor 挠曲板监测器 flexoplate 挠曲板 flexowriter 多功能打字机 flexural spring 弯曲弹簧 flick knife 弹簧折⼑ flicker photometer 闪烁光度计 flicker relay 闪光继电器 flickering lamp 闪光灯 flight analyzer 飞⾏分析器 flight auger 链动螺钻 flight chain conveyor 链纽式输送机 flight command indicator 飞⾏命令指⽰器 flight computer 飞⾏计算机 flight control display 飞⾏控制显⽰器 flight control unit 飞⾏控制器 flight conveyor 刮板运输器 flight data recorder 飞⾏数据记录器 flight deck seat 驾驶舱座椅 flight director 飞⾏指挥仪 flight gyroscope 飞⾏陀螺仪 flight indicator 陀螺地平仪 flight jacket 飞⾏员茄克 flight monitor 飞⾏监测器 flight navigator 飞⾏导航仪 flight path computer 飞⾏航线计算机 flight path deviation indicator 飞⾏航线偏差指⽰器 flight path planning equipment 飞⾏路线计划设备 flight path recorder 飞⾏航线记录器 flight path selector 飞⾏航线选择器 flight recorder 飞⾏⾃动记录仪 flight simulator 飞⾏摸拟器 flight speed indicator 飞⾏速度指⽰器 flight style horsehide jacket 飞⾏式马⽪茄克 flight-light lamp bulb 机上照明灯泡 flimsy material 薄织物 flinger 抛油环 flint ball 燧⽯球 flint block 燧⽯块 flint brick 坚硬砖 flint chippings 燧⽯渣 flint clay 硬质耐⽕⼟ flint coloured paper 彩⾊蜡光纸 flint glass paper 粗砂纸 flint glass 燧⽯玻璃 flint glazed board 蜡光纸板 flint glazed card 蜡光卡纸 flint glazing machine 磨光机 flint optical glass ⽕⽯光学玻璃 flint paper 蜡光纸 flint powder 燧⽯粉 flint products 燧⽯制品 flint 燧⽯ flint-coated paper 蜡光纸 flint-glass prism ⽕⽯玻璃棱镜 flint-glazed paper 蜡光纸 flip coil 反位线圈 flip flop 触发器 flip skirt 不分前后⾝的裙⼦ flip-chip bonder 倒装式焊接器 flip-flop counter 触发计数器 flip-flop frequency divider 触发电路分频器 flip-flop generator 双稳态触发器 flip-flop multivibrator 双稳态多谐振荡器 flip-flop register 触发式寄存器 flippy skirt 抛式裙 Flisca 弗利斯卡粘胶短纤维 Flit MLO 幼蚊油 flitch beam 组合板梁 flitch girder 组合板⼤梁 flitch plate 组合板 flitch trussed beam 组合桁架梁 flitch 贴板 flitter gold 黄铜箔 flix courts 亚⿇平布 Flixor 弗利克索尔聚酰胺纤维。

烟草中性致香物质的配合力研究陈绍凯;刘洋;丁飞【摘要】为了使混合型卷烟由原来的物理混合向化学混合转变，利用9个烤烟品种（系）及一个白肋烟品种（TN90），按NCⅡ交配设计配制25个杂交组合。

对烟草中性致香物质的配合力进行了分析。

结果表明，烟草中性致香物质的遗传特性主要受基因非加性效应控制。

通过中性致香物质在各亲本材料中一般配合力（GCA）效应的综合表现，Va116、红花大金元是较为理想的亲本；综合中性致香物质在各组合间的特殊配合力（SCA）表现，较理想的组合有NC82×红花大金元、NC2326×TN90、Va116×GDH88和G140×TN90。

%To make blended cigarettesto transferfrom original physical mixturetochemical mixture,by usingNC II design, 25 crosses were acquired from 9 tobacco varieties (lines) and a burley tobacco variety TN90, and in which theneutral aroma of tobacco combining ability were analyzed. The results showed that the genetic characteristics of the three main flavoring substances affecting the tobacco flavor style mainly controlled by non-additive geneeffects.Through comprehensive performance in the parent material ofgeneralcombiningability(GCA)effect by neutral aromacomponents,theVa116, Honghuadajinyuanwereideal parent;for the comprehensive neutral aroma components in various combinationsbyspecific combining ability(SCA)performance,theideal combination include:NC82 × Honghuadajinyuan, NC2326 ×TN90,andVa116 × GDH88, G140 × TN90.【期刊名称】《中国烟草科学》【年(卷),期】2014(000)004【总页数】5页(P6-10)【关键词】烟草;品种;中性致香物质;配合力【作者】陈绍凯;刘洋;丁飞【作者单位】贵州大学，贵州省烟草品质研究重点实验室，贵阳 550025;贵州大学，贵州省烟草品质研究重点实验室，贵阳 550025;贵州大学，贵州省烟草品质研究重点实验室，贵阳 550025【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S572.03烟草香气成分是评价烟叶及卷烟质量的重要指标之一。