研究生英语阅读教程基础级第三版lesson-8

1.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。

在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。

2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。

《研究生英语阅读教程》基础级第三版词汇（1-6）Unit One Efficient ReadingLesson1 Developing Your Reading EfficiencyREADING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse?1.sizable adj. 相当大的2.Virtually adv. 几乎，差不多3.Constitute v. 形成，等同于4.Aggrandizement n. 扩张，增加5.Predominantly adv. 卓越地，支配地，主要地6.Default n. 疏忽，不履行7.Hegemonic adj. 霸权的8.Benign adj. 有利的9.Dispassionately adv. 平心静气地，不带偏见地10.Verdict n. 判断，裁决11.Straightforward adj. 明确的，清清楚楚的12.Aboriginal adj.土著的；（A-）澳大利亚土著居民的13.Adversely adv. 不利地14.Indigenous adj. 本土的，土生土长的15.Endanger v. 危害adj. 频于灭绝的16.Apparatus n. 组织，机构17.Apartheid n. 种族隔离18.Descent n. 血统，遗传19.Regime n. 政权20.Vernacular adj. 本国语的，方言的21.Invoke v. 引起，造成22.Point up 强调23.Take in 包括24.For good or (for) ill 无论好坏25.By and large 总的来说，大体上26.Die out 死光，绝种y sth. at the door of... 把某事归咎于（某人或某事）28.Leave aside 不谈论，将某一话题搁置一边29.Crystal clear 非常清楚的，显而易见的READING SELECTION BJumble of Conflicting Language Taboos1.jumble n. 混乱、杂乱的一堆2.Taboo n. 禁忌3.Oriental adj. 东方各国的4.Employ v. 用，使用5.Sponsor n. 发起者，主办方，赞助者6.Pejorative adj. 轻蔑的，贬低的7.Offensive adj. 无礼的，不敬的ndmass n. 大片陆地9.Oust v. 取代10.Unabashedly adv. 不脸红地，满不在乎地11.Proclaim v. 正式宣布，宣告12.Ancestry n. 祖先，祖系13.Ethnicity n. 种族特点，种族渊源14.Delicacy n. 精细，微妙15.Minefield n. 危险区，雷区16.Ideological adj. 意识形态的，思想方式的17.Rife adj. 充满的18.Multiracial adj. 多种族的19.Take on 具有，呈现20.At best 至多，充其量21.At worst 在最坏的情况下22.Give way 让路，让位23.Ill advised 没脑筋的，鲁莽的Lesson2 Developing Your Reading FlexibilityREADING SELECTION AYou’ve Got to Find What You Lovemencement n. 毕业典礼，学位授予典礼2.Drop-in n. 没有被邀请的来访或来访者；（在大学里）旁听或旁听生3.Adoption n. 收养4.Relent vi. 怜悯；变温和；变宽厚5.Naively adv. 不老练地；轻信地6.Intuition n.直觉7.Calligraphy n. 书法；笔迹；书法艺术8.Serif n.【印刷】衬线，截线（例如字母H的上下四根短而细的横线）9.Sans-serif 【印刷】无衬线，无截线10.Typeface n. 字体，字样；打字机字体11.Typography n. 凸版印刷术；排印；印刷样式12.Subtle adj. 微妙的；难以捉摸的；细微的13.Proportionally adv. 按比例地；想配合地；适当地14.Font n. 字体，字形15.Destiny n. 命运；天命；天数16.Karma n. 【宗】（佛教和印度教的）梵文“羯磨”的意译，即善恶行为所留下的一种无形的力；缘分，命运，宿缘17.Diverge vi. （道路等）分叉，（意见等）分歧，脱离18.Devastating adj. 毁灭性的19.Entrepreneur n. <法>创业者，企业家（尤指涉及财务风险的）20.Baton n. （田赛）接力棒21.Animate vt. 赋予。

A.选择题1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___A. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverseC. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandonD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources,organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinct1. The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery to thousands of hard-working (diligent) tradesmen.A. sizeB. expansionC. developmentD. termination2. There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgery financially viable (feasible) and eventually (finally) she left.A. practicableB. sufficientC. deficientD. impractical3. Learning some basic information about preparing and delivering (~ a speech) formal presentations can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear involved in public speaking.A. easeB. expressC. preventD. dispose4. Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/ paralyze) the peace talks.A. influenceB. damageC. endD. complicate (a./ vt.)5. Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster (develop/ cultivate) productivity, not stifle it.A. retainB. repressC. crashD. abandon6. He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete discretion and never said a malicious word.A. dishearteningB. sympatheticC. harshD. polite7. After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again).A. emergedB. continuedC. dominatedD. resumed (restore)8. There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhorrent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).A. shockingB. tolerableC. uncontrollableD. distasteful (disgusting)9. The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera.A. smallB. digitalC. concealedD. sophisticated10. The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected) 300 tantalizing (attractive) recipes for all occasions and lifestyles, plus down to earth (=practical) advice on matching food with wine.A. disturbingB. temptingC. promisingD. offending1. I advocate (vt./n.) a (whole->) holistic recognition that biology and culture interpenetrate in an inextricable manner (way).A. complicatedB. unavoidableC. customaryD. incomprehensible2. The (Rome-> romance) romantic painting movement introduced a taste for the mysterious as well as (=and) a love of the picturesque and sublime nature.A. immenseB. fascinatingC. magnificentD. enchanting3. One important feature (property/ character; feature story专题报道) of the period was the growth (development) of Buddhism. Its adherents honored the Buddha in order to be reborn in his paradise (heaven).A. sponsorsB. supportersC. advocatorsD. advisors4. As censorship was extremely strict in that period, little authentic news came out of the country(Churchill: iron-curtain country).A. negativeB. disastrousC. officialD. reliable5. If a block of wood is completely immersed in water, the upward force is greater than the weight of the wood.A. dippedB. pressedC. forcedD. pushed6. According to Zhuangzi, a Daoist (道家) philosopher of the late 4th century B.C., through mystical (unite->) union with the Dao the individual could transcend nature and even life and death.A. dissolveB. upraiseC. surpassD. depress7. As (when) economic growth ground to a halt (stop), the local populations grew (became) more and more disaffected.A. indifferentB. resentfulC. unvaluedD. indignant8. (capital penalty死刑) Capitalism was beset (be troubled) by (circle->)cycles (->recycle) of "boom and bust", periods of expansion and prosperity followed by economic collapse [->collapsible] and waves of unemployment. [beheaded= killed]A. failureB. transitionC. lossD. depression9. At that time (=then), life was nearly as taxing (burdensome/ tiring) for all-black bands: black musicians were required to use kitchen (restaurant) entrances and service elevators (=lift; escalator), which forced them to confront the ugly realities of racial discrimination. [Hard Times]A. miserableB. hardC. unbearableD. harsh10. Modern and implicit censorship has nothing like the power of the old system and contrary opinion is never entirely stifled.A. releasedB. arrestedC. retardedD. prohibitedB.选恰当1. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, takingin most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B) 9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.5.Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.predisposed to decode wreak havoc compromise malfunctionat one's fingertips usher in discriminate toxic customize1. You have to admit how wonderful the service center is — it just puts anything you may possibly need at your fingertips!2. He belonged to a generation that took it for granted that after the war a brave new world was to be ushered in (be led to somewhere).3. We must understand the double language used today and carefully decode its meaning.4. The civil war has wrought havoc on the economy.5. The government's future may be plunged (dive) into jeopardy (danger) unless the coalition ()partners manage to (try to) reach a compromise. [win-win situation]6. This heat can cause certain circuit-board components to malfunction or fail altogether.7. Evidence showed the herbs were not toxic (poisonous) and did not contain poisons or common drugs.8. It was alleged (claimed) that the restaurant discriminated against black customers. [Negro]9. Some people are genetically predisposed (inclined to do sth.) to cancers.10. You are in charge of your own schedule (plan/ timetable) and can customize that schedule to fit your own training needs. [(1)charge sb with sth.=accuse sb. of sth.; (2)~a battery; (3) be in charge of sth.(4)~ sb. some money]6.Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.in control of within the framework variables i t turns out on papertake away from once in a while trade... for make sense take heart1. The most famous (<->eminent) private boarding schools are open to the public on paper, but in reality are attended by those who can afford (=pay for) the fees (->fare). [(1)boarder房客/border; (2) 边界]2. She loved her dog so much that after years of its death she still thinks of it once in a while (now and then/ occasionally).3. An (equal: a./ vi.~to sth.) equation is said to be satisfied for certain values of the variables ifthe expression on the left side of the equation is equal to that on the right side. (->equator) 4. The Commission (->committee) was to formulate plans for establishing an international control organ (organization) within the framework of the Security Council. [city council]5. He lost his confidence after he lost the first two (try->) trials, but his coach told him to take heart (<->lose one’s heart), so that he could win at last.6. His (refuse->)refusal to accept the prize does not takes away from his success in writing it.7. The presentation of his paper (oral presentation) was highly praised, but it turned out that the paper was copied from the Internet. [think great/ much of sb./ think highly of sb.<->think little of sb./ look down upon sb.; Turn out: (1)The police turned out to the site of the crime;(2)The produce or product the factory/the farm turned out; (3) It has been proved that…;]8. Maria has read it for four times, but the letter still doesn't make sense to her. [She doesn’t understand it; French: It’s Chinese.是天书].9. Susan was in control of (in charge of sth.) the meeting, and after singing and prayer (n.) she introduced a strange friend from America (the US/the U.S.).10. The early (settle: vi./vt.) settlers (settlement) traded copper for corn from natives. [to settle in somewhere/ ~ an argument][scorn=look down (up)on sb.]C.完形填空1.ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank.A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend".1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofA U.S. company says [sez] they have developed pigs with organs 1 for use in human transplant operations. They are the first pigs 2 engineered to keep their organs from being 3 by humans.The researchers believe their work is the best hope for people 4 an organ transplant operation. More than seventy-thousand people in the United States alone need 5 an operation to replace organs that 6 work. Scientists consider (think) pigs to be the best animals to provide organs for people. This is because the organs are 7 .The company has developed pigs of different 8 . The first four genetically engineered pigs were born in September and October last year. The pigs are smaller than normal. The five other pigs are 9 normal size. They were born in December. The company says it wants to use the pigs as part of its program (project) to 10 a cure for patients with heart disease.1. A. detailed B. denoted C. desired D. designed2. A. genetically B. generally C. especially D. essentially3. A. eliminated B. discarded C. rejected D. abandoned4. A. serving on B. contributing to C. waiting for D. associating with5. A. thus B. this C. so D. such6. A. not B. no longer C. not more D. no other7. A. similar B. familiar C. identical (=same) D. unique8. A. shapes B. types C. sizes D. sorts9. A. off B. of C. for D. from10. A. see B. seem C. size D. seek6.ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary.supposed to be unless all too often which external thoroughly that on the other hand in return ironicallyAlthough, as we have seen, people generally long to leave their places of work and get home, ready to put their hard-earned free time to good use , 1 all too often they have no idea what to do there. 2 Ironically , jobs are actually easier to enjoy than free time, because like flow activities they have built-in goals, feedback, rules and challenges, all of 3 which encourage one to become involved in one's work, to concentrate and lose oneself in it. Free time, 4 on the other hand, is unstructured, and requires much greater effort to be shaped into something that can be enjoyed. Hobbies that demand skill, habits that set goals and limits, personal interests, and especially inner discipline, help to make leisure (free time) what it is 5supposed to be chance for "re-creation" . But on the whole people miss the opportunity to enjoy leisure even more 6 thoroughly than they do with working time. It is in the improvident use of our leisure time, I suspect, 7 that the greatest wastes of American life occur.Mass leisure, mass culture, arid even high culture when only attended to passively and for 8 external Reasons —such as the wish to display one's status —are parasites of the mind. They absorb psychic energy without providing substantive strength 9 in return. They leave us more exhausted, more disheartened than we were before. 10 Unless a person takes charge of them, both work and free time are likely to be disappointing. Most jobs and many leisure activities —especially those involving the passive consumption of mass media —are not designed to make us happy and strong, or to make us learn to enjoy our work.D.中翻英、英翻中判断正误Lesson 1II. Translation Put the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

Lesson 1 World English: A Blessing or a Curse (p7)1. There has been much opposition from social groups, B from the farmingcommunity.A. straightforwardly(直接地)B. notably（显著地，尤其）C. virtually（事实上）D. exceptionally（例外地）译文：社会团体，尤其是农业团体，对此有许多反对意见。

2. The A view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominant（占支配地位的）B. credulous（轻信的）C. inclusive（包含的）D. sustainable（可持续的）译文：英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为，老龄化意味着衰落、依赖、孤立，而且往往是贫穷。

3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most D of governments.A. tough（困难的）B. demanding（苛求的）C. diverse（不同的）D. benign（有利的；善良的）译文：但是，这样的礼物不可能由法官或最仁慈的政府颁发给所有人。

4. The foreman read the C of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudice（偏见）B. verification（政审）C. verdict（判断；裁决）D. punishment（惩罚）译文：陪审团念了十四遍有罪判决，为每位被告都念了一遍。

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第三次版课文参考译文集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]研究生英语阅读教程（基础级）第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课 A世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆麦克阿瑟（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。

在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。

但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。

英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。

（第 141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。

在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。

他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。

在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，或故意或无意，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。

英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。

（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。

和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。

在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。

第一个群体是 ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是 ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。

二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。

从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。