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Course:- 28117Class:- 289033a HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERINGExamination for the Degree ofMEng in Petroleum EngineeringProduction Technology 1aThursday 22nd April 199909.30 - 11.30NOTES FOR CANDIDATES1.This is a Closed Book Examination and candidates are allowed to utilise course notes forreference during the exam.2.15 minutes reading time is provided from 09.15 - 09.30.3.Examination Papers will be marked anonymously. See separate instructions for completion ofScript Book front covers and attachment of loose pages. Do not write your name on any loose pages which are submitted as part of your answer.4.Candidates should attempt ALL questions.5.The marks allocated to each question are shown in brackets after the question.6.State clearly any and all assumptions you make.The Alpha oil reservoir is a small offshore field which is currently being considered for development.It is likely that the field will require 3-5 production wells. Currently the use of a small fixed jacket is preferred with the possible use of a subsea template/completion if further delineation causes a significant downsizing in reserves.The general conditions for the field are shown in Table 1 with the fluid and reservoir characteristics shown in Table 2 and 3 respectively. A projected casing schedule is shown in Table 4. Table 5 outlines the probable trajectories.It is anticipated that the well deliverability will require the use of 41/2" OD tubing. However as the wells are anticipated to be under a depletion (solution gas in late life) drive, well deliverability will decline almost immediately.Table 1 - Field Location and General DataWater depth 180 ft Location 100 miles offshore NE Scotland Adjacent existing platform is 8 miles to the SW No. of wells projected 3-5Reserve estimate 47 x 106 STB No aquiferNo gas cap at initial reservoir pressureTable 2 - Reservoir Fluid Data API Gravity = 31 degreesOil viscosity at reservoir conditions = 7 cp GOR = 420 SCF/bblH2S concentration = 5ppm CO2 concentration = 8%Bubble point of crude oil = 1800 psiaTable 3 - Reservoir DataTop of oil column = 5900 ft TVDSS Thickness of reservoir sand = 140 ft Bottom hole temperature = 180°F Permeability = 80-270 mdAverage permeability = 170mdInitial reservoir pressure = 2900 psia at 5900ft KV/KH = 1.0 (approx)The reservoir consists of a consolidated to friable, heterogeneous, fine grained sandstone with limited clay content. It is slightly overpressured and overlain by a thin (150 ft) shale layer.Table 4 - Provisional Casing ScheduleHole Size Casing Size Setting Depth (TVDSS) ft in in From To 2620Surface100017 1/213 3/8Surface260012 1/49 5/8Surface47008 1/27420059506option 1. 4 1/255006150option 2. 4 premium screenoption 3.Open holeTable 5 - Projected Well TrajectoryAll wells will have the following outline trajectory Hole Size Hole angle from vertical in section in Top Bottom260º0º17 1/20º15-25º12 1/415-25º60-65º8 1/260-65º65-80º665-80º80-90ºUse short notes and sketches to answer the following questions.State all assumptions and give reasons where possible.1.For this particular development, discuss the options for the bottomhole completion technique,namely, perforated/cemented liner; premium screen or openhole. What would you recommend and why?[15]2.What would be your concerns about the selection of a drill-in fluid for the 6 inch hole and whatfluid and additives would you recommend?[10]3.Provide a sketch of a conceptual configuration for the completion of the oil producers. Specify:a)Key components and your reasons for their selectionb)Approximate setting depths[25]4.Assuming that the wells were drilled overbalanced how would you lower the bottomholepressure to initiate flow?[10]5.If it is necessary to pull the tubing, how would you secure the well, isolate flow and kill the well?[10]6.If the reserves are downgraded and a platform is uneconomic, how would you modify yourdesign if the field were developed by a maximum of 3 subsea satellite production wells?Provide a sketch.[15]7.Propose a contingency configuration for satellite water injector completions.[10]8.If the reservoir were put on water injection, how would this impact on your design for the oilproducers?[5] End of Paper。
2011年油气田开发初试试题一：名词解释1.缘上注水2.水侵系数3.弹性采收率4.注水波及体积系数5.压力函数6.不稳定渗流7.渗流速度8.压力系数二：填空题和概念题1.开发层系划分的含义2.面积注水优点（）3.复杂断块油藏定义4.气顶驱条件（）5.影响非活塞水驱油因素（）主要是（）6.井的不完善类型（）7.死油点出现在（）舌进出现在（）8.导压系数越大，压力传播（）三：问答题1.常规试井早期偏离直线段的原因2画出.反九点系统，并指出注采比3.“弹性-弱边水驱动”的生产特征，并画图4.用图表示油水相渗曲线和含水上升率曲线5.用图表示封闭边界定压生产、定产量生产时压力的变化6.稳定试井的原理、方法及应用四：大题1.用Np=a(LgWp-Lgb)推导当含f w=95%时的可采储量计算关系式。
2.给出弹性水驱的条件，并推导不考虑岩石和束缚水弹性膨胀的物质平衡方程。
3.已知某油田产量Q=272t/d，递减周期23年，试求当递减指数n=0，1时第10年末的瞬时产量。
4.如图所示，在一直线断层与一直线供给边界构成的水平、均质等厚地层中有一口生产井，供给边界上压力为Pe，地层渗透率为k，原油粘度μ，孔隙度 ，油层厚度h，油井半径Rw。
（1）写出描述这一问题的渗流数学模型（2）求产量和压力公式（3）求A,B,C渗流速度5.直线供给边界a 处有一口生产井（弹性不稳定渗流），以产量Q 生产T 时间后关井，水平均质地层，已知地层渗透率为k ，原油粘度μ，孔隙度φ，油层厚度h ，油井半径Rw ，供给边界上压力为Pe ，供给半径Re ，综合压缩系数Ct（1）描述这一问题的渗流数学模型。
（2）推导计算该井任意时刻井底压力Pw （t ）的表达式6、一维水驱方式下，已知地层长度L ，横截面积为F ，孔隙度φ，前缘含水饱和度wf S ，束缚水饱和度wc S ，并且)(w S f 和)('w s f 函数已知，求（1）见水时的累积注入量V1（2）无水采收率1Re V 表达式（3）此时某一饱和度点1w S （1w S >wf S ）所推进的距离L 1表达式（4）若见水后继续生产，则当出口端含水饱和度为1w S 时，此时的累计注入量V2（5）从见水时刻到此时的累计采油量、猜出程度表达式YXa。
2021-2021年油气田开发综合一真题2021年油气田开发初试试题一、名词解释 1）切割距2）水驱油的前缘含水饱和度 3）递减周期 4）不稳定渗流 5）导压系数 6）流动系数二、填空题1）三种注水方式是（边缘注水）（切割注水）（面积注水）。
2）建立基本微分方程的三个方程是（运动方程）（状态方程）（连续性方程）。
3）复杂断块油田是含油面积（小于1平方千米）的断块油藏，且地质储量占油田总储量的（50）以上的断块油田。
4）储集层按边界情况可以分为（定压边界）（封闭边界）。
5）基础井网是以某一主要含油层系为目标而首先设计的（基本生产井）和（注水井），是开发区的第一套正式开发井网。
6）井的不完善性表现为（打开程度不完善）、（打开性质不完善）、（双重不完善）三种类型。
三、简述题1）简述反九点法和正五点的布井方式和注采井数比？ 2）简述气顶驱油开采的条件及影响方式？ 3）画出油水相对渗透率曲线和含水率曲线？ 4）简述不稳定试井曲线后期偏直线的各种原因？ 5）简述稳定试井的原理，方法及其应用？6）画出粉笔边界和定压边界定产量生产情况下的压力分布曲线？四、推导题1）推导气顶驱和水驱的物质平衡方程式，并写出稳定水侵的公式？ 2）评价水驱衰减曲线的调整效果，并推导其所增加的可采储量？ 3）油藏工程中248页中关于指数递减的计算题。
4）如图所示，根据直线供给边界a处有一生产井。
设底层厚度为h，渗透率为K，孔隙度为Φ，供给边界上压力位Pe，油井半径为Rw，井底压力为Pw. 试回答：1、映像井类别、位置及渗流场示意图；2、底层压力分布及计算公式；3、油井产量Q计算公式。
2021年油气田开发综合一一、名词解释 1、复杂断块油藏 2、产量递减率 3、采油速度 4、储量丰度 5、早期注水 6、切割距 7、导压系数 8、周期注水 9、早期注水 10、面积注水 11、折算压力12、达西定律 13、综合压缩系数 14、汇源反应15、非活塞式水驱油 16、渗透率17、压降叠加原理 18、稳定渗流 19、采油指数20、非达西流的指数形式二、填空1、影响非活塞式水驱油的因素有______,其中主要是___________。
中国石油大学函授生考试试卷课程油气田开发方案设计教师 xxxxxx学年第1 学期班级xxxx石油工程姓名____________ 成绩_______一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1、井网密度：平均每平方千米（或公顷）开发面积所占有的井数2、倒灌现象：在注水油田,低压层和高压层合采,则低压层往往不出油,可能出现高压含水层中的水和油向低压层倒流的现象,称为见水层和含油层间的倒灌现象3、含水上升率：表示某一阶段含水率上升了多少，它是衡量油田含水上升快慢的指标。
4、生产气油比：:油田在开采过程中，每采出一吨油所伴随着采出的天然气量。
单位：m3/t。
生产气油比的大小反映了地层原油的脱气程度。
5、产量递减率：是指单位时间的产量变化率。
递减率的大小，反映油田稳产形势的好坏。
6、累积亏空：累积注入量所占地下体积与采出物所占地下体积之比。
7、水驱指数：指每采出1 吨油在地下的存水量。
单位为方/吨。
8、层间矛盾：非均质多油层油田笼统注水（不分层注水）后，由于高、中、低渗透层的差异，各层在吸水能力、水线推进速度、地层压力、采油速度、水淹状况等方面产生的差异。
利用水力作用，使油层形成裂缝的一种方法。
其是影响油田开发效果的重要指标。
9、渗透率：10、综合岩石压缩系数：二、填空题（每空1分，共18分）1、油藏的开发方式可以分为、、、、。
2、递减类型的确定方法、、、。
3、油藏工程设计包括、、、、。
4、注水方式有、、、等几种方式。
三、简答题（每题5分，共40分）1、简述油藏开发设计的基本原则2、什么叫油田开发方案？其编制步骤可分为哪几步？3、简述油田开发方案实施应注意的主要方面？4、简述合理的布井方案?5、简述选择驱动方式的原则？6、简述划分开发层系的原则？1.纯气层，有水气层，含凝析气油的气层应分别组合开发层组，每套层组的构造形态，气水（油）边界，储层性质，天然气性质，压力系统应大体一致，以保证各气层对开发方式和井网具有共同的适应性，减少开发过程中的层间矛盾。
开发油田英语作文Title: The Development of Oil Fields。
Introduction:Oil fields play a crucial role in meeting the world's energy demands. The development of oil fields involves various processes, including exploration, drilling, production, and refining. This essay aims to explore the key aspects of oil field development and its significance in the global energy sector.Body:1. Exploration:Oil field development begins with exploration, which involves the search for potential oil reserves. Geologists and geophysicists use advanced techniques, such as seismic surveys, to identify areas with potential oil deposits.Exploratory wells are drilled to confirm the presence ofoil and estimate its quantity.2. Drilling:Once a potential oil field is identified, drilling operations commence. A drilling rig is set up, and a wellis drilled vertically or at an angle to reach the oil-bearing rock formations. Advanced drilling technologies, such as directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing, are employed to maximize oil recovery. The well is lined with steel casing and cemented to ensure stability and prevent contamination.3. Production:After drilling, the production phase begins. Oil is extracted from the reservoir through the well using various methods, such as natural pressure, artificial lift systems, or enhanced oil recovery techniques. The extracted oil is transported to the surface and separated from any impurities. The production rate is monitored, and measuresare taken to optimize production and maintain reservoir pressure.4. Refining:Once the oil is extracted, it undergoes refining processes to convert it into usable products. Refineries separate the crude oil into different components, such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and lubricants, through distillation and other refining techniques. The refined products are then distributed to consumers through pipelines, tankers, or trucks.Significance of Oil Field Development:1. Economic Importance:Oil field development has significant economic implications. It creates job opportunities, attracts investments, and generates revenue for governments. Oil-producing countries often rely on oil exports to fund their national development projects and improve their citizens'living standards.2. Energy Security:Oil fields contribute to global energy security by providing a reliable and abundant source of energy. As oil is a primary fuel for transportation, heating, and electricity generation, the development of oil fields ensures a stable energy supply for various sectors.3. Technological Advancements:The development of oil fields drives technological advancements. The industry invests heavily in research and development to enhance exploration techniques, drilling technologies, and refining processes. These innovations have broader applications beyond the oil industry and contribute to overall technological progress.4. Environmental Concerns:While oil field development is essential, it alsoraises environmental concerns. Oil spills, greenhouse gas emissions, and habitat destruction are some of the negative impacts associated with oil extraction and refining. To mitigate these concerns, the industry is adopting cleaner technologies, investing in renewable energy sources, and implementing stringent environmental regulations.Conclusion:The development of oil fields is a complex and vital process that ensures the availability of energy resources to meet global demands. It involves exploration, drilling, production, and refining, and contributes significantly to the economy, energy security, technological advancements, and environmental sustainability. As the world transitions towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, theoil industry must continue to adapt and innovate to meet the evolving energy needs of the future.。
Course:-G19PTClass:-G137*G137X HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERINGExamination for the Degree ofMSc in Petroleum EngineeringProduction Technology 1Wednesday XX April 200X09.00 – 12.00NOTES FOR CANDIDATES1.This is a Closed Book Examination.2.Examination Papers will be marked anonymously. See separate instruction forcompletion of Script Book front covers and attachment of loose pages. Do not write your name on any loose pages which are submitted as part of your answer.3.Question 1 is compulsory. Three questions are to be answered from questions2-7. Answers should be written in separate answer books as follows: Question 1BlueQuestion 2-7Green4.Where necessary please state any assumption that you made in answering thequestions.Question 11(a)The flow characteristics of a hydrocarbon in a vertical tubing string vary as the position of the fluid in the tubing varies. Describe fully, the main flow regimes that would be encountered in a well producing fluid from a reservoir containing oil and dissolved gas. The flowing bottomhole pressure is above the bubble point pressure.[20] 1(b)A well and reservoir have the following completion and reservoir data. There is zero water cut.Determine the bottomhole flowing pressure.[20] Figures 1 to 4 are the required Flowing Gradient Curves2(a)Completion installation practices require a coordination of the equipment and the running procedures. Describe the preparations required prior to running tubing fori)open hole completionii)cased hole completion.[8] 2(b)Once the downhole completion has been installed, describe the process of surface completion ofa well and bringing it on production.[12] Question 33(a)List the 5 main technical disciplines that a Production Technologist needs to understand so that he/she can make a full contribution to reaching his Asset team’s Objectives.[4] 3(b)At which periods in the well’s lifetime is input required from the Production Technologist?[1] 3(c)What are the business drivers that guide the Production Technologist’s actions with respect to capital investment, planning and operating cost budgeting?[4] 3(d)Draw a simple sketch of the Composite Production System, indicating clearly the systems start and end points[4] 3(e)Write one or two basic equations to quantify the “Total System Pressure Drop”[4] 3(f)Wells producing from :i) a solution gas drive reservoir andii) a water drive reservoir where there is a large aquifer present the Production Technologist with differing challenges when he manages the well’s performance. Draw a simple sketch to compare and contrast reservoir performance of these two drive mechanism types[4] 3(g)For each of the above reservoir types, list 2 of the resulting Production Technology challenges that will control the well design and Production operations Policy.[4]4(a) A recommendation is required to choose a perforating system for a completion in aformationwith a variable rock strength – ranging from a weak Unconfined Compressive Strength (C f=2,000 psi) to a strong value (C f = 18000 psi).Calculate the expected perforation lengths for the following perforating guns to be run in a 9.675in. OD casing placed inside a 12.25 in. drilled hole.N.B. API RP 43 data available for these guns can be converted to downhole performance using the equation:P f = P t * e 0.086*(C t – C f )/1000Where P f is the expected penetration (inches) in formations with an Unconfined Compressive Strength, C f (psi) and P t is the API RP43 test penetration in the test formation (Unconfined Compressive Strength, C t = 6,500 psi)[4]4(b)Drilling of the strong formation (C f = 18000 psi) results in a hole with the same diameter asthe drill bit. By contrast, drilling of the weak (C f = 2000 psi) formation resulted in an enlarged hole (or “washout”). The hole diameter has increased by 8 inches.Which perforating guns do you recommend and why?[4]4(c) A new drilling mud with a low leak-off rate is chosen for the weak formation. This mudcreates a zone 2 in. deep around the wellbore of Formation Damage or reducedpermeability (permeability is reduced to 5% of the original value). Also, a better quality hole is drilled. The washout (hole enlargement) is now only 3 in. greater than the drilled hole diameter.Does this alter the perforating gun you recommend?Explain the reasoning behind your answer.[4]4(d)Briefly list 4 major advantages & 3 disadvantages of using a tubing conveyed perforatingsystem.[9]4(e)Briefly list 3 different techniques used to detonate a tubing conveyed perforating gun.5(a)Travel joints, sub-surface safety valves, side pocket mandrels, sliding side doors,perforated joints and landing nipples and among completion string components. Briefly explain them and their roles.[6]5(b)Tubing flow without annular seal is one of the options available for flow conduit selection.Describe the advantages and disadvantages of this technique (use sketches).[4]5(c) A well is drilled in an unconsolidated formation. Sand production is expected in particularafter water breakthrough. The reservoir produced 15,000 bbl/day during DST with a drawdown of 500 psi. The reservoir and well data are as followings:a.Oil gravity 35b.Bottom hole temperature 100 Cc.Top of the reservoir at 6500 ftd.Thickness of the pay-zone 200 fte.GOR 500 SCF/bblf.H 2S=30 ppmg.CO 2=1 mole%h.Total Depth Drilled 6800 ft i.Reservoir pressure=4500 psia j.Bubble point pressure=3000 psia k.K v /K h =0.15Identify the available option for completion. What will you select for bottom hole completion and flow conduit and why?[4]After 2 years of production, the reservoir pressure has dropped to3500 psia and the water cut has increased to 30%, resulting in significant reduction in the well flow rate. Well test analysis shows that the aquifer is not very active and reservoir pressure drop is likely to continue.Suggest a workover strategy and justify your answer.[3]Was it possible to avoid/delay this workover by modifying initial tubing design? How?[3]Question 66(a)Describe the techniques and equipment used in measuring the length of wire and tension on the wire during wireline operations.[6]6(b)Describe Impression Block (tool), Wireline Bailers, and Wireline Spear and their applications.[6]6(c)An oil well is completed with 4.5” tubing (WEG at 6000 ft) and a 7” liner (6200-6700ft). The annular space is isolated by a permanent packer at 5800 ft. Production is through three sets of perforations (6300-6350 ft), (6420-6450 ft) and (6550-6600 ft). After few years of production the water-cut has increased to 50%, reducing the productivity of the well. A production logging has been planned to identify the water production zone (s).The production logging tools have a maximum external diameter of 3.5”. Suggest steps taken prior to production logging.[2]If during initial examination an obstruction is detected in the tubing, what set of equipment do you recommend to identify the source of obstruction and why?[2]What steps do you recommend if the obstruction is due to wax deposition?[2]After removing the obstruction in the tubing, if sand is detected at the top of lower perforations(i.e., 6550 ft). Mention available options. What do you recommend?(2)Question 77(a)Describe the role of packers and their components (use sketches where necessary) and their various setting mechanisms.[6]7(b)Describe the available options for completion configuration in a dual zone reservoir (use sketches), assuming no fluid mixture. Mention their advantages and disadvantages.[6]7(c)Field “A” is an offshore field in approximately 1000 ft water. The exploration wells proved the existence two reservoirs with similar fluid compositions. The top of the two reservoirs have been identified at 6000 and 7500 ft.Gas injection is required for achieving optimum production rate from both reservoirs. However, due low pressure rating of the top 1000 ft of the casing it is not possible to inject gas through annulus.Your task is to develop an outline completion string for the oil production wells, producing from both reservoirs. It is necessary to have flexibility in selective production and/or stimulation of individual reservoirs. Identify key design features and the reasons for their selection.[4] Identify the components required for the completion configuration. Draw a sketch of your proposed completion configuration.[4]。
