《国际商务》(查尔斯英文第九版)期末复习重点

CHAP6 国际贸易理论Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口） Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）Absolute Advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品The Benefit of Absolute Advantage and Free TradeThe Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage国际分工的原则---绝对优势The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易1. To Production:the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率the Quantity of Production 产品质量2. To Consumer:Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费Comparative Advantage比较优势Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己更能有效生产的产品是有意义choose bigger one in two advantages and smaller one in two disadvantages 两利取重两害取轻Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 俄林理论Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factorendowments（天赋）– the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital 赫克歇尔和俄林认为比较优势是由各国生产要素禀赋的差异引起的，指一国的一些资源比如土地，劳动力还有资本The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce赫克歇尔俄琳理论预测一国将出口密集型使用本国充足要素的产品，进口密集使用本国稀缺要素的产品To take advantage of factor of endowmentsNew Trade Theory 新贸易理论New trade theory suggests that the ability of firms to gain economies of scale (unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output) can have important implications for international tradeNew trade theory suggests that:through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goods贸易可以通过对规模经济的影响增加消费品的种类，降低这些商品的平均成本in those industries when output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant p roportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises 一些应该达到规模经济的产业，所生产的产品占世界总需求的比重较大，这样全球市场就只能容纳数量很少的企业Factor Endowments 要素禀赋Factor endowments refer to a nation’s position in factors of production n ecessary to compete in a given industry 要素禀赋理论意味着国家态度对一个特定行业生产要素的竞争是很必要的A nation's position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage国家对生产要素的使用态度可以导致比较优势These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced (skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how) 要素可以是基础的也可以是高等的First-Mover Advantages 第一进入者优势Being a first mover can have important competitive implications, especially if there are economies of scale and the global industry will only support a few competitors第一进入者有重要的竞争影响，特别是规模经济或者全球行业只有少量竞争者时Firms that establish a first-mover advantage may dominate global trade in that product公司建立了第一个优势可能会在全球贸易中占主导地位Porter’s Diamond波特的钻石理论Michael Porter tried to explain:(1)why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry, while some nations fail 为什么一个国家在特定行业取得国际成功(2 )how to get successful in a particular industry: identified four attributes that promote or impede the creation ofcompetitive advantage:如何在特定行业取得成功，确定了4大特性促进或阻碍竞争优势的建立Factor endowments 要素禀赋Demand conditions需求情况Relating and supporting industries相关与支持产业Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry 企业组织，战略与竞争CHAP8 国际直接投资FDI 国际直接投资Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities to produce and/or market ina foreign country国际直接投资发生在一家企业在国外直接投资用于生产或者销售时FDI can be:1)greenfield investments- the establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country.新设投资，在国外开设新的企业2)acquisitions or mergers with existing firms in the foreign country在国外收购或合并一家现成的企业Stock of FDI 国际直接投资的存量Outflows of FDI are the flows of FDI out of a country对外直接投资是一国国际直接投资的流出Inflows of FDI are the flows of FDI into a country外来直接投资是一国国际直接投资的流入Why do firms choose FDI instead of:(1)exporting - producing goods at home and then shipping them to the receiving country for sale 出口涉及在国内生产货物然后将其运到购买这些货物的国家(2)licensing - granting a foreign entity the right to produce and sell the firm’s product in return for a royalty feeon the license granting.技术授权是赋予外国公司生产和销售其产品的权利，并对其销售的每一个产品收取转让费An export strategy can be constrained by:(1) transportation costs 运费(2) trade barriers 贸易壁垒(3) can not take the advantage of factors endowment 不能发挥要素禀赋的优势Foreign direct investment may be undertaken as a response to actual or threatened trade barriers such as import tariffs or quotas国际直接投资的增长速度超过世界贸易和产出的原因回避未来的贸易壁垒；民主政治制度和自由市场经济转变的总体趋势；世界经济的全球化Benefits And Costs Of FDIHost-Country Benefits 东道国的收益1.resource transfer effects - FDI can make a positive contribution to a host economy by supplying capital, technology, and management resources that would otherwise not be available资源转移效应国际直接投资对东道国的经济有积极的贡献，他可以提供东道国所缺乏的资本，技术和管理经验2.employment effects - FDI can bring jobs to a host country that would otherwise not be created there就业效应是指能为东道国带来原先没有的就业机会3.balance of payments effects - a country’s balance-of-payments account is a record of a country’s payments to and receipts from other countries国际收支效应。

国际商务英语重点词汇国际商务英语重点词汇(默写)1、关税区,2、有,无,形贸易,3、国内生产总值,4、证券投资,5、股票,6、债券,7、大额存单,8、许可,特许,经营, 9、商标, 10、专利, 11、专利使用费,许可使用费, 12、版权, 13、给予/接受许可的人, 14、给予接受特许的人, 15、管理合同, 16、价值链, 17、承包生产, 18、“交钥匙”工程,19、建设、经营、移交, 20、知识产权,21、国民收入, 22、国民生产总值,23、人均收入, 24、购买力平价, 25、消费,消费主义, 26、收入分布, 27、经济合作与发展组织, 28、基础设施 29、独立国家联合体, 30、大路货, 31、债权国, 32、东南亚国家联盟, 33、生产要素, 34、经济一体化,35、设置障碍, 36、自由贸易区,37、关税税率, 38、配额限制,39、北美自由贸易协定,40、关税同盟, 41、共同市场,carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the testand control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloysteel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particularattention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacementand orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.42、主权国家, 43、政治实体, 44、签字国, 45、结算, 46、纸币, 47、货币流通, 48、行政机构, 49、委员,专员,50、欧洲委员会, 51、部长理事会, 52、多极化, 53、双部长会议, 54、分委员会, 55、卡特尔,联盟, 56、石油输出国组织, 57、以迂回的方式, 58、区域性经济体, 59、国际化, 60、国际经济环境, 61、两位数字的, 62、技术进步, 63、日常管理, 64、权利,管理范围, 65、分支机构,附属机构, 66、股东, 67、东道国,68、自然资源, 69、初级产品; 70、专业化, 71、规模经济, 72、自然的赋予, 73、资本、土地和劳动力, 74、绝对利益, 75、比较利益, 76、关税壁垒, 77、配额,78、关税同盟, 79、进,出,口关税, 80、从价税, 81、从量税,82、复税,混合税, 83、退税,84、最惠国待遇, 85、让步,86、税率表, 87、非关税壁垒, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger shouldbe installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of pipingsupport and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions,stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.88、运输工具, 89、内河船只,90、货仓, 91、古迹,92、膳宿供应, 93、移民;94、移民, 95、汇款, 96、贸易术语,交易条件, 97、贸易惯例, 98、修正案, 99、生产场所、经营厂址, 100、目的地,终点, 101、滚装滚卸式运输,102、结关, 103、商品交易会,104、长途电话, 105、询盘,询价, 106、报价, 107、有效期, 108、收盘人, 109、还盘, 110、销售合同, 111、售货,购货,确认书, 112、业务范围, 113、合同正文,114、寄售, 115、缔约方, 116、不可抗力, 117、仲裁, 118、棉布, 119、棉纱, 120、货号, 121、对销,反向,贸易, 122、术语, 123、实际头寸, 124、极度通货膨胀,125、欧洲支付联盟, 126、竞争性贬值,127、复印机, 128、清算系统,129、补偿贸易, 130、加工贸易,131、租赁, 132、代理, 133、政策目标, 134、贸易保护主义, 135、金融市场,136、中央计划经济国家, 137、债务人, 138、借方, 139、财务状况, 140、资信可靠状况, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled.Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to preventpipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.141、分阶段付款, 142、预付现金, 143、汇票, 144、汇票 145、出票人, 146、受票人, 147、受款人, 148、远期汇票, 149、跟单汇票, 150、光票, 151、提单, 152、货物所有权, 153、保险单, 154、跟单托收, 155、付款交单, 156、承兑交单, 157、破产,158、记账交易, 159、开证申请人, 160、开证银行, 161、受益人, 162、关系行, 163、通知行, 164、保兑行, 165、单价, 166、分批装运, 167、转船, 168、价格术语, 169、载货船只, 170、机制, 171、光票信用证, 172、非贸易结算, 173、,不,可撤销信用证, 174、保兑信用证, 175、主要银行, 176、双重保障, 177、即期信用证, 178、远期信用证, 179、资金周转, 180、面值, 181、,不,可转让信用证, 182、中间人, 183、无汇票信用证, 184、推迟付款, 185、循环信用证, 186、佣金/折扣, 187、运输标记, 188、签字, 189、用概括性的词语, 190、备忘录, 191、托运人, 192、运输, 193、收货人, 194、被通知人, 195、空运提单, 196、铁路运单, 197、被保险人, 198、货币, 199、商业发票, carried out;4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with thedrawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems;cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.200、起运港, 201、装船通知, 202、产品自然领域, 203、承运人, 204、公共/契约/自有承运人, 205、企业家, 206、中间产品, 207、制成品, 208、每一单位, 209、托运人, 210、库存, 211、零库存, 212、物流, 213、成本节约, 214、中间产品, 215、承保人, 216、企业, 217、共同款项, 218、保险费, 219、索赔, 220、顾客, 221、保证金, 222、起服务作用的事物, 223、已知的保险费, 224、腾出资金, 225、在时间上的间隔, 226、保险公司, 227、最大诚信, 228、货物原产地港口, 229、崭新的, 230、白金, 231、损失赔偿, 232、占用、冻结, 233、分摊, 234、按比例, 235、福特轿车, 236、百分比, 237、取代, 238、疏忽的, 239、交货费用, 240、导致损失的直接原因, 241、可保险权益, 242、占用的资金,243、汇率, 244、金本位制, 245、平价, 246、储备货币, 247、交互作用, 248、清洁浮动, 249、反之亦然, 250、特别提款权, 251、国际收支赤字, 252、贴现率, 253、游资, 254、直接标价, 255、买入价, 256、卖出价, 257、中间价, 258、多国参加的, 259、资金, 260、收益, 261、详细说明, 262、标准, 263、捐助, 264、补充或增加的资金, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limitrequirements; increase the stability of piping systems to preventpipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.265、先决条件, 266、人口计划, 267、营养, 268、基石, 269、资本市场, 270、借款权, 271、黄金份额, 272、储备金, 273、宽限期, 274、私营经济, 275、股权投资, 276、超越部门界限, 277、备用,信贷,安排, 278、投资收益, 279、饮料, 280、金枪鱼, 281、罐头食品厂, 282、生物遗传学, 283、生物工艺学, 284、大众汽车, 285、客户流动, 286、存货, 287、免税期, 288、并购, 289、白手起家, 290、合资企业, 291、总公司, 292、绿地战略, 293、投资者, 294、有价证券, 295、法令, 296、普通股, 297、指数, 298、金边证券, 299、经纪人, 300、股票买卖经纪人, 301、二级资本市场, 302、交易场地, 303挂牌证券交易市场, 304、所得税, 305、资格, 306、常务委员会, 307、标准,复,,308、增值税, 309、亏空, 310、开业者, 311、长期资本, 312、对新发行的有价证券的筹措活动 313、期权, 314、追溯到, 315、争议, 316、框架,机构, 317、普惠制, 318、非歧视的, 319、前任, 320、充分就业, 321、最惠国条款, 322、与贸易有关的, 323、完全合格的, 324、裁决, 325、关税减让, 326、回合,327、制度力量, 328、门槛, 329、反补贴措施, 330、反倾销; carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want.7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangementof piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.331、国民待遇, 332、关税配额, 333、公平贸易,334、联合国经济及社会理事会, 335、论坛,336、贸易条件, 337、免责条款, 338、领土,339、行动纲领, 340、特惠税, 341、机关,342、正式会议, 343、优先权, 344、无差别待遇原则,345、国际经济新秩序, 346、技术转让,carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as settingand locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloysteel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particularattention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacementand orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.。

希尔《国际商务》（第9版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（第6章国际贸易理论）【圣才出品】第6章国际贸易理论6.1 复习笔记⼀、贸易理论综述16～17世纪盛⾏的重商主义主张国家应当⿎励出⼝，同时限制进⼝。

亚当·斯密的绝对优势理论第⼀次解释了为什么不受限制的⾃由贸易（⼀国政府不打算通过配额或关税来影响它的公民从别国进⼝什么商品或⽣产什么产品出⼝给别国）对⼀个国家是有利的。

斯密认为应当由市场机制这只看不见的⼿来决定⼀国进⼝和出⼝什么商品。

他的论点还表明对贸易采取的这种⾃由放任态度符合⼀国的最⼤利益。

在斯密理论的基础上，19世纪英国经济学家⼤卫李嘉图提出相对优势学说，这是现代不受限制的⾃由贸易论点的理论基础。

20世纪，两位瑞典经济学家艾利·赫克歇尔和伯蒂尔·俄林改进了李嘉图的理论，创⽴了著名的赫克歇尔－俄林理论。

1．贸易利益斯密、李嘉图和赫克歇尔－俄林的理论精确地确认了国际贸易的特定利益。

⼀国⽣产不了的商品通过国际贸易可以得到，绝⼤多数国际贸易是有利的。

另外，斯密、李嘉图和赫克歇尔－俄林的理论还解释了为什么⼀个国家通过国际贸易来获取⾃⼰可以⽣产的产品仍能获得利益。

如果⼀国公民购买某些别国⽣产的产品，即使这些产品本国能⽣产，该国经济仍可获得利益。

这种利益产⽣的原因是国际贸易允许⼀国在制造业中实⾏专业化，专门出⼝该国能最有效率⽣产的产品，⽽进⼝在别国能更有效率⽣产的产品。

限制进⼝经常对国内⽣产者有利，⽽对国内消费者不利。

2．国际贸易模式斯密、李嘉图和赫克歇尔－俄林的理论也解释了在世界经济中观察到的国际贸易模式。

对于不能⽤赫克歇尔－俄林理论解释的国际贸易模式的⼀种早期反应是产品⽣命周期论。

由雷蒙德·弗农提出的这⼀理论认为，在产品⽣命周期的初期，⼤多数新产品由发明国⽣产和出⼝，当新产品在国际上被⼴泛接受后，就开始转到其他国家⽣产，该产品甚⾄最终可能被出⼝到原发明国。

沿着类似的思路，20世纪80年代⼀些经济学家如保罗·克鲁格曼提出了⼀种新贸易理论。

第14章国际企业的组织14.1 复习笔记一、组织构架组织构架是指公司组织的全部，包括正式组织结构、控制系统和奖励、组织文化、流程以及人员。

图14－1解释了这些不同的要素。

图14－1 组织构架1．组织结构就组织结构而言，它意味着三件事：第一，把组织正式划分为各子单位，诸如产品分部、在各国的营运点以及各职能部门；第二，在组织结构中决策职责的落实（如集权和分权）；第三，建立整合机制以协调各子单位的活动，包括跨职能的团队和整个地区的委员会。

2．控制系统和奖励控制系统是用以衡量分支单位绩效的尺度，同时也是判断管理人员对那些分支单位经营得如何的标准。

奖励是用以奖赏适当管理行为的手段。

奖励是与绩效标准紧密相连的。

3．流程流程是组织中做决策和工作的方式。

流程在概念上区别于组织中决策责任的定位，虽然两者都涉及决策。

CEO对企业应采取什么战略负有最终决定职责（即决策职责是集中的），他采用的决策流程可能包括征求较低层管理人员的想法和意见。

4．组织文化组织文化是组织中员工共享的准则和价值体系。

组织是由个人组成的社会，人们来到一起完成集体的任务，他们有自身形式独特的文化和子文化。

组织文化对一个企业如何表现能产生深刻的影响。

5．人员人员不仅指组织的员工，还包括招聘员工，给员工以适当的薪酬和留住员工的策略，以及按他们的技能、价值观和倾向性划分的类型。

组织构架中的各组成部分并非是互相独立的，它们相互影响。

二、组织结构组织结构意味着：在组织结构中决策职责的定位，即垂直差异化；把组织正式划分为各子单位，即水平差异化；建立整合机制，以协调分支单位。

1．垂直差异化：集权与分权（1）赞成集权的论点赞成集权的理由主要有四条：①集权有助于协调；②集权能保证决策与组织目标相一致；③把权力集中于某人或某个高层管理班子，能使高层管理者采取措施作出必要的重大组织变革；④当组织中各子单位在进行类似的活动时，集权能避免这些活动的重复进行。

（2）赞成分权的论点赞成分权的论点主要有五条：①当对决策采取集权时，高层管理者可能会不堪重负，从而导致决策失误。

国际商务英语学科考试复习要点Lesson 1 International Business商务术语：FDI GDP BOT patent copyright value chain franchising考点：国际商务贸易的主要类型（major types of international business）A．Trade（贸易）：a. commodity trade (商品贸易,也叫有形贸易visible trade )b. service trade (服务贸易, 也叫无形贸易invisible trade)B. Investment (投资): a. foreign direct investment (FDI 外国直接投资)b. portfolio investment (证券投资)C. Other types (其他类型): a. licensing and franchising (国际许可与特许经营)b. management contract and contract manufacturing (管理合同和承包生产)翻译练习:1.随着经济全球化的发展,无形贸易即使在发展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增大With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries2.BOT是“交钥匙”工程的一种流行的变通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey projectLesson 2 Income Level and the World Market商务术语:GNP PPP ( purchasing power parity 购买力平价) Staple goods (大路货)creditor country ( 债权国)考点:国民生产总值和国内生产总值(GNP 和GDP)GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economyGDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita income (人均收入): It is calculated by dividing its national income by its population Triad and Quad (三方组合和四方组合): A. United StatesB. Western EuropeC. JapanD. Canada翻译练习:1.国民生产总值和国内生产总值体现了一个国家的全部收入,在衡量国民收入方面可以互换使用。

商务英语期末考试重要知识点.（推荐阅读）第一篇：商务英语期末考试重要知识点.第一题翻译选择;第二题短语互译;第三题阅读;第四题完型填空1.Rising damp, if not treated effectively, could in time cause extensive damage to the structure of your home, ruin decoration and furniture.如果处理不当,墙内潮气最终可能会对房屋的结构造成大面积破坏,毁掉装修和家具。

2.This contract is entered into as of the seventh day of March, 2002, by and between Lonk Co.Ltd., a corporation organized under the laws of the United States of America(hereinafter called t he “Purchaser”, and Wingo Co.Group, a corporation organized under the laws of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter called the “Seller”.本合同由依照美国法律成立的龙科有限公司 [以下简称买方 ]和依照中华人民共和国法律成立的文果集团公司 [以下简称卖方 ]之间于 2002年 3月 7日订立。

3.Multinational bank's services include issuing letter of credit, buying and selling foreign exchange, issuing banker's acceptances, accepting Eurocurrency deposits, making Eurocurrency loans, and assisting in the marketing of Eurobonds.跨国银行提供的服务包括开立信用证、买卖外汇、开证行承兑、接受欧洲货币储存、提供欧洲货币贷款以及发行推销欧洲货币债券。

第16章出口、进口和对等贸易16.1 复习笔记一、出口的前景和困难1．出口的前景对大多数行业的大多数企业来说，出口的最大前景就在于能在外国市场上发现巨大的赚钱和获利机会。

一个企业的国际市场通常要比其国内市场大得多，所以，出口几乎总是一个企业增加其收入和利润基础的途径。

通过扩大市场规模，出口能使企业达到规模经济，从而降低它的单位成本。

2．出口的困难许多中小企业对出口机会的反应十分被动，这由以下原因造成：（1）它们不熟悉国外市场机会，完全不知道市场机会究竟有多大以及这些机会在哪里。

（2）被出口的复杂性与出口机制所吓倒，因为国外商务活动的习惯做法、语言、文化、法律制度以及货币都与国内市场大不相同。

（3）许多新涉及出口业务的企业在它们首次试图到国外去做生意时就遇到了极大的麻烦，这使它们对以后的出口业务望而生畏。

二、提高出口业绩的途径1．收集信息出口的一大障碍是对可以得到的机会缺乏认识。

一个企业的产品通常会有许多市场，但这些市场所在国因为文化、语言、时间、空间的差异而与该企业的国内基地相隔离，所以该企业并不知道这些市场。

战胜无知的方法就是去收集信息。

2．信息来源美国商务部是最具综合性的信息来源。

在商务部内有两个机构专门致力于为商业机构提供情报和援助，这两个机构是：国际贸易管理局与美国对外商业服务处。

小企业管理局、贸易委员会、商业银行以及大的会计师事务所也可以帮助潜在的出口商。

德国的贸易协会、政府机构和日本的综合商社也都为出口商寻求出口机会。

3．利用出口管理公司对于首次出口的商家来说，要想发现出口机会并避免出口过程中出现太多的失误，一种方法就是聘请出口管理公司。

出口管理公司由一些出口专家组成，它的作用相当于其客户企业的出口营销部或国际业务部。

出口管理公司通常接受两种形式的出口委托。

一种形式是出口管理公司帮助一个企业建立出口业务，当业务运转正常时，便完全移交给该公司，并由该公司独立经营。

另一种形式是出口管理公司接受委托是以它承担销售公司产品的连带责任为条件的。

《国际商务》复习题考试题型及分数：一、单项选择题：15分二、多项选择题：10分三、填空题：10分四、名词解释：15分五、简答题：30分六、论述题：20分第一章国际贸易与国际投资基本理论一、单项选择题1.资本主义早期的国际贸易理论是 A A 重商主义 B 重农主义 C 凯恩斯主义 D 超保护贸易主义2.下列各项中属于贸易保护理论的是 A A贸易乘数理论 B绝对成本论 C比较成本论 D要素禀赋说3.晚期重商主义最杰出的代表人物是 B A 斯塔福德 B 托马斯·孟 C 凯恩斯 D 李斯特4.保护幼稚工业理论的代表人物是 D A 斯塔福德 B托马斯·孟 C 凯恩斯 D李斯特5.下列各项中，属于贸易保护理论代表人物的是 D A 亚当·斯密 B 大卫·李嘉图 C 俄林 D 凯恩斯6.为证明增加新投资对就业和国民收入的好处，凯恩期提出了DA重商主义学说 B保护幼稚工业学说 C比较成本理论 D投资乘数理论7.下列理论中，属于自由贸易理论的是 CA 贸易乘数理论B 货币差额论C 绝对成本论D 贸易差额论8.在历史上第一次从生产领域出发,说明国际贸易发生与发展的必然性的理论是AA绝对成本论 B比较成本论 C重商主义 D要素禀赋说9.认为在劳动要素的质的方面具有相对优势，有利于生产和出口技术密集型产品的理论是 DA赫克歇尔—俄林原理 B绝对成本论 C比较成本论 D人力技能与人力资本理论10.林德从需求方面，即由人均收入水平的相同来解释国际贸易的商品流向的理论是 DA产业内贸易理论 B.新贸易理论 C比较成本论 D偏好相似理论11.二战后50年代到60年代上半期，发展中国家实现工业化，一般都是从实施 AA进口替代战略开始的B出口导向战略开始的 C国际投资战略开始的D保护贸易战略开始的12.20世纪60年代中期前后，东亚和东南亚一些国家和地区，如新加坡、韩国等转向何种贸易战略 BA 进口替代战略B 出口导向战略C 国际投资战略D 保护贸易战略13.最早的现代跨国直接投资理论是 CA竞争优势理论 B产品周期理论 C 垄断优势理论 D国际生产折衷理论14.产品周期理论的首创者是 BA海默 B维农 C邓宁 D波特15.目前对跨国公司及直接投资影响最大的一种理论是 DA竞争优势理论 B产品周期理论 C 垄断优势理论 D国际生产折衷理论16.一国（地区）与其他国家（地区）之间商品和服务的交换活动为 DA 国际贸易B 出口C 进口D 进出口贸易17.一个国家在一定时期出口贸易额和进口贸易额之和称为 AA对外贸易额 B对外贸易量 C国际贸易额 D国际贸易量18.世界各国出口贸易额的总和为 BA对外贸易额B国际贸易额 C净出口额 D累计出口额19.出口商品价格与进口商品价格之间的比率称为 AA 贸易条件B 贸易差额C 出超D 入超20.用一个简短的概念或英文缩写字母来表示价格的构成和交易的其他条件称为 CA支付方式 B无形贸易 C贸易术语 D国际贸易21.下列国际贸易术语中，适用于各种运输方式的是 B A.FOB B.CIP C.CFR D.CIF22.下列国际贸易术语中，货物的有关保险手续应当由卖方负责办理的是 A A.CIF B.FOB C.FCA D.CPT 23．“CIF天津”贸易术语中，“天津”表示的是 C A装运港名称B装运地城市名称 C目的港名称 D目的地城市名称24.以银行为付款人的即期汇票称为 A A 支票 B 汇票 C 本票 D 托收二、多项选择题1.下列各项中属于贸易保护理论的有 ADE A重商主义B比较成本论C绝对成本论D贸易乘数理论E凯恩斯主义2.贸易保护理论的代表人物有 ABCD A 斯塔福德B托马斯·孟 C 凯恩斯D李斯特E亚当•斯密3.下列各项中属于自由贸易理论的有 BCE A重商主义B比较成本论C绝对成本论D凯恩斯主义E要素禀赋说4.自由贸易理论的代表人物有 BCDE A汉密尔顿B亚当·斯密C赫克歇尔D俄林 E大卫·李嘉图5.根据国际生产折衷理论，影响企业从事对外直接投资的变量有 ABD A内部化优势 B所有权优势C资源优势D 区位优势E政策优势6.当出口贸易额大于进口贸易额时，可称之为 ADE A贸易顺差B贸易逆差C贸易赤字D贸易盈余E出超7.当出口贸易额小于进口贸易额时，可称之为 BCE A贸易顺差B贸易逆差C贸易赤字D出超E入超8.下列国际贸易术语中，仅适用于水上运输方式的是 ABC A FOB B CFR C CIF D FCA E CPT9.下列国际贸易术语中，适用于各种运输方式的是 ADE A CIP B CFR C CIF D FCA E CPT10.下列国际贸易术语中，货物的风险在船舷转移的是 ABE A FOB B CFR C CIP D FCA E CIF三、填空题1.贸易保护的起点是（重商主义）。

祝您学业、事业成功！《国际商务英语》复习资料Lesson 1♦In compliance with: in conformity to♦For short: in abbreviation♦Portfolio (n.): securities♦Franchise (vt.): authorize the privilege to sb.♦Lease (vt. / n.): rent ~ sth. to sb.house ~, long-term ~♦Royalty (n.): a share in the profit made from intellectual property♦Advisable (adj.): proper, good, wise-- It’s not ~ to make him angry.♦Access to sth.: the right to use sth.have / gain ~ to sth.-- Only staffs have access to the backstage.♦Participate (vi.): attend, take part in~ in some activity♦Flat (adj.): fixed~ rate♦Bonus (n.): additional payment 补助，津贴，分红，奖金♦Expertise (n.): expert advice, profession skills♦Give rise to: cause♦Cost plus: additional fee to the cost♦Variant (n. / adj.): changed factor, differentLesson 2♦Assess (vt.): estimate the value♦Clue (n.): tip to find out the solution♦dividend (n.): share, surplus, bonus♦distort (vt.): twist♦parity (n.): equation♦tap (vt.): develop♦bear sth. in mind: keep thinking of sth.♦haven (n.): safe place, harbor♦populous (adj.): having a large population♦diversify (vt.): make sth. various♦spur (vt.): stimulate♦complementary (adj.): forming as a whole♦suffice (vi.): be able-- The food can suffice till next week.♦proximity (n.): closeness~ to sth.♦observations (n.): result, opinions from observingLesson 3●Witness (vt. / n.): testify 见证，目击●Liberal + ize (vt.): make sth. free 自由化●Fall under: be classified as 归类为●Detour (n.): a temporary route instead of main route 绕路，迂回●Adoption (n.): accepting 采用，采纳●Erode (vt.): wear away 腐蚀●Autonomy (n.): self-governing 自治⏹Autonomous region●sovereign state: independent country 主权国家●political entity: 政治实体●set the stage for: provide basis for 为。