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2.1复习笔记ernment1.The Constitution2.Parliament3.Election4.The Cabinet5.Public servants6.Reform7.The Ombudsman8.Local governmentⅡ.Education1.Early childhood education2.Primary schools and secondary schools3.The Correspondence School4.State schools and private schools5.Special needs education6.Universities and polytechnicsⅢ.Economy1.Agriculture2.Forestry and fishing3.Energy4.Overseas tradeernment（政府）1.The Constitution（宪法）(1)New Zealand has no written constitution.(2)The Constitution Act1986defines the relationship between the legislative, executive and judicial roles of government.(1)新西兰没有成文宪法。
(2)宪法法案1986规定了立法、行政以及司法三者政府职能之间的关系。
2.Parliament（议会）(1)The Head of State is the British monarch,represented in New Zealand by a Governor-General.The Governor-General’s agreement is required for an Act of Parliament to become law.(2)New Zealand is governed by an elected parliament,which has had a single chamber—the House of Representatives—since1950.(3)The functions of Parliament include passing laws,supervising the government’s administration and receiving petitions from citizens.(1)新西兰的国家元首是英国女王，总督是她在新西兰的代表。
16.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.Which of the values of Protestantism promotes a life style of simplicity?A.Rationalism.B.Individualism.C.Asceticism.D.Hard work and worldly【答案】C【解析】禁欲主义主张简单生活，不浪费财富。
2.Anglicanism is one of the many forms of______.A.ChristianityB.ProtestantismC.CatholicismD.Presbyterianism【答案】B【解析】圣公会是新教中的许多教派之一。
3.The following are the major forms of non-Christian religions in Australia except ______.A.BuddhismB.IslamC.Hinduism and JudaismD.Catholicism【答案】D【解析】佛教、伊斯兰教、印度教和犹太教是澳大利亚除基督教以外的主要宗教形式。
天主教也信仰基督。
4.Ruth Park a New Zealander who spent most of her life in Australia,also won many literary awards for works not including______.A.The Harp in the SouthB.Poor Man’s Orange and MissusC.Muddle-Headed WombatsD.The Man Who Loved Children【答案】D【解析】露丝·帕尔克是新西兰人,她一生的大部分时间都在澳大利亚,也赢得了许多文学大奖,作品包括三部曲：《南方竖琴》《穷人的桔子和夫人》和儿童著作《糊涂的袋熊》系列。
3.1复习笔记I.What is an American?1.A new race2.Current situationⅡ.Two immigration movements1.From Asia2.From Europe and AfricaⅢ.The Forces that led to the modern development of Europe(Europe in the16th and17th centuries)1.The growth of capitalism2.The Renaissance3.The Religious ReformationIV.The colonial Patterns1.The settlement in Virginia2.Puritanism3.Catholic Maryland4.Quaker PennsylvaniaV.The American Revolution(The War of Independence)1.The causes2.The eve3.The process4.The major leaders(The Founding Fathers)5.The significanceI.What is an American?（美国民族性）1.A new race（新的民族）(1)In1782,the French farmer J.Hector St.John de Crevecoeur,who settled in Pennsylvania,first asked this question in Letters from An American Farmer. (2)He thought the American was a new man who had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants,and who left behind him his ancient prejudices and manners and received new ones.Individuals were melted into a new race who acted upon new principles,entertained new ideas and form new opinions. The idea that America is a melting pot originated from his words.(1)赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫克尔于1782年著成《美国农人简史》，首次提出了美国民族性这一问题。
朱永涛英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门第3版配套题库含考研真题本书是朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》（第3版）教材的配套题库，严格按照该教材的章⽬编排，共分42章（第⼀部分为英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚，共20章；第⼆部分为新西兰、美国、加拿⼤，共22章），精选与各章内容配套的考研真题和典型题进⾏详解，所选试题基本涵盖了每章的考点和难点。
⽬录：第⼀部分 英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚第1章 英国简介（1）第2章 英国简介（2）第3章 英国政府第4章 政治、阶级和社会第5章 英国经济第6章 英国⽂学第7章 英国教育体系第8章 英国的外交关系第9章 英国媒体第10章 英国的体育运动、节假⽇第11章 爱尔兰地理、⼈⽂和历史第12章 爱尔兰政治和经济第13章 爱尔兰的⽂化：爱尔兰⼈的⽣活现状第14章 爱尔兰的⽂化：语⾔，⽂学和艺术第15章 澳⼤利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族第16章 澳⼤利亚的⽂化⽣活第17章 ⼯作和家庭⽣活第18章 澳⼤利亚是⼀个⾃由民主的社会第19章 澳⼤利亚的今天第20章 从种族主义到多元⽂化主义第⼆部分 新西兰、美国、加拿⼤第1章 国⼟、⼈民与历史第2章 政治制度、教育与经济第3章 美国的起始第4章 美国的政治制度第5章 美国经济第6章 美国的宗教第7章 美国⽂学第8章 美国的教育第9章 20世纪60年代的社会运动第10章 美国的社会问题第11章 美国⼈的⽣活⽅式：寻找⼀个可靠的概括第12章 美国的妇⼥解放运动第13章 美国的科技第14章 ⼆战后美国外交政策第15章 美国的体育运动与风景名胜第16章 美国的流⾏⽂化：电影和⾳乐第17章 国家与⼈民第18章 加拿⼤政府与政治第19章 加拿⼤——“⽂化镶嵌画”第20章 加拿⼤经济第21章 加拿⼤⽂学第22章 加拿⼤的国际关系第⼀部分 英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚第1章 英国简介（1）Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?[北⼆外2008研]A. The Anglo-Saxons.B. The Vikings.C. The Normans.D. The Romans.【答案】A【解析】盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈是⽇⽿曼民族的分⽀，于五世纪中期由北欧⼊侵⼤不列颠，成为现今英格兰⼈的祖先。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册（英国）-第1~5章【圣才出品】上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介(1)1.1 复习笔记I. Name and constituents1. Full name2. ConstituentsII. Effects of its imperial past1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations2. Its role as a European nation3. Economic influence4. A multiracial nationIII. Differences in society1. Race difference2. Class difference3. Region differenceIV. Introduction to England1. Physical features2. History of invasionsV. Introduction to Scotland1. Physical features2. History3. Retaining strong Scottish identityVI. Introduction to Wales1. Physical features2. A history features campaigns for independence from UKI. Name and constituents（全称和组成）1. Full name（全称）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents（组成部分）(1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales(2)Northern Ireland(1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)北爱尔兰II. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立）The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization withmembers mainly being former colonies of the British Empire.英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国为前大英帝国殖民地2. Its role as a European nation（欧盟成员国）UK has been a member of European Union since 1973.自1973年以来英国一直是欧盟成员国。
19.2考研真题与典型题详解I.True or False.1.The Australia economy now depends primarily upon its other two major sectors, the resources and services industries.【答案】T【解析】澳大利亚的经济主要依靠资源和服务产业两大部分。
2.Australia’s main export partners are China,Japan,South Korea,the USA and India,Singapore.【答案】F【解析】澳大利亚的主要出口合作伙伴是中国、日本、韩国、美国和印度，新加坡是主要进口合作伙伴。
3.For most of the history,the Australia state governments have been mean in granting irrigation rights to both small and large scale agriculturists【答案】F【解析】历史上，澳大利亚州政府长期以来，不论对经营规模大或小的农民在给予灌溉权方面一向是很慷慨的。
Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks.1.On Federation in______,Australia became an independent colony but until1940sit had little control in the field of______.【答案】1901;foreign affairs【解析】1901年联邦成立，澳大利亚成为独立的殖民地，但直到20世纪40年代之前澳大利亚在外交领域几乎没有外交权。
2.The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act,passed by the Curtin Government in 1942,provided that in future the______could only legislate for Australia at Australia’s specific request.【答案】British Government【解析】1942年，澳大利亚科廷政府通过威斯敏斯特接受法案。
20.1复习笔记I.Immigration in history1.The19th century2.White Australia Policy19013.Post World WarⅡperiod4.Multiculturalism from19735.Migration todayⅡ.Struggle of the Aboriginality1.The relationships between the colonizers and the Peoples of the Dreaming2.The Aboriginal Protection Act of19093.Day of Mourning and Protest4.The1946Stockmen’s Strike5.Strike of the Gurindji people in the1960s6.Freedom Rides in the1960s7.The Mabo Decision8.The Wik Decision9.Social inequality today10.Aboriginal culture todayⅢ.History Wars,Sorry Speech and Close the Gap programmes1.History Wars2.The Sorry Speech3.Close the Gap programmesI.Immigration in history（澳大利亚移民史）Since the1788European settlement,migration has accounted for up to50%of Australia’s population increase.自1788年第一批欧洲移民来到澳大利亚时起，澳大利亚的人口增长有一半来自移民。
1.The19th century（19世纪移民）(1)The gold rush（淘金热）The gold rush in the1850s attracted many free migrants,especially from China and Germany.19世纪50年代的澳大利亚淘金热吸引了大量自由移民者，其中以中国和德国人居多。
第12章爱尔兰政治和经济12.1 复习笔记I. Political system1. A representative democracy2. A RepublicII. Structure of Irish government1. President2. The Government3. ParliamentIII. The electoral system1. Voting in elections and referenda2. Electorate3. Proportional representationIV. The civil service1. Neutrality2. Structure3. SelectionV. The Irish legal system1. The hierarchy of the Irish legal system2. Judges3. Check and balanceVI. Transformation of Irish economy1. In the past2. At present3. ReasonsVII. Ireland’s accession to the EU1. Economic benefits2. Social changesVIII. Ireland today1. Home-ownership2. Transportation3. Living standardsI. Political system（政治体系）1. A representative democracy（代议民主制）Ireland is a representative democracy, that is to say, most of its offices are filled through elections, either direct or indirect, by the Irish people.爱尔兰是代议民主制国家，也就是说，政府职位是通过人民直接或者间接选举产生的。
第18章澳大利亚是一个自由民主的社会Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. The Australian political system follows the Western democratic tradition, reflecting British and North American experience. _____【答案】T【解析】澳大利亚的政治体制是英美政治体制的混合体。
2. It is general acknowledged that the Prime Minister and the Cabinet at the federal level is the centre of the Australian parliamentary power. _____【答案】T【解析】总理和他的内阁是澳大利亚议会权力的中心。
3. Laws of the State should be changed if they don’t agree with the federal laws. _____【答案】T【解析】如果州级法律与联邦法律不一致，州级法律就必须修订。
4. The Senate of the Parliament is responsible for initiating the bills and enacting legislation. _____【答案】F【解析】众议院（The House of Representatives）负责拟定法案和制定法律，参议院（Senate）则负责审查下议院提出的法案，并提出修订案。
5. The Coalition Party is made up of the Australian Labor Party and the National Party. _____【答案】F【解析】联盟党是自由党和民族党的联盟。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》（第3版）（朱永涛、王立礼主编）（考研真题与典型题详解加拿大经济）【圣才20.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.______were the original source of Canada’s wealth.A.Natural resourcesB.Manufacturing industriesC.Service industriesD.None of the above【答案】A【解析】自然资源是加拿大财富最初的来源。
2.Who campaigned on a promise of“no free trade”with the US,but after his party’s landslide victory,he quickly changed direction and began negotiating with the US on dismantling tariff barriers?A.Brian Mulroney.B.John Macdonald.C.Pierre Elliott Trudeau.D.Jean Chretien.【答案】A【解析】布莱恩·马尔罗尼担任加拿大总理后，与美国谈判取消关税，加强两国自由贸易。
3.The Free Trade Agreement came into effect on January1,1989,with a scheduleof removing tariff protection on most items by______.A.1994B.1996C.1998D.1999【答案】C【解析】加美自由贸易协定于1989年1月1日正式生效，规定从生效之日起到1998年逐步消除两国之间的关税壁垒。
4.How many per cent of working Canadians have jobs in the service sector?A.40%.B.50%.C.60%.D.Over70%.【答案】D【解析】70%以上的加拿大劳动力在服务行业工作。
澳大利亚第15章澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族15.1 复习笔记I. Natural features of the land1. Location2. Size3. Constituents4. Distinctive fauna5. Landscape6. Distinctive physical featuresII. The people1. The indigenous people2. The later settlersIII. Dreamtime and Dreaming1. What is “Dreamtime”?2. What is “the Dreaming”?IV. British colonization1. T erra nullius2. Exploitation of the land3. The impact of colonization4. The policies of segregation and exclusion5. The policy of assimilationI. Natural features of the land（自然特征）1. Location（地理位置）The continent of Australia lies between equatorial South East Asia and the Antarctic.澳大利亚大陆位于赤道东南亚和南极洲之间。
2. Size（面积）Australia is the largest island and the smallest, flattest and driest continent in the world.澳大利亚是世界上面积最大的岛屿，同时也是世界上面积最小最平坦和最干燥的大陆。
3. Constituents（组成）(1)The mainland is the main constituent of Australia.(2)It also includes T asmania, an island just to the south, the Torres Straits Islands off the northern coast of the mainland and a small number of islands in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans.(1)澳大利亚大陆是澳大利亚的主要组成部分。
(2)这个国家还包括南部塔斯马尼亚岛，还有澳洲大陆北部海岸线上的托雷斯海峡岛屿，以及太平洋和印度洋的许多小岛。
4. Distinctive fauna（特有动物）(1)Australia’s distinctive flora and fauna evolved through its long period as an island continent.(2)Animals unique to the continent include: the platypus, kangaroo, koala and wombat.(1)澳大利亚独特的动植物是因为其大陆岛的地理特征逐渐演变而出现的。
(2)澳大利亚特有的动物包括：鸭嘴兽、袋鼠、树袋熊和毛鼻袋鼠。
5. Landscape（地貌）(1)In the north are tropical rainforests.(2)In the southeast are plateau landscapes occupied by snowfields.(3)In the central and western areas of the continent, two thirds of the land is desert or semi desert.(4)In the east, south and the southwest border, there are hills and fertile plains of Mediterranean and temperate climates. 80% of Australians live in this area today.(1)北部为热带雨林。
(2)东南部为被雪覆盖的高原。
(3)中部和西部的土地有三分之二已经沙漠或者半沙漠化。
(4)东部、南部和西南沿海地区为丘陵和肥沃的平原，这片地区属于地中海和温带气候，80%的澳大利亚人都聚居于此。
6. Distinctive physical features（独特的地理特征）Two of the country’s most distinctive physical features are the Great Diving Range and the Great Barrier Reef.澳大利亚最独特的地理特征有两点：大分水岭和大堡礁。
(1)The Great Diving Range（大分水岭）It extends as an almost unbroken series of plateaus down the East Coast of Australia, from northern Queensland, through New South Wales and into Victoria.大分水岭沿着大陆的东部边缘，从昆士兰省的北部开始，穿过新南威尔士省直到维多利亚省，形成一系列几乎没有间断的高地。
(2)The Great Barrier Reef（大堡礁）It is the largest coral structure in the world, which extends along the coast of Queensland.大堡礁沿着昆士兰省的海岸展开，是世界上最长的珊瑚礁。
II. The people（居民）1. The indigenous people（土著人）The indigenous people (the People of the Dreaming)have been living in the land about 47 thousand years ago and there have been at least 18500 generations of these people.土著人（梦创时代的后人）大约四万七千年前就居住在这片土地上，如今已经繁衍了至少一万八千五百代。
2. The later settlers（后来者）The first group of English were brought here as convicts in 1788 by the First Fleet. There have been only eight generations of settlers.第一批英国罪犯在1788年被第一舰队带到澳大利亚，从此开始在这里定居，如今只繁衍了八代人。
III. Dreamtime and Dreaming（“梦创时代”和“梦创信仰”）1. What is “Dreamtime”?（什么是“梦创时代”？）This expression is most often used to refer to the “time before time”, or “the time of the creation of all things”.“梦创时代”常用来指“史前”，或者“万物被创造的时代”。
2. What is “the Dreaming”?（什么是“梦创信仰”？）The Dreaming is the oldest and most enduring religion in Australia today. Belief in the Dreaming bound different indigenous groups together.“梦创信仰”的重要原则是：生活在这片土地上的人对这片土地有着特殊的责任，人不拥有土地，而是属于土地。
他们只是受托保管他们先人创造者的家园。
“梦创信仰”重视对土地的保护超过对土地的拥有权。
(1)Central principle（重要原则）The central principle of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land. The people don’t own the land, instead the land owns the people. They hold the land in trust as the home of their creator. It privileges the guardianship over the ownership of the land.“梦创信仰”的重要原则是：生活在这片土地上的人对这片土地有着特殊的责任，人不拥有土地，而是属于土地。
他们只是受托保管他们先人创造者的家园。
“梦创信仰”重视对土地的保护超过对土地的拥有权。
(2)Stories of the Dreaming（梦创故事）①“Dreaming”refers to an individual’s or group’s set of beliefs or spirituality. These are the many separate stories that explain the creation of whichever features of the land that form the country of any one group.②The stories of the Dreaming also provide principles of how people should live and interact with each other. They also provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people can survive in the life-threatening environment.①“梦创信仰”具体来说指个人或者群体的信仰或者精神崇拜。
原住民部落通过许多不同的故事来演绎他们土地上的地貌特征是如何形成的。
②梦创故事就人们应该如何生存，如何彼此交流提供一些指导原则，也提供了关于这片土地的详细信息，以便土著居民能够在恶劣的自然环境下生存下来。
