管茎叶蝉属二新种_同翅目_叶蝉科_缘脊叶蝉亚科_英文_

云南师范大学动物学野外实习名录昆虫纲（Insecta）名录一、标本昆虫名录1、蜻蜓目Odonata差翅亚目Anisoptera蜻总科Libelluloidea蜻科Libellulidea六斑曲缘蜻Palpopleura sex-maculata Fabricius赤蜻属Crocothemis竖眉赤蜻Sympetrum eroticum ardens McLachlan茶色赤首缘蜻Brown Chishouyuanqing2、鳞翅目 Lepidoptera蛱蝶科 Nymphalidae蓝地蛱蝶Precis Orithya苎麻赤蛱蝶Vanessa indica Herbst粉蝶科 Pieridae菜粉蝶Pieris rapae （Linnaeus）铁刀木粉蝶Catopsilia pomona Fabricius3、螳螂目Mantedea螳螂科Mantidea，Manteidae枯叶螳螂Deroplatys desiccate4、蜚蠊目Blattaria蜚蠊科Blattidae Handlirsch凹缘大蠊Periplaneta fulginosa5、鞘翅目Coleoptera龙虱科Dytiscidae龙虱Dytiscidae瓢虫科Coccinellidae七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus 水龟虫科（牙甲科）Hydrophilidae水龟虫 water scavenger beetle铁甲科Hispidae甘薯腊龟甲Laccoptera quadrimaculata6、膜翅目 Hymenoptera胡蜂科Vespidae胡蜂属Polistes凹纹胡蜂Vespa velutina auraria Smith 7、直翅目Orthoptera蝗科Acrididae棉蝗属Chondracris棉蝗Chondracris rosea rosea(De Geer) 蟋蟀科Gryllidae；cricket姬蟀Ji ophiomachus8、双翅目Diptera环裂亚目Cyclorrhapha丽蝇科Calliphoridae绿蝇属Lucilia丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata 9、革翅目Dermaptera蠼螋科Labiduridae钳螋Forcipula sp.10、半翅目Hemiptera蝽科Pentatomidae; stinkbug茶翅蝽HalyomorphaPicusFabricius二、观察到的其他昆虫名录1、半翅目Hemiptera蝽科Pentatomidae斑须蝽Dolycoris baccarum赤条蝽Graphosoma rubrolineata猎蝽科Reduviidae猎蝽assassin bug中华猎蝽Sycanus crocevoittatus Dohrn 蝎蝽科Nepidae红娘华（蝎蝽）Nepa chinensis Hoff盲蝽科Miridae稻绿蝽Nezara vioidulaz缘蝽科Coreidae曲胫缘蝽Mictis tenetrosa月肩奇缘蝽Derepferyx lunata扁蝽科Aradidae暗扁蝽Aradus lugubris Fallen锹甲科Lucanidae库光胫锹甲Odontolabis curvera雷尼锹甲Nipponodorus rubrofemorathus(Vollen)西光胫锹甲Odontolabis siva Hope库光胫锹甲Odontolabis curvera Hope2、鞘翅目Coleoptera瓢虫科Coccinellidae奇变瓢虫Aiolocaria mirabilis天牛科Cerambycidae弧斑天牛Erythrus fortunei White黄带楔天牛Thermistis croceocincta (Saunders )拟星天牛Dnoplophora imitatrix (White)黄条切缘天牛Zegriades aurovirgatus Gressitt肖丽星天牛Anoplophora prelegans Chiang花金龟亚科Cetoniidae赭翅臀花金龟Campsiura mirabilis暗绿星花金龟Protadia lugubris orientalis(Medvedev)脊瘦花金龟Coelodera penicillata三带丽花金龟Eusselates orrata(Saundera)黄粉鹿花花金龟Dicranocephalus wallichi bowring Pascoe 鳃角金龟亚科Melolonthinae大云鳃金龟Polyphylla laticollis Lewis丽金龟亚科Rutelinae黑绿彩丽金龟Mimela splendens (Gllenhal)云翅彩丽金龟Mimela nubeculata Lin3、鳞翅目 Lepidoptera凤蝶科 Papilionidae凤蝶属 Papilio Linnaeus碧凤蝶Papilio bianor cramer蛱蝶科 Nymphalidae窄斑凤尾蛱蝶Polyura athamas(Drury)大卫绢蛱蝶Nymphalidae Calinaga Buddha老豹蛱蝶Argyronome laodice小红蛱蝶Vanessa cardui粉蝶科 Pieridae大展粉蝶Pieris extensa Poujade黑纹粉蝶Pi eris melete Ménétriès大蚕蛾科 Saturniidae樗蚕蛾Philosamia cynthia Walker et Felder灰蝶科 Lycaenidae华灰蝶 Wagimo sulgeri (oberthur)陕灰蝶属 Shaanxiana Koiwaya sp.斑蛾科 Zygaenidae马尾松斑蛾Campylotes desgodinsi Oberthur舟蛾科 Notodontidae栎纷舟蛾Fentonia ocypete(Bremer)4、同翅目Homoptera大叶蝉科 Cicadellidae绿叶蝉(Chlorita sp)5、蜻蜓目Odonata差翅亚目Anisoptera蜻总科 Libelluloidea蜻科Libellulidea红蜻属Crocothemis红蜻Crocothemis servilia Drury狭翅蜻属 Potamarcha暗色狭翅蜻Potamarcha Obscura Rambur灰蜻属 Orthtrum褐肩灰蜻Othetrum internum6、膜翅目 Hymenoptera熊蜂科 Bombidae炎熊蜂Bombus ardens蜜蜂科 Apidae7、双翅目Diptera虻科Tabanidae纹花虻Tabanus cerealis毛蚊科B ibionidae日本毛蚊Penthethria Japinica 8、脉翅目Neuroptera蛇蛉科Raphidiidae蛇蛉Raphidia notuta Fabor 9、螳螂目Mantodea螳科Matidae短胸大刀螳Tendera brevicollis。

中国网脉叶蝉属二新种记述(半翅目,叶蝉科,叶蝉亚科)李建达;李子忠【摘要】The paper described two new species of the genus Krisna Kirkaldy from Yunnan Province, China, Krisna yingjiangensis sp. Nov. And Krisna expansiva sp. Nov.. The type specimens were deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University(GUGC).1 Krisna yingjiangensis sp. Nov. (Figs. 1-7)Body length (incl. Tegm. ) : ♀11.2mm.This new species is similar to K. Concave Li et Wang in appearance, however can be distinguished from the latter by 1) the crown apex angular, basal margin of face with one round hollow and a big black spot; 2) male eighth sternite with hind margin broadly rounded; 3) aedeagal shaft with broadly rounded at apex and ventral margin distinctly concave in lateral view; and 4) Characters of subgenital plate like sabre shape.Holotype: ♂ , Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China, 15 June 2001, coll . By TIAN Ming-Yi.2 Krisna expansiva sp. Nov. (Figs. 8-15)Body length (incl. Tegm. ) :♀9.2 -9.9mm.This new species is similar to K. Nifimarginata Cai et He, however can be distinguished from the latter by 1) the male eighth sternite with hind margin medially slightly concave; 2) aedeagal shaft longer and slender in lateral view; 3) apex with ridges and broadened in ventral view; and 4) pygofer side wider and shorter, pygofer ventral process not spiculate in distal half.Holotype: ♂, Tongbiguan, Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China, 20 July 2002, coll. By Li Zi-Zhong. Paratypes; 3 ♂♂ same data as holotype; 1 ♂, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, China, 14 July 2002,coll. By Dai Ren-Huai.%记述网脉叶蝉属KrisnaKirkaldy2新种,即盈江网脉叶蝉Krisnayin jiangensis sp.nov.和宽茎网脉叶蝉Krisna expansiva sp.nov..新种模式标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所.【期刊名称】《山地农业生物学报》【年(卷),期】2011(030)006【总页数】4页(P492-495)【关键词】半翅目;叶蝉科;叶蝉亚科;网脉叶蝉属;新种;中国【作者】李建达;李子忠【作者单位】贵州大学昆虫研究所,贵州贵阳550025;贵州大学昆虫研究所,邹城市农业局,山东邹城273500;贵州大学昆虫研究所,贵州贵阳550025【正文语种】中文【中图分类】Q969.35网脉叶蝉属Krisna隶属于半翅目Hemiptera叶蝉科Cicadellidae叶蝉亚科Iassinae。

直翅目（Orthoptera）昆虫纲中较大的一目，包括蝗虫、蟋蟀、螽斯、蝼蛄等常见昆虫。

体大型或中型，吸嚼式口器。

前翅狭长且稍硬化，后翅膜质；有些种类短翅，甚至无翅，有的种类飞行力极强，能长距离飞迁。

后足强大，适于跳跃。

斑翅蝗科：东亚飞蝗、云斑车蝗；斑腿蝗科：中华稻蝗、日本黄脊蝗；蝼蛄科：单刺蝼蛄、东方蝼蛄。

缨翅目（Thysanoptera）通称蓟马，身体微小。

一般黄褐或黑色。

眼发达。

触角较长，锉吸式口器。

翅膜质，翅缘具有密而长的缨状缘毛。

蓟马科：稻蓟马、烟蓟马、温室蓟马；管蓟马科：稻管蓟马、麦简管蓟马。

同翅目（Homoptera）蝉、叶蝉、飞虱、木虱、粉虱、蚜虫及介壳虫等均属此目。

多为小型昆虫，刺吸式口器，其基部着生于头部的腹面后方，好像出自前足基节之间。

具翅种类前后翅均为膜质，静止时呈屋脊状覆于体背上，很多种类的雌虫无翅，介壳虫和蚜虫中常有无翅型，叶蝉和蚜虫等还能传播植物病毒病。

粉虱科：温室白粉虱；叶蝉科：黑尾叶蝉、大青叶蝉、棉叶蝉；蜡蝉科：斑衣蜡蝉飞虱科：褐飞虱、白背飞虱、灰飞虱和甘蔗扁角飞虱；蚜科：棉蚜、麦二叉蚜、麦长管蚜、桃蚜、高粱蚜、萝卜蚜；绵蚧科：吹绵蚧；盾蚧科：桑盾蚧、矢尖盾蚧、梨圆蚧；蜡蚧科：白蜡虫、红蜡蚧、朝鲜球坚蚧；半翅目（Hemiptera）通称“蝽”或“椿象”；多数体形宽略扁平，前翅基半部革质，端半部膜质，称为半鞘翅；刺吸式口器，其若虫腹部有臭腺，故有“臭虫”、“放屁虫”之名。

网蝽科：梨网蝽、香蕉网蝽；花蝽科：细角花蝽、微小花蝽；缘蝽科：针缘蝽、稻蛛缘蝽；蝽科：稻褐蝽、稻黑蝽、稻绿蝽。

盲蝽科：绿盲蝽、苜蓿盲蝽、中黑盲蝽；脉翅目（Neuroptera）常称为“蛉”；头下口式，咀嚼式口器。

是捕食蚜虫、蝶蛾幼虫等肉食性益虫草蛉科：大草蛉、丽草蛉、中华草蛉；鳞翅目（Lepidoptera）昆虫纲中第二大目。

最大特点是翅面上均覆盖着小鳞片，成虫称蛾或蝶。

虹吸式口器，形成长形而能卷起的喙；已知有十四万种左右，，其中蛾类90%多，蝶类不足10%。

昆虫分类学报Ento motaxonomia V o l.25,N o.1 M arch,2003Two New Leafhopper Species fromSabah(Kalimantan)of the Genus Fistulatus(Homoptera:Cicadellidae:Selenocephalinae:Paraboloponini)SHAN G Su-qin,ZHA N G Y a-lin(K ey L aboratory of P lant P rotection Resources and Pest M anagement,M inistry of Education, Entomological M useum,N or thw est Sci-T ech U niver sity of A gr icultur e and Forestry,Y angling,Shaanx i712100,China)Abstract:T w o new leafhopper species fro m Sabah(Bor neo)of the genus Fistulatusar e dealt with in this paper.Bo th type specimens ar e deposit ed in t he N atio nal M use-um of W ales,Ca rdiff,U K.Key words:Ho mopter a;Cicadellidae;Seleno cephalinae;P arabo lo po nini;Fistulatus;new species;Ka lim ant anCLC number:Q969.36+2.8 Document code:AArticle ID:1000-7482(2003)01-0021-04Fo llow ing the revision by Zhang&Webb(1996)on Oriental Selenocephalinae fur-ther m aterial w as borr ow ed to promo te our study o f the gro up.Am ong the bo rrow ed material w ere tw o new species o f F istulatus Zhang fr om Sabah(Bo rneo)that are de-scribed below.The genus F istulatus w as erected by Zhang in1997,the type species Fistulatus sinensis widely distributed all of China.1.Fistulatus monkoboensis,sp.n.(Fig.1)Length(incl.tegm.):♂6.2m m.Bo dy light br ow n.Pro notum w ith fo ur sm all dark brow n spots adjacent corr e-sponding eyes.Forew ing slig htly brow nish w ith a small brow n spot on tip of clavus. Head slig htly w ider than pronotum;vertex broadly ro unded anteriorly,midlength ap-pro ximately1.5times than nex t to eyes;ocelli o n margin,nearly3times o wn diameter fr om cor respo nding eyes.Hind femur w ith apical setal form ula2+1+1.M ale py go fer elong ate with a few macro setae po sterior ly and a long ev enly t aper ed and cur ved, ventr ally dir ected pr ocess fro m poster io r ventr al cor ner.V alve sho rt quadrang ular.Received date:2002-09-16Foundation item:T he pro ject was suppo rted by“the F ok Y ing T ung Education F oundat ion,N a-tio na l Educational Commit tee of China”21Subgenital plate triang ular -shaped basally with lo ng fing er -like apex ;several short fine setae ov er distal half .Sty le broad at base ,apical process foot -like w ith a few setae basally.Connective Y-shaped,nearly as long as sty le.Aedeag us w ith shaft robust,cy lindrical,sharply upturned at mid-leng th and tapered to acute apex ,w ith a triang u-lar -shaped pr ocess on each side apically ,fro m anterior surface ;g ono por e sho rt ,situated subapically on anter io r sur face,slig htly distad o f processes.Fig.1　Fistulatus monkoboensis ,sp.n.A .m ale adult in dorsal v iew ;B .py gof er in prof i le ;C .v alve ,subg enital plat e ,style and connective in v ent ral view ;D .st yle in do rsal view; E.aedeagus in lateral v i ew ;F.a edeag us in dorsal view;G.aedea gus in v ent ral viewHolo ty pe:♂(NM W ),BORNEO:Sabah,Bukit M onkobo ,51°48′N,116°58′E,22-Ⅷ-1987,1930m .A .H .Kirk -Sprigg s .Lig ht trap sam ple ,U pp M ontane fo rest sum-mit ,NM W Sabah (Borneo )Ex pedition ,NMW .Z .1987-094.Distribution :Kalim antan .T his species is named after its place of capture .It can be easily dist inguished fr om the other s of the genus by the shape o f male g enitalia with py go fer elongat e w ith a few macr osetae poster ior ly and a lo ng ventr ally directed pr ocess fro m poster ior ventr al co rner .2.Fistulatus athena ,sp.n.(Fig.2)Length (incl.teg m.):♂6.2mm.External char acters similar to F .monkoboensis sp.n.but bo dy y ello wish g reen,pr ono tum w ithout black spots ,forewing hyaline with veins more distinct and w ith brow n spot at tip of clavus w eaker and coro nal suture more obv io us .M ale pyg ofer broadly ro unded basally w ith a long ventrally directed pro cess fr om 22昆　虫　分　类　学　报第25卷第1期ventral corner ,w ith sever al macr osetae ,membr ane distally w ith fine setae .Valve short quadrangular .Subgenital plate w iden at base ,taper ed to apex w ith fine setae .Style w ith apical pro cess long ,dig itate ,inner later al margin dentiform ,a few sensory pits to-w ar ds outer marg in .connectiv e Y -shaped ,stem and arms stro ng w ith a pair of triang u-lar lateral process at subapex ,tapered to acute at apex.Fig .2　Fistulatus athena ,s p .n .A.head an d thorax in dorsal view (♂);B.pygofer in pr ofile;C.valve and sub genital plate in ventral view ;D.s tyle in dorsal view ;E.connective in dorsal view ;F.aedeagus in lateral view ;G.aedeagus in dorsal view ;H.aedeagu s in ventral viewHolo ty pe:♂,BORNEO:Sabah,Bukit M onkobo ,51°48′N,116°58′E,18-Ⅷ-1987,1200m. A.H.Kirk-Sprig gs.Light trap sam ple,camp 1,Stunted hill forest,NM W Sabah (Bo rneo)Ex pedition,NM W.Z.1987-094.This species is named after the w o men spirit of beauty fro m an ancient Greek fable.Bo th in external characters and m ale genitalia as in F .monk oboensis sp.n.but differs fr om the latter in 1)pronotum w ithout black spo ts ;2)pyg ofer process subapically abr uptly tapered distally ;3)subg enital plate more elong ate and ev enly curved to apex ;4)style w ith apical process long and blunt ,digitate ;5)aedeagus w ith shaft m ore even-ly curved distally.Distribution:Kalim antan.REFERENCES[1]Zhang Y L .T axonomy on China Leafhoppers (Homoptera :Cicad ellidae )[M ],Yangling ,S haanxi ,T ian ze Pres s ,232003年3月尚素琴等:管茎叶蝉属二新种24昆　虫　分　类　学　报第25卷第1期1990.[2]Zhang Y&Webb M D.A revised clas sification of the Asian an d Pacific Selenocephaline Leafhopper s(Homopter a:Cicadellidae)[J].B ulletin of the N atural H istory M useu m(E ntomology),1996,65:1-103.[3]Zhan g Y L,Zhan g W Zh&Ch en B.S elenocephalin i Leafhopper s(Homopter a:Cicadellidae)From M t.FuniushanIn Henan Province[J].Entomotax onomia,1997,19(4):235-245.管茎叶蝉属二新种(同翅目:叶蝉科:缘脊叶蝉亚科)尚素琴,张雅林(西北农林科技大学植保资源与病虫害教育部重点实验室,西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆,陕西杨凌712100)研究了英国卡底阜国立博物馆收藏的缘脊叶蝉亚科脊翅叶蝉族管茎叶蝉属的标本,记述2新种,绘制了特征图。

《普通昆虫学》常见英文术语entomology 昆虫学insect morphology昆虫形态学head 头thorax 胸abdomen 腹somite 体节tergum 背板sternum腹板pleuron侧板endoskeleton 内骨骼ecdysial line蜕裂线frontoclypeal sulcus额唇基沟frons, or front额clypeus唇基occiput后头tentorium幕骨antenna触角scape柄节pedicel梗节flagellum鞭节eye, or compound eye 复眼ocellus单眼mouthparts 口器labrum 上唇mandible 上颚maxilla下颚labium 下唇hypopharynx舌leg 足coxa 基节trochanter 转节femur 股节tibia 茎节tarsus 跗节elytra 鞘翅hemielytron 半翅tegmen 复翅vein 翅脉venation 脉序genitalia 外生殖器phallus 阳茎ovipositor 产卵器valvula 产卵瓣valvifer 负瓣circus 尾须insect biology 昆虫生物学sexual dimorphism雌雄二型现象polymorphism 多型现象parthenogenesis 孤雌生殖polyembryony 多胚生殖paedogenesis 幼体生殖viviparity 胎生ovivipartity 卵胎生embryonic development 胚胎发育egg, or ovum 卵postembryonic development 胚后发育hatching 孵化emergence羽化metamorphosis变态incomplete metamorphosis 不全变态complete metamorphosis 全变态larva幼虫pupa 蛹moulting 脱皮instar 龄stadium龄期exarate pupa 离蛹obtect pupa被蛹coarctate pupa 围蛹life history 生活史generation 世代dormancy 休眠diapause 滞育critical photoperiod 临界光周期behavior 行为ethology 行为学taxis趋性aggregation群居集性mimicry 拟态protective coloration 保护色insect physiology 昆虫生理学anatomy 解剖haemodocoele 血腔tegument 体壁epidermis 皮细胞层cuticle 表皮层epicuticle 上表皮cement layer 护蜡层wax layer 蜡层chitin 几丁质digestive system 消化系统alimentary canal 消化道foregut 前肠midgut 中肠hindgut 后肠pharynx 咽喉oesophagus 食道crop 嗉囊proventriculus 前胃gastric caeca 胃盲囊Malpighian tube 马氏管peritrophic membrane 围食膜ileum 回肠colon 结肠rectum 直肠salivary glands 唾腺fat body 脂肪体pericardial cell 围心细胞circulatory system 循环系统haemolymph 血淋巴dorsal vessel 背血管aorta 动脉accessory pulsatile organ 辅博器hemocytes 血细胞plasma 血浆immunity 免疫作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用tracheal system 气管系统spiracle气门trachea 气管tracheole 微气管air sac 气囊muscular system 肌肉系统muscle fiber 肌纤维sarcostyle 肌原纤维nervous system 神经系统neurone 神经原ganglion 神经节nerve 神经ventral nerve cord 腹神经索suboesophageal ganglion 咽下神经节central nervous system 中枢神经系统peripheral nervous system 周缘神经系统sympathetic nervous system 交感神经系统synapse 突触acetyl choline, Ach 乙酰胆碱sensory organ 感觉器官receptor 感受器mechanoreceptor 感触器phonoreceptor 听觉器chemoreceptor 感化器photoreceptor 视觉器tympanal organ 鼓膜听器olfactory organ 嗅觉器gustatory organ 味觉器reproductive system 生殖系统ovary 卵巢lateral oviduct 侧输卵管common oviduct 中输卵管bursa compulatrix交尾囊spermatotheca受精囊accessory gland附腺testes 精巢vas deferens 输精管seminal vesicle 贮精囊ejaculatory duct 射精管endocrine system 内分泌系统hormone 激素endocrine glands 内分泌腺corpus allatum 心侧体corpus allatum 咽侧体molting hormone，MH 蜕皮激素juvenile hormone，JH 保幼激素pheromone 外激素sex pheromone 性外激素hormone 内激素brain hormone 脑激素reflex arc 反射弧classification 分类 identification 鉴定class 纲order 目family 科genus (pl. genera) 属species 种scientific names 学名common name 俗名binome 双名法synonyms 异名homonyms 同名type specimen 模式标本holotype 正模paratype 副模allotype 配模Protura 原尾目Collembola 弹尾目Diplura 双尾目Thysanura 缨尾目Ephemerida 蜉蝣目Odonata 蜻蜓目Blattodea 蜚蠊目Mantodea 螳螂目Isoptera 等翅目Orthoptera 直翅目Phasmida xiu目Thysanoptera 缨翅目Homoptera 同翅目 Hemiptera 半翅目Neuroptera 脉翅目Coleoptera 鞘翅目Diptera 双翅目Lepidoptera 鳞翅目Hymenoptera 膜翅目Mantidae 螳螂科Tettigoniidae 螽斯科Gryllidae 蟋蟀科Gryllotalpidae 蝼蛄科Locustidae 蝗科Thripidae 蓟马科Fulgoridae 蜡蝉科Delphacidae 飞虱科Cicadidae 蝉科Cicadellidae 叶蝉科Membracidae 角蝉科Aphididae 蚜科Aleyrodidae 粉虱科Coccoidea 蚧总科Pentatomidae 蝽科Reduviidae 猎蝽科Miridae 盲蝽科Nabidae 姬蝽科Anthocoridae 花蝽科Nepidae 蝎蝽科Chrysopidae 草蛉科Carabidae 步甲科Melolonthidae 金龟甲科Buprestidae 几丁甲科Elateridae 叩甲科Coccinellidae 瓢甲科Tenebrionidae 拟步甲科Meloidae 芫菁科Cerambycidae 天牛科Bruchidae 豆象科Chrysomelidae 叶甲科Curculionidae 象甲科Culicidae 蚊科Tabanidae 虻科Syrphidae 食蚜蝇科Chloropidae 秆蝇科Tachinidae 寄蝇科Anthomyiidae 花蝇科Muscidae 蝇科Plutellidae 菜蛾科Gelechiidae 麦蛾科Tortricidae 卷蛾科Pyralidae 螟蛾科Geometridae 尺蛾科Notodontidae 舟蛾科Noctuidae 夜蛾科Hesperiidae 弄蝶科Papilionidae 凤蝶科Pieridae 粉蝶科Nymphalidae 蛱蝶科Tenthredinidae 叶蜂科Ichneumonidae 姬蜂科Braconidae 茧蜂科Chalcididae 小蜂科Trichogrammatidae 赤眼蜂科Formicidae 蚁科Vespidae 胡蜂科Apidae 蜜蜂科insect ecology 昆虫生态学population 种群community 群落ecosystem 生态系统biosphere 生物圈ecological valence 生态价supercooling 过冷却现象absolute humidity, A. H. 绝对湿度relative humidity, R. H. 相对湿度migration 迁飞sex ratio 性比population density 种群密度population dynamic 种群动态mortality 死亡率bionomic strategy 生态对策life table 生命表niche 生态位producer 生产者consumer 消费者decomposer 分解者food chain 食物链food net 食物网ecological balance, equilibrium 生态平衡economic threshold 经济阈值。

常见农业害虫分类（其中红字为益虫）昆虫纲是动物界中最大的一纲，已知的种类约有85万种以上，占动物总数的4/5。

身体分头、胸、腹三部分，胸部有3对分节的足，故又称六足纲。

昆虫纲由3纲、33目组成，与生产关系密切的有九个目：直翅目、缨翅目、同翅目、半翅目、脉翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、双翅目。

以下就这些目及重要科作一简述，并列举部分常见农业昆虫：直翅目（Orthoptera）昆虫纲中较大的一目，包括蝗虫、蟋蟀、螽斯、蝼蛄等常见昆虫。

体大型或中型，吸嚼式口器。

前翅狭长且稍硬化，后翅膜质；有些种类短翅，甚至无翅，有的种类飞行力极强，能长距离飞迁。

后足强大，适于跳跃。

斑翅蝗科：东亚飞蝗、云斑车蝗；斑腿蝗科：中华稻蝗、日本黄脊蝗；蝼蛄科：单刺蝼蛄、东方蝼蛄。

缨翅目（Thysanoptera）通称蓟马，身体微小。

一般黄褐或黑色。

眼发达。

触角较长，锉吸式口器。

翅膜质，翅缘具有密而长的缨状缘毛。

蓟马科：稻蓟马、烟蓟马、温室蓟马；管蓟马科：稻管蓟马、麦简管蓟马。

同翅目（Homoptera）蝉、叶蝉、飞虱、木虱、粉虱、蚜虫及介壳虫等均属此目。

多为小型昆虫，刺吸式口器，其基部着生于头部的腹面后方，好像出自前足基节之间。

具翅种类前后翅均为膜质，静止时呈屋脊状覆于体背上，很多种类的雌虫无翅，介壳虫和蚜虫中常有无翅型，叶蝉和蚜虫等还能传播植物病毒病。

粉虱科：温室白粉虱；叶蝉科：黑尾叶蝉、大青叶蝉、棉叶蝉；蜡蝉科：斑衣蜡蝉飞虱科：褐飞虱、白背飞虱、灰飞虱和甘蔗扁角飞虱；蚜科：棉蚜、麦二叉蚜、麦长管蚜、桃蚜、高粱蚜、萝卜蚜；绵蚧科：吹绵蚧；盾蚧科：桑盾蚧、矢尖盾蚧、梨圆蚧；蜡蚧科：白蜡虫、红蜡蚧、朝鲜球坚蚧；半翅目（Hemiptera）通称“蝽”或“椿象”；多数体形宽略扁平，前翅基半部革质，端半部膜质，称为半鞘翅；刺吸式口器，其若虫腹部有臭腺，故有“臭虫”、“放屁虫”之名。

网蝽科：梨网蝽、香蕉网蝽；花蝽科：细角花蝽、微小花蝽；缘蝽科：针缘蝽、稻蛛缘蝽；蝽科：稻褐蝽、稻黑蝽、稻绿蝽。