英语论文 《德伯家的苔丝》苔丝的悲剧成因分析

The Causes of Tess's Tragedy1.social environmentAt the middle of the 19th century, Britain's flourishing capitalism deeply affected the country civilization. The individual farmers had trouble in losing jobs and poverty. Tess's family was one of these farmers. At that time, it was a male-dominated society, women had no right to get good education and work. Tess just did the low income and hard work. Also, women's rights had not been protected well. It's unfair of society to treat on Tess.2.family reasonHer father was excessive drinking all day. The only source of finance the old horse had been dead. And she had lots of little brothers and sisters to feed up. Life was so tough, she had no choice but to work for D'Urbervilles to make money. After her father's death, the landlord took the house back, in order to her family not become homeless, she chose to become Alec's mistress.3.personalityTess is a pure and beautiful country girl. She didn't have good education and read about novels. So she didn't know beau's libertine behavior. She was raped by Alec. She is responsible for the whole family to devote herself. However, she was obedient to these sufferings. The only once revolting behavior was to kill Alec.4.AlecAlec was the chief culprit of Tess's whole tragic life. At first, he raped her in the forest to bring about that she was pregnant. Tess chose to leave him and give birth to the baby, but the baby was dead when it was born. Because of tough life, Tess had to return back to him and become his mistress with the humiliation of him.5.Angel ClareWhen he fell in love with Tess, she became happy again and found the real meaning of life. When he gave up her, Tess lost the spirit life, she faced the reality without mental reaction. It's Clare's fault to return she back to Alec to suffer distress again. Sadly, Clare's back didn't make up for Tess's happiness, it deepened Tess's sufferings. Finally, she killed Alec to revenge..。

本科生毕业论文On Tess of D’Urbervilles —Analysis of theTragedy关于“德伯家的苔丝”—悲剧的分析院系：外国语系专业：英语学生姓名：学号：指导教师：2008年6月本科毕业论文ContentsAcknowledgements (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅱ)摘要 (Ⅲ)1 Introduction (1)1.1 Introduction to the Author and the Novel (1)1.2 Previous Study of Tess’s Tragedy and the Problems (2)2 The Author’s Concept on Fate and the Heroine’s Tragedy (4)3 Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy (6)3.1 Analysis of Tess’s Family (6)3.2 Analysis of the Social Background (8)3.3 Analysis of Tess’s Character (12)3.4 Analysis of the Male Factors in Tess’s Tragedy (14)4 Conclusion (16)References (18)AcknowledgementsThe accomplishment of this thesis results from the help of many: Hereby I would like to express recognition and gratitude to those who made this thesis possible.First of all, I am particularly indebted to my superviso r—Zhou Changjun, whose valuable and constructive suggestion, comments, and encouragements were given to me throughout the duration of writing this thesis. It is a great honor for me to study under his guidance, for not only have I benefited from his profound knowledge, but also from his modest personality and his attitudes towards academic study.Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to other professors and teachers, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their unconditional love and support all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who encouraged and helped me in the past four years.It is just because of the contributions of these people, whether mentioned or not, that this thesis is able to be completed. To every one of them, I give my most sincere thanks.AbstractThomas Hardy was once called “Shakespeare in British no vel.” He looked at the life in the vision of tragedy; He experienced and described people’s suffering under the fierce impact of two civilizations in a tragic method and unique male way; He described the poor Tess’s short and unfortunate life in an epic way. Tess, a daughter of a poor villager who discovers that he is the descendent of an ancient family D’Urbervilles is persuaded by her parents to claim kindred with a more prosperous D’Urbervilles and is seduced by the master, Alec. And then she has to return home in disgrace. After giving birth to a child who dies in infancy, she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman, and she fails in love with him and marries him. On their wedding night Tess and Angel tell each other about their past. Angel who gets the hypocritical morality deserts her because of her seduction by Alec; then poverty makes her come back to Alec again and tragedy happens. The tragedy of Tess is both the social tragedy and simultaneously also the disposition tragedy. Her tragedy’s origin is no t only objective, moreover is also subjective. This paper tells us that Tess is the victim of the bourgeois society and capitalist invasion into the English peasantry. By analyzing the family’s poverty, the social background, her own character, injustice and hypocrisy, the male chauvinism factors, the author’s concept on fate, etc, this paper presents the main causes of Tess’s tragedy.Key words: Tess; tragedy; social background; character; victim; law; morality关于“德伯家的苔丝”—悲剧的分析摘要托马斯·哈代曾一度被评论家誉为“英国小说中的莎士比亚”。

解析苔丝悲剧苔丝简介2篇解析苔丝悲剧苔丝简介2篇解析苔丝悲剧苔丝简介(1)The tragedy of Tess（苔丝的悲剧）“Tess of the d"Urbervilles ” is generally regarded as Hardy"s finest novel. A brilliant tale of seduction, love, betrayal, and murder, Tess of the d"Ubervilles yields to narrative convention by punishing Tess"s sin, but boldly exposes this standard denouement of unforgiving morality as cruelly unjust. Throughout, Hardy characterizes Tess as a daughter of nature who endures the brutality of industrialism through the people and circumstances in her life. Using specific language, character depiction, and story development, Hardy provides a strong argument against the urban movement by showing the reader its harsh effects on the agrarian lifestyle. The novel centers around a young woman who struggles to find her place in society.Tess is a beautiful,intelligent and distinguished woman.But those advantages do not take her happiness or good lucky. It didn"t like Jane Eyrea good ending the satisfaction of all with the help of oversea colony"s money. In her life is full of Suffering and Unfortunate.Who and what couse the tragedy of Tess? I think there are four factors.At first of all, Tess is the tragedy of the times. Tess was living in the late nineteenth century .At that time, British capitalism begin invading rural. This Phenomenon sets conflicting betweeting country and city. In part, Tess represents the changing role of the agricultural workers in England in the late nineteenth century. Hardy shows that life as a maiden begins in the natural country and ends in the brutal city. Tess"s life begins in the rural secluded town of Marlott where the country atmosphere allows her to grow into a virtuous caring young girl. In contrast, Tess"s downfall occurs in the city. Towards the end of the tale, when Tessis once again in Alec"s possession, negative consequences ensue. She murders Alec in the city of Sandbourne that was like a "fairy place suddenly created by the stroke of a wand." (Pg. 296) The suddenness with which the city is created parallels the quick actions of Tess in murdering Alec d"Urberville. In both scenarios it seems like there was no thought before the action was orchestrated. Once Tess is put to death in the city, the harsh realities of justice and punishment remind the reader of Hardy"s pessimistic view of industrialism. Hardy purposely begins and ends Tess"s life in such a manner to show her as a sacrifice of rural landscape to the urban movement. Through his portrayal of Tess, Hardy is able to use her entire being to make his negative attitude towards urbanity known.Many people in England were forced to make sacrifices during the industrial revolution. Through language, character depiction, and specific scenes in the novel, Hardy illustrates the harsh effects of industrialism on certain agrarian lifestyles. He shows the reader that the commercialism and emphasis on modernistic ways of life did not fall well with all the people in the land. The substitute of machinery to manual labor came at a heavy price for the beautiful English land and the families who inhabited it. Hardy allows his readers to see that progress may not always be a positive occurrence and good intentions may cause dire consequences.At the beginning of stoy,Tess is a naive country girl. She is primarily a daughter of nature upon whom urbanity will leave its lasting marks. but one day , When her fathe discovere that the low-class Durbeyfield family is in reality the d"Urbervilles,he want Tess to recognizes the relative. Because the family circumstances are poor.tess complies by unvoluntary,even if she feels very ashamed.In there she meets master’s son Alec d’Urberville,who plays a character as chief criminal in her tragic life.An insouciant twenty-four-year-old man, heir to a fortune, and bearerof a name that his father purchased, Alec is the nemesis and downfall of Tess’s life. His first name, Alexander, suggests the conqueror—as in Alexander the GreatZ，who seizes what he wants regardless of moral propriety. His full last name, Stoke-d’Urberville, symbolizes the split character of his family, whose origins are simpler than their pretensions to grandeur. After all, Stokes is a blunt and inelegant name.At the very end of the novel,he becomes a reverent Christian On surface.But when he remeeting Tess, he quickly abandons his newfound Christian faith. It is hard to believe Alec holds his religion, or anything else, sincerely. His supposed conversion may only be a new role he is playing. Indeed Alec is diabolical. Alec creeps up on Tess in the darkness of the Chase and lies with her without her knowing it.He deconstructed the tess’s chastity and pure.At last,he forces tess to be his lover.Not aslo he really love tess,but only regards tess as his toy. It can be said,he is the immediate cause of tess’s tragedy.Angel Clare is also one of the important factors, caused more serious and terrible harm on tess psychological. Angel Clare is a complex art image. On the one hand,he is Bourgeois intellectuals , having Open minds and independent thinking.He hope depend on his own labor to survive and do not want to inherit his father"s mantle..He is a secularist who yearns to work for the “honor and glory of man,” as he tells his father in Chapter XVIII, rather than for the honor and glory of God in a more distant world. A typical young nineteenth-century progressive, Angel sees human society as a thing to be remolded and improved, and he fervently believes in the nobility of man. He rejects the values handed to him, and sets off in search of his own. Indeed Angel Clare is a fascinating and good-hearted man. When he was working on the Pasture,a lot of girls admired him. But his love for Tess, a mere milkmaid and his social inferior, is one expression of his disdain for tradition. This independent spirit contributes to his aura of charisma and general attractiveness that makes him the love object of all themilkmaids with whom he works at Talbothays.But on the other hand, Angel Clare aslo is one of the male chauvinist supporters. In his heart, he is still difficult to get rid of controling by feudal morals.His love for Tess may be abstract, as we guess when he calls her “Daughter of Nature” or “Demeter.”. Tess may be more an archetype or ideal to him than a flesh and blood woman with a complicated life. So Angel deserts Tess when he finds the innocent country girl he fell in love with is not so pure.On their wedding night, tess confesses that she is not a virgin and explains what happened with Alec d"Urberville. Even though he himself has also had an affair out of wedlock, he becomes upset and is unable to reconcile his real affection for Tess, his wounded pride, and his image of Tess as a pure and virginal figure. He can’t forgive her for having another man’s child even though she forgives him everything. Angel abandons Tess and tells her she cannot contact him; he will contact her. But he has not divorced with tess, because of Men"s dignity.At last, after his failure in Brazil, and only then Angel realizes he has been unfair to Tess. His moral system is readjusted as he is brought down to Earth. But to his sorrow, when returning to England to find Tess, he discovers tess living in a hotel with Alec d"Urberville.Everthing is too late.In addition, Tess’s character is also an important reason for the tragedy.Although Tess has great courage to against social injustice,she can’t get rid of astrology from her own moral traditions. She understood herself is a victim of the social violence and ethics morals victim. But in while receives which the native place person’s censures, she also consider herselves guilty. To forget the past ,she is Far away her family and home to Tabou Lei. Falls in love with Angel Clare makes her happiness,howere,her heart still fell suffered.Facing Angel Clare’s abandon,she think that is her own crime. Thus she silently endures theunjust fate.In her thingking, strong moral consciousness and religious sense is very obvious. The intense moral sensitivity and psychological atonement causes her to fall into the mire of suffering and tragedy.Tess has a lot of advantages, for instance saidindustriously, selfless, simple. Among them, her most Prominent advantages is pure, as the author described in subheading-“A pure woman”.But the such commendable moral excellence makes her go to the Abyss of tragedy. She is unable to live with Alec for the matter to enjoy ,while she can’t deceive Angel for Own happiness. If Tess is willing, she can request Alec to marry with her,when she was pregnant with his child, and does not have to endure other people"s criticism.On wedding night, Listening to the advice of her mother,she can chooses to Hide her busband the matter happened with Alec d"Urberville,like any other women who have suffered simila matter as her.but her pure don’t allow her to do such “simple” matter.Tess thus represents what is known in Christian theology as original sin, the degraded state in which all humans live, even when—like Tess herself after killing Prince or succumbing to Alec—they are not wholly or directly responsible for the sins for which they are punished. This torment represents the most universal side of Tess: she is the myth of the human who suffers for crimes that are not her own and lives a life more degraded than she deserves.In a word, Tess is a really pure woman. She has many valuable advantages.But because of Personal reasons, social reasons and time reasons,she didn’t have a good end. Her tragedy is inevitable.摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学的瑰宝。

contentsAbstract (I)内容摘要 (II)1. Introduction (1)1.1 About tragedy and Tess of D’urbervilles (1)1.2 About Thomas Hardy (2)1.3 Background of the Novel (3)2. Two Deep Stratification of the Tess’ tragedy in the ovel (4)2.1 Family and Society Caused Tess’s Tragedy (4)2.2 Hypocritical Capitalism Morals View and Unequal Legal System (5)2.3 Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers (6)3. Characters Analysis in the Novel (6)3.1 Tess’s Character (7)3.2 Alec’s Characters (9)3.3 Clare’s Characters (10)Conclusion (13)Bibliography (14)AbstractLiterature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars have begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Thomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England; Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all his works. The British famous writer Thomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. His novel reflected the real society. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Hardy succeeded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This novel describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. The article describes the society environment, then begins to analysis of characters’ personality and religion factors open out at that time. Tess’s tragic life is caused by that society and it’s the result of that time. Except this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic. This paper will discuss the causes of Tess tragedy in terms of environment and characters that Tess involved.Key Words：Tess’s Tragedy; Social Environment; Family Environment; Moral ethic; Character内容摘要文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。

淮北师范大学信息学院2014 届学士学位论文《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧成因分析系别:外语系专业:英语学号: 20101843021姓名:指导教师: 张立友指导教师职称: 讲师2014年 5 月 15 日Information College, Huaibei Normal UniversityA Study on the Causes of Tess’ Tragedy inTess of the D’UrbervillesbyUnderthe Supervision ofLecturer Zhang LiyouSubmitted to the Foreign Language Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor ofArtsinEnglish Language and LiteratureHuaibei, P. R. ChinaMay, 2014淮北师范大学信息学院本科生毕业论文（设计）诚信承诺书本人郑重承诺所呈交的毕业论文（设计）《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧成因分析，是在指导教师张立友的指导下严格按照学校和学院有关规定完成的。

本人在毕业论文（设计）中引用他人的观点和参考资料均加以注释和说明。

本人承诺在毕业论文（设计）选题和研究内容过程中没有抄袭他人的研究成果和伪造相关数据等行为，若有抄袭行为，由本人承担一切责任。

承诺人：2010 年级英语专业签名：2014 年6 月 6 日AbstractTess of the D’Urbervilles is regarded as a masterpiece of Thomas Hardy, one of the greatest English novelists and poetrys.In this novel, Hardy exposes the hypocritical social morals and capitalism’s destruction to country civilization, after the capitalism invading the British villages in Victorian age.The thesis intends to analysis the causes of Tess’ tragedy from three perspectives: firstly, it analyses that Tess’ tragedy is a reflection of Hardy’s fatalism. He arranged a series of coincidences to reflect his fatalism, and this implies that Tess’tragedy is inevitable; secondly, it analyses the social factors’influence on Tess’tragic fate. The capitalism’ invasion leads to the plight of the poor peasants and the hypocritical traditional morals lead to her tragedy; and thirdly, it analyses her lackness of Tess’character, her comprise, too high sense of responsibility for her family and innocence,sincerity,all these cause her tragedy, and her conservative moral values is also one cause of the tragedy.Through analyzing Tess’ tragedy from the three perspectives of fatalism, social factors and her character, the thesis reveals woman’s real emotion and tragic fate after the British countryside has been invaded by the capitalism in Victorian age.Key Words: Thomas Hardy, Tragedy, Causes, Tess摘要《德伯家的苔丝》是19世纪英国伟大的小说家、诗人托马斯·哈代的代表作。

---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ 英文论文浅析德伯家的苔丝的悲剧命运_英语论文Abstract Thomas Hardy，a British novelist and poetat the turn of the 19th century, was one of the representative writers of the English critical realism. His masterpiece Tess of the d’Urbervillesdepicts the heroine’s miserable life. Tess is described as a beautiful and kind-hearted pure womanwho has the quality of responsibility and self-sacrifice. But her life is totally a disaster. She was not only the victim of the Victorian time, but also the victim of her contemporaries. This paperanalyses her tragedy from theperspectives of the social factors and the human ones.The article can be pided into three parts.The first one is a brief introduction of the writing background, the author and the story. The second part analyses the social factors for Tess’s tragedy.The financial, moral and political1 / 8factors are included.Tess’s story happensin the specific period when the United Kingdom is experiencing a social transformation from the agricultural civilization to the industrial civilization. During this time, lots of farmers are forced into bankruptcy and Tess’s family is one of them.The capitalist political oppression upon Tess is mainly from the religion and the law, both of which playa very important role in bringing out Tess’s tragedy.The last partanalyses the human factors for Tess’s tragedy,including Tess’s own characters, Angel and Alec.Tess’s own character, on the one hand, refers to her purity, her kind-heartedness and her being responsible and altruist.Besides, there are also some weaknesses in her character. She is feeble, compromising, sticking to backward ethics and so on.All of these contribute to Tess’s tragedy. The despicable Alec and the sanctimonious Angel also play a very important role in Tess’s tragedy. All these factors lead to Tess’s tragedy.Finally, Tess becomes the sacrifice of that society.---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------Key words:Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Tess, tragedy, social factor, human factor摘要托马斯•哈代是英国19世纪到20世纪过渡时期的一位著名的小说家和诗人，也是英国批判现实主义的代表作家之一。

Analysis of Causes for T ess’s TragedyAbstract: Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the representative work of Thomas Hardy. The novel tells a beautiful, pure, kind girl Tess’s miserable life. Tess should have enjoyed sweet love and happiness of marriage, but her road of life is full of rough and bumpy. From Hardy's philosophy, Tess's tragedy result from super natural force, the fate. Indeed，destiny leads to Tess’s tragedy to some extent, but some other factors directly or indirectly give rise to Tess’s miserable lives.This article will describe the causes of Tess’s tragedy from historical materialism view. Her tragic life is caused by that society. Except for this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise.Key words: Tess; fate; causes; tragedy苔丝悲剧原因的分析摘要：徳伯家的苔丝是托马斯•哈代的代表作。

苔丝英语论文（最终版）第一篇：苔丝英语论文（最终版）The Analysis of the Tragic Life of TessThe story happened in the late 19th century, the cruel capitalist exploitation has ruined the English countryside severely and Wessex is not immune from the destruction;the capitalism brings great harm to the agriculture life;all the self-supporting peasants are all live in a rather miserable life.Tess of the D‟Urbervilles is one of the Hardy‟s Wessex novels.The agricultural region of the southern countries England is the novel’s setting.The social conventions and the moral level Angel Clare, a man of liberal mind, is the son of a clergyman.In this novel, he is the direct opposite of Alec.He has broken with the traditions of his family to seek the ideal in a quiet rural life.He looks down upon the material distinction of rank and wealth.He wants to have own farm with Tess.In his eyes, Tess is lovely and pure.He treats Tess“equally”.all the above mentioned make T ess fall in love with him and is engaged to him.T o some extent he is different form other man, for his mind is opening.To our surprised after Tess tells him her past story, although he is a sinner for he had some affair with a bad woman, he refuses to forgive Tess just like Tess forgives him.We can find the weakness and flaws of his personality.In his eyes, the judge of purity still depends on the social conventions and the moral level.We can find that he is the slave of the custom and conventionality.He tells Tess that his lover is not Tess but another woman in her shape.He brings great harm to Tess and play an important role in the tragic life.Tess is seduced by Alec, so Tess is scandalized by the narrow-minded people.When her son who is regarded as a bastard is todie, his father refuses to asked preacher to give the baptism of the child, for her father feels ashamed with Tess and he is afraid of people‟s laughing and discussion.No one care about Tess and every one think she is guilty.Tess suffers a lot while the arch-criminal Alec has become the preacher.No one think he is guilty.The unequal treatment makes her life tragic.Self –sacrifice and responsibilityWithout doubt, Tess is rather obedient girl.when the death of the old horse destroy her family‟s business, Tess thinks it is her fault.Then Durbeyfield began to shovel in the earth and the children cried anew.Tess does not cry.Her face is dry and pale, as though she regarded herself in the light of a murderess.Tess thinks that she has dragged her parents into this quagmire, so she wonders what she could do help her family get out of trouble.She accepts her mother‟s advice and goes to work on Alec‟s farm, and later she is seduced by Alec.The second time, Tess…s father dies and her family have no food and have no p lace to live in.Tess is driven to accept Alec‟s advice and live with Alec to support her family.Tess, a member of the family, thinks that she has responsibility for her family, so she must try her best to change her family‟s situation.Every time it is at the cost of her happiness that her family can continue to live.When Tess tells Angel her past story, Angel refuses to forgive her and leave Tess alone.Tess does not show her anger to him, although she has enough reasons to do that.Angel is also a sinner, because he has affair with a bad woman.Tess can forgive her fault while he can not forgive Tess, which is unfair for Tess.Tess does not hate Angel and she just hope for his forgive.We can find that Tess just think of others.She never just thinks of herself.Her Self –sacrifice and responsibility impress the reader strongly.Braveness andInnocence It is hard for people to think that a young girl seduced by others does not marry the man, but Tess does;under the suffering of losing her baby, without hesitation, Tess goes to a farm as a milkmaid at Talbot hays;all show that she is brave.Because of her braveness she refuses to marry Alec and becomes a baby‟s mother who doesn‟t marry;because of braveness, when Angel came back, in order to shows her love andlive with Angel, T ess kills Alec and hides with Angel in a forest;even when she wakes up only to find the arrest, Tess deals with it calmly and she is not sad.What we can not deny is that braveness and innocence is the good quality that everyone shall have, however, the function of this good quality is the guide to the pure girl‟s tragedy.Because of her innocence, she does not accept her mother‟s advice, she tells her past story to Clare, and Angel does not understand her and refused to forgive her.Tess is abandoned by Angel.Then she begins anther tragedy.In fact, if she does not tell Angel her seduction by Alec, Angel has no choice to know about her past, if Angel does not learn about her past story, Angel does not think her is not pure and abandon her.Innocence and braveness is good personality, while Tess she pays her young and gold life for the cost.Braveness makes people think her is not pure;innocence makes her lose her husband.In this sentence, Tess asked Angel to marry her sister who is a simple and pure woman.From this we can find that the traditional morality and Fatalism is in the blood of Tess and T ess is affected by it deeply.It becomes one part of her body.so although Tess fights with all the unfair treatment, she comes to terms with the society and evil at last.ConclusionIn the novel Tess of the D‟Urbervilles, Tess is a poor countrygirl.In the beginning of the novel, the poor girl goes to work on Alec‟s farm, and then she is seduced by Alec.She is the victim in this case, but People all think she is guilt, even her husband, for people judge “purity” depend on the social conventions and the moral level.So at last, Tess is arrested and hangs, which means that Tess fails to fight with the sociality.The cruel capitalist exploitation is the reason why Tess is in poverty.Because of the struggle to live, Tess force to work under the capitalist exploitation.So in a word ,the bourgeois society is responsible for Tess‟s miseries and sufferings ,and Tess‟s personalities become her own weakness.第二篇：英语论文《苔丝悲剧成因》开题报告1.Research IntentionTess of the D’urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy(1840-1928), describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Tess.In this novel, we can see Tess resist her unjust fate again and again, suffer setbacks again and again, till to be destroyed.We can not help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear.At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable.The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? This paper will try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy.2.Literary ReviewFrom the later nineteenth century until now,Thomas Hardy and his works have been the important topics of the criticism for a long time.After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’urbervilles and Thomas Hardy’s other novels from variousperspectives.For instance, Professor Webster begins with a discussion of Hardy’s intentions in writing Tess.According to his views, Tess of the D’urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy’s war against man’s inhumanity.Arnold Kettle takes a different point of view.For him the subject of Tess of the D’urbervilles is not the tragedy of a “pure woman”, but rather the destruction of the English peasantry.Mr.Kettle sees it as complete as a social novel.In China, Prof.Zhang and Wu have published their own books on Hardy’s novels and other works.There are3.Research ProcessThis paper comprises three parts dealing respectively with several main factors that lead to Tess’s final tragedy, including the background, the social environment, two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate and finally the weakness of the central character’s personalities.Besides, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious and incidental factors.The following is the outline of the paper.Part 1.Introduction This part is a brief introduction to the author and his masterpiece.1.1Thomas Hardy and his works1.2Tess of the D’urbervillesPart 2.Causes for the tragedy of TessThe cause of Tess’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroine’s tragedy.2.1 The impoverishment and decay of small farmersThis novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.The writer truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who become hiredfield hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job.These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners.In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.2.2Alec and Clare In this novel, Hardy describes how Tess was killed by the times she lived in clearly.There are two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate.She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec---the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare---the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy.It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Tess, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tees more cruelly.2.3 The weakness of her characterApart from fierce Alec and hypocritical Clare, it is the weakness of her character that leads to her sad fate.Tess was able to fight against the unfairness of the society.She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles.She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles.On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustness, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.2.4 Some mysterious and incidental factorsThe last but not the least, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysteriousand incidental factors.Examples of the fateful incidents abound in the novel.Part 3.ConclusionIt is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of hercharacter became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.4.ConclusionThrough studying the representative workTess of the D’urbervilles, we will be able to have a better appreciation of the great achievements of Thomas Hardy.It seemed that if there were no unexpected happenings, she might have a happy life;maybe she would finish her life peacefully.It appeared there were unexpected factors in her every important life stage, those factors lead to her tragedy.But in fact, just as we infer from our previous discussion, it is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.Bibliography［1］Chen Jia.Selected Readings in English Literature(Volume 2)［M］.The Commercial Press, 2004 ［2］Chenxia.Analysi s of the Tragic Mood in “T ess of the D’Urbervilles”［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China(social societies), 1998(2):100-102［3］Huangjing.On the causes of the tragedy of Tess ［J］.Journal of NorthwestMinorities University(social science), 2002,(3):95-98［4］Li Jian, Yuanjing.The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess ［J］.Journal of DaqingTeachers’ College, 2005,(2):65-66［5］Liu Yafei.Doomed from the start ［6］ThomasHardy.Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation& Translation Press, 2004［7］Wang ments on the Tragedy of T essa ［J］.Journal of ChengdeVocational College, 2005(4)：26-27［8］Zhang Xiaodong.Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］.Journal of Chaohu College, 2004,(6):74-77第三篇：苔丝Comments on Tess of the D'UrbervillesTess of the D'Urbervilles is the most famous novel of Thomas Hardy.Focusing on the tragic experience of its heroine Tess, the plot of story begins.Tess comes from a farmer’s family, the Durbeyfields.She has lived a poor but peaceful life.However, God, “The President of the Immoral” begins to play a cruel joke on this innocent girl.One day her father, John Durbeyfied learns that they are descended from the D’Urbervilles, an ancient family once renowned in England.Tess’s parents are in an ecstasy of delight over the news.Her mother urges Tess to claim kinship with the remaining D’Urbervilles, so that Tess could marry a gentleman.Unwillingly, the girl comes in contact with the Stoke, D’Urbervilles.There she meets Alec D’Urbervilles, who shows off the estate and always seduces her.Having received a job of tending to chickens, Tess stays in the D’Urbervilles.Her tragic life has just begun.Before long the rich and guileful Alec manages to seduce the girl and make her pregnant.Being humiliated and resolute, Tess returns home.Despite the rumors all around, she gives birth to a child, who is called Sorrow but dies soon because of grave illness.For several weeks, Tess is overwhelmed by grief and sorrow.Nevertheless, without financial support, Tess has toleave home and goes to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Angel Claire.They have met each other before, and Tess has made a favorable impression on Angel.After Angel persistent pursuit of Tess, the two fall in love and become engaged.Then comes the wedding night, too honest to keep any secret, Tess admits about Alec D’Urbervilles and the child.She begs for forgiveness, but Angel leaves her in disgust.T ess again returns home alone, only find that her family remains impoverished and she even has no place to stay.In the meantime, Alec D’Urbervilles, the evil person appears again.He takes advantage of the Durbeyfields’ poverty and continues to tempt Tess.He promises to support her family, only as a means to make Tess dependent.At the end of hope, the girl jumps into the trap of the shameless man.However, the tragedy has not finished yet.Angel Claire, who is remorseful for his mercilessness, comes back, but to find the cruel reality.And his arrival makes Tess even more desperate.After Angel leaves, she stabs Alec in the heart and kills him.Then she follows Angel and escape with him.They manage to hide for a while in a wood before they come to Stonehenge, where she is arrested.She is hanged later.This wasn’t my first time to read “T ess of the D'Urbervilles” Actually, the first time I read the novel was in high school.At that moment, I thought that Tess was really a tragic figure in the book “Tess of the D’Urbervilles”.She was seduced by a so-called gentleman—Alec, and from then on her life totally changed from the loss of innocence.People looked down on her and respected her no more.Virtually, she did nothing wrong because before she was seduced she knew nothing of men.She was just a girl when she first met that terrible man.Nonetheless, she was forced by the gossips and the church to blame herself for this accident, soshe thought she deserved nothing good.In order to get rid of the past, she decided to go to a distant dairy farm but was still saying to herself that she was wrong.Maybe God didn’t agree with that, because the Lord gave her someone she loved with her whole heart and life—Angel Chari.Unfortunately, it was still a sad ending.When I read the story again, I had different affections to the figures of this novel.Why, I meant why Tess fell so much in love with Angel and ended herself up in such misery? I could not tell any merits from Angel from the very beginning, even back to that May Dance on the lawn.Honestly, at the first glance, I concluded that he was an emotional unstable youngster who can barely bear any responsibility.He adopted dual moral standards, I bet Tess's life would be getting better, or even a happy ending with Alec or other normal but kind man without ever Getting the chance to meet Angel.And I was more than willing to adapt this sentence “I f we had danced that day, how happy we might have be” to “ If we have hadn't met on that day, how happy I might have be”.Poor Tess, you got the wrong way!Obviously, Angel was a devil, but this can still make no difference to Tess if she chose to keep that secret what she had already sworn to her mum, an incapable but intelligent mother who always cared for Tess.That's to say, Tess's purity should be blamed, at least partly, for her own tragedy, devil needs counterparts not a real angel to match with each other.In the meantime, Tess is a perfectionist, she can't stand any flaws lying between Angel and herself, yes, and her pursuit of perfect love without any reserve from that man she deeply loves predicts her destiny.Poor Tess, there is never ever perfect love like you imagined in the real world, why not let go of the past and move on? I can't help feeling badly sad for her, she shall know theprinciple of equity can't be translated into reality, particularly a world ruled by men back then, which is almost the case nowadays.Overall, I emphasize that T ess’s purity, perfectionism, principle of equity, and poignancy ended herself up in hanging.Anyway, it's just a fictive novel, but there must be something in common which is applicable even today.第四篇：苔丝遗忘，是来自自由的回忆——论苔丝总会有些过去会让人落一生泪水，总会有些故事暗示七千哀伤。

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What killed her? This paper will try to make adetailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy.2.Literary ReviewFrom the later nineteenth century until now,Thomas Hardy and his works have been the important topics of the criticism for a long time.After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’urbervilles and Thomas Hardy’s other novels from various perspectives.For instance, Professor Webster begins with a discussion of Hardy’s intentions in writing Tess.According to his views, Tess of the D’urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy’s war against man’s inhumanity.Arnold Kettle takes a different point o f view.For him the subject of Tess of the D’urbervilles is not the tragedy of a “pure woman”, but rather the destruction of the English peasantry.Mr.Kettle sees it as complete as a social novel.In China, Prof.Zhang and Wu have published their own books on Hardy’s novels and other works.There are3.Research ProcessThis paper comprises three parts dealing respectively with several main factors that lead to Tess’s final tragedy, including the background, the social environment, two persons who are very closel y related to Tess’s fate and finally the weakness of the central character’s personalities.Besides, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious and incidental factors.The following is the outline of the paper.Part 1.Introduction This part is a brief introduction to the author and his masterpiece.1.1Thomas Hardy and his works1.2Tess of the D’urbervillesPart 2.Causes for the tragedy of TessThe cause of Tess’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess shouldsuffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroine’s tragedy.2.1 The impoverishment and decay of small farmersThis novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.The writer truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who become hired field hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job.These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners.In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.2.2Alec and Clare In this novel, Hardy describes how Tess was killed by the times she lived in clearly.There are two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate.She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec---the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare---the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy.It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Tess, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tees more cruelly.2.3 The weakness of her characterApart from fierce Alec and hypocritical Clare, it is the weakness of her character that leads to her sad fate.Tess was able to fight against the unfairness of the society.She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles.She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles.On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustness, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.2.4 Some mysterious and incidental factorsThe last but not the least, Tess’s sufferings were the resultof some mysteriousand incidental factors.Examples of the fateful incidents abound in the novel.Part 3.ConclusionIt is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.4.ConclusionThrough studying the representative workTess of the D’urbervilles, we will be able to have a better appreciation of the great achievements of Thomas Hardy.It seemed that if there were no unexpected happenings, she might have a happy life;maybe she would finish her life peacefully.It appeared there were unexpected factors in her every important life stage, those factors lead to her tragedy.But in fact, just as we infer from our previous discussion, it is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.Bibliography［1］Chen Jia.Selected Readings in English Literature(Volume 2)［M］.The Commercial Press, 2004 ［2］Chenxia.Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “T ess of th e D’Urbervilles”［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China(social societies), 1998(2):100-102［3］Huangjing.On the causes of the tragedy of Tess ［J］.Journal of NorthwestMinorities University(social science), 2002,(3):95-98［4］Li Jian, Yuanjing.The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess ［J］.Journal of DaqingTeachers’ College, 2005,(2):65-66［5］Liu Yafei.Doomed from the start ［6］Thomas Hardy.Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation& Translation Press, 2004［7］Wang ments on the Tragedy of T essa ［J］.Journal of ChengdeVocational College, 2005(4)：26-27［8］Zhang Xiaodong.Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］.Journal of Chaohu College, 2004,(6):74-77第三篇：苔丝的悲剧《苔丝》读后感读着哈代的作品，看着苔丝的生命一步步走向悲剧，思索着造成悲剧的原因。

An Analysis of Causes for Tess's Tragedy 1. Introduction1.1 A brief introduction to Hardy1.1.1 Hardy and his life environmentSon of a mason, Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) was born in Drossier, southwest of England, the area that later became the famous “Wessex” in many of his novels. It was from his parents that Hardy gained all interests that would appear in his novels and his own life: his love for architecture and music, his interest in lifestyles of countryside, as well as his passion for all sorts of literature. He was a great critical realist in the late 19th century—the Victorian Age, during which great changes had happened in the history of western civilization. As is well known, a great social reformation took place in Britain. The various social factors including religion, politics, science, influenced people and tried to transform their mentality. Capitalism was highly developed and stretched to the vast countryside, and the British people were struggling for a bright future bravely and difficultly. It was during this special period that Thomas Hardy inherited and developed the Victorian literature, producing a lot of great novels.1.1.2. Hardy's philosophical idea—fatalism and his novelsIn his life, Hardy has written many novels. His major works are The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Caster Bridge (1886), Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1896), the latter two considered masterpieces. Hardy's novels are all set against the glum and frightful Dorset landscape (known as Wessex in the novels), whose physical harshness reveal people‟s indifferent, though not malicious mood. The characters of his novels, for the major part of the poorer rural classes, are sympathetically and often humorously portrayed. Their lives are ruled not only by nature but also by rigid Victorian social conventions. Hardy's style is accordingly roughhewn, sometimes- 1 -awkward, but always commanding and intense. His thought had been adequately expressed in novels. Hardy's vision reflects a world in which Victorian complacencies were dying but its morals were not, and in which science had eliminated the comforting certainties of religion. Everything in his story leads to one inevitable tragic ending. One‟s personality determines one‟s fate, as is opined, thus the heroes and heroines in Hardy‟s novels are mostly rural men and women whose character were provincial, tinted with the traits of rural people—passionate like fire, naive, narrow-minded—which on one hand make them so lovely and worth loving, but contribute to their tragedy on the other hand.1.2 A synopsis of the novelAs is known to all, Tess of the D'Urbervilles is the most famous novel of Thomas Hardy. Focusing on the tragic experience of its heroine Tess, the plot of the story unfolds itself in a natural manner. Tess came from a farmer‟s family, the D'Urbervilles. She had lived a poor but peaceful life. However, God, “The President of the Immoral” beg an to play a cruel joke on this innocent girl. One day her father, John D'Urbervilles learned that they are descended from the D‟Urbervilles, an ancient family once renowned in England. Tess‟s parents were in an ecstasy of delight over the news. Her mother urged Tess to claim kinship with the remaining D‟Urbervilles, so that Tess could marry a gentleman. Unwillingly, the girl came in contact with the Stoke, D‟Urbervilles. There she me t Alec D‟Urbervilles, who show ed off the estate and always tried to seduce her. Having received a job of tending to chickens, Tess stayed in the D‟Urbervill es. Her tragic life had just begun.Tess returned home and told her mother of her terrible experiences, but what her mother only worried about was whether Alec would marry Tess or not. The brave girl refused and went to work in the field, but worse still, Alect followed her from place to place in order to possess her again. At last, Tess managed to get rid of Alec to give birth- 2 -to her baby. The baby did not live long, however, and after its death, Tess went to a dairy farm as a dairy maid. It was here that Tess met Angel and fell in love with him. He thought of her as a beautiful and innocent young girl. But her innocence caused her to feel that she was wicked, so she rejected Angel Clare's love. She urged him to turn to one of the other girls even though she suffered much from a great grief. But Angel, acting against the wishes of his parents, insisted on marrying with her. Finally, they got married. It seems Tess would be happy from now on. On their wedding night Tess forgave Angel's debauchery in the past, and then she told about her nightmare with Alec, thinking that he would forgive her as she had. But in contrast Angel deserted her and left for Brazil. In order to keep herself and her family alive, Tess had to do hard labor in the field. Unfortunately, she met Alec again, she hated him so deeply that she refused his help; but for her helpless family and with no hope to obtain Angel's return, the poor girl went to Alec again, living with him as his mistress. Unexpectedly, Angel returned from Brazil, which plunged Tess into rage, and caused her to kill Alec, for she believed all her tragedy was caused by Alec. Even when Tess was going to be caught, she stood up to the reality bravely and faced her captors. In this paper, a tentative analysis is made to explore the causes for Tess‟s tragedy in three aspects: (1) the social factors concerned;(2) the influence of fatalism; and (3) Tess‟s paradoxical personality2. Social factorsThroughout the story, Tess' experience has been rather miserable and rough, which makes readers deeply sympatheic with her. From the vivid description in the novel we can get a panorama of every social stratum in the Victorian Age. Tess, a beautiful, innocent and pure girl, is the victim of society. In this paper, it is opined that the bourgeois society should assume a great responsibility for Tess‟s miserable death. Hence a probe into the causes for Tess' tragedy in terms of social factors in three aspects.2.1 Economic causes2.1.1 The hardship of peasant's life in the Victorian AgeThis story happened in the late Victorian Age in Britain, when the bourgeoisie controlled all rights, and the law served them. Peasants were at the bottom of society;- 3 -they never had equal rights. Worse still, with the development of the industrial revolution, tremendous changes had taken place in almost every aspect. (Long Qiyu, 2010: 1) There is no doubt that agriculture could not be an exception, for the traditional life-style of the rural area had collapsed. Most farmers lost their land and were bankrupt. More and more peasants, hand spinners and weavers flooded to the factories of smoky cities. Under the exploitation of the bourgeoisie, the workers, especially rural workers, became impoverished and lived a miserable life. They had to struggle for existence on the brink of death.Tess, a daughter of a poor villager, and a wage labor later, seemed unlikely to live a better life with her family. All the family's income came from an old horse, and the family could hardly live after its death. To support the family, Tess had no choice but to follow her parents' advice to come to a more prosperous branch of the D‟Urbervilles family for help. It was there that she was seduced by her so-called cousin, the son of the house, Alec, which led her to her misfortune fate.2.1.2 The decline of Tess's familyMuch of Tess' tragedy was closely linked with her family's decline from wealth to poverty. What made the situation worse was that her father made few efforts to change this case. What is quite impressive is the scene that her father went into ecstasies when he got the knowledge of their kindred with the noble D‟Urbervilles. He began to spend his time thinking of ways to restore his family name to its former grandeur. But this dream could not support the family at all. He was only concerned about his reputation and did not want to get a job which he thought would sully his dignity as an offspring of D‟Urbervilles. As the oldest daughter of the family, Tess came- 4 -to Alec's family for help, which led to her loss of virginity. Even at this point, what her father considered utmost was other people's thought about the collapse of his reputation rather than his daughter's misfortune. Tess's mother hoped that Tess would marry with Alec without considering Tess' feeling. After Tess was seduced by Alec and went home, her mother thought Tess was stupid for her unwillingness to marry with him.Tess loved her younger brothers and sisters, for her sense of responsibility compelled her to protect them. Alec was aware of this aspect and utilized his assistance to her family to possess her again. Tess‟ hatred of Alec‟s conduct made her refuse and fight with him at first. But after the death of her father, oppressed by her responsibility for her family, she became Alec's mistress again, which made Tess much more grieved and led to her killing of him in that she thought that it was Alec who had deprived her of her right to pursue happiness.2.2 Social and moral elements2.2.1 Unequal morality for femalesFor women in the Victorian era, the key virtue is sexual purity, while adultery is the worst of all possible sins. At that time, even exposing an ankle or a shoulder is considered "improper" (Kramer, 1970:136). Public conceptions on sexual morals are that women must remain virgins before marriage. Otherwise, they would be considered vicious and condemned by the people around them. Numerous examples can be found in many great novels, such as Tess and the heroine in The Scarlet Letter. The sexual morality is deeply rooted in people's mind. But these notions are always unequal for females. In the same case, men engaged in sexual lapses would be forgiven, whereas women would be condemned, even if it is known that the woman sometimes is actually the victim. In the opinion of most common people, “all women are considered serious offenders and the legal and social consequence of everything. For men are considered- 5 -an honor, at best, but can appreciate the moral acceptance of small stain" (Kramer, 1979: 227) People didn‟t condemn Alec, the wicked rapist, while in contrast, they looked down on Tess who was pregnant due to a wicked man‟s rape, for in their eyes, Tess‟ loss of her virginity was a shameful thing. So, though with similar sexual experiences, Angel was forgiven while Tess, the real innocent victim, was abused. While Angel swore his deep love for Tess, Tess won no consolation or sympathy, even from her parents. What she got was jeer and abuse and lots of ill words. Everyone around despised Tess, which made her feel sinful and guilty. At the very start, Angel regarded Tess as a girl completely innocent and pure, for in his eyes, Tess is “what a fresh and pure daughter of nature that dairy-maid is” (Hardy 1992: 91) But after learning of Tess' past story Tess was nothing but a fallen woman who just looks like his lover, as is evident in his remark, “you were one person, now you are another. My god—how can forgiveness meet such a grotesque--prestidigitation as that (Hardy, 1992: 374) He loved Tess but could not forgive her. He used the social morality which he criticized to judge Tess without considering whether it was fair to her or not, and finally deserted her. The whole society with deep-rooted traditional social morality was prejudiced against Tess, which somewhat led to her miserable fate.2.2.2 The influence of morality on TessAs a social system, the deep-rooted concept of chastity controls women tightly. It is very natural to judge a woman's purity in line with the traditional conception; Tess was influenced by the social morality though she thought it is unfair. She also wanted to resist against it, for example, when her mother asked her to marry Alec, she didn‟t accept and replied “perhaps any woman will, but I am the exception” (Hardy 1992: 156)- 6 -Tess was the victim of society full of hypocritical ethics. She really wanted to start a new life but she could not shake off her past.After she was insulted by Alec, Tess suffered a sense of sin, guilt and self-abasement. When she saw the Bible written on the wall “you should not be...' she would think that the following word is "adultery" Subconsciously, she would think other people condemned her loss of virtue when she saw others chatting in a low voice." was once lost always lost of chastity? She would ask herself. She might prove it false if she could veil bygones. The recuperative power which pervaded organic nature was surely not denied to maidenhood alone."(Hardy, 1992:267) she felt much guilty for not being pure in body. She dare not tell Angel her past story, let alone have the courage to accept his love. So in her mind it was all her fault to lead Angel to desert her. It can be seen apparently that Tess's chain to morality made her suffer much more in spirit, thus deepening her tragedy.2.2.3 Male’s domination of females"Half of this world is females and the other part is male.”(Ackerman, 1996:97) Critically speaking, men and women should be equal; however, it is not the case in reality. You will find that the entire development of western civilization is a history in which males have dominated. In this kind of society males were authoritative, noble and powerful, whereas women were nothing but the subordinate of their husbands. A male made all decisions and controlled everything, his wife was only supposed to be his faithful companion.For Tess, a woman in the late Victorian era, it seems inevitable that she became the victim of the man-dominated society. Alec was a typical representative of hypocritical bourgeois society. He was not only sensual, but also arrogant and egotistic physically and used his power to possess Tess. What is ironical is that he thought it was Tess' beautiful appearance that allured him to be an evil. Tess' good looks was the real sin in Alec' eyes so he even regarded himself as a ' victim‟. Unfortunately, the social system protected and forgave his rascal action, just because he was a man. After Tess returned and everyone knew her loss of virtue, other persons didn't want to accept her, we can see what a great depression Tess had suffered in the following example "when- 7 -Tess thought about how she has lost her innocence she grew depressed, she saw a long, difficult and lonely road head of her with nothing to hope for. Tess wanted to die." (Hardy, 1992:285)On the contrary, Alec even became a clergy who could represent the mercy of GOD. In Tess' opinion, Angel Clare was her …god‟ who would protect her and guide her to happiness. But even the man who loved her denied the true identity of her just because her loss of virtue and deserted her. At that time, a woman deserted by her husband means she would be deserted by the whole society. If we say it was Alec that insulted Tess and destroyed her happy personality, it was Angel who ruined Tess' mentality and was the executioner of Tess.2.3 The conventional view on marriage2 .3.1 the social attitude to marriage in the Victorian AgeIn the Victorian era, marriage was a key issue in a woman's life; it was the only way for females to change their life. It can even be siad that marriage was every woman's “Career”. So marriage is the theme of numerous novels in the late 19th century. The pure virginal bride was the Victorian myth of marriage, and it was the myth that unfairly kept Angel from accepting Tess as his wife, despite his own besmirched sexual history. In many people‟s opinion, marriage is for social, financial and religious purpose rather than for love. For example, Angel's mother did not accept Tess as a daughter-in- law because she believed that Tess would bring down the status of the family. In her eyes, Tess only represented many bad things. If Tess just obeyed the social matrimonial concept and married Alec after being seduced, she could be saved from a hard life. However, without love, she wouldn‟t accept him. She still wanted to pursue her real happiness and marriage. Her rebellion against the unfortunate marriage makes her tragedy seem inevitable.2.3.2 Clare's dual criterion on marriageIn order to start a new life, Tess went to a dairy farm in the south to be a dairy-maid. On the dairy farm Tess fell into love with Angel. On the surface, regardless of his social and religious background, he was willing to be a farmer and regarded himself as a rational, principle gentleman. In fact, all his so-called principle was nonsense when his principle was violated; (Dong Bingqiong, 2008: 6). It seems Angel- 8 -was in real love with Tess, but he reiterated that the woman he had loved was not her but another woman in her shape. As he thought Tess was innocent, sweet and virtuous, he could not accept any flaw about her. On the wedding night, Tess told him her affair with Alec, thus all his belief had been ruined. He thought he had been cheated, his fetish was collapsed, his life or even the universe was completely overthrown and his dream disillusioned. He always claimed himself as a rational person; it seems he was open-minded and broad-minded. He satirized the hypocritical social morality but actually this traditional conception had been deep-rooted in his mind. Angel considered it natural and right that he should be forgiven for his absurd sexual experience, while he couldn't forgive Tess. His dual criterion urged him to desert Tess without any mercy. In his opinion, Tess had deceived him; in fact, it was he who had deceived himself. He imposed the entire fault onto Tess.3. The influence of fatalism3.1 The development of Hardy's fatalismIt is important to know how Hardy's pessimistic fatalism has developed. It can be explained from three aspects. First of all, it can be traced back to the Victorian era—the social milieu of his early life. Hardy was born in a village, where he had witnessed the rapid capitalistic development and its destructive impact on the harmonious rural life. In his novels, Hardy has vividly portrayed the miserable destiny of the rural working people of that period, and showed sympathy with them. However he could do nothing to help them, which led him to be a pessimist. Furthermore, he was bred in rural England which was full of the fatal idea by which his novels were deeply impacted. Hardy attributed Tess's miserable death to the unfair fate which had played tricks on her again and again. Moreover, Hardy‟s pessimistic fatalism was also influenced by the limitation of that time. Hardy was quite aware of the darkness and hypocrisy of society; however, there was no way to free poor people of their misery and to embrace a bright future.- 9 -Therefore, he believed that all the stigmatic social tragedy resulted from the superior, ruthless and indifferent fate. Tess's miserable death is a case in point.3.2 Hardy's pessimistic fatalism in Tess' tragedyTess' miserable life is linked with Hardy's fatalism. Hardy has written lots of novels featuring a pessimistic belief in mystic fate. They normally exhibit the lost struggle of individuals against social pressure, which gradually strangles them to death. (Zhang Caihong, 2008: 18) Hardy tried to explain the misfortune of his characters in the perspective of the superior power.In his novels, the characters' misfortunate fate is inevitable, and even hard to resist. In Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for the pure, loyal, intelligent and charming young girl, Tess. He showed in many ways that Tess's fate was not determined by her own efforts but by the fatalistic fate. There were lots of coincidences and hints that show us the inevitability of Tess' miserable death.The first coincidence was the death of the horse, which cut off the income of the family and forced Tess to come to the so-called relative to ask for help. This was the start of tragedy in her brief life. Hardy failed to find a bright way for the poor people so he had to put all their misfortune down to the fate—the potential power. After Tess was seduced by Alec, Hardy regarded it as retribution; this kind of thought can be a good example to reveal his fatalism. He thought that Tess‟s ancestor seduced even more countryside girls many years ago, so Tess‟s insult by Alec is a actual retribution. One may, indeed, admit the possibility of a retribution lurking in the present catastrophe. Doubtless some of Tess d‟Urbervilles mailed ancestors rollicking home from a fray had dealt the same measure even more ruthlessly towards peasant girls of their time.(Hardy,- 10 -1992:193) Tess had known Angel before and he had given her a very favorable impression as a real gentleman. When they met again on the farm they fell in love with each other. On the eve of the wedding, Tess wrote a letter to Angel to tell her past story but it was tucked under the carpet by accident and Angel did not see it. It seems Tess would win happiness while actually this coincidence made her hurt much deeper. At that time, there were dual standards on morality: women are considered immoral if they conduct sexual intercourses before their marriage, be they passive or active. However men were not to blame if they have had sexual affairs before marriage, they could be easily forgiven. Just as Tess could forgive his sexual experience, but he couldn't accept Tess on similar grounds, thus he deserted her and left for Brazil. Though Hardy knew Tess was a victim and very innocent, at that time Hardy himself was also influenced by the social concept, as can be seen in Tess' miserable fate.Father's death made the family lose their house and hardly able to survive. Tess came to Angel's family for help because Angel was her nominal husband anyway. Unfortunately, they all went to church and Angel's brother found her broken shoes and threw them away casually, so Tess missed the chance. She could not get a hand from husband's family so that she had to find a job to support her family. The next plot of the story is the best example of Hardy‟s fatalism. He led Tess to meet Alec—the man who ruined her life at this critical point. Faced with such a desperate situation, Tess had no choice but be Alec's mistress again and lived with him. Tess didn't surrender to fate after being insulted, for she was determined to overcome difficulties by herself, but after a series of resistance she had to give up to the fate which was that powerful. If Angel didn't find her and told he had forgiven her and still loved her, Tess might just as well- 11 -have lived with Alec and would not have killed Alec out of rage, and would not havebeen hanged as a murderer at last. Hardy devised this plot to show his dissatisfaction with the hypocritic society, as is manifest in the subtitle, Tess is a pure woman in spirit, what the society could insult was just her body.4. Personality aspect4.1 Tess’s paradoxical personalityTess was young, diligent, brave, charming but weak in character. She was bold and decisive in love and hatred. It's a paradox that she dare resist against unfair things,but meanwhile, she was weak and controversial. The social morality was deep-rooted in her mind so she turned out the victim of society at last. The paradox of Tess‟s personality was one of the important causes for her later tragedy.4.1.1 Tess' rebellionDuring the Victorian Age, women began to struggle against oppression in unfair bourgeois society. Tess was one of these women. In Tess' brief miserable life, she had never given up rebellion. Alec, the representative of the unfair social evil force, was attracted by Tess‟s beauty and used his power to possess her when meeting her for the first time. After being insulted by Alec, Tess could avoid her miserable life if she married him in line with her parents‟ wish—which was also the public concept that once a woman had sex with a man she was obliged to marry him, whatever her view on him was. Tess, however, didn't want to marry a man without love, let alone a man she disdained in her heart. Her pride and rebellion made her refuse Alec and come back home. She prefered to rely on herself rather than compromise with Alec, though life was very difficult for she found herself pregnant.At that time, the law and religion served the upper class. We can see Tess‟sdissatisfaction and rebellion against the hypocritical religion. Tess pointed out precisely:- 12 -“I can't believe such a sudden thing!...you and those like you, take your fill of pleasure on earth by making the life of such people as me bitter and black with sorrow, and then it is a fine thing, when you have had enough of that, to think of securing your pleasure in heaven by becoming converted out upon such.... I don't believe in you --I hate it! (Hardy, 992:276)Tess was disdained by Alec, but she didn't submit herself to fate, she fell in love with Angel and tried her best to forget the nightmare of her past; but her unwillingness to cheat Angel led to her being deserted by Angel who left for Brazil. Her pride urged her to come back to her mother's home and find a job.In the later part of the novel, Angel came back and found her and told her he still love her, she killed Alec and became a murderer for her happiness, even for just a few days.She struggled for her happiness all her life, though not successful, but she is a brave girl.4.1.2 Tess’s weak point in characterThere is no doubt that Tess was brave and dare resist against the unfair social morality in pursuit of her happiness, she was a rebel, and her brief life was full of constant rebellion and courageous struggle. On the other hand, there was a weak and controversy point in her character. While she was imbued with some new views at school, she was deeply influenced by the religionious moral system in that most schools were then run by the church.She knew clearly that she was the victim and rather innocent, but meanwhile she began to consider herself sinful when lots of ill words flooded to her, she even thought she would destroy the purity of nature. She thought of her seduction as her guilt- 13 -so she suffered much in heart. she dare not accept Angel's love before, because she was afraid, she knew she was different from other girls and she was not worthy of Angel's love, the clash between the love with him and her guilt was quite strong which causes her a great deal of mental suffering, as is evident in her conversation with Angel: "But, if you love me you would like me to be your husband?'“Yes, yes, yes! But oh, I sometimes wish I have never been born!"Tess should be angry or at least complain about Angel's crucial treatment to her., however, she just submitted to Angel's decision without any preconditions. In order to win Angel's forgiving and continue to live with him, she was even willing to be regarded as his slave, as is evident in the following conversation between them;…And if I order you to do anything?''I will obey you as your wretched slave, even if it is to lie down and die.' (Hardy, 1992: 384) After Angel left for Brazil, she was lonely and helpless but she still wrote to him and wished that he could forgive her and came back to stay with her again. To some extent, Tess herself should take on some responsibility for her miserable life due to her weak personality.4.2 Two men in Tess' life4.2.1 AlecAlec, Tess' direct insular, was not a member of D‟Urbervilles at all, but a sham one. Tess didn't like him and knew he did not mean good to her, as can be seen in Tess's hatred of him in her description of him. "he had an almost swarthy complexion, with full lips, badly molded, thought red and smooth, above which was a well-groomed black moustache with curled points, thought his age could not be more than three or four-and-twenty. despite the touches of barbarism in his contours, there was a singular force in the gentleman's face, and in his bold rolling eyes"(Hardy, 992:93) In Alec's- 14 -。