《轮胎轮毂产品手册》

TiresTo safely operate your car, your tires must be the proper type and size, in good condition with adequate tread,and correctly inflated. The following pages give more detailed information on how and when to check airpressure, how to inspect your tires for damage and wear, and what to do when your tires need to be replaced.InflationKeeping the tires properly inflated provides the best combination of handling, tread life and riding comfort. Underinflated tires wear unevenly, adversely affect handling and fuel economy, and are more likely to fail from being overheated.Overinflated tires can make your car ride more harshly, are more prone to damage from road hazards, and wear unevenly.We recommend that you visually check your tires every day and use the pressure gauge that came with your car to measure the air pressure at least once a month. If you think a tire might be low, check it immedi-ately.CONTINUEDMaintenanceTiresUse a gauge to measure the airpressure at least once a month. Even tires that are in good condition may lose one to two psi (10 to 20 kPa, 0.1to 0.2 kgf/cm 2) per month.Remember to check the spare tire at the same time you check all the other tires.Check the pressure in the tires when they are cold. This means the car has been parked for at least three hours. If you have to drive the car before checking the tire pressure,the tires can still be considered "cold" if you drive less than 1 mile (1.6 km).If you check the pressure when the tires are hot (the car has been driven several miles), you will see readings 4 to 6 psi (30 to 40 kPa, 0.3 to 0.4kgf/cm 2) higher than the cold reading. This is normal. Do not let air out to match the specified cold pressure. The tire will be underinflated.Use the pressure gauge that came with your car every time you check the tires. This will make it easier for you to tell if a pressure loss is due to a tire problem and not due to a variation between gauges.Recommended Tire Pressures for Normal DrivingThe following chart shows therecommended cold tire pressures for most normal driving conditions and speeds. Tire pressures for high speed driving are the same as for normal driving.The folding spare tire pressure is:Front:26 psi (180 kPa, 1.8 kgf/cm 2)Rear:32 psi (220 kPa , 2.2 kgf/cm 2)These pressures are also given on the tire information label on the driver's doorjamb.MaintenanceTiresTubeless tires have some ability to self-seal if they are punctured.However, because leakage is often very slow, you should look closely for punctures if a tire starts losing pressure.InspectionEvery time you check inflation, you should also examine the tires for damage, foreign objects, and wear.You should look for:Bumps or bulges in the tread or side of the tire. Replace the tire if you find either of these conditions.Cuts, splits, or cracks in the side of the tire. Replace the tire if you can see fabric or cord.Excessive tread wear.Your car's tires have wear indicators molded into the tread. When the tread wears down to that point, you will see a 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) wide band running across the tread. This shows there is less than 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) of tread left on the tire. A tire that is this worn gives very little traction on wet roads. You should replace the tire if you can see the tread wear indicator in three or more places around the tire.MaintenanceTREAD WEAR INDICATORSINDICATOR LOCATION MARKSTiresMaintenanceIn addition to proper inflation,correct wheel alignment helps to decrease tire wear. If you find a tire is worn unevenly, have your dealer check the wheel alignment.The tires were properly balanced by the factory. They may need to be rebalanced at some time before they are worn out. Have your dealer check the tires if you feel a consis-tent vibration while driving. A tire should always be rebalanced if it is removed from the wheel for repair.Make sure the installer balances the wheels when you have new tires installed. This increases riding comfort and tire life. Your car'soriginal tires were dynamic or "spin"balanced at the factory. For best results, have the installer perform a dynamic balance.Improper wheel weights can damage your car's aluminum wheels. Use only Genuine Acura wheel weights for balancing.Tire RotationYou should not rotate your NSX's tires. The front wheels are 16"diameter and the rear wheels are 17"so they cannot be rotated front-to-rear. The original-equipment tires on your NSX have a unidirectional tread pattern, so they cannot be rotated side-to-side.Tire WearThe tires that came on your NSX were designed and constructed to provide superior grip duringacceleration, braking, and cornering.As a trade-off, they will wear more rapidly than tires used on ordinary passenger cars. Because of the car's weight distribution, and the fact that they are the driving wheels, you can expect the rear tires to wear more rapidly than the front tires.MaintenanceNOTICETiresThe tire mileage you can expect from your NSX is the same as comparable mid-and rear-engined sports cars, and it will vary greatly with your driving habits. If you drive moderately, the rear tires could last more than 10,000 miles (16,000 km).However, the mileage will besubstantially less if you tend to drive your NSX at the upper limits of its capabilities. You should carefully inspect your car's tires for wear,damage, and proper inflation every 7,500 miles (12,000 km) (see page 209).Replacing Tires and Wheels The tires that came with your car were selected to match the perform-ance capabilities of the car while providing the best combination of handling, ride comfort, and long life.You should replace them with radial tires of the same size, load range,speed rating, and maximum cold tire pressure rating (as shown on the tire's side-wall). Mixing radial and bias-ply tires on your car can reduce its braking ability, traction, and steering accuracy.It is best to replace all four tires at the same time. If that is not possibleor necessary, then replace the two front tires or the two rear tires as a pair. Replacing just one tire can seriously affect your car's handling.CONTINUEDMaintenanceTiresThe ABS works by comparing the speed of the wheels. When replacing tires, use the same size originally supplied with the car. Tire size and construction can affect wheel speed and may cause the system to work in-consistently.If you ever need to replace a wheel,make sure the wheel's specifications match those of the original wheel that came on your car. Replacement wheels are available at your Acura dealer.Wheels and Tires Wheels:Front:16 x 7 JJ Rear:17 x 8 1/2 JJ Tires:Front:215/45ZR16Rear:245/40ZR17See page 275 for information about DOT Tire Quality Grading.Winter DrivingTires that are marked "M + S" or "All Season" on the sidewall have an all-weather tread design. They should be suitable for most winter driving conditions. Tires without these markings are designed for optimum traction in dry conditions.They may not provide adequate performance in winter driving.For the best performance in snowy or icy conditions, you should install snow tires or tire chains. They may be required by local laws under certain conditions.MaintenanceTiresSnow TiresIf you mount snow tires on your Acura, make sure they are radial tires of the same size and load range as the original tires. Mount snow tires on all four wheels to balance your car's handling in all weather conditions. Keep in mind the traction provided by snow tires on dry roads may not be as high as your car's original equipment tires. You should drive cautiously even when the roads are clear. Check with the tire dealer for maximum speed recommen-dations.Tire ChainsBecause your Acura has limited tire clearance, mount only SAE Class "S"cable-type traction devices on the rear tires. Use traction devices only when required by driving conditions or local laws. Make sure they are the correct size for your tires.Metal link-type "chains" should not be used. No matter how tight they seem to be installed, they can come into contact with the body andsuspension, causing serious damage.When installing cables, follow the manufacturer's instructions and mount them as tightly as you can.Drive slowly with them installed. If you hear them coming in contact with the body or chassis, stop and investigate. Make sure the cables are installed tightly, and that they are not contacting the brake lines or suspension.Remove them as soon as you begindriving on cleared roads.Cables that are the wrong size orimproperly installed can damage your car's brake lines, suspension, body, and wheels. Stop driving if they are hitting any part of the car.MaintenanceNOTICE。

强力尼龙斜交轮胎佳通轮胎产品手册2010斜交胎细分市场卡客车轮胎R17L05R18G212TR120R17公路型TR120纵向曲折的胎面花纹设计加强的胎体结构设计加宽的轮胎冠宽设计提高轮胎的抗沟裂性能提高轮胎综合性能提高轮胎耐磨性能注： SUPER 表示加强层级。

注 ：* 表示即将上市。

R18公路型11.00-2018PR 153/148F 8.0 3650/3150910/84016.012.00-2018PR154/150F8.53730/3270810/74016.910.00-2016PR 146/142G 7.5 3000/2630810/74021.411.00-2018PR 153/148F 8.0 3650/3150910/84022.312.00-2018PR154/150F8.53730/3270810/74023.3强力尼龙斜交轮胎卡车轮胎C08TC160TC161G218G216工矿型G218技术特点优势采用坏路专用胎面配方提高胎面耐刺扎、耐切割、耐撕裂性能注：*表示即将上市。

规格层级负荷指数单胎/双胎速度级别标准轮辋额定负荷(kg) 单胎/双胎额定气压(kPa)单胎/双胎沟深(mm)9.00-20 *16PR 145/140B 7.0 2900/2500880/81022.010.00-20 *18PR 150/145B 7.5 3350/2900910/84025.011.00-20 *18PR 153/148B 8.0 3650/3150910/84027.012.00-20 *20PR156/151B8.54000/3450880/81028.5工矿型强力尼龙斜交轮胎10.00-2016PR 146/142J 7.5 3000/2630810/74017.611.00-2018PR 153/148F 8.0 3650/3150910/84018.112.00-2018PR154/150F8.53730/3270810/74018.8G216强力尼龙斜交轮胎7.50-16 LT 14PRSUPER 122/118L 6.00G 1500/1320730/73017.48.25-16 LT16PR128/124L6.50H1800/1600730/73021.5注： SUPER 表示加强层级。

轮毂设计手册轮毂最基本的参数在胎面会显示，读懂基本的参数是汽车轮毂设计的入门课主要有胎宽/扁平比/轮毂直径在实际项目涉及的OD（outerside diameter)指的是整个轮子的直径，而不是轮毂的直径，如果你能通过显示的基本参数计算出轮子的OD,就说明对这几个参数的理解到位了OD=轮毂寸数*25.4+胎宽*扁平比*2Example: 255/55 20寸轮子OD=20*25.4+255*0.55*2=788.5mm【扁平比越小代表胎皮越薄，胎皮越薄轮子越显大显运动，相反胎皮越厚越显小显臃肿但是开车越舒适滤震更好，因此一般的家用车扁平比较大追求舒适，轿跑性能车扁平比较小追求运动，胎宽越大抓地力越好因为面积更大，当然和表面的花纹也有关，胎宽越小抓地力越小，因此普通家用车胎宽较小，性能车胎宽较大】【ET/PCD/轮胎上边缘距翼子板Y/Z距离】此外还有几个比较重要的参数：ET值（offset值）/PCD值/轮子距翼子板Z/Y向距离ET值：轮子的ET值直接决定轮子是观感是凹的还是凸的，虽然现在的电动车都趋于做平，一般的家用车的ET值都是正的在35左右，ET值直接决定的就是安装面的位置，所以造型不能轻易改动的PCD值：PCD值安装螺栓的中心连线圆的直径轮子距离翼子板的Z/Y向距离：这两个值是造型非常关注的，轮子和翼子板的Z向越小，轮子越显大更精致，Y向值的理想值是0，这样轮子就是往外凸的，张力大视效轮子更饱满，但是受到护轮板法规的影响一般轿车在10mm左右，SUV在15左右【ET值和PCD值是工程的硬点，不能轻易改动的,而轮子上边缘距离翼子板Z/Y向的值是可以动的，虽然受到护轮板和轮胎包络的限制，但是造型始终希望这两个值做小】【车轮倾角】车轮倾角是每一辆车都会有的，可以用拔河的例子去理解车轮倾角，一般的都是外倾以增大整车的稳定性，家用车的倾角一般两三度左右，性能车可能会更大，具体值不一由于车轮存在倾角，所以建模的坐标系一定要注意不能搞错，胎皮工程一般会提供，根据胎皮确定坐标系，不建议先把轮毂按照竖直做，然后再整体转角度，这样做不准其次就是在做圆的时候一定要确保R值是等半径的，在alias中做圆的工具里面很多都是不等半径的，对于轮毂来说如果不等半径在一个单元旋转复制成五个的时候会出现单元与单元衔接有误差【在alias中建议勾选rationalflags，这样做出来的圆是绝对等半径的——轮毂加工工艺——轮毂的加工工艺比较简单也比较好理解，分为：普通重力铸造，低压铸造，旋压铸造，锻造对比三种制造工艺，低压铸造是最主流的，旋压铸造性能更优，锻造则是最高端的加工工艺，在各项指标上都是最优的【精车工艺细节要求】上面提到的只是基本的制造工艺，对于后期的精加工工艺比如精车/CNC，还有抛光，电镀，喷漆等工艺，对于造型影响最大的就是精车工艺，对于目前主流的轮毂来说，精车是提升品质的重要手段，但是精车工艺对于造型有很大的限制，原因是因为精车工艺是做旋转运动，只能车一个旋转表面，不能车内侧面，其次就是一些更加细节的要求，总结如下最重要的三个工艺参数就是精车面的最小宽度4mm，这个值具体取决于供应商的工艺水平精车面与铸造面的夹角在35-45度之间，精车面与铸造面的短差大于2mm【基本上所有的精车轮毂都会受到这几个参数的限制，因此视觉上精车面都有一个凸台感此外，对于铸造部分来说，也有一定的要求，首先就是出模角度比较大，一般在7度以上其次就是R角大小，一般在R2.5以上，这可能是不涉及外凸法规的最大工艺圆角】——重量及强度——轮毂除工艺之外的约束，最大的就是在重量和强度之间做平衡重量轻是为了能够更加轻便省油省电，想象一下如果你穿了一双20斤的鞋子走路废不废劲强度则是安全考虑，轮毂要通过强度，疲劳，刚度等实验，所以要在应力集中的部位做加强，最直接的办法就是做粗做大，但是重量肯定就会加重常用的减重手段就是安装盘背后做掏空，这种手法减重有限，还有就是采用锻造工艺，材料选择铝合金，这样也能减重，最后就是改设计了，减少辐数加大开口如保时捷的这款轮毂，辐条太宽太大，直接镂空减重【开口的另一个需求就是散热，刹车盘刹车产生的热量如果不及时散发出去，在高速情况下很容易损坏轮毂】关于强度，则要考虑的是轮毂的受力点，在受力点尽量保证够大够粗，在不受力的地方应该尽量做小，像特斯拉的这款轮毂，因为轮毂最主要的受力点在中间段，所以它在中间做得最粗，其它的地方都不重要就做得很细，这个轮毂就满足强度要求的同时很轻，同时开口很大易于散热，就好像自己穿了一双轻便的网孔跑步鞋，不容易脚臭轮毂的设计基本上就是围绕着减重和强度两个点，不停的一轮一轮的强度重量校核，不停的一轮一轮的减重直至身体被掏空，此外在一些高端车型上会有插件版轮毂，在轮毂的基础上增加插件，一是可以增加层次让轮毂更加精致，其次就是让开口封闭有利于疏导气流，比亚迪汉的插件就做得很丑，和小鹏P7一比明显处于下风，比亚迪的品质还是一如既往的差——轮胎——关于轮胎介绍一下轮胎的花纹，花纹对于胎噪，安全性等都是有影响的，同时不同的车型会采用不同花纹的轮胎，比如越野车的花纹会更粗间距更大，跑车的花纹比较弱，追求面积足够大以增大抓地力，关于花纹造型不怎么参与设计，对于外观的影响可以忽略不计更多的是工程的考虑，所以一般不用做花纹数据——轮毂的设计风格——【轮毂的设计思路有前辈总结过，图片来自CDS的文章】轮毂的设计门槛很低，随便一款轮毂单看都很好看，但是轮毂的设计一定要符合整车的设计风格，比如AION V这款车的轮毂设计还是很符合整车的风格，主机厂有没有花心思设计轮毂其实很容易看得出来，其实大部分主机厂对于轮毂设计都有存货，只不过需要根据不同的车型对号入座，而且轮毂的设计周期相对较短【电动车轮毂设计】对于电动车的轮毂设计个人觉得特斯拉的设计比较抢眼，没有用精车工艺，只是简单的做分色槽喷上不同的漆面，给人的感觉很不一样，仔细分析有三个原因：第一没有精车面摆脱同质化第二利用分色槽做假插件省成本第三颜色和漆面的选择，颜色采用少见的灰色显运动，漆面应该是车身漆和车身呼应材质有两个层次足够了符合电动化设计趋势，所以个人觉得这是电动车做得比较好的轮毂，在路上的回头率较高，因此一款好的轮毂设计另外posche的tycan也是电动车轮毂设计的标杆，最大的特点就是最先用白色在轮毂上，高级感很强，同时和电动车年轻简约的风格很搭，传统车轮毂主色调黑色，很沉闷且油腻的这要是工程师思维肯定会觉得太容易脏了，但是高端品牌并不会考虑这种东西就像五星级饭店的桌布大多是白色系的，其次白色的轮毂和车身的呼应很强，工艺并不难，只是分块喷漆难度不大虽然市面上也有用亮色的轮毂，符合年轻化的设计潮流，但总体上来说在车轮上白色是高级色，高级感很强，灰色/黑色是运动色，用得好也能显高级——【END]——这期是年前最后一期内容，也是外饰的最后一期，通过十来期内容将汽车外饰设计涉及的工程要点，对汽车造型设计的影响基本都涉及到了，虽然不能面面俱到，也没法做到面面俱到，因为外饰设计其实有太多太多的细节，只有当自己把每一个部件都做一遍并且举一反三，善于总结才能勉强理解所有工程对造型设计的影响，外饰的门槛可能不高，很多人都能画出几张看似不错的效果图，很多人都能建出一个看似不错的模型，但是外饰的上限却非常高，画图不错并不代表能把量产车设计做好，建模不错并不代表能够在把项目做好，现实很复杂并且残酷，保持良好心态很重要。

Rim & AccessoRiesTechnical data of rims Tubes and flapsMounting and demountingTube-type tyre mounting / demounting Tubeless tyre mounting / demounting Tubeless rim valve mounting Rim &AccessoriesTecHNicAL MANUALTruck & Bus Tyre- The rim is part of the wheel which supports the tyre.riMsT echnical DaTa ofDROP-CENTRE RIMS WITH 5° TAPERED BEAD SEATSTube and Flap assemblyThe assembly procedure calls for correct line up of the valve stem to hole in the flap and valve stem hole in the rim. It is important, along with correct inflation procedure, so as not to tear or damage the valve stem base, valve stem or tube during the mounting process.(picture 1) shows the positioning of tyre bead, rim and valve base positioning with only 4-5 psI pressure inside the tube (enough to make it round, but not to properly seat the bead).(picture 2) shows the tyre bead seated properly to the rim which should happen as the tyre is further inflated. Finally, once the beads properly seat, the assembled tyre can be inflated to the recommended pressure.note : a tyre cage and remote air nozzle and length of air line should be used during inflation.New tyres should always use a new tube and flap.Places to lubricateTube and Flap mounTIng• mount the tube in a tyre and inflate it just until it becomes round (4-5 psI).• apply mounting lubricant on the exposed tube surface with a brush or sponge, taking care not to let lubricant stream down between the tyre and tube.• mount the flap, lining up the valve stem hole. Then align and mount the tyre/tube so that valve stem lines up with the rim valve hole.Tubes are used to contain the air pressure and carry the load in tube-type tyres.It is always important to use the proper size and type of tube to suit theapplication. Radial tyres with their more flexible sidewalls require the use of a radial tube of a size the same as the radial tyre. For example a 1000R2O tube is used for a 1000R2O radial tyre.As for flaps, they are used to protect the tube in the area between the rim and the tube. Refer to the product manual for correct size and selection information for radial flaps.TUBE AND FLAPTUBE AND FLAP ASSEMBL yTUBE AND FLAP ASSEMBL yImproper seat of rim and beadImproper seat of rim and beadFlap FlapValve baseValve base< Picture 1 >< Picture 2 >DeMoUNTiNgsaFeTy InsTRucTIonsdo not mount or demount tyres without proper training. Wall charts containing mounting and demounting instructions for all on-highway rims should be available through your normal rim supplier.REMOvE ALL CRACkED WHEELS FROM SERvICELUBRICATE AREAS SHOWN By ARROWS USE OF GG RING INDICATECORRECT MOUNTINGCROSS SECTION THROUGH TyPICAL DUAL INSTALLATIONPROPER SEqUENCE FOR TIGHTENING STUDRUTS ON AN 8 STUD SySTEMPROPER MATCHING OF RIM PARTSNOTE:always use a securely held safety cage and extension hose with clipon air chuck for airing the tyre. Rapid air loss can propel theassembly .Figure 3. 12 Correctand incornectmatching of rim parts Motor Wheel orAccuride "CR" or "FL"Side RingSection WidthOffsetOffsetTyreclearanceSpacerWidthMotor Wheel or Accuride"CR" or "FL" Lock RingAccuride 5° or Motor Wheel"CR" or "FL" FlangeMotor Wheel or Accuride "CR" or "FL" BaseSection Width Section WidthMoUNTiNgWheel pRepaRaTIonFor safety reasons check the following in regards to mounting and demounting tyres and wheels.• rim diameter, rim width and flange design must be that recommended mended for the tyre.• rim profile must be appropriate to the type of tyre(tube-type or tubeless) that is being used.• the angle and position of the tyre bead must seat properly to the rim.before mounting, the wheel should be inspected for any cracks, breaks, damage, misplaced parts or deformities or irregularities at the locking ring, rim flange, surfaces or valve hole.any signs of weak welds, dents, rough surfaces or rust should be corrected or a new or more suitable wheel should be used.If corroded, clean the rim with a wire brush, sand it smooth and paint it with anti-rust paint.any dents and rough surfaces must be smoothedNOTE : be careful to demount the tyre prior to attempting any wheel repair such as hammering, heating or welding of wheels.pRopeR mounTIng and demounTIngFollow all mounting and demounting procedures and equipment safety cautions. always keep tools and work areas clean and free of oil and grease.NOTE : Tyre mounting lubricant is necessary for mounting and demounting tyres.NOTE :use of any improper design, size or type of tube may cause tube breakage or damage to your hankook radial tyre.confirm that the tube is the proper type and size with the correct valve stem type to suitably fit the wheel hub and clearances for brakes and wheel parts.The valve stem should screw into the tube with a rubber bushing or washer. This should be a secure, clean attachment to the tube.do not screw the valve stem in the wrong direction or beyond the recommended tightness.The step-by-step mounting procedure should be followed :Insert the new tube in the dry clean tyre and inflate it slightly, just until the tube becomes round.a proper sized new flap should be used. definitely don't use used flaps that are brittle, cracked, broken or stretched.vALvE STEM ATTACHMENTrubber WasherNOTE : do not stand in front of any wheel while inflating the tyre.• Inflate slightly and recheck to ensure the assembled parts are in the proper position. Inflate slightly more and check to ensure tyre bead has seated (slid over to make complete contact with the rim flange). If not, deflate, lubricate and try re- assembly.• Release any air trapped between the tube, flap and tyre by deflating and then reinflate to get proper conforming fit of the flap.seTTIng FInalInFlaTIon pRessuReInstall a new valve core each time a new tyre is mounted. use a tyre safety cage and a remote operating air nozzle. Re-check that the assembly is going together properly at every stage of the process.Inflate in stages, re-checking that theassembly is going together properly at every stage until the recommended inflationpressure is reached. Then add a valve cap after adjusting to the final recommendedpressure.SAFETy CAGE NOTE :• use the safety devices at all times. do not stand in front of the tyre or the valve during inflation.• before final inflation, check the assembly condition carefully.• check if there is any air leakage.• use only the correct, clean mounting and demounting levers, paying attention that they are not oily or greasy which could cause them to slip.• use only the recommended equipment and do not apply excessive force or hammering.the tyre bead.Work around the tyre operating the lever between the tyre bead and the rim flange. avoid operating on the same place several times.after the bead and rim separate, put the lever in the groove at the base, separate the lock-ring and remove the side ring.TUBELESS TyRE MOUNTINGBASE PART OF TUBELESS RIMOUTSIDE BEAD ASSEMBL yBASE PART OF TUBELESS RIMThe Tubeless tyre rim Parts marked “///” are to be cleaned andrubricatedTyRe pRepaRaTIonIn the case of new tyres, wipe the beadclean with a dry cloth. checking at the same time that it is not damaged, kinked orbroken. apply the recommended lubricant to the tyre bead as per the illustration below.ouTsIde bead assemblystart the outside bead placement over the outside rim flange by hand. beginning at the point where the valve stem is located. once hand placement becomes difficult use the proper tubeless tyre bead mounting lever to complete the job as per the following illustrations.When mounting tyres, do not use excessive force and avoid heavy tools or impact such as hammering on the rim.Tubeless TyRe InFlaTIonuse an inflation gauge, suitable remote air hose nozzle and a safety cage when inflating the new mounted tyre. The lubricated bead should seat firmly to the rim flange at about 10 psIinflation. do not stand near or in front of tyre while inflating. use the safety cage and a safedistance for your protection. If the bead fails to seat first try, then rotate the tyre a fewdegrees around the rim, ensure the bead and rim flange is lubricated and try again. If for any reason the bead does not appear snugly and evenly seated, do not attempt to inflate further. Repeat the entire assembly process with perhaps more lubricant on the bead and rim areas.once it seats, and you are assured the bead and rim flange are a snug even fit all the way around. Then inflate the tyre to the recommended inflation pressure to the axle load. check that the tyre or valve are not leaking and tighten on a valve cap.the valve facing upward. Work the bead over the rim flange, using your hands and knees as in the illustration below. If it isdifficult to fit over the flange, use the proper tyre mounting lever as per the illustration.RIm pRepaRaTIonRims must not be broken or damaged.Remove the rubber bushing from the valve stem hole. Inspect the valve stem for any signs of damage or wear.Remove rust, dirt and any foreign materials from the rim. clean and sand smooth the area marked “/ / /” in the above picture. If rusted, clean and repaint the rim surface to protect it from rusting.If required, replace any worn or damaged valve stem.lubricate the inner parts of the rim surface where the tyre mounts (marked “///”).TyRE BEAD CROSSSECTIONMoUNTiNgT uBeless TyReDeMoUNTiNgbead demounTIngplace the tyre assembly on a clean flat surface with the valve facing upward. use a tyre demounting leverouTsIde bead demounTInguse the tyre demounting lever to pry the bead over the rim flange directly in line with the valve stem as per the following illustrations.a second lever is used about 30 cm around the rim from the first to pry the bead over the flange. Repeat the process around the tyre until the outside bead is fully demounted.InsIde bead demounTIngTurn the tyre assembly over. lubricate between the bead and the rim then insert the tip of the tyre lever between the tyre and rim and apply pressure. use the second lever about 15 cm around the edge of the rim. Repeat the order until that bead is completely demounted.The tyre should be completely deflated before demounting. This is done by loosening and removing the valve stem core, being careful that there is no foreign matter left in the valve and that the valve stem is not cracked or damaged. Do not stand near the valve stem during the deflating process.BEAD DEMOUNTINGOUTSIDE BEAD DEMOUNTINGINSIDE BEAD DEMOUNTINGbetween the tyre bead and rim flange.VALVe MoUNTiNga-Type RIm ValVeThe valve hole in the rim must be clean, smooth and not damaged. apply a recommended lubricant to the rubber bushing of the valve. Insert the valve stem through the rim hole, assembling the washer and lock-nut on the inside and tighten the lock-nut with a wrench so that the valve stem is secured to the rim.c-Type RIm ValVeThe valve hole in the rim must be clean, smooth and not damaged. as per the illustration below, lubricate the 0-ring and insert a new valve stem through the 0-ring and then through the valve stem hole in the rim from the inside. From the other side, securely hand tighten on the lock nut.b-Type RIm ValVeThe valve hole in the rim must be clean, smooth and not damaged. as per the illustration below place a lubricated 0-ring on the valve stem, insert the stem into the valve stem hole in the rim so that the valve faces perpendicular to the rim. Then tighten the lock nut with a wrench from the opposite side of the rim until the valve stem is secure.C-TyPE RIM vALvEValve O-ringLock-nutValve capB-TyPE RIM vALvELock nutO-ringValve Valve capA-TyPE RIM vALvERubber bushing Washer Lock nut Valve capValve stem79TecHNicAL MANUALTruck & Bus Tyre78abouT Dual spacingDUAL spAciNga BouTMismatched duals have the same effect on the life of tyres as low inflation or overload. An underinflated tyre on a dual assembly shifts its share of the load to its mate, which then becomes overloaded and frequently fails prematurely.When mounting duals on a truck, there will generally be some difference in the diameter of the 2 tyres (within the limits described below).Mount the small tyre on the inside. The outside tyre wears faster than the inside tyre. As it wears its diameter will approach that of the inside tyre. Additionally, any crown on the road will favor the placement of the smaller diameter tyre on the inside.The difference in dimensions of the tyres on a dual assembly should never exceed the figures shown in table. The measurement and mating of duals is very important when mounting a new set of radial recaps. Just because the caps are all on the same type and all have the same overall diameter. The service they were subjected to prior to capping may have an effect on the size of the retreaded tyre.RIM WIDTH AND TyRE SPACING。