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人工智能是一门新兴的具有挑战力的学科。
自人工智能诞生以来,发展迅速,产生了许多分支。
诸如强化学习、模拟环境、智能硬件、机器学习等。
但是,在当前人工智能技术迅猛发展,为人们的生活带来许多便利。
下面是搜索整理的人工智能英文参考文献的分享,供大家借鉴参考。
人工智能英文参考文献一:[1]Lars Egevad,Peter Str?m,Kimmo Kartasalo,Henrik Olsson,Hemamali Samaratunga,Brett Delahunt,Martin Eklund. The utility of artificial intelligence in the assessment of prostate pathology[J]. Histopathology,2020,76(6).[2]Rudy van Belkom. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Activities ofa Futurist[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[3]Reza Hafezi. How Artificial Intelligence Can Improve Understanding in Challenging Chaotic Environments[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[4]Alejandro Díaz-Domínguez. How Futures Studies and Foresight Could Address Ethical Dilemmas of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[5]Russell T. Warne,Jared Z. Burton. Beliefs About Human Intelligence in a Sample of Teachers and Nonteachers[J]. Journal for the Education of the Gifted,2020,43(2).[6]Russell Belk,Mariam Humayun,Ahir Gopaldas. Artificial Life[J]. Journal of Macromarketing,2020,40(2).[7]Walter Kehl,Mike Jackson,Alessandro Fergnani. Natural Language Processing and Futures Studies[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[8]Anne Boysen. Mine the Gap: Augmenting Foresight Methodologies with Data Analytics[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[9]Marco Bevolo,Filiberto Amati. The Potential Role of AI in Anticipating Futures from a Design Process Perspective: From the Reflexive Description of “Design” to a Discussion of Influences by the Inclusion of AI in the Futures Research Process[J]. World Futures Review,2020,12(2).[10]Lan Xu,Paul Tu,Qian Tang,Dan Seli?teanu. Contract Design for Cloud Logistics (CL) Based on Blockchain Technology (BT)[J]. Complexity,2020,2020.[11]L. Grant,X. Xue,Z. Vajihi,A. Azuelos,S. Rosenthal,D. Hopkins,R. Aroutiunian,B. Unger,A. Guttman,M. Afilalo. LO32: Artificial intelligence to predict disposition to improve flow in the emergency department[J]. CJEM,2020,22(S1).[12]A. Kirubarajan,A. Taher,S. Khan,S. Masood. P071: Artificial intelligence in emergency medicine: A scoping review[J]. 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Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology,2020,10(10).[17]Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland,Karin Bock. Bildgebung in der Mammadiagnostik –Ein Ausblick <trans-title xml:lang="en">Imaging in breast diagnostics—an outlook [J]. Der Gyn?kologe,2020,53(6).</trans-title>[18]Nowakowski Piotr,Szwarc Krzysztof,Boryczka Urszula. Combining an artificial intelligence algorithm and a novel vehicle for sustainable e-waste collection[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2020,730.[19]Wang Huaizhi,Liu Yangyang,Zhou Bin,Li Canbing,Cao Guangzhong,Voropai Nikolai,Barakhtenko Evgeny. Taxonomy research of artificial intelligence for deterministic solar power forecasting[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2020,214.[20]Kagemoto Hiroshi. Forecasting a water-surface wave train with artificial intelligence- A case study[J]. 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Advances in Rheumatology,2020,60(1078).[28]Balamurugan Balakreshnan,Grant Richards,Gaurav Nanda,Huachao Mao,Ragu Athinarayanan,Joseph Zaccaria. PPE Compliance Detection using Artificial Intelligence in Learning Factories[J]. Procedia Manufacturing,2020,45.[29]M. Stévenin,V. Avisse,N. Ducarme,A. de Broca. Qui est responsable si un robot autonome vient à entra?ner un dommage ?[J]. Ethique et Santé,2020.[30]Fatemeh Barzegari Banadkooki,Mohammad Ehteram,Fatemeh Panahi,Saad Sh. Sammen,Faridah Binti Othman,Ahmed EL-Shafie. Estimation of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) using New Hybrid Machine Learning Models[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2020.[31]Adam J. Schwartz,Henry D. Clarke,Mark J. Spangehl,Joshua S. Bingham,DavidA. Etzioni,Matthew R. Neville. Can a Convolutional Neural Network Classify Knee Osteoarthritis on Plain Radiographs as Accurately as Fellowship-Trained Knee Arthroplasty Surgeons?[J]. The Journal of Arthroplasty,2020.[32]Ivana Nizetic Kosovic,Toni Mastelic,Damir Ivankovic. 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Artificial Intelligence in Vascular Surgery: moving from Big Data to Smart Data[J]. Annals of Vascular Surgery,2020.[37]Ilesanmi Daniyan,Khumbulani Mpofu,Moses Oyesola,Boitumelo Ramatsetse,Adefemi Adeodu. Artificial intelligence for predictive maintenance in the railcar learning factories[J]. Procedia Manufacturing,2020,45.[38]Janet L. McCauley,Anthony E. Swartz. Reframing Telehealth[J]. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America,2020.[39]Jean-Emmanuel Bibault,Lei Xing. Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with artificial intelligence[J]. The Lancet Digital Health,2020,2(5).[40]Andrea Laghi. Cautions about radiologic diagnosis of COVID-19 infection driven by artificial intelligence[J]. The Lancet Digital Health,2020,2(5).人工智能英文参考文献二:[41]K. Orhan,I. S. Bayrakdar,M. Ezhov,A. Kravtsov,T. ?zyürek. Evaluation of artificial intelligence for detecting periapical pathosis on cone‐beam computed tomography scans[J]. 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2022年考研考博-考博英语-南京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A visitor to a museum today would notice ()changes in the way museums are operated.问题1选项A.cognitiveB.rigorousC.conspicuousD.exclusive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。
cognitive “认知的”;rigorous “严格的,严厉的”;conspicuous “显著的”;exclusive “唯一的,独有的”。
句意:如果今天去博物馆参观,就会注意到博物馆的经营方式发生了显著的变化。
选项C符合题意。
2.单选题That man claimed to be a(n) ()of Confucius.问题1选项A.descendingB.ascendingC.descendantD.offspring 【答案】C【解析】近义词辨析。
Descending “下降”,ascending“上升”,descendant “后裔;子孙”,offspring “后代;产物”,offspring 作复数,句意:那个人自称是孔子的后代。
所以C符合题意。
3.单选题The goal is to use crops, weeds and even animal waste()the petroleum that fuels much of American manufacturing.问题1选项A.in terms ofB.in favor ofC.in spite ofD.in place of【答案】D【解析】固定短语搭配。
in terms of “按照”;in favor of “有利于”;in spite of “尽管”;in place of“代替”。
句意:目标是利用农作物、杂草,甚至动物的排泄物代替石油来为美国制造业提供燃料。
SCI收录期刊——运筹学与管理科学学科SCI收录期刊——运筹学与管理科学学科2008年SCI收录运筹学与管理科学期刊68种(注:★为SCI、SSCI共同收录期刊)如下:1. 4OR-A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 《4OR:运筹学季刊》德国Quarterly ISSN: 1619-4500 SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, D-69121 ( Science Citation Index Expanded)2. ANNALS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 《运筹学纪事》瑞士Bimonthly ISSN: 0254-5330 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ ( Science Citation Index) (Science Citation Index Expanded)3. APPLIED STOCHASTIC MODELS IN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY 《商业与工业应用随机模型》英国Quarterly ISSN: 1524-1904 JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD, THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER, ENGLAND, W SUSSEX, PO19 8SQ ( Science Citation Index Expanded)4. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 《亚太运筹学杂志》新加坡Quarterly ISSN: 0217-5959 WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE, 596224 ( Science Citation Index Expanded)5. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 《中欧运筹学杂志》德国Quarterly ISSN: 1435-246X SPRINGER, 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, USA, NY, 10013 ( Science Citation Index Expanded)6. COMPUTATIONAL OPTIMIZATION AND APPLICATIONS 《计算优化及其应用》荷兰Monthly ISSN: 0926-6003 SPRINGER, 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, USA, NY, 10013 (Science Citation Index)( Science Citation Index Expanded)7. COMPUTERS & OPERATIONS RESEARCH 《计算机与运筹学研究》英国Monthly ISSN: 0305-0548 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OX5 1GB ( Science Citation Index Expanded)8. CONCURRENT ENGINEERING-RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 《并行工程:研究与应用》英国Quarterly ISSN: 1063-293X SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND, EC1Y 1SP (Science Citation Index)( Science Citation Index Expanded)9. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 《决策支持系统》荷兰Monthly ISSN: 0167-9236 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 1000AE ( Science Citation Index Expanded)10. DISCRETE EVENT DYNAMIC SYSTEMS-THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 《离散活动动态系统:理论与应用》荷兰Quarterly ISSN: 0924-6703 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ ( Science Citation Index Expanded)11. DISCRETE OPTIMIZATION 《离散优化》荷兰Quarterly ISSN: 1572-5286 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 1000 AE ( Science Citation Index Expanded)12. ENGINEERING OPTIMIZATION 《工程优选》英国Bimonthly ISSN: 0305-215X TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXON, OX14 4RN ( Science Citation Index Expanded)13. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 《欧洲运筹学杂志》荷兰(1.627)Semimonthly ISSN: 0377-2217 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 1000 AE (Science Citation Index Expanded)14. EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 《专家系统及其应用》英国Bimonthly ISSN: 0957-4174 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OX5 1GB ( Science Citation Index Expanded)15. IIE TRANSACTIONS 《工业工程师协会汇刊》美国(1.023)Monthly ISSN: 0740-817X TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, USA, PA, 19106 ( Science Citation Index)(Science Citation Index Expanded)16. INFOR 《信息系统与运筹学研究》加拿大Quarterly ISSN: 0315-5986 INFOR, UNIV TORONTO PRESS, JOURNALS DEPT,5201 DUFFERIN ST, TORONTO, CANADA, ON, M3H 5T8 ( Science Citation Index Expanded17. INFORMS JOURNAL ON COMPUTING《美国运筹学与管理学会计算杂志》美国Quarterly ISSN: 1091-9856 INFORMS, 7240 PARKWAY DR, STE 310, HANOVER, USA, MD, 21076-1344 1. Science Citation Index Expanded18. INTERFACES 《相互关系》美国★Bimonthly ISSN: 0092-2102 INFORMS, 7240 PARKWAY DR, STE 310, HANOVER, USA, MD, 21076-1344 1. Science Citation Index Expanded2. Social Sciences Citation Index19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING 《国际计算机集成制造杂志》英国Bimonthly ISSN: 0951-192X TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXON, OX14 4RN 1. Science Citation Index Expanded20. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 《国际柔性制造系统杂志》荷兰Quarterly ISSN: 0920-6299 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Science Citation Index Expanded21. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & DECISION MAKING 《国际信息技术与决策杂志》新加坡Quarterly ISSN: 0219-6220 WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD, 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE, 596224 1. Science Citation Index Expanded22. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION ECONOMICS 《国际生产经济学杂志》荷兰Semimonthly ISSN: 0925-5273 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 1000 AE 1. Science Citation Index Expanded23. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH 《国际生产研究杂志》英国Semimonthly ISSN: 0020-7543 TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXON, OX14 4RN 1. Science CitationIndex2. Science Citation Index Expanded24. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE 《国际系统科学杂志》英国Monthly ISSN: 0020-7721 TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXON, OX14 4RN 1. Science Citation Index Expande25. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT 《国际技术管理杂志》瑞士★Bimonthly ISSN: 0267-5730 INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD, WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND, CH-1215 1. Science Citation Index Expanded2. Social Sciences Citation Index26. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION 《全局最优化杂志》荷兰Bimonthly ISSN: 0925-5001 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Science Citation Index2. Science Citation Index Expanded27. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION 《工业与管理最优化杂志》美国Quarterly ISSN: 1547-5816 AMER INST MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, PO BOX 2604, SPRINGFIELD, USA, MO, 65801-2604 1. Science Citation Index Expanded28. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 《制造系统杂志》美国Bimonthly ISSN: 0278-6125 SOC MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS, ONE SME DRIVE, PO BOX 930, DEARBORN, USA, MI, 48121-0930 1. Science Citation Index Expanded29. JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 《经营管理杂志》荷兰★Bimonthly ISSN: 0272-6963 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 1000 AE 1. Science Citation Index Expanded2. Social Sciences Citation Index30. JOURNAL OF OPTIMIZATION THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 《优选法理论与应用杂志》美国Monthly ISSN: 0022-3239 SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS, 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA, NY, 10013 1. Science Citation Index2. Science Citation Index Expanded31. JOURNAL OF QUALITY TECHNOLOGY 《质量技术杂志》美国Quarterly ISSN: 0022-4065 AMER SOC QUALITY CONTROL-ASQC, 600 N PLANKINTON AVE, MILWAUKEE, USA, WI, 53203 1. Science Citation Index2. Science Citation Index Expanded32. JOURNAL OF SCHEDULING 《调度杂志》荷兰Bimonthly ISSN: 1094-6136 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Science Citation Index Expanded33. JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS《系统工程与电子技术》中国Quarterly ISSN: 1004-4132 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING & ELECTRONICS, EDITORIAL DEPT, PO BOX 142-32, BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA, 100854 1. Science Citation Index Expanded34. JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING《系统科学与系统工程杂志》德国Quarterly ISSN: 1004-3756 SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, D-69121 1. Science Citation Index Expanded35. JOURNAL OF THE OPERATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY 《英国运筹学会志》英国★(0.839)(10页)Monthly ISSN: 0160-5682 PALGRAVE MACMILLAN LTD, BRUNEL RD BLDG, HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, ENGLAND, HANTS,RG21 6XS 1. Science Citation Index2. Science Citation Index Expanded3. Social Sciences Citation Index36. JOURNAL OF THE OPERATIONS RESEARCH SOCIETY OF JAPAN 《日本运筹学学会刊》英国Quarterly ISSN: 0453-4514 ELSEVIER SCI LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OXON, OX5 1GB 1. Science Citation Index Expanded37. M&SOM-MANUFACTURING & SERVICE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 《制造业与服务业的经营管理》美国★Quarterly ISSN: 1523-4614 INFORMS, 7240 PARKWAY DR, STE 310, HANOVER, USA, MD, 21076-1344 1. Science Citation Index Expanded2. Social Sciences Citation Index38. MANAGEMENT SCIENCE《管理科学》美国★(2)Monthly ISSN: 0025-1909 INFORMS, 7240 PARKWAY DR, STE 310, HANOVER, USA, MD, 21076-1344 1. Science Citation Index Expanded 2. Social Sciences Citation Index 39. MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 《运筹学研究中的数学方法》德国Bimonthly ISSN: 1432-2994 SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, D-69121 1. Science Citation Index Expanded40. MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING 《数学规划》美国Monthly ISSN: 0025-5610 SPRINGER, 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, USA, NY, 10013 1. Science Citation Index2. Science Citation Index Expanded41. MATHEMATICS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 《运筹学数学》美国Quarterly ISSN: 0364-765X INFORMS, 7240 PARKWAY DR, STE 310, HANOVER, USA, MD, 21076-1344 1. Science Citation Index2. Science Citation Index Expanded42. 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OPERATIONS RESEARCH 《运筹学研究》美国(1.483)Bimonthly ISSN: 0030-364X INFORMS, 7240 PARKWAY DR, STE 310, HANOVER, USA, MD, 21076-1344 ( Science Citation Index)(Science Citation Index Expanded)48. OPERATIONS RESEARCH LETTERS 《运筹学研究快报》荷兰(0.803)(6页)Monthly ISSN: 0167-6377 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 1000 AE 1. Science Citation Index2. Science Citation Index Expanded49. OPTIMAL CONTROL APPLICATIONS & METHODS 《最优控制应用与方法》英国Bimonthly ISSN: 0143-2087 JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD, THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER, ENGLAND, W SUSSEX, PO19 8SQ 1. Science Citation Index Expanded50. OPTIMIZATION 《最优化》英国Bimonthly ISSN: 0233-1934 TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXON, OX14 4RN 1. Science Citation Index Expanded51. OPTIMIZATION AND ENGINEERING 《最优化与工程学》荷兰Quarterly ISSN: 1389-4420 SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 3311 GZ 1. Science Citation Index Expanded52. 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SORT-STATISTICS AND OPERATIONS RESEARCH TRANSACTIONS 《统计与运筹学研究汇刊》西班牙Semiannual ISSN: 1696-2281 63. SYSTEMS & CONTROL LETTERS 《系统与控制快报》荷兰Monthly ISSN: 0167-6911 64. TECHNOVATION《技术创新》荷兰★Monthly ISSN: 0166-4972 65. TOP《论题》美国Semiannual (注:该刊的副标题为西班牙统计与运筹学研究会会刊物)ISSN: 1134-5764 66. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART B-METHODOLOGICAL《运输研究B辑:方法》英国★Monthly ISSN: 0191-2615 67. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART E-LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION REVIEW 《运输研究E辑:物流与运输评论》英国★Bimonthly ISSN: 1366-5545 68. TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE《运输科学》美国★。
智能制造英文版Intelligent manufacturingAn overviewIntelligent manufacturing deep in artificial intelligence research.Generally think that intelligence is the sum of knowledge and intelligence,the former is the basis of intelligence,the latter is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge to solve.Intelligent manufacturing should contain intelligent manufacturing technology and intelligent manufacturing system.The intelligence technique of manufacture is refers using the computer simulation marks intelligent activities such as expert’s analysis,judgment,inference, idea and decision-making and so on,and fuses organically these intelligent activity and the intelligent machine,applies its penetration in entire manufacture enterprise’s each subsystem(e.g. management decision-making,purchase, product design,productive plan,manufacture, assembly,quality assurance and market sale and so on).Realizes the entire manufacture enterprise to manage the operation highlyflexibility and integration,thus substitutes or extends in the manufacture environment expert’s partial mental labor, and carries on the collection,the memory,the consummation,sharing,the inheritance and the development of the manufacturing industry expert’s intelligent information,enhances the production efficiency enormously and the advanced technique of manufacture.The intelligent manufacture system is refers based on IMT(intelligent manufacturing technology),by the computer synthesis application artificial intelligence technology(e.g.artificial neural networks,genetic algorithm and so on), the intelligence manufacture machine,the agent technology,the parallel projects,the life sciences and the systems engineering theory and the method,in the international standardization and interchangeable foundation,causes the entire enterprise to make each subsystem to intellectualize separately,and causes the manufacture system to form by the network integrates,the highautomated one king of manufacture system.Intelligent manufacturing system can not only in practice constantly enrich the knowledge base,have the function of self-learning,and collecting and understanding of environmental information and its information,analysis and judgment and the ability to plan their actions.The basic principleStarting from the essential feature of intelligent manufacturing system in distributed manufacturing network environment,according to the basic idea of distributed integration,In the application of distributed artificial intelligence theory and method of multi Agent system, realize flexible manufacturing unit of the intelligent and flexible manufacturing system based on network intelligent integration.According to the characteristics of the distribution system of isomorphism in a local area forms for realizing intelligent manufacturing system based on the actual also reflects theinternet-based global manufacturing the realization of the intelligent manufacturing system model under the network environment.The overall idea of distributed IMS network:IMS is the essential characteristics of the individual manufacturing unit of "autonomy"and the system as a whole "self-organizing ability",its basic pattern is distributed more intelligent system.Based on this understanding,and considering the internet-based global manufacturing network environment,we put forward the Agent based distributed IMS network's basic idea,as shown in figure 1.On the one hand,through the Agent give autonomy to each manufacturing unit,making it a fully functional,autonomy, an independent entity;On the other hand, through the coordination and cooperation between the Agent,gives system self-organization ability.Multi Agent system implementation pattern of the system is easy to design, implementation and maintenance,reduce thecomplexity of the system,enhance the system's restructuring,scalability and reliability,and improve the flexibility, adaptability and agility of the system.Based on the above framework,combined with the CNC machining system,development and application of distributed network prototype system by system manager,mission planning,design and producers of four nodes.Systems manager node including two database server,database server and Agent system is responsible for the management of the entire global database,available for access of nodes in the prototype system for data query,read,storage and retrieval operations,and for each node for data exchange and sharing,to provide a public system,the Agent is responsible for the system in the network and the external interaction,through the Web server on the Internet home page of the system,users can access online home page the information related to obtaining the system,and according to their own needs,to decidewhether the system is to meet these requirements,the system of the Agent is also responsible for monitoring the interactions between the various nodes on prototype system, such as record and real-time display of sending and receiving messages between nodes, task execution,etc.Mission planning nodes by the task manager and its Agent(task manager Agent), its main function is to task planning,from the Internet is decomposed into several subtasks,and then through the way of bidding, bidding to the task allocation of each node.Design node by CAD tools and its proxy Agent(design),it provides a good man-machine interface so that designers can effectively and computer interaction,common to complete the design task.CAD tools to help design personnel according to user requirements for product design;Designed the Agent is responsible for online registration, cancellation registration,database management,interaction with other nodes, decide whether to accept the design task andsubmit a task to task the sender.Producers node is actually the project research and development of an intelligent manufacturing system(intelligent manufacturing unit),including processing center and its network proxy Agent(machine). The intelligent adaptive machining center configuration.The CNC system is controlled by intelligent controller processing process, to give full play to the processing of automated processing equipment potential, improve processing efficiency;Have certain ability of self diagnose and self repair,in order to improve the processing the reliability and safety of the equipment operation;Have the ability to interact with the external environment;With open architecture to support the system integration and extension.The prototype system work:Every node in the system must be registered through the network,to become the formal member of the prototype system to obtain the corresponding privileges,to collaboratewith other nodes in the system,common to complete the system task.The whole process of operation of the prototype system is as follows:(1)any network user can access the prototype system of the home page for information about the system,but also through the fill out and submit user order form provided by the system home page issued orders to the system;(2)if received and accept the network user's orders,Agent system is to be deposited in the global database,from the global database,mission planning nodes can take out the order,mission planning,the task decomposition into several subtasks,and assign these subtasks prototype system access nodes;(3)product design subtasks are assigned to design node,the node through good human-computer interaction to complete product design sub-tasks,generate the corresponding CAD/CAPP data and documents, and nc code,and these data and documents in the global database,finally submit the subtasks to mission planning nodes;(4) processing subtasks are assigned to producers,once the subtasks was accepted by the producers nodes,machine Agent will be allowed to read the necessary data from the global database,and to transfer the data to the processing center,processing center, according to these data and command to finish processing the subtasks,and the running status information transmitted to the machine Agent,machine Agent returns the result to the mission planning nodes,submit the subtask;(5)in the system during the running of the whole,the Agent is the interaction between the various nodes in the system for recording, such as message sending and receiving,a global database data read and write,query the node name,type,address,ability,and task completion,etc.(6)Network client can understand order execution and results.The developmentIntelligent manufacturing deep in artificial intelligence research.Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of implementation of using artificial method onthe computer.Of complicated as the WanShanHua and the structure of the product performance and refinement,as well as the function of diversification,prompting a surge in product design information and process information contained,with internal information flow increase of production line and production equipment,manufacturing process and management information must also soared,a hotspot and frontier,and thus prompt the development of manufacturing technology to improve manufacturing system for the explosive growth of manufacturing information processing ability,efficiency and scale.At present,the advanced manufacture equipment left the information input cannot operate,flexible manufacturing system(FMS)once they are cut off the source of information will immediately cease to work. Expert thinks,the manufacturing system is driven by the original energy into information driven,this requires a flexible manufacturing system requires not only,but also show that the intelligent,otherwise itis difficult to deal with such a large amount of workload and complex information.Secondly, the complex environment of rapidly changing market demand and fierce competition,also called for the manufacturing system showed higher flexibility,agility and intelligence. Across the world,although the overall intelligent manufacturing was still in the stage of conceptual and experimental,but governments are included in the national development plans,this push to implement.In 1992the implementation of new technology policy and support by the President said the key to the important technical(Critical Techniloty),including information technology and new manufacturing technology, ease of intelligent manufacturing technology, the ernment hopes the move to transform traditional industry and start a new industry.Canada's1994~1998development strategy plan,think the future knowledge intensive industry is driving the global economy and Canada,the basis of economic developmentthought is very important to development and application of intelligent system,and put the specific research project selection for intelligent computer,man-machine interface, mechanical sensor,the robot control system integration,the new device,the dynamic environment.Japan's in1989,intelligent manufacturing system is proposed and launched in1994,the advanced manufacturing international cooperation research projects, including the companies to integrate and global manufacturing,manufacturing knowledge system,distributed intelligent control system,rapid product realization of distributed intelligent system technology, etc.Research of information technology in the European Union ESPRIT project,the project is funded by the market potential of information technology.1994and the start of the new R&D project,select the39core technologies,of which three(information technology, molecular biology and advanced manufacturingtechnology)are highlights the intelligent manufacturing location.China at the end of the80's will "intelligent simulation"the main issue in the national science and technology development planning,understanding has made a number of achievements in the expert system, pattern recognition,robotics,Chinese machine.Recently,the State Ministry of science and technology put forward formally "industrial intelligent engineering",as an important part of the innovation ability of technology innovation project construction, intelligent manufacturing will be an important content of the project.Thus,the intelligent manufacturing is arising in the world,it is the development of manufacturing technology,especially the inevitable manufacturing development of information technology,is the result of the development of automation and integration technology in depth.Integrated featuresWith the traditional manufacture systemcompares,IMS has following several characteristics:(1)From organization abilityIn the IMS,each kind of composition unit can according to the work duty need, voluntarily build up one kind of ultra flexible best structure,and defers to the most superior way movement.Not only its flexibility displays in the movement way,but also displays in the structural style.After completing the task,this structure dismisses voluntarily,prepares in the next duty builds up a new kind of structure.The voluntarily organization ability is an IMS important symbol.(2)Autonomy abilityIMS has the abilities such as collection and the understanding the environmental information and own information,and carries on the analysis to judge and to plan own behavior ability.The powerful knowledge library and based on the knowledge model is the autonomy ability foundation.IMS can act according to the environment and own workcondition information to carries on the monitor and processing,and according to the processing finally self-adjusting control strategy,uses the best movement plan.This kind of autonomy ability causes the entire manufacture system to have the anti jamming, auto-adapted and fault-tolerant and so on.(3)The ability of self-study and maintenanceIMS can take the original expert knowledge as the foundation,in reality carries on the study unceasingly,the perfect system knowledge library,and deletes the unsuitable knowledge in the storehouse, causes the knowledge library to hasten reasonably.At the same time,it also can carry on the self-diagnosis,the elimination and repairing to the system failure.The kind of character enables IMS to optimize and to adapt to each kind of complex circumstances.(4)Entire manufacture system intelligent integrationWhile IMS emphasized each subsystem intellectualization,pays great attention to the entire manufacture system the intelligentintegration.This is the basic difference between IMS and“the intellectualized isolated”which specially applied in the manufacture process.IMS contains each subsystem,and integrates them in a whole, realizes the whole intellectualization. (5)Man-machine integration intelligence systemIMS is not a pure the artificial intelligence the system,but is the man-machine integration intelligence system, is one kind of mix intelligence.On the one hand,the man-machine integration prominent person’s core status in manufacture system, simultaneously under the intelligent machine coordination,well has displayed human’s potential,causes between the man-machine to display one kind of equality to work together as colleagues,“understands”mutually, cooperates mutually relations,causes them to reveal respectively in the different level, complements each other.Therefore,in IMS, the high quality,the high intelligent person will play a better role,the machineintelligence and human’s wisdom integration of machinery Mechatronics issue can integrate truly in together.In summary,we may view IMS as one kind of pattern,it is the collection of automation, flexibility,integration and intellectualization in a body,and unceasingly to depth development advanced manufacture system.(6)Virtual realityThis technology supports the realization hypothesized manufacture,also realizes one of high level man-machine integration.The man-machine union is a new generation of intelligent contact surface,causes the available hypothesized method with intelligent performance into reality,it is a dominant character of intelligent manufacture.Future development1、Artificial intelligence technology.Since the goal of IMS is computer simulation of intelligence activities of manufacturing human experts,partial mentallabor to replace or extension of the people, so the artificial intelligence technology has become one of the key technology of IMS.IMS and artificial intelligence technology (expert system,artificial neural network, fuzzy logic)is closely related to.2、Concurrent engineering.In view of the manufacturing,concurrent engineering is an important technical method, used in IMS,will reduce the repetition blindness and the design of the product design.3、Information network technology.Information network technology is the process of manufacturing system and each link "intelligent"support.The information network is also the manufacturing information and knowledge flow channel.4、The virtual manufacturing technology.Virtual manufacturing technology can simulate the entire life cycle of product in the product design stage,thus the more effective,more economical,more flexible organization of production,the productdevelopment cycle is short,the product cost is the lowest,the optimal product quality, production efficiency is the highest assurance.At the same time,the virtual manufacturing technology is the prerequisite for the engineering realization of parallel.5、Discipline construction.Collect and understand the environment information and its information and analysis judgment and plan their behavior.Strong knowledge base and knowledge based model is the basis of self-discipline.6、Man-machine integration.Intelligent manufacturing system is not only the"artificial intelligence system,and human-machine intelligent system,is a kind of hybrid intelligent.Want to completely replace human intelligence artificial intelligence expert in manufacturing process, analysis,judgement,decision independently undertake the task,at present is not realistic.Humachine highlighted the core position in manufacturing system,combined with intelligent machines,better play ofhuman potential,to achieve a kind of collaborative working relationship of equality,so that the two made at different levels,each other.7、Self organization and super flexible.To each unit in intelligent manufacturing systems can be based on task,form an optimal structure,the flexible displays not only operation mode,but also in the structure form, so that the flexible super flexible,similar to biological features,overall as a group of human experts.Conclusion:nowadays,the research of intelligent manufacturing at home and abroad was still in the stage of concept formation and experimental exploration.In recent years, developed for the specific link,the specific problems in the process of manufacturing the "intelligent island",and"smart"machine for manufacturing environment full of research is still in its beginning stage.Intelligent manufacturing is a rich content,wide prospect area.In the era of socialinformatization,the new century of knowledge economization,vigorously carry out the research of intelligent manufacturing technology and system,will improve the overall level of manufacturing industry inthe comprehensive our country,enhancenational strength.。
《机械专业外语》课程习题集一、短文翻译(英译汉)1. The solution to most design problems does arise from a set of equations, instead it is a compromise to satisfy a number of design requirements and practical limitations such as available tooling and servicing ease. Designs are often revised to introduce new features, but as much as possible of the old design is retained for economic reasons. Producing a revised design is usually not as difficult as producing a new design because the history of the original is available for evaluation.2. When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is feed rod that drives the carriage. The lead screw goes through a pair of half nuts, which are fixed to the rear of the apron. When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is feed , together with the carriage along the bed.3.Generally, grinding is considered to be a finishing process that is usually used for obtaining high-dimensional accuracy and better surface finish. Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines. Obviously, grinding machines differ in construction as well as capabilities, and the type to be employed is determined mainly by the geometrical shape and nature of the surface to be ground. -e.g. cylindrical surfaces are ground on cylindrical grinding machines.4. The dielectric serves to concentrate the discharge energy into a channel of very small crosssectional area. It also cools the two electrodes, and flushes away the products of machining from the gap. The electrical resistance of the dielectric influences the discharge spark energy and time of spark initiation .if the resistance is low , an early discharge spark occurs. If it is large the capacitor will attain a higher value charge before the discharge spark occurs.5. As we previously saw, CNC,DNC and computer-assisted part programming are different kinds of preplanned computerized control of machine tools. In all cases, the tool path has to be established beforehand through a program, the person who prepares the programs employs his or her experience in order to bring the processing time to minimum and not to cause any damage or distortion to the workpiece. This is, in many cases, a difficult problem that involves many factors, alternatives, and constraints. Obviously, this is exactly where an expert system is needed.6. Equipment productively is improved because of the better utilization of machines whenCIM is implemented. We can see that factors like program ability of equipment and computerized monitoring and control of the whole manufacturing facility would largely improve the efficiency of machine utilization. Higher labor and equipment productivity would certainly result in lower product cost.7. Where loads are due to contact, a pair of equal and opposite forces occur. One force acts as an external load on one contacting member. This action-reaction force pairing is one of the basic natural laws put to practical use by engineers. Tracing these power transmission forces through connected machine linkages is an extremely useful visualization aid for identifying machine component loads.8. Element design is concerned with the proper sizing of machine elements to perform a given function at some stated life criterion. Mechanical designers must also be familiar with properties of materials and machining processes to achieve optimal design. In addition, designers must always contend with the question of cost. The watchword should be simplicity, since a simple device is usually the least expensive.9. The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts, its lower base, an intermediate part, and the quill. The lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guideways, and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location, depending upon the length of the workpiece. The intermediate part is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the tailstock with that of the headstock.10. Internal grinding is employed for grinding relatively short holed. The workpiece is held in a chuck or a special fixture. Both the grinding wheel and the workpiece rotate during the operation and feed is applied in the longitudinal direction. Any desired depth of cut can be obtained by the cross feed of the grinding wheel. A variation from this type is planetary internal grinding, which is recommended for heavy workpieces that cannot be held in chucks. In the case, the grinding wheel not only spins around its own axis but also rotates around the centerline of the hole that is being ground.11. The intelligent robot has always been the dream of manufacturing engineers, in order to make the automated factory of the future attainable. It is artificial intelligence that will make that dream come true. By definition, an intelligent robot is one that is able to think, sense, and effect, so that it can cope with a changing environment and learn from experience. Since thinking is a brain function, it is obvious that it would fall within the domain of artificial intelligence if it is to be performed by a computer. An integration between sensing, reasoning, and effecting would unify artificial intelligence and robots, with the final outcome an intelligent robot.12. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the range of media used to convey information. Initially, communication was limited to simple forms of media such as voice and paper. This century, however, has witnessed the introduction of a greater variety of media types such as the telephone and visual forms of media. In the latter part of the century,this trend has accelerated and there is now a wide range of media types available to convey information.13. It is well known that a hot plate of metal will cool faster when placed in front of a fan than when exposed to still air. We say that the heat is convected away and we call the process convection heat transfer. Convection is a much simpler physical process than conduction since it merely consists of the actual motion of a volume of hot fluid from one place to another.14.Around the turn of the twentieth century the steam turbine came into use. Steam turbines are very efficient. They can utilize almost 40 percent of the energy supplied to them. They are three times as efficient as reciprocating engines. Steam turbines power many of the world's ships and the majority of the world's electricity generating stations.15. Most small i.C.engines in common use has four cylinders, which fire in a definite and regular sequence. A flywheel is fitted to the crankshaft to keep it running smoothly. It is essential for the inlet and exhaust valves to open and close at exactly the appropriate moment in relation to the position of the piston. Therefore they are actuated by a cam-shaft running in phase with the crankshaft.16. The alternative to forming method is machining. In machining, a sharpened tool of suitable shape removes material in the form of chips until the desired shape is produced. The use of computer and punched-tape control of machine tools makes it possible forthe machining tool to follow any complex three-dimensional path.17. Perhaps because more high-strength, hard, tough, and exotic materials are used, there isa tendency to use chipless machining despite the progress just noted. There is a trend to reduce the amount of metal that needs to be removed. Often chipless machining is more expensive, but the reduced loss of material results in a saving. The increased use of metal forming, forging, rolling, die-casting and other processes illustrates this trend.18.For the semi-mechanized forging of small to medium-sized components, forging hammers powered by various means are employed. The feature common to all of them is that, like the hand forging hammer, they utilize the energy of a falling weight to develop the pressure needed for shaping the metal. Larger components are forged by means of forging presses operated by steam or compressed air or by hydraulic or electric power. Largely automatic forging machines are used for the quantity production of engineering parts.19. As we know, these are the main tasks of an engineer: to explore new ways, invent new solutions to problems, and design new devices. In the research stage of a project, the engineer usually has found a new way of doing a job and is analyzing it (using mathematics and computers) to see how feasible the idea is and how well it will work. The development stage then follows. Here the idea is carried out in the laboratory. The processes vary among different projects, but the basic point is the same: Turn the idea into a working reality.20.The fact that steel can possess a wide range of useful mechanical properties is of extreme economic importance. This is clearly illustrated in the railroad industry, forex-ample. To move a train from one place to another, we use a locomotive which has the ability to pull a given total load. This load is composed of the weight of the cars and the weight of the freight being transported. If a freight car is made of high strength steel, the structural members can be relatively small and the car will be lighter as well as stronger. This means that the amount of freight can be increased.21.The simplest method of welding two pieces of metal together is known as pressure welding. The ends of metal are heated to a white heat— for iron, the welding temperature should be about 13000C—in a flame, At this temperature the metal becomes plastic. The ends are then pressed or hammered together, and the joint is smoothed off. Care must be taken to ensure that the surfaces are thoroughly clean first, for dirt will weaken the weld. Moreover, the heating of iron or steel to a high temperature causes oxidation, and a film of oxide is formed on the heated surfaces.22. The design of a machine includes many factors other than those of determining the loads and stresses and selecting the proper materials. Before construction or manufacture can begin, it is necessary to have complete assembly and detail drawings to convey all necessary information to the shop men. The designer frequently is called upon to check the drawings before they are sent to the shop. Much experience and familiarity with manufacturing processes are needed before one can become conversant with all phases of production drawings.23. Flat pulleys and belts. This is the oldest and simplest type of pulley and belt. The pulley may be a single pulley, or it may have three or four different diameters. A one-piece pulley having three or four diameters is called a cone pulley. Actually the pulleys are not flat. They are tapered slightly so that the diameter of the pulley is a little larger at its center. We call this a crowned pulley. The pulley is made larger in diameter at the center because a flat belt will always climb to the highest part of a pulley. The crown ensures that the belt will run in the center of the pulley.24.Of course, materials have always been vital to human civilization. Three of humanity’s earliest eras are called the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, because the civilization of each was almost entirely dependent on the material after which the era was named. But now, in the twentieth century, materials-not just one, but many-have become a most important factor on which the advance of technology and industry depends. Our progress in space, in electronics, and in atomic energy is directly linked to the solution of crucial materials problems.25.The purpose of the design calculations is of course to attempt to predict the stress or deformation if the part in order that it may safely carry the loads which will be imposed upon it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine. All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests. A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery.二、按要求翻译下列句子(略)……答案1.对大多数设计问题的解决并不是来源于一组公式,而是受制于要满足很多设计要求和实际限制诸如可用的工具或使用的舒适性。
附录一英文文献Application and developmentOf case based reasoning in fixture designFixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately, and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining. Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise, its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing, which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime. And fixture design is a complicated process, based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment. This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools (such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency. The methodology of case based reasoning (CBR) adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain [1]. This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans .So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas[2-4], such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design. Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and clamping device[5]. But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR[6].1 Construction of a Case Index and Case Library1.1 Case indexThe case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures. Using all of them would make the operation in convenient. Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish. And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index.Therefore, considering the practicality and the demand of rapid design, the case index includes both the major feature of the workpiece and the structure of fixture. The case index code is made up of 16 digits: 13 digits for case features and 3 digits for case identification number.The first 13 digits represent 13 features. Each digit is corresponding to an attribute of the feature, which may be one of“*”, “?”, “1”, “2”,…,“A”,“B”,…, “Z”,…, etc. In which, “*” means anyone, “?” uncertain, “0” nothing.The system rules: fixture type, workpiece shape, locating model cannot be “*”or“?”. When the system is designed, the attribute information of the three items does not have these options, which means the certain attribute must be selected.The last three digits are the case identification number, which means the 13 digits of the case feature are the same, and the number of these three digits is used for distinguishing them.The system also rules: “000” is a prototype case, which is used for retrieval, and other cases are “001”,“002”,…, which are used for reference cases to be searched by designers. If occasionally one of them needs to be changed as the prototype case, first it must be required to apply to change the one to “000”, and the former is changed to referential case automatically.The construction of the case index code is shown in Fig.1.1.2 Case libraryThe case library consists of lots of predefined cases. Case representation is one of the mostimportant issues in case based reasoning. So compounding with the index code,.1.3 Hierarchical form of CaseThe structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, components similarity and component similarity. So the whole fixture case library, components case library, component case library of fixture are formed correspondingly. Usually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand. The whole fixture case is made up of function components, which are described by the function components’ names and numbers. The components case represent s the members. (function component and other structure components,main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.) The component case (the lowest layer of the fixture) is the structure of function component and other components. In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts. So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them.2 Strategy of Case RetrievalIn the case based design of fixtures ,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity, which can help to obtain the most similar case, and to cut down the time of adaptation. According to the requirement of fixture design, the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided. That is, first search on depth, then on breadth; the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object, which is firstly searched by the fixture type, then by the shape of the workpiece, thirdly by the locating method. For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type, the search is just for all milling fixtures, then for box of workpiece shape, the third for 1plane+ 2pine of locating method. If there is no match of it, then the search stops on depth, and returns to the upper layer, and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.Retrieval algorithms:1)According to the case index information of fixture case library, search the relevant case library;2)Match the case index code with the code of each case of the case library, and calculate the value of the similarity measure;3)Sort the order of similarity measure, the biggest value, which is the most analogical case.Similarity between two cases is based on the similarity between the two cases. features. The calculation of similarity measure depends on the type of the feature. The value of similarity can be calculated for numerical values, for example, compareWorkpiece with the weight of 50kg and 20kg. The value can also be calculated between non numerical values, for example, now the first 13 digits index code is all non numerical values. The similarity measure of a fixture is calculated as follows:where S is the similarity measure of current fixture, n is the number of the index feature,is the weight of each feature, is the similarity measure of the attribute of the i2th feature with the attribute of relative feature of the j-th case in the case library. At the same time, , the value counts as follows:.Where is the value of the index attribute of the i-th feature, and is the value of attribute of the relative i-th feature of the j-th case in case library.So there are two methods to select the analogical fixture. One is to set the value. If the values of similarity measure of current cases were less than a given value, those cases would not be selected as analogical cases. When the case library is initially set up, and there are only a few cases, the value can be set smaller. If there are lots of analogical cases, the value should get larger. The other is just to set the number of the analogical cases (such as10), which is the largest value of similarity measure from the sorted order.3 Case adaptation and Case Storage3.1 Case adaptationThe modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases:1) The substitution of components and the component;2) Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains;3) The redesign of the model.If the components and component of the fixture are common objects, they can be edited, substituted and deleted with tools, which have been designed.3.2 Case storageBefore saving a new fixture case in the case library, the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable. If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system, it is not necessary to store it in the case library. If it is valuable, then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case. A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family. A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first 13 digits and different last three digits in the case library. The last three digits of a prototype case are always “000”. A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.From the concept that has been explained, the following strategies are adopted:1) If a new case matches any existing case family, it has the same first 13 digits as an existing prototype case, so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case. Or is j ust saved as a reference case (the last 3 digits are not “000”, and not the same with others) in the case library.2) If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case, then the prototype case is substituted by this new case, and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.3) If a new case does not match any existing case family, a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.4 Process of CBR in Fixture DesignAccording to the characteristics of fixture design, the basic information of the fixture designsuch as the name of fixture, part, product and the designer, etc. must be input first. Then the fixture file is set up automatically, in which all components of the fixture are put together. Then the model of the workpiece is input or designed. The detailed information about the workpiece is input, the case index code is set up, and then the CBR begins to search the analogical cases, relying on the similarity measure, and the most analogical case is selected out. If needed, the case is adapted to satisfy the current design, and restored into the case library. The flowchart of the process is shown in Fig.3.5 Illustrating for Fixture Design by CBRThis is a workpiece (seeFig.4). Its material is 45# steel. Its name is seat. Its shape is block, and the product batch size is middle, etc. A fixture is turning fixture that serves to turn the hole, which needs to be designed.The value of feature, attribute, case index code and weight of the workpiece is show n inTab.2.Through searching, and calculating the similarity, the case index code of the most similar case is 19325513321402000, and the detailed information is show n in Tab. 3.The similarity is calculated as follows:So the value of similarity measure of the fixture which needs to be designed with the most analogical case in case library is 0.806, and the structure of the most analogical case is shown in Fig.5.After having been substituted the component, modified the locating model and clamp model, and adjusted the relative dimension, the new fixture is designed, and the figure is show n in Fig.6.As there is not the analogical fixture in the case library, the new fixture is restored in to the case library. The case index code is 19325513311402000.6 ConclusionCBR, as a problem solving methodology, is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought, and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire. The advantages of the CBR are as follows: it resembles human thought more closely; the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library; and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library. A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C ++, UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support, which also has been integrated with the 32D parametric common component library, common components library and typical fixture library. The prototype system, developed here, is used for the aviation project, and aids the fixture designers to improve the designefficiency and reuse previous design resources.外文翻译基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置,并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。
沈阳工程学院热控教研室一、目的:1、了解国外电力系统的发展2、熟悉英文科技文献的写作格式及特点3、熟悉和巩固专业外语的有关知识4、学会中英文文献的检索方法二、选题要求:1、学生自主选题,经指导教师审查合格2、篇幅在3000单词以上,较完整的一篇英文论文3、内容与电力系统专业相关,并写明出处三、译文要求:1、译文正确、内容完整,图可以复印后贴于正确位置2、译文打印在A4纸上,原稿复印后附在译文后。
四、时间安排:在毕业设计开题一周内完成。
文献资料详细一览表学生姓名专业自动化英语程度其他外语无指导教师毕业设计题目YL--335B自动化生产线分拣单元设计外文文献出处出版社New York: PrenticeHall Inc作者WANG Fang,WANG Ming-ya,WANGMing-tai.刊名ContemporayChemicalIndustry1671-0460(2010)05-0563-04期次5,Ocober,2010篇名TheElectro-regenerationTechnologyfor IonExchange Resin in theMixed Bed页码563~566内容提要自动生产设备(自动生产线)的最大特点是它的综合性和系统性,在这里,机械技术、微电子技术、电工电子技术、传感测试技术、接口技术、信息变换技术、网络通信技术等多种技术有机地结合,并综合应用到生产设备中;而系统性指的是,生产线的传感检测、传输与处理、控制、执行与驱动等机构在微处理单元的控制下协调有序地工作,有机地融合在一起。
指导教师意见RobotAfter more than 40 years of development, since its first appearance till now, the robot has already been widely applied in every industrial fields, and it has become the important standard of industry modernization.Robotics is the comprehensive technologies that combine with mechanics,electronics, informatics and automatic control theory. The level of the robotic technology has already been regarded as the standard of weighing a national modern electronic-mechanical manufacturing technology.Over the past two decades, the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can perform certain basic more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.With the maturation and broad application of net technology, the remote control technology of robot based on net becomes more and more popular in modern society. It employs the net resources in modern society which are already three to implement the operatio of robot over distance. It also creates many of new fields, such as remote experiment, remote surgery, and remote amusement. What's more, in industry, it can have a beneficial impact upon the conversion of manufacturing means.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements. The term "reprogrammable" implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term "multipurpose" means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Developed from actuating mechanism, industrial robot can imitation some actions and functions of human being, which can be used to moving all kinds of material components tools and so on, executing mission by execuatable program multifunction manipulator. It is extensive used in industry and agriculture production, astronavigation and military engineering.During the practical application of the industrial robot, the working efficiency and quality are important index of weighing the performance of the robot. It becomes key problems which need solving badly to raise the working efficiencies and reduce errors of industrial robot in operating actually. Time-optimal trajectory planning of robot is that optimize the path of robot according to performance guideline of minimum time of robot under all kinds of physical constraints, which can make the motion time of robot hand minimum between two points or along the special path. The purpose and practical meaning of this research lie enhance the work efficiency of robot.Due to its important role in theory and application, the motion planning of industrial robothas been given enough attention by researchers in the world. Many researchers have been investigated on the path planning for various objectives such as minimum time, minimum energy, and obstacle avoidance.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts,materials, tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions, presented in the following paragraphs that give a complete picture of a robotic system.Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work.At some of these locations, the robot will stop and perform some operation, such as assembly of parts, spray painting, or welding. These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot's memory and are recalled later for continuous operation Furthermore, these preprogrammed locations, as well as other programming feature, an industrial robot is very much like a computer, where data can be stored and later recalled and edited.The manipulator is the arm of the robot. It allows the robot to bend ,reach, and twist. This movement is provided by the manipulator's axes, also called the degrees of freedom of the robot.A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes. The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot .The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself rather, they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot's arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot's arm allow the robot to lift parts, spot-weld, paint, arc-well, drill, deburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot.The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot. The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task.Included within this cell may be the controller, the robot manipulator, a work table,safety features, or a conveyor. All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell. In addition, signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts, pick up parts, or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator, the controller,and the power source.ManipulatorThe manipulator, which dose the physical work of the robotic system, consists of two sections: the mechanical section and the attached appendage. The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area.Sometimes, though, the base may be movable. In this case, the base is attached to either a rail or a track, allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously, the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight, movable arm or a jointed arm The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes ofmotion. These axes are attached to a fixed base, which in turn, is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location.At the end of the amt, a wrist is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.The manipulator's axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. This area is called the work cell of the robot, and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator. As the robot's physical size increases, the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive system. The actuator, or drive system, allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic power. The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems.The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages. These linkages, in turn, drive the different axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains, gears, and ball screws.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall controls peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator's movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendant. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data for the robotic system. It can store several different programs, and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed, the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the machine. Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system. The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are~complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. This is, they are microprocessor-operate. These microprocessors are either 8-bit,16-bit, or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to the very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system. The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot's wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) system .As the basic definition stated, the robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator. Therefore, the controller must contain some type of memory storage. The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices. These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles, random-access memory, floppy disks, or magnetic tape. Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing. Power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example, if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives, control signals are sent to these devices, causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system, power is required to operate the manipulator. This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source, a pneumatic power source, or an electric power source. These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell. Classification of RobotsIndustrial robots vary widely in size, shape, number of axes, degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot's working envelope or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as blew.Fixed and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servo-controlled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The in telling an robot is capable of performing some of the functions andtasks carried out by human beings. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of production tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing,robots use to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perform drilling operations on raw material Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of work pieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed reliably and repeatedly with robots, thereby in roving quality and reducing scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concerns.Hydraulic SystemThere are only three basic methods of transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Most applications actually use a combination of the three methods to obtain the most efficient overall system To properly determine which principle method to use, it is important to know the salient features of each type. For example, fluid systems can transmit power more economically over greater distances than can mechanical type. However, fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances than are electrical systems.Hydraulic power transmission systems are concerned with the generation, modulation, and control of pressure and flow, and in general such systems include:1. Pumps which convert available power from the prime mover to hydraulic power at the actuator.2. Valves which control the direction of pump-flow, the level of power produced, and the amount of fluid-flow to the actuators. The power level is determined妙controlling both the flow and pressure level.3. Actuators which convert hydraulic power to usable mechanical power output at the point required.4. The medium, which is a liquid, provides rigid transmission and control as well as lubrication of components, sealing in valves, and cooling of the system.5. Connectors which link the various system components, provide power conductors for the fluid under pressure, and fluid return to tank(reservoir).6. Fluid storage and conditioning equipment which ensure sufficient quality and quantity as well as cooling of the fluid.Hydraulic systems are used in industrial applications such as stamping presses, steel mills, and general manufacturing, agricultural machines, mining industry, aviation, space technology,deep-sea exploration, transportation, marine technology, and offshore gas and petroleum exploration. In short very few people get through a day of their lives without somehow benefiting from the technology of hydraulics.The secret of hydraulic system's success and widespread use is its versatility and manageability. Fluid power is not hindered妙the geometry of the machine as is the case in mechanical systems. Also, power can be transmitted in almost limitless quantities because fluid systems are not so limited by the physical limitations of materials as are the electrical systems. For example, the performance of an electromagnet is limited by the saturation limit of steel. On the other hand, the power limit of fluid systems is limited only by the strength capacity of the material.Industry is going to depend more and more on automation in order to increase productivity. This includes remote and direct control of production operations, manufacturing processes, and materials handling. Fluid power is the muscle of automation because of advantages in the following four major categories.1. Ease and accuracy of control. By the use of simple levers and push buttons, the operator of a fluid power system can readily start, stop, speed up or slow down, and position forces which provide any desired horsepower with tolerances as precise as one ten-thousandth of an inch. Fig shows a fluid power system which allows an aircraft pilot to raise and lower his landing gear. When the pilot moves a small control valve in one direction, oil under pressure flows to one end of the cylinder to lower the landing gear. To retract the landing gear, the pilot moves the valve lever in the opposite direction, allowing oil to flow into the other end of the cylinder.2. Multtiplication of force. A fluid power system (without using cumbersome gears, pulleys, and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from a fraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output3. Constant force or torque. Only fluid power systems are capable of providing constant force or torque regardless of speed changes. This is accomplished whether the work output moves a few inches per hour, several hundred inches perminute, a few revolutions per hour, or thousands of revolutions perminute.4. Simplicity, safety, economy. In general, fluid power systems use fewer moving parts than comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus, they are simpler to maintain and operate. This, in turn, maximizes safety, compactness, and reliability. For example, a new power steering control designed has made all other kinds of power systems obsolete on many off-highway vehicles. The steering unit consists of a manually operated directional control valve and meter in a single body. Because the steering unit is fully fluid-linked, mechanical linkages, universal joints, bearings, reduction gears, etc. are eliminated. This provides a simple, compact system. In applications. This is important where limitations of control space require a small steering wheel and it becomes necessary to reduce operator fatigue.Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly reversible motion, automatic protection against overloads, and infinitely variable speed control. Fluid power systems also have the highest horsepower per weight ratio of any known power source. In spite or all these highly desirabres features of fluid power, it is not a panacea for all power transmission problems. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Hydraulic oils are messy, and leakage is impossible to completely eliminate. Also, most hydraulic oils can cause fires if an oil leak occurs in an area of hot equipment.Pneumatic SystemPneumatic system use pressurized gases to transmit and power. As the name implies, pneumatic systems typically use air (rather than some other gas) as the fluid medium because air is a safe, low-cost, and readily available fluid. It is particularly safe in environments where an electrical spark could ignite leaks from system components.In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the necessary quantities of air. Compressor are typically of the piston, vane or screw type. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume as described by the perfect gas laws. Pneumatic systems normally use a large centralized air compressor which is considered to be an infinite air merely plug into an electrical outlet for electricity. In this way, pressurized air can be piped from one source to various locations throughout an entire industrial plant. The compressed air is piped to each circuit through an air filter to remove contaminants which might harm the closely fitting parts of pneumatic components such as valve and cylinders. The air then flows through a pressure regulator which reduces the pressure to the desired level for the particular circuit application. Because air is not a good lubricant (contains about 20% oxygen), pneumatics systems required a lubricator to inject a very fine mist of oil into the air discharging from the pressure regulator. This prevents wear of the closely fitting moving parts of pneumatic components.Free air from the atmosphere contains varying amounts of moisture. This moisture can be harmful in that it can wash away lubricants and thus cause excessive wear and corrosion. Hence, in some applications, air driers are needed to remove this undesirable moisture. Since pneumatic systems exhaust directly into the atmosphere , they are capable of generating excessive noise. Therefore, mufflers are mounted on exhaust ports of air valves and actuators to reduce noise and prevent operating personnel from possible injury resulting not only from exposure to noise but also from high-speed airborne particles.There are several reasons for considering the use of pneumatic systems instead of hydraulic systems. Liquids exhibit greater inertia than do gases. Therefore, in hydraulic systems the weight of oil is a potential problem when accelerating and decelerating and decelerating actuators and when suddenly opening and closing valves. Due to Newton's law of motion ( force equals mass multiplied by acceleration ), the force required to accelerate oil is many times greater than that required to accelerate an equal volume of air. Liquids also exhibit greater viscosity than do gases.This results in larger frictional pressure and power losses. Also, since hydraulic systems use a fluid foreign to the atmosphere , they require special reservoirs and no-leak system designs. Pneumatic systems use air which is exhausted directly back into the surrounding environment. Generally speaking, pneumatic systems are less expensive than hydraulic systems.However, because of the compressibility of air, it is impossible to obtain precise controlled actuator velocities with pneumatic systems. Also, precise positioning control is not obtainable. While pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design imitations ( less than 250 psi ), hydraulic pressures can be as high as 10,000 psi. Thus, hydraulics can be high-power systems, whereas pneumatics are confined to low-power applications. Industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace. Typical examples include stamping, drilling, hoist, punching, clamping, assembling, riveting, materials handling, and logic controlling operations.工业机器人机器人自问世以来到现在,经过了40多年的发展,已被广泛应用于各个工业领域,己成为工业现代化的重要标志。
GF Machining SolutionsSystem 3R Toolingfor parts productionFitting the machines with the same reference system means that electrodes and workpieces can be moved between the machines without subsequent alignment and checking– One Minute Set-up.A reference system minimises setup timesEvery minute that can be converted from internal to externalsetting time increases the spindle time of the machine and withit the productivity of the business.Hourly invoicingSpindle time / week (hours)Revenue / week (€)Capital cost of machine (€)Faster payback,Conventional setting-up Pallet systemWorking time per day88Setting-up time per day (hours)-4-0.5Spindle time per day=4=7.5Working days per weekSpindle time per weekHigher productivitysized surfaces to ensure the6.35m m6.35 m mExample Micro Milling:WITHLess tool wearPowerTimeCutting forces -25%Tool life +30%.Conventional clampingVDPSpindle Speed (rpm)9 mm was the maximum allowed dept of cut for the cutting toolWithout VDPWith VDPA x i a l D e p t h o f C u t (m m )3R-600.1-303R-600.223R-600.203R-610.21-S3R-600.24-V3R-600.24-S3R-600.14-303R-600.1-30V3R-602.81DrawbarPallet/holderWorkpieceTable chuckindustry, you need to study every aspect of efficiency. It's spindle-hours from each machine, every day of the week. And here, the importance of a high-class reference system can never be over-estimated. A reference system which Macro is such a reference system. A system that minimises the throughput time, and which, thanks to its accuracy, Among users world wide, the Macro system is a byword for precision. And with good reason, since very single Macro But precision can be graded too. The Macro products are therefore “classified” in terms of accuracy, material and life – but always with full compatibility – as Standard, High Performance and Nano. Even so, it's worth remembering that the accuracy of a system is determined by the productRecommended tightening torque, manual chuck – 6 Nm✓3R-600.10-303R-651.7E-P & 3R-658.1E✓3R-651.7E-P& 3R-658.1E Weight 1.8 kg.3R-610.21-S✓3R-628.28-S3R-651.7E-XS3R-651.7E-P3R-651E-P 3R-651.70-P3R-601.7E-P3R-601.1E-P3R-651.70-XS3R-601.116-75PA3R-601.523R-651.75E-P 3R-628.28-S3R-A264883R-651.7E-XS3R-601.523R-A264883R-600.24-V✓✓Sealing ring, High, 3R-612.116-ASuitable for some Macro chucks with Sealing ring, Low, 3R-612.116-SSuitable for some Macro chucks with *For more info please ask System 3R.PT = Process Tooling3R-628.28-S 3R-A264883R-651.7E-XS3R-605.1E• Ø20x57.1 mm with flushing holes Ø7 mm• Supplied in sets of 10 pcs. 3R-605.1EE• Supplied in sets of 40 pcs.3R-605.2E• Ø20x36.9 mm with Ø7 mm flushing hole• Supplied in sets of 5 pcs. 3R-605.2EE• Supplied in sets of 20 pcs.DrawbarsOperating temp. +10 to +40° C3R-901-20Ewld hd vreferencing of workpieces and tools- a real challenge even with state of the art solutions available in the market. This becomes even more challenging when the references need precise and quick! The MacroNano clamping system links the production chain through an ultra-precision coupling DrawbarPallet/holderWorkpieceTable chuck3R-651.7E-N3R-651.75E-N3R-651E-N3R-601.1E-N3R-606-N3R-606.1-N3R-605.13R-600.10-3N3R-610.46-3N3R-600.84-3N3R-600.86-3N3R-601.1EMacroMagnum is larger variant of the patented Macrosystem. The high clamping force and the position of thereference surfaces far away from the chuck centre meanthat MacroMagnum can provide “Macro class” stability andaccuracy, even in applications with high machining forces.The double references of the chucks mean that in additionto the MacroMagnum pallets, the extensive range of MacroThe difference between a pallet and a referenceUsually the electrode blank is mounted directly on thepallet, which then carries the blank throughout themanufacturing process – from machine to machine,The reference elements are primarily intended to bemounted on the fixtures or vices in which the workpiecewill be clamped. The reference elements are significantlythinner in order to limit the total construction height.Required air pressure, pneumatic chuck – 6±1 barmanual chuck – MacroMagnum-pallet 10 Nm.DrawbarPallet/referenceelementWorkpieceTable chuck3R-680.19-23R-680.24-S 3R-680.1-23R-680.1-23R-680.24-S3R-680.24-V 3R-680.10-23R-680.24-S 3R-680.19-23R-680.1-2V 3R-680.10-33R-680.10-2A 90809.0390419.XX✓753R-682.600-A90356.20909643R-682.600-RS 3R-681.513R-680.19-2Drawbar3R-681.156-A904213R-681.513R-680.19-2✓Operating temp. +10 to +40° C38Ø6020Ø13535✓Measures to reduce the downtime of your machines matters is to keep the machines running. And that’s when you need an interface that gives fast setting-up.Setting-up in parallel away from the machine while it is working and then setting up in a matter of seconds properties of the Matrix system truly come into their drawbar with through hole. The through hole allows DrawbarPallet/holderChuckLowbuilt-in height.Spherical rolls .Pre-alignment studs.Inlets on side & underneath.Prepared for automatic Big through holeAllows high/long workpieces to be sunk into the chuck• Weight 2.7 kg.Ø1805020✓✓Drawbar, Matrix 142, 3R-695.2-142• Weight 7 kg.Three-jaw chuck mounted on a pallet.25 2Ø29852545.5Ø189p i c t u r m i s s imechanism.Releasing by airThe Z-references are airblast cleaned, throughnozzles in the Z-referncesHardened chuck body with prisms forX/Y centring made out of one piece formaximum stability. Indexing 4x90°.Sealing rings for completelysealed chuck-pallet interfaceagainst dirt and swarf.GPS 120 ring withreferences.GPS 70 ring withreferences.C 695 050 C 846 900 C 846 260C 188 300C 198 700C 188 730C 188 720✓✓C 695 140 C 695 050C 695 365 C 695 370 C 846 900C 695 270 C 846 260C 188 320C 188 770C 188 710C 530 310C 695 150C 190 120Pallet with coined cams Pallet with springy hardened cams✓✓Pallet with coined cams Pallet with springy hardened cams140100100160M8E FAD ✓Flange for GPS 120 chuck, C 190 125With airdock 4-fold. Fits on GPS 120 chuck C 190 120.Stainless steel, heat pre-treated Dimensions Ø160 x 20 mm Mounting 6x M8 onnections:A = releasing/clampingB = Air-blast cleaning of Z-referencesC = drain/pallet room ventingD = piston room venting E-G = medium connection.Pallet with coined camsWorkpiece Pallet/holderC 694 450 C 697 100C 694 650C 694 640 C 694 810C 694 610 C 846 600C 219 000 C 219 100 C 217 100C 219 200 C 219 800C 210 060The Z-references are air-blast cleaned, throughnozzels in the Z-references Clamping mechanism with spring clamping force by springs and clamping with balls aluminium pallets.Pallet with handles for manual pallet handling or automated pallet change by robot.✓✓WorkpiecePallet/holderTable chuck3R-770-190356.1090576.053R-770-590718.043R-770.6-13R-770.19-1D-20167D-2013090356.2290356.2190356.203R-771.23R-771.2-HCP3R-772.23R-CH771.35Delphin BIG3R-901-20EAutomation Catalogues+ WorkPal 1+ WorkPartner 1++ Fanuc, six-axis robot+ WSM – WorkShopManagerWorkPal 1– modest demands, major benefitsFor your own copy please contactWorking areaNo. of T slots _____________________________Make of machine _________________________Hardened/unhardened ________________________________________________Index3R-SSP059 (22)3R-SP15055 (15)3R-SP24460 (16)3R-SP26771 (16)3R-SP26771-RS (16)3R-SP26712 (34)3R-SP28219 (43)3R-SP28219-RS (43)3R-SP28268 (45)3R-SP28340 (47)3R-SP28340-RS (47)3R-SP28345 (49)3R-SP28395 (41)3R-SP29998 (46)3R-SP30752 (44)3R-SP30997 (44)3R-SP31380-RS (41)3R-SP7359 (16)3R-SP7359-RS (16)3R-SSP115-BASE ......22, 39, 77 3R-SSP115-Macro ..........22, 39 3R-SSP115-DYN.. (77)3R-TXXXX ........................24, 80 90027 . (24)90027.03 (38)90356.10 (73)90356.20 ..........................35, 75 90356.21 .. (75)90356.22 ..........................17, 75 90412.1X .. (16)90412.2X (16)90421 (38)90576.05 (73)90716.09 (13)90718.04 (73)90793 ...............................17, 35 90809.03 .. (34)90815 ..........................25, 39, 81 90842 . (12)90842.01 (23)90964 (35)C 188 300 (53)C 188 320 (56)C 188 710 (56)C 188 720 ...............................53C 188 730 . (53)C 188 770 (56)C 198 700 (53)C 190 120 (58)C 190 125 (58)C 210 060 (65)C 217 100 (65)C 219 000 (64)C 219 007 (70)C 219 100 (64)C 219 200 (64)C 219 650 (65)C 219 800 (64)C 522 520 (69)C 522 530 (69)C 522 540 (69)C 522 550 (69)C 522 800 (68)C 522 810 (68)C 522 820 (68)C 522 830 (68)C 522 850 (68)C 522 860 (68)C 522 870 (68)C 522 880 (68)C 530 210 (53)C 530 310 (56)C 531 000 (60)C 531 210 (70)C 531 250 (70)C 531 500 (70)C 694 100 (66)C 694 260 (67)C 694 270 (67)C 694 300 (66)C 694 400 (66)C 694 610 (66)C 694 640 (66)C 694 650 (67)C 694 810 (66)C 695 040 (54)C 695 050 (54)C 695 140 (57)C 695 150 (58)C 695 176 (60)C 695 265 (54)C 695 270 (54)C 695 295 (54)C 695 365 (57)C 695 370 (57)C 695 395 (57)C 697 100 (67)C 810 650 (71)C 810 710 (69)C 810 820 (69)C 810 830 (69)C 810 880-XX (71)C 810 960 (71)C 846 260 (59)C 846 360 (59)C 846 900 (59)C 846 600 (67)C 960 500 (60)C 960 740 .........................60, 71D-20130 (73)D-20167 (74)K-40338.1 (17)K-40338.2 (17)K-40338.3 (17)K-40338.4 (17)K-40338.5 (17)K-40339.1 (17)S 220 000 (70)S 220 400 (70)S 230 100 (59)S 230 150 (59)S 230 510 (59)S 500 090 (66)S 500 010 (54)S 500 011 (54)S 500 021 (57)S 500 100 (66)S 500 160 (66)S 500 170 (66)S 660 000 (59)GF Machining SolutionsT -2481-E (G F M S ) 18.10M a c h i n i n g S o l u t i o n s , S y s t e m 3R I n t e r n a t i o n a l A B , 2018 c t t o m o d i f i c a t i o n s .System 3R’s Customer Services is uniquely positioned to help you maximize the availability, value, precision and productivity of your System 3R equipment. Our cost-effective, customer-centric and expertservices put your success at the center, ramp up your productivity and ensure predictable, uninterrupted uptime. System 3R’s service engineers are yourexpert partners for a wide range of success-triggering services.For more info ask your local System 3R dealer.For contact details, please refer to: www.system3r .com.+ Ensuring productivity.+ Reducing running costs and wasted parts.+ Maximizing the return on your System 3R investments.+ Extending the product lifetime of your System 3R equipment while maintaining optimum precision.+ Ensuring robot cell safety satisfies present machine directives.Optimize the uptime of your equipment with our Customer ServicesC o m b i ,D e l p h i n , D y n a f i x , L o c x , L X , M a c r o , M a t r i x , O n e M i n u t e S e t -U p , O n e S y s t e m P a r t n e r , R 2R , S y s t e m 3R , V D P , W o r k M a s t e r , W o r k P a l , W o r k P a r t n e r , W o r k S h o p M a n a g e r , 3H P , 3R , 3R e a d y -T o -R u n a n d 3R e f i x a r e r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k s o f S y s t e m 3R .。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-全国医学统考考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题As a nurse, Dorothy is a natural healer who is endowed with compassion and has a variety of modalities to benefit her patients of all ages.问题1选项A.braveryB.expertiseC.proficiencyD.sympathy【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. bravery 勇敢B. expertise 专门知识;专门技术C. proficiency 精通;熟练D. sympathy 同情;慰问【答案】D【考查点】名词辨析。
【解题思路】由本句句意可知作为一名护士,所应该有的是同情心以及专业的知识,而从前半句中的“natural healer(天生的治疗师)”可知天生所拥有的是同情心,所以D选项“同情,慰问”符合题意。
划线单词compassion“同情”。
【干扰项排除】A选项bravery勇敢,与护士治疗病人无关,不符合句意;B选项expertise专门知识;专门技术,因为说的是天生的治疗师,因此应该是天生所具有的品格,专门知识是后天所拥有的;C选项proficiency精通;熟练,这也是后天才具备的,不符合句意。
【句意】作为一名护士,多萝西是一个天生的治疗师,她被赋予了同情心,有各种各样的方式来帮助她的所有年龄的病人。
2.单选题Many problems that we face, such as depression, compulsive and addictive behaviors, and anxiety, result from human inherent desire to seek pleasure.问题1选项A.consecutiveB.excessiveC.obsessiveD.possessive【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. consecutive 连贯的;连续不断的B. excessive 过多的C. obsessive 强迫性的;着迷的D. possessive 占有的;所有的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。
An expert system of machining operation planning inInternet environmentT.Kojima *,H.Sekiguchi,H.Kobayashi,S.Nakahara,S.OhtaniMechanical Engineering Laboratory,Agency of Industrial Science and Technology,Ministry of Internal Trade and Industry,Namiki 1-2,Tsukuba,Ibaraki 305-8564,JapanAbstractA framework for machining operation planning systems is discussed,in which machining know-how,extracted and organized from electronic tool catalogs and machining instance databases available in the Internet environment plays a principal role.A system concept based on the use of reference machining instance data is proposed,which is derived from the investigation of tool catalogs,related international standards,reference textbooks,and handbooks.The format is used partly during user input and database inquiry to extract required data effectively from the databases.In developing system organization,WWW technology,including XML markup language and the Java programming language,is utilized.A prototype system to advise the engineer of cutting conditions including trouble shooting for side end milling is developed to demonstrate the concept.For a feasibility test,sample databases of tool catalogs and the machining instance data of heat resistant super alloys are implemented and used.From the case studies,the concept and the implementation method are evaluated,and found to be practical and effective at the time the information infrastructure is established.#2000Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Know-how;Machining;Cutting condition;Operation planning;Expert system;WWW1.IntroductionMachining operations are still highly dependent on deci-sions made by skilled engineers,especially in practical situations.This is partly due to the shortage of precise process design tools and theoretical and/or experimental researches [1±3].In addition,it is dif®cult for the engineer to use such tools due to the time constraints.Another approach is to solve the problem by introducing expert system tech-nology which extracts and uses the engineer's knowledge directly [4,5].The engineer's knowledge is the so-called machining know-how ,and can be de®ned as an overall judgement closely connected to the individual skilled engi-neer,and is only applicable in limited and implicitly de®ned situations.As the machining work is highly dependent on work materials,required speci®cations and conditions of the machine tool,assigned costs,and other user environments,the system cannot be used effectively without constant customization.Recently,integration of the above two approaches have been attempted [6].In this paper,another expert system based approach is described,which introducesa data oriented method for the work discussed above.The machining operation planning de®ned in this paper is the sub-process effected immediately before machining opera-tion starts.It consists of tool selection,determination of machining conditions (cutting speed,feed speed,etc.),and evaluation.Here,side cutting of end milling is used as a case study.2.Basic conceptWhen we plan to systematize know-how we will ®rst model the target process according to causality.This is to get a set of representations which can be processed by computer and understood by the engineer.Typical representation schemes are the following: structured data set;production rule (including functions,procedures and meta-rules).Machining know-how is based on the experiences of numerous machining instance data,and is dependent on the individual engineer.This know-how re¯ects all the factors to be considered.It is thus applicable only when conditions are similar to the instance.The expertsystemsJournal of Materials Processing Technology 107(2000)160±166*Corresponding author.Tel.: 81-298-58-7051;fax: 81-298-58-7091.E-mail address :kojima@mel.go.jp (T.Kojima).0924-0136/00/$±see front matter #2000Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.PII:S 0924-0136(00)00700-7developed up to now mainly have tried to represent the know-how directly.Their main objectives are to produce advice and/or solutions for the cutting conditions.This means that their applicability is limited in the sense that the system user must closely follow a methodology similar to the represented know-how,and that the user cannot maintain or tune the system directly.The represented know-how is mainly a set of rules,not data.Therefore, the tendency is to represent things like textbook knowledge abstractly.In this paper,the main component of the expert system is machining instance data as it exists.There are several data sources available for this purpose.For the machining opera-tion,cutting tool catalogs are examples.We investigated four of the catalogs and found that the data structure for representing technical information can be standardized. Other catalogs such as those for machine tools,tool holders, and®xtures,as well as cutting¯uids and work materials,are also available data sources related to the machining opera-tion.International and domestic industrial standards for cutting tools are primary and useful sources for classifying meaningful data[7,8].As for machining conditions,machining instance data and their equivalents are available.Most cutting tool catalogs include recommended cutting conditions for each available tool based on repeated test machining.A machining data handbook[9]is to be used in the same context and several machining instance data sheets(bound as a book style)[10±12]are also available.These are all currently in print. Provided that the format of these instance data is properly de®ned,such data can be made available in a searchable form on the Internet.The conclusion is the hypothesis that a suf®cient amount of machining operation data can be collected from the information sources discussed above.Machining know-how can thus be de®ned as an information base extracted from this type of data,especially with regards to instance data describing conditions which lead to success or failure. This is the basic concept behind the method proposed in the paper.The expert system is thus data driven,and the role of the rules is to ameliorate the extraction and evaluation of data.rmation infrastructureThe proposed system framework is based on the WWW (World Wide Web)augmented by Java technology.The expert system is a user application at the WWW server site, part of which is sent to the user's browser site and serves the user in close cooperation with the server.Catalogs and instance data are assumed to be accessible through the Internet using the standardized interface.For example,the ISO13584(Parts Library)is used to serve data in the form of an electronic catalog with its meaning de®ned in BSU(basic semantic units)[13].The ISO10303series so-called STEP standards can provide similar functions.Search engines for the server can identify the catalog database and provide the required data to the user.The machining instance data are also stored in the databases at various sites.At present,only a few databases exist and serve the user through the web.But there are some efforts to make public this type of data on the Internet.We can assume that the information infrastructure will be realized in the near future.The expected advantages are the following:1.A large quantity of data on the Internet can be collected.2.Up-to-date data can be used at all times.3.System functionality can be shared between the server site and the user's browser site to work effectively as a whole.4.System organizationIn this section,a system architecture for the expert system for machining operation planning is proposed based on the environment discussed above.The main objectives of the system are for machining operation planning such as tool selection,cutting speed and feed speed,covering the trouble shooting as well as obtaining the recommended conditions for end mill machining.Fig.1shows major components of the system with their functions and software tools.The system consists of®ve components.These are problem de®nition,problem inter-pretation,collection of related data,computation,and solu-tion arrangement and/or presentation.We will discuss them one by one along with the prototype system.4.1.Problem de®nition and interpretationA user accesses the system through a web browser and starts the service.The system sends an applet program to the user and prompts him to input data according to a prescribed format.Fig.2shows an example screen.The items to be input are subset of the machining instance data discussed later.The user should input his required speci®cations only.User input data are sent to the server.The communication protocol between the user and the server is http(hypertext transfer protocol).Then,translating the input,the server gets the keywords from the user input and relays them to the search engine.rmation collectionThe web sites to be identi®ed are the catalogs of tool manufactures and machining data instance databases.The tool catalog data is arranged in terms of product codes they provide and their expected use.In other words,the data needed to determine proper tool and/or proper machining conditions for the given problem should be converted fromT.Kojima et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology107(2000)160±166161the form used by the vendor into that suitable for the user.Other user conditions such as total cost and characteristics of the machine tool should also be considered.If tool and/or work material is speci®ed by item codes for example,these codes are converted to more general category name such as cemented carbide and heat resisting steel,respectively.In the system,all the data needed are assumed to be obtained in terms of XML (extensible markup language)data.In the future,the mechanism can be supplied by electronic catalog vendors using ISO13584[14].The machining instance database is also searched and the related data are obtained in the same manner.The data are formatted as shown in Table 1.This format re¯ects the user's view for the machining operation planning.Major data items input by the user are shaded in the table.The usercan check the identi®ed instance data interactively as shown in Fig.3.rmation extractionThe collected data represented in XML is then examined for keywords in order to determine whether or not it willbeFig.1.Systemarchitecture.Fig.2.Problem de®nition on thescreen.Fig.3.Machining instance data on the screen.162T.Kojima et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 107(2000)160±166T.Kojima et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology107(2000)160±166163 Table1Reference machining instance data formatItem of data Remarks ExampleInstancre name String Carbon_steel-1 Work material data Material group Group Carbon_steelMaterial sub-group Sub-group h_carbon_steelMaterial code JIS material code S55CCatalog code StringHeat treatment AnnealingHardness code HRA/HRC/HB HBHardness value Real183HRC hardness value Real9Tensile strength kg/mm2Shape String50,50,200Tool data Tool material Cemented_carbideTool shape Square/ball SquareTool maker String Hitachi toolsCatalog code String PERS4100Tool type SolidTool diameter mm10Number of tooth1/2/4/6/84Length of cut Short/regular/long RegularHelix angle Degree30Tool holder Collet_chuck Machine tool data Machine tool maker String Osaka KikoProduct code String MHA-400NCVInstalled year1988Main power kW7.5Spindle speed Min60Spindle speed Max3000Feed speed Max6000Rigidity High/average/low±Accuracy High/average/low±Machining condition data Machining process Side/groove/surface Side millingMachining level Normal/fine/rough NormalCutting speed V m DN30Spindle speed N(rpm)955Feed per tooth f z(mm/tooth)0.012Feed speed F(mm/min)69Width of cut R d(mm)1Depth of cut A d(mm)10Cutting fluid Solution/dry DryCutting mode Down/up DownTool life Wear/accuracy/surface roughness WearTool wear value0.3Machining result Tool life time Min33Cutting length m11Flank wear mm(peripheral)0.37Roughness value mCutting edge Image data±Cutting surface Image data±Wear page Image data±Roughness page Image data±Cutting animation Dynamic image dataEvaluation Success/failure FailureComment String(remarks)Reference String(reference documents)Machining data1998-07-28Machined by H.Sekiguchiused for further computation and inference.This is done by an XML parser.The XML data are de®ned by DTD (docu-ment type de®nition)as shown in Fig.4.DTD itself is stored on a server site and is referred to when requested.The key attributes are identi®ed by the parser program and the values are compared one by one according to the similarity de®ned beforehand.For example,work material can be classi®ed into heat resistant superalloy,heat resisting steel,etc.,and the heat resistant superalloy is further classi®ed into Ni based,Co based,etc.In the catalogs of the cutting toolmaker,recommended cutting conditions are speci®ed by work material group names,not by material product codes.This type of information will be used to de®ne the similarity.Other physical properties such as hardness are used for the same purpose.These data can be enhanced by access to the material database existing independent of machining.From the process,a limited number of data are selected,enhanced,and represented using a uni®ed reference data template.This will be a common standard data format.Finally,the selected enhanced data are used as initial data for the expert rmation collection and data extraction are done at the server site and implemented as servlet programs.putation and inferenceNext,expert system Jess [15,16]processes the obtained data to get the solution.Jess is a forward chainingproduction system implemented in the Java programming language.Rules are written in CLIPS/Jess language,which can easily call and be called by Java programs.At present only a small set of rules is implemented which are the following:Computation of the difference between input data and the identified data.Evaluation of user input and change of state.The rules are stored on the server site and loaded as required.The working memory is initialized using the extracted data.The main feature of the system is that it is generated in a tailor made fashion and is problem speci®c.The system is sent to the user site as an applet program.4.5.Output and registration of user dataSolution and/or advice to the user is provided by Jess.Finally,the user may start machining and evaluating the results.These machining results provide new data to be registered in the machining instance database at the user site in the DTD format de®ned.It is proposed that by increasing machining instance data the system has the possibility to extend its functionality.Rules de®ned speci-®cally for the user can be stored and used locally,but con¯icts and/or contradictions in the rules should be care-fullyavoided.rmation collection/extraction using XML.164T.Kojima et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 107(2000)160±1665.ExampleHere we describe how the prototype system works using an example.The user's problem is as follows:Evaluate side end milling of Inconel 718usingUpon accepting this user input,the system found 188catalog data satisfying the conditionsofIn the same manner,38machining instance data were found.Again,these two types of data are stored for our experiment.These are the collected set of data [17±22].Then the system chooses the data closest to that input by the user.In this example,20of the 188catalog data from two tool manufacturers,and two of the 38machining instance data are chosen under the conditionofThese are organized and stored as an initial state of the working memory.The representation form in CLIPS/JessisThe user input is also represented in a uni®ed reference data formatasExample ruleisThe output result on the browser is shown in Fig.5.The resulting advice from the system is ``the tool wear is improved''.6.DiscussionWe will discuss some remarks regarding our experiments.A framework is proposed for an expert system for machining operation planning for side end milling.From the catalogs,textbooks,handbooks,and other printed mate-rials,we can conclude that there exists enough data at least in a printed form suitable for extracting machining know-how.This indicates the feasibility of practical use of the method.The conventional expert system,especially its knowledge base,is built and updated/maintained by a system program-mer (knowledge engineer)through interview with skilled engineers.This means that it is dif®cult for the user to change the system functionality.The system introduced in the paper is fundamentally based on reference data format,and the user can modify and/or update this data easily.In other words,the system is data oriented and data can be added during operation.Construction of the entire system at each user site may be developed.In the system we have developed,information collection and data extraction should be maintainedsepa-Fig.5.Output from the Jess system.T.Kojima et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 107(2000)160±166165rately.The system at the server site plays an important role in the total cost of the system.The system serves as an agent providing high quality to the user at a low expected cost.At present,a prototype system has been developed and its evaluation has begun.Further work will include experiments for various work materials using one type of tools and one speci®c machine tool,as some conditions can be selectively ®xed.The machining operation knowledge derived from text-books and other literature is expected to be represented as a rule set in the production system.As of this time,there exists no available database useful for our proposed method.However,by constructing a sam-ple tool database for our experiment from the catalogs of commercially available tools and a small machining instance database at the laboratory,we managed to con®rm the feasibility of the method once such databases become commercially available[23].7.ConclusionA framework for machining operation planning systems is proposed and its software architecture is outlined.In this system,machining know-how is mainly treated by extraction from electronic tool catalog data and instance data available on the Internet.A prototype expert system has been implemented and tested using an advice inquiry for side end milling of heat resistant superalloys.From these experiments,the main features of the method are summarized as follows:1.The standard reference data format for machining instances allows simple and ef®cient development and maintenance of the system.2.The system using the WWW technology including XML and other Java based technology can be constantly maintained by addition and/or modi®cation of machi-ning instance databases on the Internet.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to express their thanks to Mr.K. Karino of Mitsubishi Material Corporation and Mr.N.Sawai of Mechanical Engineering Laboratory for their valuable advice for the machining work.We also thank to Dr.E.J. Friedman-Hill for his work on the Jess system.References[1]Y.C.Shin,A.J.Waters,Framework of a machining advisory systemwith application to face milling processes,J.Intell.Manuf.9(1998) 225±234.[2]Japan Society for Precision Engineering,Handbook of PrecisionMachining,Corona Publishers,1992(in Japanese).[3]K.Karino,Trouble shooting for cutting(The Inch Version),Mitsubishi Materials Co.,1998.[4]R.Singh,S.Raman,METEXÐan expert system for machiningplanning,Int.J.Prod.Res.30(7)(1992)1501±1516.[5]Y.Y.Chen,W.Thompson,A survey of expert systems in processplanning and machining operation planning,Transactions of Institu-tion of Engineering of Australian Mechanical Engineers16(4) (1991)271±278.[6]K.Maekawa,T.Nishii,Optimization of cutting conditions based onvirtual machining simulation,in:Proceedings of the Ninth Interna-tional Conference on Production Engineering,1998,pp.211±216.[7]Japanese Standards Association,JIS Handbook4,Tool,1998(inJapanese).[8]ISO8688-2,Tool life testing in millingÐPart2:End milling,1989.[9]Machinability Data Center,Machining Data Handbook,V ol.1,3rdEdition,1980.[10]Japan Society for the Promotion of Machine Industry:MachiningData File,1976(in Japanese).[11]Study on machining for heat resistant superalloy,AIST,MITI,JointResearch Report,Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute, 1995(in Japanese).[12]Handbook for Cutting Fluid and Cutting Technology,The Society ofCutting Fluid and Cutting Technology,1988(in Japanese). [13]M.Kawanobe,S.Matsushita,K.Ito,Implementation of ISO13584and Usage in Design,in:Proceedings of the Seventh Design and Systems Conference'97in JSMEs,No.97-69,Japan,1997,pp.341±344(in Japanese).[14]URL:/XML/.[15]M.Watson,Intelligent Java Applications for the Internet andIntranets,Morgan Kaufmann,Los Altos,CA,1997.[16]E.J.Friedman-Hill,Jess,the Java Expert System Shell(Copyright),the Sandia Corporation,1997./jess/. [17]URL:http://WWW2.mmc.co.jp/choko/indexj.html,Mitsubishi Ma-terials.[18]URL:http://WWW.hm.sei.co.jp/,Sumitomo Electric Industries.[19]Mitsubishi Materials,Mitsubishi Metal Cutting Carbide ToolsCatalog,1998.[20]Sumitomo Electric Industries,Sumitomo Cutting Tool Catalog,1998.[21]Toshiba Tungaloy,Toshiba Tungaloy Cutting Tool Catalog,1998.[22]Hitachi Tools Engineering,Hitachi Cutting tool Catalog,1998.[23]URL:http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/manufacturing/.166T.Kojima et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology107(2000)160±166。