爱医资源-儿科英文名解

儿科英文名解春－1Tuberculin test：A test based on the delayed type hypersensitivity. Intradermal injection of 0.1ml containing 5 tuberculin units of PPD and measure the induration 48~72 hours after administration. Positive result means previous infection with TB，previous vaccination with BCG or active tuberculosis. Negative result means not infected with TB orfalse-negative.Primary pulmonary tuberculosis:the major type of pulmonary tuberculosis developed in children during initial infection. Two clinical types: primary complex and hilar lymph node tuberculosis.Manifestation: irritative cough, nonproductive cough, wheezing and mild dyspnea. Its prognosis includes improve or dissolve (completely resolution, induration, calcification ),local progress and exacerbation.Primary complex: a clinical type of primary pulmonary tuberculosis with the character of initial focus, lymphangitis and lymphadenitis. Its prognosis includes improve or dissolve(completely resolution, induration, calcification ), local progress and exacerbation.Koplik spots: a pathognomonic sign of measles. Tend to occur over the buccal mucosa opposite the lower molars 1-2 days before eruption. Grayish white dots (as small as grains of sands) with slight reddish areola. It will disappear after eruption.Underweight: body weight be lower than normal mean weight-for-age minus two standard deviations, the same sex (moderate: mean -3SD< body weight <mean -2SD, severe: body weight < mean -3SD). This index indicate that the child has acute or chronic malnutrition.Stunting: height be lower than normal mean height-for-age minus two standard deviations, the same sex (moderate: mean -3SD< height <mean -2SD, severe: height < mean -3SD). This index indicate that the child has chronic malnutrition.Wasting: body weight be lower than normal mean weight-for-height minus two standard deviations, the same sex (moderate: mean -3SD< body weight <mean -2SD, severe: body weight < mean -3SD). This index indicate that the child has acute malnutrition.Premature(preterm infant): liveborn infant delivered before 37 wk from the first day of the last menstrual period.Postterm infant：those born after 42wk of gestation, calculated from the mother’s first day of last menstrual period, regardless of weight at birth.Term infant: liveborn infant delivered before 42 wk from the first day of the last menstrual period and after 37 wk from that day.Appropriate for gestational age, AGA: the newborn with the birth weight between the 10th and the 90th percentile of the birth weight of the newborns with the same gestational age.Small for gestational age, SGA: the newborn with the birth weight lower than the 10th percentile of the birth weight of the newborns with the same gestational age.large for gestational age, LGA: the newborn with the birth weight higher than the 90th percentile of the birth weight of the newborns with the same gestational age.High Risk Infant: An infant who should be under close observation by experienced doctors and nurses because of his severe disease or his high probability of severe disease which is caused by the health problem of his mother, the obstetric factors or the infant’s own problem.Apnea: A cessation of spontaneous respiration(>20sec) accompanied by heart rate <100bpm and cyanosis, resulting from the immaturity of the breath centre of the premature.Periodic breath: a cessation of respiration(<20sec) without bradycardia and cyanosis resulting from the immaturity of the breath centre of the premature.neutral temperature: the ambient temperature at which oxygen consumption and energy expenditure of the infant are at a minimum to maintain vital activities. For term infant with coating it is 24C.Physiological loss of body weight: the body weight of the infant declines to the lowest point 5-6 days after delivery resulting from the fluid loss after birth. The body weight of the infant will recover to the birth weight 7-10 days later.Meconium aspiration syndrome, MAS: the infant presents the symptoms of airway obstruction, lung inflammation and some general symptoms,resulting from the aspiration of the amniotic fluid stained by meconium, most frequently happen in term and postterm infant.Hyaline Membrane Disease, HMD( Respiratory Distress Syndrome, RDS): a disease resulting from the lack of pulmonary surfactant in infant shortly after delivery, with the manifestation of progressing dyspnea and respiratory failure, most frequently happen in preterm infant.HIE: hypoxic-ischemic damage of the brain resulting from perinatal asphyxia, primary cause of permanent damage to CNS (cerebral palsy, mental deficiency, death)Kernicterus: yellow diacoloration of specific areas of the brain by UCB, which produce toxic effects on brain tissue and neurologic syndrome.Physiological Jaundice: 1. Appear after 1st day .2. level of Bili.<13-15mg/dl (term<13, preterm<15) and Biliincrease<5mg/dl/day3. Unconjugated Bili. Mainly4. Disappear in 2 weeks (term) or in 3～4 weeks (preterm)5. No other symptomsPathological Jaundice:1. Appear within 24 hrs after birth2. level of Bili. >13-15mg/dl (term>13, preterm>15) or Bili increase＞5mg/dl/day3. Increased conjugated Bili. >2mg/dl4. Last longer , >2 weeks in term or >4 weeks in preterm5. Bili. Increase progressively or Jaundice reappear after disappearing just one of the above five can make the diagnosis of pathological jaundice.Severe diarrhea：diarrhea not only with severe gastrointestinal symptoms but also with dehydration, electrolyte-acid-base imbalance and systemic toxic symptom, most frequently caused by intra-intestinal infection.Diarrhea: increased total daily stool output with increased stool wat er content. For infants and children: stool output > 10g/kg/d or > 200g/dSecretory diarrhea: caused by a secretagogue such as E coli. enteroto xin, activating intracellular mediators of cAMP, cGMP and intracellular Ca2+ which stimulate active Cl- secretion from the crypt cells and inhibit the neutral coupled NaCl absorption. It tends to be watery and of large volume.Osmotic diarrhea is caused by the presence of nonabsorbed solute in t he GI tract. The solute may be one that is normally not well absorbed or one that is not well absorbed because of a disorder of the small bowel. This form of diarrhea is usually of lesser volume than a secretory diarrhea and stops with fasting.Hypotonic dehydration is usually due to a combination of sodium and w ater loss and water retention to compensate for the volume depletion, with a sodium concentration less than 130mmol/L.Isotonic dehydration(等张性脱水) is usually due to a combination of sodium and water loss with the normal proportion, the fluid lost is mainly composed of extracellular fluid, with a sodium concentration between 130mmol/L and 150mmol/LCommunity-acquired pneumonia,CAP: pneumonia occurs in a patient who is not hospitalized or occurs within first 48h of hospitalization.Hospital-acquired pneumonia,HAP: pneumonia occurs 48h after hospitalization.bronchiolitis: infection of the bronchiole, mainly occurs in children less than 2 years old, especially infants 2-6 months old. It is mainly caused by RSV and happen in cold seasons, usually with no fever or only mild to moderate fever. Characterized by irritative dry cough, expiratory dyspnea，wheezing rale and emphysema in X-ray.severe pneumonia: pneumonia with not only severe respiratory symptoms, but also systemic toxic symptoms and disturbance in other systems, such as brain edema, respiratory failure, heart failure, gastrointestinal bleeding and acidosis.Eisenmenger syndrome:：Those patients with left-to-right shunts (ASD.VSD.PDA) whose shunts have became partially or totally right-to-left as a result of the development of pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.differential cyanosis：cyanosis occurs in the lower but not the upper extremities(there could be mild cyanosis in the left arm), resulting from pulmonary hypertension and right-to-left shunt in PDA.Nephrotic syndrome:proteinuria: >50mg/kg/24hHypoalbuminemia: <30g/Lhyperlipidemia: cholesterol>5.72mmol/Ledemadiagnosis must have proteinuria and HypoalbuminemiaNephritic type NS:RBC>10/HP 3 times in 2 weeksPersistent and repeated hypertension: preschool children >120/80mmHg, school children >130/90mmHgRenal inadequacy excluding hypovolemiaPersistent hypocomplementemiaNephrotic syndrome with at least one of the above can be diagnosed as nephritic type NS.SIADH: in bacterial meningitis,when hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland is involved,ADH secretion abnormal, resulting in hyponatremia, hyposmolality and aggraving brain edema, conscious disturbance and convulsion.Extramedullary hematopoiesis: When hematopoietic demand increases af ter birth, especially in the infant period, the liver, spleen and lymph nodes come back to the status to produce blood cells, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and lymphadenectasis appears, and there are immature erythrocytes and granulocytes in circulating blood. It is the specific phenomena only appearing in infant and toddler. It will recover to normal when infection and anemia are cured.Physiological anemia: In infants 2-3 months after birth, the RBC decr ease to 3 x 10 12 /L and the Hb decrease to 110 g/L as a result of the decreased level of EPO, the increase of circulation volume and the physiological hemolysis. The process is self- limited. It usually has no clinical manifestations and will recover within 6 months.physiological hemolysis：Normal newborns have higher hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and A shortened survival of the fetal RBCs contributes to the development of physiologic anemia.。