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英译汉San Francisco“San Francisco， open your Golden Gate，” sang the girl in the theatre. She never1 finished her song. That date was 18th April，1906. The earth shook and the roof suddenly divided，buildings crashed2 to the ground and people rushed out into the streets. The dreadful earthquake destroyed the city that had grown up when men discovered gold in the deserts of California.3 But today the streets of San Francisco stretch over more than forty steep hills，rising like huge cliffs above the blue waters of the Pacific Ocean.The best way to see this splendid city，where Spanish people were the first to make their homes，is to take one of the old cable cars which run along the nine main avenues. Fares are cheap； they have not risen，I‟m told，for almost a hundred years.4You leave5 the palm trees in Union Square --- the heart of San Francisco --- and from the shop signs and the faces around you，you will notice that in the city live people from many nations --- Austrians，Italians，Chinese and others6 --- giving each part a special character. More Chinese live in China Town than in any other part of the world outside China.7 Here，with Chinese restaurants， Chinese post-boxes， and even odd telephone-boxes that look like pagodas，it is easy8 to feel you are in China itself.Fisherman‟s Wharf， a place all foreigners want to see，is at the end of the ride. You get out， pause perhaps to help the other travelers to swing the cable car on its turntable （a city custom），and then set out to find a table in one of9 the gay little restaurants beside the harbor. As you enjoy the fresh Pacific seafood you can admire the bright red paint of the Golden Gate Bridge in the harbor and watch the traffic crossing beneath the tall towers on its way to the pretty village of Tiberon .漫步旧金山“旧金山，敞开你的金门吧！”剧院里女歌手唱道，可惜她再也没能唱完1。
1．把下列汉语长句译成英文，注意句内逻辑关系的再现并运用核心句分析法。
1) 中国的科学技术落后，困难比较多，特别是人口太多，现在有十亿五千万，增加人民的收入很不容易，短期内要摆脱贫困落后状态很不容易。
（邓选）2) 保险人应保障被保险人由于货物遭受机器设备运输保险内所承保的风险造成工程中断或延误所引起的还本付息及固定成本的赔偿。
（核心句分析法）3）经人民法院调解结案或判决结案的案件，根据案情责任应由受援方承担的受理费和其他诉讼费用，受援人缴纳确有困难的，人民法院应当酌情减、免。
（核心句分析法）4）1978年，卫生部针对当时全国各地、市以上输血站只有30多个，不少地区没有输血机构，自1949年前一直延续下来卖血现象没有得到根本改造的情况，提出建立公民义务献血制度。
2．把下列文章翻译成中文, 注意其中长句的翻译。
China’s Uneasy BillionaireThe gods clearly smile on Shantou. This once poor district in southern China is the birthplace not just of Asia’s richest man, Li Ka-shing, a Hong Kong tycoon, but also more recently of one of mainland China’s richest men, Wong Kwong Yu, founder of Gome, an electrical-appliance retailer. According to a Chinese “rich list” compiled by Rupert Hoogewerf, a British Journalist, Mr. Wong is now worth $ 1.7 billion - enough to put him at the top of the list for two years running. This is still far short of Mr. Li’s $ 13 billion; but then Mr. Wong, at just 36, is younger and made his fortune in socialist China, not capitalist Hong Kong. Yet the remarkable nature of his achievement, like the wealth itself, has brought Mr. Wong scarce comfort. True, his office is presidential, complete with a stately desk and even a bedroom (he says he often works overnight). With his brother, he owns the skyscraper Eagle Plaza in north Beijing that houses it. He is driven around in a stretch Mercedes too, although only because friends advised it would be handy for meetings on the move. But Mr. Wong’s personal tastes are frugal. He and his wife and children still live in a commonplace apartment that costs a third of a luxury one. Shyly fiddling with his mobile and lighting another cigarette, he confesses that he cannot play golf, and cut short a holiday in Canada recently because he was bored. He works 13-hour days because “I wouldn’t know what else to do,” and to relax just watches television.Such self-denial and workaholism partly reflect the fact that he built his wealth slowly – like Li Ka-shing, who is know for his cheep shoes and plastic watches. At 16, he and his elder brother travelled north to Mongolia to flog cheap watches, before fetching up in Beijing and opening a clothing store – Gome. At 17, with urbanization, property development and incomes all on the upswing, he switched Gome into home appliances and consumer electronics, and in 1992 he split the business, keeping the stores while his brother, also on the rich list, kept the real estate.Mr. Wong, reflects, too, a sensitivity common to many of China’s young entrepreneurs who rise rapidly in private wealth. Several former members of Mr. Hoogewerf’s rich list have since been jailed or forced to flee abroad. Mr. Wong says that he is not under threat: “It is transparent where I made my money. ”but conspicuous consumption is still to be indulged in cautiously.However, the main reason for Mr. Wong to feel ill at ease is the business itself. At first sight, Gome is a formidable success. With 437 stores in 132 cities and revenues of 24 billion yuan ($3 billion) in 2004, it is the clear market leader in a 500 billion yuan electrical-appliance market, growing at an enviable 12% a year. It has the best brand and product range and is less dependent on a single region than its rivals. Yet Gome’s preeminence is threatened. Sales of televisions, washing machines and the like are highly fragmented, with top 16 chains accounting for just 22% of the market. And the competition is catching up. Of the many ideas Mr. Wong pioneered in 20 years in retail –“everything is now being copied” by rivals, particularly three others with national pretensions, Suning, Yongle and Dazhong.With China now fully open to foreign electrical chains and supermarkets, competitions will only heat up. So just in case, Mr. Wong is busily working on that quintessentially Chinese escape hatch: property. While his brother flourishes in commercial real estate, Mr. Wong has recently become one of Beijing’s biggest residential developers. It seems to suit him better. He laments the loss of the days when he was the only retailer that mattered, everything sold and he didn’t have to ask favours. The beauty of property over retailing, he grins, is that “you don’t have to deal with so many people”.。
外研社的笔译题型主要包括以下几种：
1. 英汉互译：这是笔译考试中最常见的题型之一。
考生需要将英文句子或段落翻译成中文，或者将中文句子或段落翻译成英文。
这种题型主要考察考生的语言转换能力、语法和词汇运用能力，以及跨文化意识。
2. 篇章翻译：这种题型通常给出一段几百字的英文或中文文章，要求考生将其翻译成另一种语言。
这种题型主要考察考生对文章整体的把握能力、语言转换能力和翻译技巧。
3. 摘要翻译：这种题型通常给出一段英文或中文文章，要求考生将其摘要或总结翻译成另一种语言。
摘要翻译需要对原文进行浓缩和提炼，同时要求翻译准确、流畅。
4. 商务翻译：这种题型主要涉及商务文本的翻译，包括商务函电、合同、协议等。
商务翻译要求考生具备扎实的商务知识，同时要求翻译准确、专业、流畅。
5. 科技翻译：这种题型主要涉及科技类文本的翻译，包括科技论文、产品说明书等。
科技翻译要求考生具备扎实的科技知识，同时要求翻译准确、流畅、专业。
以上是外研社笔译考试的主要题型，不同的题型考察的侧重点不同，考生需要根据实际情况进行备考。
大学英语翻译试题及答案一、词汇翻译（每题2分，共10分）1. 请将下列英文词汇翻译成中文：- (1) Innovation- (2) Sustainability- (3) Diversification- (4) Globalization- (5) Entrepreneurship2. 请将下列中文词汇翻译成英文：- (1) 创新- (2) 可持续性- (3) 多样化- (4) 全球化- (5) 创业精神二、句子翻译（每题5分，共30分）1. 请将下列英文句子翻译成中文：- (1) "Innovation is the key to a company's success." - (2) "Sustainability is a long-term commitment."- (3) "Diversification helps to spread risk."- (4) "Globalization has brought new opportunities." - (5) "Entrepreneurship is about taking risks."2. 请将下列中文句子翻译成英文：- (1) “创新是公司成功的关键。
”- (2) “可持续性是一项长期的承诺。
”- (3) “多样化有助于分散风险。
”- (4) “全球化带来了新的机会。
”- (5) “创业精神是关于承担风险。
”三、段落翻译（每题10分，共20分）1. 请将下列英文段落翻译成中文："In the era of rapid technological advancement, companies must embrace innovation to stay competitive. This involves not only developing new products and services but alsofinding more efficient ways to operate. Sustainability is also crucial, as it ensures that business practices do not harm the environment or deplete resources for future generations."2. 请将下列中文段落翻译成英文：“在快速技术进步的时代，公司必须拥抱创新以保持竞争力。
英文介绍中国科技成果作文雅思English: With the rapid development of technology, China has made significant achievements in various fields of science and technology. For instance, China has made tremendous progress in artificial intelligence, with companies like Baidu and Alibaba leading the way in research and implementation of AI technologies. Additionally, China has been at the forefront of 5G technology, with Chinese companies like Huawei playing a key role in the global deployment of 5G networks. Moreover, China has also made breakthroughs in space exploration, with successful missions to the moon and Mars. These achievements not only showcase China's technological prowess but also demonstrate the country's commitment to innovation and advancement in the field of science and technology.中文翻译: 随着技术的快速发展，中国在各个科技领域取得了重大成就。
大学英汉互译试题及答案一、单句互译（共20分）1. 请将下列英文句子翻译成中文。
（每题5分，共10分）(1) The rapid development of technology has changed theway we live.(2) The professor's lecture was so profound that it was difficult to understand.2. 请将下列中文句子翻译成英文。
（每题5分，共10分）(1) 随着科技的快速发展，我们的生活方式也发生了巨大的变化。
(2) 教授的讲座内容非常深奥，很难理解。
二、段落互译（共30分）1. 请将下列英文段落翻译成中文。
（15分）In recent years, the impact of climate change has become increasingly apparent. Extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and storms, are occurring more frequently and with greater intensity. These events not only disrupt daily lifebut also have significant economic and social consequences.2. 请将下列中文段落翻译成英文。
（15分）近年来，气候变化的影响越来越明显。
极端天气事件，如洪水、干旱和风暴，发生得越来越频繁，强度也越来越大。
这些事件不仅扰乱了日常生活，还带来了重大的经济和社会影响。
三、篇章互译（共50分）1. 请将下列英文短文翻译成中文。
（25分）The Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. It has made the world a smaller place by connecting people across vast distances. However, the proliferation of misinformation online poses a significant challenge. It is crucial for individuals to develop critical thinking skills to discern the truth amidst the noise.2. 请将下列中文短文翻译成英文。
陈宏薇《新编汉英翻译教程》（第2版）教材的配套题库（绪论）【圣才出品】第1章绪论Ⅰ.填空题1.按照⽂本类型来分，翻译可分为_____、_____、_____、_____。
【答案】⽂学翻译；科技翻译；新闻翻译；应⽤⽂翻译【解析】根据书中所述，⽂本的类型概括起来有⼩说、诗歌、戏剧等⽂学⽂本，科技报告、科技论⽂等科技⽂本，新闻报道、通讯、社论、特写等新闻⽂本，⼴告、合同、产品说明书等应⽤⽂本。
2.就翻译⽅式⽽⾔，主要有_____、_____、_____，其中_____是翻译最基本的⽅式。
【答案】全译；摘译；编译；全译【解析】全译，指全⽂翻译，为翻译最基本的⽅式。
摘译，指根据特定⽬的，选取、翻译原⽂的⼀部分，从⽽使译⼊语读者更快地获得所需源语⽂本中的信息。
编译为“编辑”和“翻译”的结合。
3.汉语和英语均具有的语⾔层级为_____、_____、_____、_____、_____。
【答案】词；短语；句⼦；段落；篇章【解析】翻译单位是翻译研究和学习翻译不可忽视的问题，因为涉及到两种语⾔在什么层级上进⾏转换的问题。
汉英两种语⾔均有的语⾔层级为词（word）、短语（phrase）、句⼦（sentence）、段落（paragraph）和篇章（text）。
其中，篇章是最理想的翻译单位。
4._____是能独⽴运⽤的最⼩语法单位，_____是词与词组合⽽成的语法单位。
【答案】词；短语【解析】需要注意的是，由于汉英两种语⾔分属不同的语系，在语⾔⽂化特别是句法结构和思维模式上的差异⽐较⼤，因此以词或短语为翻译单位⾏不通。
5.对于初学者来说，_____是较为理想的翻译单位。
【答案】句⼦【解析】句⼦可以表达完整的意思，可以通过语调来表⽰陈述、疑问、感叹等语⽓，同时句⼦末段会有显著的停顿符号。
这些使得汉语中的句⼦⽐较容易辨识，容易分析，在翻译时较容易转变句⼦结构，使译⽂符合英⽂的句⼦结构。
因此，对于初学者来说，与词、短语或篇章相⽐，句⼦是更为理想的翻译单位。
英语笔译二级试题及答案一、词汇翻译（共10分，每题1分）1. 翻译下列单词或短语：- 创新：innovation- 可持续发展：sustainable development- 人工智能：artificial intelligence- 经济增长：economic growth- 环境保护：environmental protection2. 翻译下列句子中的划线部分：- 他是一个多才多艺的艺术家。
(多才多艺)- 我们正在寻求一个平衡点来解决这个问题。
(寻求)- 这个项目的成功依赖于团队的协作。
(依赖于)- 政府已经采取了一系列措施来提高教育质量。
(采取了一系列措施)- 她对这个问题的看法非常独特。
(看法)二、句子翻译（共20分，每题4分）1. 随着科技的发展，远程工作变得越来越普遍。
With the advancement of technology, remote work is becoming increasingly common.2. 教育对于一个国家的繁荣至关重要。
Education is crucial to the prosperity of a nation.3. 我们应当尊重每个人的文化差异。
We should respect the cultural differences of every individual.4. 这个政策旨在减少贫困并提高人们的生活水平。
This policy aims to reduce poverty and improve thestandard of living.5. 环境污染已经成为全球性的问题。
Environmental pollution has become a global issue.三、段落翻译（共30分，每题10分）1. 翻译下列段落：随着全球化的不断深入，各国之间的经济联系日益紧密。
国际贸易的增加促进了世界经济的增长，同时也带来了一些挑战，如贸易不平衡和市场保护主义。
翻译目的论指导下的科技文本翻译摘要：作为促进各国科技交流的重要工具，科技英语引起越来越多人的关注，人们对科技英语翻译的需求量也因此日益增大。
科技英语是一种特殊文体，句法和篇章方面都有着鲜明特征，译者需要对科技英语的文体特点十分熟悉，熟悉相应的翻译原则和技巧，将其应用到实践中。
关键词：科技翻译；目的论；翻译技巧引言本文通过弗米尔目的论翻译理论，结合例句，从句法和篇章层面，对科技英语文本进行分析。
文中有一些常用的翻译策略，希望能给科技英语翻译带来一定启示。
一、翻译目的论1.概述目的论是由弗米尔提出的，已成为功能学派的代表性理论。
弗米尔阐述了三个指导翻译的原则：目的原则、连贯原则、忠实原则（马会娟＆苗菊，2009：82）。
他认为，翻译是带有目的的行为，这种行为以原文为基础、有目的和有结果的行为（谢天振，2008:136）。
译者能够参与某种翻译行为无非是受他人要求或自己主动要求，无论何种形式，翻译行为中必然会有委任人的角色，这个角色可是他人也可以是译者，翻译的目的正是通过委任而决定的。
翻译的方法正是由这种目的所决定的。
连贯原则就是指“语篇内部连贯”，主要是说译文在意义方面一定要具有可接受性，要符合目的语读者的语言习惯。
目的论认为，译者翻译的文本至少应在意义上为读者所接受并理解。
如果读者认为目的语文本与自己的情景充分连贯融合，那么翻详这种交际互动行为就是成功的（贾文波，2012:40）。
忠实原则又称“语际连贯”，它表明的是译文和原文之间的关系，实际上就是指译文和原文在内容方面一致（马会娟＆苗菊，2009:82）。
二、科技英语的特点1.句法词或者词组遵循一定规则组成能够表达出完整意思的语言单位就是句子。
每个句子都有一定的句法规则。
科技英语的语言准确、客观和严密，颇具特点。
科技文章信息量大，要求论述的概念相对复杂，为使文章内容完整、逻辑严密、结构紧凑，常用长难句、无人称句和被动句等。
情景充分连贯融合，那么翻详这种交际互动行为就是成功的（贾文波,2012:40）。
