美国文学史复习表格

美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）History And Anthology of American Literature (V olumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。

在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。

2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

6. 船长约翰?史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th 早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8. 他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.9. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。

（完整word版）美国文学史复习要点整理【手动】美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut.2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain andhonest.4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人权》The Age of Reason《理性时代》②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。

附：作者及作品（第一、二册）一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。

本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。

美国文学史复习要点手动1.早期美国文学（17世纪-18世纪）-早期美国文学的发展受到清教徒移民和殖民地环境的影响。

-早期作品主题包括宗教信仰、苦难和恐惧。

-著名作家有威廉·布拉德福和乔纳森·爱德华兹。

2.启蒙时期文学（18世纪）-美国启蒙时期的文学受到欧洲启蒙思想的影响。

-作品主题包括理性、自由和平等。

-著名作家有本杰明·富兰克林和汤玛斯·潘恩。

3.罗曼主义时期文学（19世纪早期）-罗曼主义时期美国文学反对启蒙时期的理性主义。

-作品主题包括个人感情、自然和超自然。

-著名作家有华盛顿·欧文和爱默生。

4.特拉华文学（19世纪中期）-特拉华文学是19世纪中期美国文学的重要流派。

-作品主题包括农民和工人的生活以及美国西部探险精神。

-著名作家有赫尔曼·梅尔维尔和华尔特·惠特曼。

5.现实主义和自然主义时期文学（19世纪末-20世纪初）-现实主义和自然主义时期的文学关注社会问题和个人命运。

-作品主题包括工业化、城市化和阶级冲突。

-著名作家有马克·吐温和斯蒂芬·克莱恩。

6.现代主义时期文学（20世纪初-中期）-现代主义时期的文学反对传统形式和价值观。

-作品表现迷失、不安和心理困惑。

-著名作家有欧内斯特·海明威和F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德。

7.后现代主义时期文学（20世纪中期-现在）-后现代主义时期的文学拒绝一切形式的正统和稳定性。

-作品表现多样化的语言和视觉实验。

-著名作家有托尼·莫里森和大卫·福斯特·华莱士。

美国文学简史复习纲要Colonial Period殖民时期 (1600s-1790s)American Puritanism美国清教主义：self-examination/self-improvementI.JonathanEdwards (1703-1758)：Calvinist加尔文教徒II.BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林 (1706-1790)(1)PoorRichard’s Almanac(2)The Autobiography自传Early AmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期（1800s-1840s）1.features(1)As alogical result of the foreign and native factors at work, Americanromanticismwas both imitative and independent.II.WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文 (1783-1859)1.several names attached to Irving(1)firstAmerican writer(2)themessenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father ofAmerican literature美国文学之父2.works(1)The Sketch Book见闻札记: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of SleepyHollowIII.JamesFenimore Cooper库柏 (1789-1851)1.works(1)Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集 : TheDeerslayer, The Last of theMohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie2.literary achievementsCooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the Americannational experience of adventure into theWest. He turned the west andfrontier as a useable past and he helped tointroduce western tradition toAmerican literature.Summitof Romanticism – NewEnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期(1840s-)I.Appearance提出1836,“Nature”by Emerson爱默生、《论自然》II.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature –symbol of spirit/God4.focus in intuition (irrationalism andsubconsciousness)III.Influence1.It helped to create the first American renaissance美国文学复兴–one ofthemost prolific period in American literature、independent Americanculture. IV.RalphWaldo Emerson（1802-1882）1.works(1)Nature—the manifesto ofAmerican Transcendentalism.《论自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。

its great valueEmily Dickinson MassachusettsJames Russell Lowellpoet, critic, editorHis early poems are characterized by simplicity, wit andurban good nature.Frederick Douglass the only black Amn writer who achieved distinction in thefirst half of the 19th century.Henry W. Longfellow the only Amn man of letter to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s Corner in Westminster Abbey located in London.Harriet B. Stowe President Lincoln praised her as ―the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war.‖William D. Howells successful campaign biography of Lincoln help him to winthe Presidencyreasons: his international theme, psychological depth andrefined lang.Walt Whiteman developed a poetic style of originality; Emerson recognizedits great valueEdgar Allan Poe one of the most-beloved mystery writers in historyMark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)Mississippi--"safe water" ;took aim squarely against racial prejudice, increasing segregation, lynchings, and the generally accepted belief that blacks were sub-humanSherwood Anderson He was called ―writer’s writer‖ because of his influence to other writers;He was influenced by Freud, so he was the first psychological writer; He was the first writer since Mark Twain to write in the colloquial style.Thomas Wolfe His creative energy can be termed ―torrential‖; He was a personal writer; He was an ambitious man; He was anoriginal artist.Katherine AnnePorter one of the finest stylists. She is a pure stylist. She handles the complex subjects with economy while penetrating the psychology of characters with great subtlety. She appears to penetrate the thoughts of people in detail and thus enable the reader to experience the internal life of thecharacter and his world.Sinclair Lewis 1.first Amn. author to win the Nobel Prize for lit in 1930.2.He was a sociological writer and satirist.3. theme—The city life was always corrupt whereas the country life waspure.Willa CatherHemingwaysouthern writer ; He was awarded the N.P. for lit in1950.William FaulknerHe was awarded the N.P. for lit in 1950.The Spy his first successful work; a novel about the US Revolution; historical novelThe Leather-Stocking Tales a series of novels (5); frontier novel Sea-novels The PilotNature regarded as the Bible of New England TranscendentalismThe American Scholar a famous speech; was considered America’s intellectual declaration of independenceCivil DisobedienceWalden☉ masterpiece☉ a book on self-culture and human perfectibility ☉held that spiritual richness was real wealth.☉exhibited Thoreau’s trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.Mosses from an Old Manse a collection of short storyThe Scarlet Lettermarked the maturity of Hawthorne as a novelist; masterpiece; Hester Prynne;setting: in Boston in 1650’s; “A”: Adultery__ Able__ Angel; theme: depicting sin and its consequences; Roger Chillingworth -- Hester Prynne’s husband, an English scholar, a doctor; Arthur Dimmesdale -- aclergymanThe House of the Seven Gable a great novel of family decadence The Marble FaunPearl dynamic动态的symbolTypee first novel and remained his most popular work until the late 1930＇sMoby Dickmasterpiecetells everything: history, philosophy, religion and details of the operations of the whaling industry, so we call it an encyclopedia. white whale;a symbol of evil. Its whiteness signifies paradoxically death and corruption as will as purity, innocenceand youth.Ishmael narrator; __ same name with a character in Bible. He feels depressed and seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, but later he begins to feel the significance of love and companionship.Ahabcaptain of whaling ship; self-reliant individual, victim of solipsism, he denies the humanity and individuality of his fellowmenPequod whaling ship; the ship of Amn soul Leaves of GrassFree Verse (term)is a type of poetic form without fixed beat andregular rhyme scheme.the auction of the mind of manThe Raven an illustration of Poe’s poetic theoryThe Fall of the House of Usher―Melancholy‖ is the tone of the story.The story is narrated in suspense.Character--RoderickTheme--the disintegration and annihilation of ahuman mindUncle Tom’s Cabina serial in a magazine; did a great service to the anti-slavery movement, and brought its author; the first well-known sociological novel in Amn lit.The Gilded Age one of the first novel which tried to described the new morality of post-Civil War Am. ; One of the new elements--it creates a picture of the entire nation , rather than of just one region; the real theme is Am.’s loss of its old idealism; gave its name to the Am. Of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer a story about ―bad boys‖ --a popular theme in Amn lit; heroes fight against the stupidity of the adult world ; Twain creates a highly realistic background for the story.Tom is very romanticThe Adventures of HuckleberryFinnmasterpiece; the school of many late Western writers; Hemingway--―All modern Amn. lit comes from Huckleberry Finn.‖; embodies the search forfreedomThe Rise of Silas Lapham It related the story of a new upstart in mid—19thcentury Boston.moral and ethical道德risefirst period (1865—1882)The American, Daisy MillerThe Portrait of a ladyJames began to use the ―international theme‖second period (1882—1895)wrote novels of subtle studies of inter—personal relationships and plays but failed.third last period (1895—The Ambassadors The Wings of the Dove The Golden Bowl returned his ―international theme‖ , and reached thesummit of his artMaggie: A Girl of the Streets the first important naturalist novel in Am.; environment accounts for a great deal indetermining human fate.The Red Badge of Courage a war novel;war is a plain slaughter;HenryFleming – heroMc Teague the first full –bodied naturalist American novel; a naturalistic Amn novel and “a consciouslynaturalistic manifesto”The Octopusbest work; a novel about the battle between California. Wheat farmers and the Southern Pacific Railroad . Wheat is used as the symbol of lifeThe Sea-WolfThe Call of the Wild are taught in high school and college EnglishcoursesSister Carrie opening the new ground of Amn. Naturalism; did more to change modern Amn. fiction than anysince.American Tragedy his greatest novel trilogy三部曲: The Financier, TheTitan, The StoicCantosPound’s ―intellectual diary‖; a social history;It is Homeric and his hero has always been an Odysseus—figureThe love Song of J. AlfredPrufrock―The title is ironic. The “Love Song” is in fact about the absence of love;Prufrock is the image of an ineffectual, sorrowful, tragic 20th—centuryWestern man;Theme—frustration and emotional conflictThe Waste Land The title draws from the Fisher King legend; The poem consists of 5 parts: 1. The Burial of the Dead 2.A Game of Chess 3.The Fire Sermon 4.Death by WaterWhat the Thunder Sandtypes of Frost’s poetry: i. Dramatic poetry is to tell a story. The setting is realistic and the meaning is revealed in dialogue.ii. Meditation poetry is to instruct the reader. It starts with objects and moves to thoughts, finally the object becomes a symbol. iii. Satiric poetry are used to satirize. It uses animals to satirize human being and comments indirectly. iv. Philosophical poetry is to express philosophical ideas. It starts with objects but moves to abstract ideas. It is more pessimistic, shorter and lessdescription pf events.This Side of Paradise his first novel; established his reputation as a promising novelist in the circles of litFlappers and PhilosophersTales of the Jazz Age two collections of short stories; , reflected a contra dictionary mood and betrayed a sense of failure.The Beauty and the Damned the second novel; with the first one established Fitzgerald as the literary spokesman of the JazzAge.The Great Gatsby masterpiece; writing characteristics--1.choice of narrator e of symbol. 3.Impressionistic and colorful quality. 4.―It was the first step that Amn fiction has taken since Henry James‖--- T.S.EliotTender is the NightThe Last Tycoon not finishedThe Sun Also Risefirst major novel; paints the image of a whole generation, the Lost Generation; Jake Barnes is really a Fisher King in an Eliotian Waste Land. His physical impotence is a token of modern man’sspiritual impotence.A Farewell to Arms i. a footnote to The Sun Also Rises; ii. Frederic Henry: an Amn serving in an Italian ambulance unit;Catherine Barkley: an English nurseTo Have and Have Not For Whom the Bell TollsThe Old Man and the Sea Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for lit in 1954 for this book due to his mastery of the art of modern narration; Hemingway’s philosophy: A man can be destroyed but not defeated.;language style --- brief and colloquial; Iceberg Principle: The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one eight ofit being above water.masterpiece—Winesburg, Ohio He explored the psychological and emotional aspect of Amn small-town life, with emphasis on lower-class figure.Babbitt―Babbitt‖ has found its way into the English dictionary as a synonym for the vulgar and philistinebusiness manArrowsmith DodsworthMy Antoniaheroine—Antonia hero—Jim BurdenThe Song of the Lark a criticism of the culturally sophisticated East Flowering Judas ;Ship of Fools;Pale Horse, Pale RiderSoldier’s Pay early period his first novel. The Marble Faun同上his first book of poems Mosquitoes同上second novel, but attract little attentionSartoris同上Faulkner began his Yorknapatawpha Saga—his imaginary southern mythical land.The Sound and the Fury同上one of his masterpiece；1.a tale told by an idiot；2.meaning of the title—the world is full of sound and fury, but signify nothing ；3.a sad story on the Compsons；theme—loss of love in thepresent worldAs I Lay Dying Second Periodan original stream of consciousnessnovelLight in August同上a powerful realistic novel, exposes racialproblemsAbsalom,Absalom同上a fable about the South；theme: denial of humanityGo down, Moses同上a collection of stories ；theme: moral injustice poisoned southern civilization at the rootThe Town Third Period The Mansion。

A Concise History of American LiteratureChapter 1 Colonial PeriodI.Jonathan Edwards1.life2.works(1)The Freedom of the Will(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(3)The Nature of True Virtue3.ideas –pioneer of transcendentalism(1)The spirit of revivalism(2)Regeneration of man(3)God’s presence(4)Puritan idealismII.Benjamin Franklin1.works(1)Poor Richard ’s Almanac(2)Autobiography2.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the AmericanPhilosophical Society.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolenfire(electricityin this case) from heaven”.(3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jackof all trades ”.Herman Melville thus described him “ masterof each and mastered bynone ”.Chapter 2 American RomanticismSection 1 Early Romantic PeriodI.Washington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American literature2.works(1)A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to theEnd of the Dutch Dynasty(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure ofinternational recognition with the publication of this.)(3)The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(4)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5)The Alhambra3.Literary career: two parts(1)1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique(2)1832~1859: back to US4.style –beautiful(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2)avoiding moralizing –amusing and entertaining(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere。

一、殖民主义时期 The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯 Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德 William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普 John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯 Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特 Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in Americ a”二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。

本杰明•富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。

The Colonial Period1. John Smith: A Description of New England2. William Bradford: Of Plymouth Plantation3. John Winthrop: A Model of Christian Charity4. Anne BradstreetTenth Muse ContemplationsTo My Dear and Loving Husband The Flesh and the Spirit5. Edward TaylorHuswifery Upon a Spider Catching a Fly6. Roger WilliamsThe Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience7. John Woolman: Journal8. Thomas PaineCommon Sense The American Crisis The Rights of Man The Age of Reason9. Philip FreneauThe Rising Glory of America The Wild Honey Suckle The Indian Burying Ground 10. Charles Brockden Brown: An American TaleAmerican Puritanism: Religious idealism & levelheaded common sense1. Jonathan EdwardsThe Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin DefendedThe Nature of True Virtue Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God2.Benjamin FranklinThe Autobiography Poor Richard’s AlmanacAmerican Romanticism1. Washington IrvingA History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, The Sketch Book: Rip Van Winkle The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher ColumbusA Chronicle of the Conquest of GranadaThe Alhambra Life of Goldsmith Life of WashingtonJames Fenimore CooperThe SpyLeatherstocking Tales: The Pioneers The Last of Mohicans The PrairieThe Pathfinder The DeerslayerNew England Transcendentalism1.Ralph Waldo EmersonNature The American Scholar The Representative Men2.Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience Walden A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River 3.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet Letter The House of the Seven GablesMosses from an old Manse The Blithedale Romance The Marble Faun4.Herman MelvilleMoby Dick Clarel Typee Omoo Mardi RedburnWhite Jacket The Confidence Man Billy Budd5.Walt WhitmanLeaves of Grass Song of Myself There was a Child Went ForthCross Brooklyn Ferry6.Emily DickinsonMy Life Closed Twice before its Close Wild Nights—Wild NightsMine—by the Right of the White Election Death is a Dialogue betweenTo Fight Aloud A Triumph Maybe The Brain is Wilder than the SkyI know that He exists The Beggar Lad Dies EarlyIf I Can Stop One Heart from Breaking When I was Small a Woman DiedI Reckon When I Count at All This is My Letter to the WorldI Heard a Fly Buzz When I DiedAge of Realism1. William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯(1837-1920)The Rise of Silas Lapham A Modern InstanceA Hazard of New Fortunes2. Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯（1843-1916）Daisy Miller The Golden BowlThe Portrait of a Lady The Turn of the ScrewThe Ivory Tower The Sense of the PastThe Ambassadors What Maisie KnewLocal colorism1.Mark Twain美国文学之父The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (national famous)The Gilded Age (his first novel) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (美国文学里程碑) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (colloquial style)Life on the Mississippi A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s CourtThe Man That Corrupted HadleyburgThe Mysterious Stranger AutobiographyInnocent Abroad Roughing It Pudd’nhead WilsonThe Prince and the Pauper American Claimant2.Bret HarteThe Luck of Roaring Camp3.Hamlin GarlandMain-Traveled Roads Crumbling Idols4.Harriet Beecher Stowe: Oldtown Folks5.Edward Eggleston: The Hoosier Schoolmaster6.Constance Fenimore Woolson: Castle Nowhere: Lake-Country Sketches7.Sarah Orne Jewett: Deephaven8.Kate Chopin(女性主义作家)Bayou Folk A Night in Acadie The AwakeningAmerican Naturalism1.Stephen CraneMaggie: A Girl of the Street The Red Badge of CourageThe Open Boat (短篇小说) The Blue Hotel An Experiment in MiseryThe Black Riders (his first book of poems)2.Frank NorrisMcTeague (第一部作品)Trilogy: The Octopus The PitThe Responsibilities of the Novelist3.Theodore DreiserSister Carrie Jennie GerhardtTrilogy of Desire The Financier The Titan The StoicThe Genius An American Tragedy The Bulwark4.Edwin Arlington Robinson (自然主义诗人)Man Against the Sky Richard Corry Miniver Cheevy Flammonde5.Jack LondonThe Call of the Wild White Fang The Sea WolfMartin Eden Love of Life (短篇小说)6.O. HenryThe Gift of the Magi The Necklace7.Sinclair: The JungleNaturalismAmerican naturalism came into being in the nineties of the 19th century. It is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing become less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Naturalism writers are Crane, Norris and Dreiser.TranscendentalismTranscendentalism, which appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first Renaissance in the American literary history. It refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Emerson, Thoreau and others, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the over-soul and Nature. Other concepts that accompaniedtranscendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant. Actually transcendentalism is a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism.RealismRealism came in the latter half of the 19th century as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. It turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. A realistic writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. Realists looked for truth in everyday truths. Some of the representatives are William Dean Howells and Henry JamesDeismDeism became popular during the 17th and 18th centuries - during the Age of Enlightenment - especially in The United Kingdom, France, and The United States of America. It is a religious philosophy which believes that religious truth is shown by reason applied to empirical events. Some of the typical writers include James Madison, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Ethan Allen and Thomas Paine. Influenced by deism were Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. American PuritanismPuritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. American Puritanism stresses predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement from God's grace. But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, puritans become more and more practical. American Puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets. Writers of Puritanism are Anne Bradstreet and Jonathan Edwards.Local colorismLocal colorism came into being in the late 1860s and early 1870s. Mark Twain, Bret Harte and Hamlin Garland are local colorism writers. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.。

美国文学史复习资料美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学殖民时期的美国: Colonial America 17c早——18c末1. 从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始，描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。

2. 另一类为清教作品Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺：第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“Father of American Poetry”(美国诗歌之父)Puritanism: 清教主义American Puritanism influences on American literature:1. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义2. Symbolism 象征主义3. Simplicity. 简洁一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it followlogically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

美国文学简史复习纲要美国文学简史复习纲要Colonial Period殖民时期 (1600s-1790s) American Puritanism美国清教主义：self-examination/self-improvementI.JonathanEdwards (1703-1758)：Calvinist加尔文教徒II.BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林 (1706-1790)(1)PoorRichard’s Almanac(2)The Autobiography自传Early AmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期（1800s-1840s）1.features(1)As alogical result of the foreignand native factors at work,III.JamesFenimore Cooper库柏 (1789-1851)1.works(1)Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集 : TheDeerslayer, The Last of theMohicans, The Pathfinder, ThePioneer, The Prairie2.literary achievementsCooper’s LeatherstockingTales effectively approximates theAmerican national experience ofadventure into theWest. He turnedthe west and frontier as a useablepast and he helped tointroducewestern tradition to Americanliterature.Summitof Romanticism – New EnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRen aissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期(1840s-)I.Appearance提出 1836,“Nature”byEmerson爱默生、《论自然》II.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature –symbol of spirit/God4.focus in intuition (irrationalismandsubconsciousness)III.Influence1.It helped to create the firstAmerican renaissance美国文学复兴–one ofthe most prolific period inAmerican literature、independentAmericanculture.IV.RalphWaldo Emerson（1802-1882）1.works(1)Nature—the manifestoofAmerican Transcendentalism.《论自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。

美国文学史American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary:1.Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)2.hilip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名Richard Sunders)2)“annual collection of proverbs “流行谚语集(It soon became the most popular bookof its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation) 3)The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham’s Sermon)致富之道(as the “perface to Poor RichardImproved)4)The Autobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)5)Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and politicalideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题.6)established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University ofPennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学.7)first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.8)Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,and diplomat,he was the most famousand respected private figure of his time.The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地(1)poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.(3)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父(4)Imaginative and melancholy treatment of nature and human life,and sharp satire against the British tyranny19th Century American LiteratureWashington Irving(华盛顿.欧文)1．James Fenimore Cooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)2．Nathaniel Hawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)3．Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.阿伦.坡）4．Henry Daived Thoreau(亨利.戴维.梭罗)5．Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)6．Walt Whiteman(沃尔特.惠特曼)The Rise of American Romanticism• One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War(1861-65).• It started with the publication of Washington Irving's e T he h Sketch Book(1820) and ended with Whitman's s Leaves f of Grass(1855)..Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and apresumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。