2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(20 points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition__1__manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheother hand,puttingyour__2__,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh__3__. __4__,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.__5__people placetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsrelease oxytocin,ahormonethat__6__peasurablefeelingsandtriggersthe herdinginstructthatpromptshumansto__7__withoneanother. Scientistshavefoundthatexposure__8__thishormoneputsusina trusting__9__:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothe nosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantly higheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir__10__who inhaledsomethingelse.__11__forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay__12__us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscan differentiate__13__acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlers wereeach__14__toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetester wouldask,"What'sinhere?"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling, andexclaiming,"Wow!"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook__15__. Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf__16__thecontainerwas empty—andrealizedthetesterhad__17__them. Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere__18__ tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthat theytrustedhisleadership.__19__,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpaired withthe"__20__"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.A.onB.likeC.forD.from2.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest3.A.benefitB.debtC.hopeD.price4.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.InsteadD.Again5.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When6.A.selectsB.producesC.appliesD.maintainspare8.A.atB.byC.ofD.to9.A.contextB.moodC.periodD.circle10.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters11.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.OddD.Ironic12.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight13.A.betweenB.withinC.towardD.over14.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted15.A.outB.backC.aroundD.inside16.A.discoveredB.provedC.insistedD.remembered17.A.betrayedB.wrongedC.fooledD.mocked18.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled19.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance20.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitableSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1 Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethat willprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:What happenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareat highriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy, withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobs likegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—have arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywill befine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnological upheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolution didn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanized looms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobs thanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboost productivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkers fromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkers mayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinThe SecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining. Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege—shouldevolvetofocus lessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplex communication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffostering problem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots. Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextra trainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenew skillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt. ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange, entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality haven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwill inventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetween capitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetobe rethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidies suchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswould boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,and reduceinequality. Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenext fewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesand careersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomi ngforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbe indispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?A.Leadingpoliticians.B.Low-wagelaborers.C.Robotowners.D.Middle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.B.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.C.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.cationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasis on________.A.creativepotentialB.job-huntingskillsC.individualneedsD.cooperativespirit24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat________.A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomationB.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestmentC.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoorD.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith________.A.opposingviewsonitB.possiblesolutionstoitC.itsalarmingimpactsD.itsmajorvariationsText2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsof youngAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.The implicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobe filteredthroughothersource,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform. MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetas distrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheir medialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016 presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,according totheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNews found44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthe mediagiant. Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmore skillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnight Foundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24 foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-check sourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythose thatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof personalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingo utopposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded. Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedia ledtogreaterpoliticalengagement. Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimately andimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasa projectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemore consciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarna researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefake newsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesor factualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenews liesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia .Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheart oftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityin counteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarna Group.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,they revealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoiceson whentoshareonsocialmedia.26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscast doubtson________.A.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpracticeB.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatformsC.theadministration’sabilitytohandleinformationD.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews27.Thephrase"beerup"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto________.A.sharpenB.defineC.boastD.share28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople________.A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspaceB.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresourcesC.haveastrongsenseofresponsibilityD.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust"29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblem is________.A.readersoutdatedvaluesB.journalists'biasedreportingC.readers'misinterpretationD.journalists'made-upstories30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineB.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendC.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMediaD.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterestsText3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartby acknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleading artificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthis workappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther concentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackground thattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedher damningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS, whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin 2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccount ofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy. DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendedits ways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany—betweentheN HS andDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessary permissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahas beencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn .Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemost important.Ms.DenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust, sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely “processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessing andaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalu e. Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedata thatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamage toanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthe waythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualthere gainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountless millionsmore. Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeels slightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itis notenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefit patientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivate monopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftware promisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybe expectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginning ofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegigantic consequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureof digitalfeudalism.Ms.Denham'sreportisawelcomestart.31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?A.Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.B.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.C.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.D.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith______.A.emptypromisesB.toughresistanceC.necessaryadjustmentsD.sincereapologies33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that________.A.privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcostsB.leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingitC.makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegalD.thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdeal is________.A.theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmasB.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylawC.theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftwareD.themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis______.A.ambiguousB.cautiousC.appreciativeD.contemptuousText4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreported anetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearits expenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120 billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirement costs.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisina historicsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanently decreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,and a regulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustits operationstothenewreality Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakers exertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimate overseer—Congress—insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePost alService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisis whyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvital modernization. Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,th ePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinally agreedonaplantofixthesystem.Legislationismovingthroughthe HousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears, whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures. Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrate increaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstep wouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretiree healthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSand itsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughthe Senate—wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare, bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,not comprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingatthe USPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80 percentoftheagency'scosts.Alsomissingisanydiscussionof eliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoy swidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse. Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsare gettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapsea ttheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regettingseriousabout transformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby________.A.itsunbalancedbudgetB.itsrigidmanagementC.thecostfortechnicalupgradingD.thewithdrawalofbanksupport37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto________.A.theinterferencefrominterestgroupsB.theinadequatefundingfromCongressC.theshrinkingdemandforpostalserviceD.theincompetenceofpostalunions38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbe addressedby________.A.removingitsburdenofretireehealthcareB.makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehiclesC.adoptinganewrate-increasemechanismD.attractingmorefirst-classmailusers39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith______.A.respectB.toleranceC.discontentD.gratitude40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDaysB.ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheeseC.TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCureD.ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-AidPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoa coherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothe numberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.(10 points)[A]InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselect asiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartment Building.Thecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsf ortheWarandNavyDepartments.Tothehorrorofsomewhoexpecteda GreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheother sideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyle designbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingto houseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.[B]Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthe firsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin 1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwit hcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavy Departmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewalland ceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeofthe Secretary.[C]TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown, housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimately associatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyin thelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthe twentiethcentury—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasan internationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smost significantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmany historicevents.[D]ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls. TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD. Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bush allhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused 16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24Secretariesof State.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapanese emissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthe bombingofPearlHarbor.[E]TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsa uniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritage oftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury, AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowing staffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneof thebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.[F]Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingby wing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildingin Washington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors. Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwood wasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircase sofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecapped byfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.[G]ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswere laid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820 .Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)and overcrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasury Building.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasury BuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding. PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten neatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinary activityandachievementinthedrama.(46)Bythedateofhisbirth Europewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthe creationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyand comedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsand performedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwestern Europe,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningto makethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalor medieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,school,organizationsofamateurs, andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesire fordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowenttoagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhich gaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland. WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsoldthefirstpublicplayhouse wasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthis publicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschools orcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul'sandtheroyalchapel,who, however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)Butthe professionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,and universitymenwithliteraryambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheaters asofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimethatShakespearewas twenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreecehadmadecomediesthatwereat oncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit; andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommon stage—wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.(49)A nativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublic playhouseestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeen begun. ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-five yearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthis briefperiod,wemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecay ofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtoday atthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundred thousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity, wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthat probablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived. SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions: Writeanemailtoallinternationalexpertsoncampus,invitingthemto attendthegraduationceremony.Inyouremail,youshouldincludethe time,placeandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET. e"LiMing"instead. (10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyour essay,youshould1)Describethepicturebriefly,2)Interpretthemeaning,and3)GiveyouranswerneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）答案及解析参考答案：1-5：CADBD6-10：BCDBA11-15：BBACD16-20：ACBAC21-25：DCADB26-30：DABCA31-35：BCDDB36-40：BAACD41-45：EGABD46.参考译文：在他出生之前，欧洲正在经历宗教戏剧的衰退，古典悲剧和喜剧催生了新的戏剧形式。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案详解（完整版）Section I Use of English1、【答案】C how【解析】根据空格所在句子可以看出，空格处应该是一个引导宾语从句的从属连词，做influence的宾语。

四个选项的意思中，只有C. how引导后面的内容做influence的宾语，前后意思合理。

2、【答案】B In particular【解析】空格的前一句话的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司投资更多的钱。

空格所在句的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的公司在…方面投入更多的钱。

很显然，前后句子是总分关系。

选项中，只有B选项可以体现总分关系。

3、【答案】D necessary【解析】根据空格处前后的内容，_____ for making investments for the future是做后置定语修饰longer-term thinking和happiness。

幸福，这种持久的思维模式对于对未来进行投资_______，四个选项中只有D. necessary做后置定语符合前后内容。

其他选项与原文内容语义不符。

4、【答案】C optimism【解析】空格处的内容与inclination for risk-taking由and连接，构成并列关系，后面that come with happiness定语从句既修饰空格处的内容，也修饰inclination for risk-taking，所以选项中可以由that come with happiness修饰的只有C选项optimism。

5、【答案】D change【解析】空格处的内容和the way companies invested构成动宾搭配。

选项中A. echo 回声 B. miss 思念 C. spoil 溺爱 D. change 改变，所以只有D选项可以和the way companies invested构成通顺语义。

2023年全国硕士研究生统一入学考试英语（一）试题解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】C【解析】后面outside the walls of a city or village表示位置只有located可以后接地址，表示坐落在……地方。

[A]display“展示”；[B]occupied“占据”；[D]equipped“装备”，语义均不正确。

2.【答案】A【解析】此处副词修饰前面的fund,or表示并列，说明空格处所填意思与government正好形成对比。

四个选项中privately“私下”语义合适，是正确选项。

[B]regularly“经常”；[C]respectively“各自”；[D]permanently “永久”，语义均不合适。

3.【答案】D【解析】空后面接了of the Persian word“karvan”和and“seray”,a palace or enclosed building表示是这两个词的结合体词为combination，因此答案为D。

[A]definition“定义”；[B]transition“转变”；[C]substitution “代替”，语义不合适。

4.【答案】C【解析】“这个词也可以用来_____”。

词是用来描述事物的，据此可知，答案应为describe，选C正确。

[A]classify“分类”；[B]record“记录”；[D]connect“连接”，三个选项语义都不合适。

5.【答案】C【解析】空格前面讲到一群人，而空格之后分别提到了三种不同的人。

前面的范围大而抽象，后面的内容小而具体，空格处所填的应该就是表举例关系的词，因此[C]such as是正确答案。

[A]apart from“除……之外”；[B]instead of“而不是”；[D]along with“沿着……”，三个选项的逻辑关系不合适。

6.【答案】A【解析】空格前讲到随着商旅的发展，据此可知驿站应该也需要随之发展，观察四个选项[A]construction “建设”；[B]restoration“恢复”；[C]impression“印象”；[D]evaluation“评估”。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3 .4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good.5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure8 this hormone puts us in a trusting9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the “ 20 ”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1．[A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2．[A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest 3．[A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4．[A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again 5．[A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When 6．[A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains 7．[A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8．[A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9．[A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10．[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11．[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12．[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13．[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14．[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15．[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16．[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] remembered 17．[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18．[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19．[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance 20．[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1①Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?①Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. ②About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. ③Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. ④But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. ⑤The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. ②Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. ③The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and createdmore jobs than it destroyed. ④Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. ⑤But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. ②Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. ③Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. ④Online education can supplement the traditional kind. ⑤It could make extra training and instruction affordable.⑥Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. ②In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. ③The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. ④The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. ②Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.②Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. ③But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians. [B] Low-wage laborers.[C] Robot owners. [D] Middle-class workers.22. Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B] Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C] Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D] Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on _________ .[A] creative potential. [B] job-hunting skills.[C] individual needs. [D] cooperative spirit.24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at _________ .[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B] increasing the return on capital investment.[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D] preventing the income gap from widening.25. In this text, the author presents a problem with _________ .[A] opposing views on it. [B] possible solutions to it.[C] its alarming impacts. [D] its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. ②The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s soc ial media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. ②Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. ③Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. ④And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. ②A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. ③They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. ④“Many young people assume a great deal of pe rsonal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. ②A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. ②This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. ③A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.④About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. ⑤In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. ⑥“T his indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on _________ .[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media as a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “bee f up” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _________ .[A] sharpen [B] define [C] boast [D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people _________ .[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is _________ .[A] readers outdated values. [B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.②DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. ③The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. ④It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. ②The NHS trust has mended its ways. ③Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinized to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. ④There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.⑤But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. ⑥Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law i t “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. ⑦But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. ②Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. ③That misses the way the surveillance economy works.④The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. ②This practice does not address the real worry. ③It is not enough to say that thealgorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. ④What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. ⑤If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharma has done. ⑥We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. ⑦A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. ⑧Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with _________ .[A] empty promises. [B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments. [D] sincere apologies.33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that _________ .[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is _________ .[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas. [B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software. [D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35. The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is _________ .[A] ambiguous. [B] cautious. [C] appreciative. [D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. ②It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.③Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. ④There are many bankruptcies. ⑤Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historicsqueeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. ②This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.②Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. ③Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. ④The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. ②There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. ③Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. ④That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year.⑤But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. ⑥The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. ⑦It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by _________ .[A]its unbalanced budget. [B] its rigid management.[C] the cost for technical upgrading. [D] the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to _________ .[A] the interference from interest groups. [B] the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] the shrinking demand for postal service. [D] the incompetence of postal unions.38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by _________ .[A] removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] making more investment in new vehicles.[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D] attracting more first-class mail users.39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with _________ .[A] respect. [B] tolerance. [C] discontent. [D] gratitude.40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The NavyDepartment moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C.The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing TreasuryBuilding. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.(41) ---- (C) ---- (42) ---- (43) ---- (F) ---- (44) ---- (45)Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47)no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, h owever, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth,blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly2) interpret the meaning and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)某高校学生兼职情况2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案Section I Use of English1-5CADBD6-10BCDBA11-15BBACD16-20ACBACSection II Reading Comprehension21-25DCADB26-30DABCA31-35BCDDB36-40BAACD41-45EGABDPart C English-Chinese Translation46.莎士比亚出生之时，欧洲宗教戏剧正在消逝，在古典悲剧和戏剧的推动下，很多新的戏剧形式应运而生。

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plasticc ontainer. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] from [B] for [C] like [D] on2. [A] attention [B] concern [C] faith [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] price [C] debt [D] hope4. [A] Again [B] Instead [C] Therefore [D] Then5. [A] When [B] Unless [C] Although [D] Until6. [A] selects [B] applies [C] produces [D] maintains7. [A] connect [B] compete [C] consult [D] compare8. [A] at [B] to [C]of [D] by9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Odd [B] Funny [C] Lucky [D] Ironic12.[A] protect [B] delight [C] surprise [D] monitor13.[A] over [B] within [C] toward [D] between14.[A] added [B] transferred [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] inside [C] around [D] back16.[A] remembered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] discovered17.[A] fooled [B]wronged [C] betrayed [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] For instance [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] In contrast20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filte red through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. Theycross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personalresponsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exagger ation of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at B arna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpreta tion[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exertself-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Servi ce afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not,however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41. à Cà42. à 43. à F à 44 à 45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramaticentertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points) Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead.Do not write the address .(10 points)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进行核对Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Justice Antonin Scalia, for e某ample, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the codeof conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisionssplit along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That wouldmake rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2.[A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened[C]established [D] eliminated5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade[B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11. [A]so [B]since[C]provided [D]though 12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset[D]replace 13. [A]confirm [B]e某press [C]cultivate [D]offer 14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied 15. [A]concepts[B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]e某cludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted 18.[A]suppress [B]e某ploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable 20.[A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultRosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of e某ample of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe se某 among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desirenothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough e某ploration of thesocial and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mi某ed.Far less certain, however, is how successfully e某perts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer theiractivities in virtuous d irections. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as [A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics [C] an obstacle to school progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should [A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers’ e某perience[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to [A] adequately probe social and biological factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure [C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors [A] is harmful to our networks of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies [C] occurs without our realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that theeffect of peer pressure is [A] harmful[B] desirable[C]profound[D] questionable2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to [A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators. [B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an e某tension of its business license . [D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its [A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test [A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises. [B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations. [C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected. [B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application. [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[B] misconception and deceptiveness. [C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires。

绝密★启用前2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语二（科目代码:204）○考生注意事项○研考英语二试卷条形码1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。

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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名1Secti o n I Use of En g lishDirecti o ns:Rea d t h e fo ll o wi ng te x t. C hoo se t h e b est w ord(s) for eac h nu m b ere d b la nk a nd mark A, B, C or D on t h e ANSWER SHEET. (10 po i n ts)Ha ppy p e op le w ork d iffere n tl y. T h e y’r e m or e produ cti v e, m or e creati v e, a nd willi ng t o ta k e gr eater ris k s. A nd n ew r esearc h s ugg ests t h at h a pp i n ess mi gh t i nf l u e n ce 1 f irms w ork, t oo.C o m p a n ies l o cate d i n p laces wit h h a pp ier pe op le i nv est m or e, acc ord i ng t o a rece n t r esearc h p a p er. 2 firms i n h a ppy p laces s p e nd m or e on R&D ( r esearc h a nd d e v el op me n t ). T h at’s b eca u se h a pp i n ess is li nk e d t o t h e k i nd of l ong er-term t h i nk i ng 3 for ma k i ng i nv estme n ts for t h e fu t ur e.T h e r esearc h ers wa n te d t o kno w if t h e 4 a nd i n cli n ati on for r is k-ta k i ng t h at c o me wit h h a pp i n ess w ou l d 5 t h e wa y c o m p a n ies i nv este d. S o t h e y c o m p are d U.S. citie s’ a v era g e h a pp i n ess 6 by Gall up po lli ng wit h t h e i nv estme n t acti v it y of pub licl y tra d e d f irms i n t ho se areas.7 e nough, f ir ms’ i nv estme n t a nd R&D i n te n sit y were c orr elate d wit h t h eh a pp i n ess of t h e area i n w h ic h t h e y were8 . B u t is it r eall y h a pp i n ess t h at’s li nk e d t o i nv estme n t, or c ou l d s o met h i ng else a bou t h a pp ier cities9 w hy f irms t h ere s p e nd m or e on R&D?T o f i nd ou t, t h e r esearc h ers c on trolle d for v ari ou s10 t h at mi gh t ma k e f irms m or e li k el y t o i nv est—li k e size, i ndu stry, a nd sales—a nd for i nd icat or s t h at a p lace was 11 t o li v e i n, li k e gro wt h i n wa g es or popu lati on. T h e li nkb etwee n h a pp i n ess a nd i nv estme n t g e n erall y 12 e v e n after acc oun ti ng for t h ese t h i ng s.T h e c orr elati on b etwee n h a pp i n ess a nd i nv estme n t was p artic u larl y strong for younger firms, w h ic h t h e a u t hor s 13 t o “less c od ifie d d ecisi on ma k i ng pro ce ss”a nd t h e po ssib le pr ese n ce of “young er a nd less 14 ma n a g ers w ho are m or e li k el y t o b e i nf l u e n ce d by se n time n t.”T h e r elati on s h i p was15 stronger i n p laces w h ere h a pp i n ess was s pr ea d m or e 16 . Firms seem t o i nv est m or e i n p laces w h ere m o st p e op le are r elati v el y h a ppy, r at h er t h a n i n p laces wit h h a pp i n essi n e qu alit y.17 t h is do es n’t prov e t h at h a pp i n ess ca u ses f irms t o i nv est m or e or t o ta k e a l ong er-term v iew, t h e a u t hor s b elie v e it at least 18 at t h at po ssi b ilit y. I t’s no t h ard t o ima g i n e t h at l o cal c u lt ur e a nd se n time n t w ou l d h el p 19 ho w e x ec u ti v es t h i nk a bou t t h e fu t ur e. “It s ur el y seems p la u si b le t h at h a ppy p e op le w ou l d b e m or e forward-t h i nk i ng a nd creati v e a nd 20 R&D m or e t h a n t h e a v era g e,”sai d on e researc h er.1.[A]. w hy2.[A]. In ret urn3.[A]. s uff icie n t4.[A]. i nd i v i du alism5.[A]. ec ho6.[A]. ima g i n e d7.[A]. S ur e8.[A]. a dv ertise d9.[A]. e xp lai n10.[A]. sta g es11.[A]. desira b le12.[A]. res u me d13.[A]. attri bu te14.[A]. seri ou s15.[A]. t hu s16.[A]. ra p i d l y17.[A]. After18.[A]. arri v es19.[A]. s h a p e20.[A]. pra y for [B]. w h ere[B]. In partic u lar[B]. fam ou s[B]. m od ernism[B]. miss[B]. meas ur e d[B]. O dd[B]. di v i d e d[B]. overstate[B]. fact or s[B]. s o cia b le[B]. hel d[B]. assi gn[B]. ci v ilize d[B]. i n stea d[B]. re gu larl y[B]. U n til[B]. j u m p s[B]. re d isc ov er[B]. lea n t o wards[C]. how[C]. In c on trast[C]. perfect[C]. optimism[C]. s po il[C]. i nv e n te d[C]. U nfor t un ate[C]. overta x e d[C]. s u mmarize[C]. le v els[C]. re pu ta b le[C]. emerge d[C]. tra n sfer[C]. am b iti ou s[C]. als o[C]. directl y[C]. W h ile[C]. hi n ts[C]. sim p lify[C]. gi v e awa y[D]. w h e n[D]. In c on cl u si on[D]. necessary[D]. realism[D]. c h a ng e[D]. ass u me d[D]. Ofte n[D]. hea dqu artere d[D]. em ph asize[D]. met hod s[D]. relia b le[D]. broke[D]. c o m p are[D]. e xp erie n ce d[D]. ne v er[D]. e qu all y[D]. Si n ce[D]. stri k es[D]. s h are[D]. se nd ou tSecti o n II Re a din g C om prehensi o n P a rt A Directi o ns:Rea d t h e foll o wi ng four te x ts.A n swer t h e qu esti on s after eac h te x t by c hoo si ng A, B, C or D. Mark your a n swers ont h e ANSWER SHEET. (40 po i n ts)Te xt 1It’s true t h at h i gh-sc hoo l c od i ng classes are n’t esse n tial for learni ng c o m pu ter scie n ce i n c o lle g e. St ud e n ts wit hou t e xp erie n ce ca n catc h up after a f ew i n troduct oryc our ses, said T o m C or ti n a, t he assista n t d ea n at Carne g ie Mell on’s Sc hoo l ofC o m pu ter Scie n ce.H o we v er, C or ti n a sai d, earl y e xpo s ur e is b e n eficial. W h e n young er ki d s learnc o m pu ter scie n ce, t h e y learn t h at it’s no t j u st a c onfu si ng, e nd less stri ng of letters a ndnu m b ers— bu t a t oo l t o bu il d a pp s, or create artw ork, or test hypo t h eses. I t’s no t ash ard for t h em t o tra n sform t h eir t hough t pro cesses as it is for o l d er st ud e n ts. Brea k i ngdo w n prob lems i n t o b ite-size d c hunk s a nd u si ng c od e t o s o l v e t h em b ec o mes nor mal.Gi v i ng m or e c h il dr e n t h is trai n i ng c ou l d i n crease t h e nu m b er of pe op le i n tereste d i n t h e f iel d a nd h el p f ill t h e j ob s g a p, C or ti n a sai d.St ud e n ts als o b e n efit fro m learni ng s o met h i ng a bou t c od i ng b efore t h e y g et t o c o lle g e, w h ere i n troduct ory c o m pu ter-scie n ce classes are p ac k e d t o t h e br im, w h ic h ca n dr i v e t h e less-e xp erie n ce d or —d etermi n e d st ud e n ts awa y.T h e Flatiron Sc hoo l, w h ere p e op le p a y t o learn programmi ng, starte d as on e of t h e ma ny c od i ng boo tcam p s t h at’s b ec o me popu lar for a du lts l ook i ng for a career c h a ng e. T h e h i gh-sc hoo lers g et t h e same c urr ic u l u m, bu t“w e try t o g ear less on s t o ward t h i ng s t h e y’r e i n tereste d i n,”sai d Vict or ia Frie d ma n, a n i n struct or. F or i n sta n ce, on e of t h e a pp s t h e st ud e n ts are d e v el op i ng s ugg ests m ov ies b ase d on your m ood.T h e st ud e n ts i n t h e Flatiron class prob a b l y w on’t drop ou t of h i gh sc hoo l a nd bu il d t h e n e x t Face book. Programmi ng la ngu a g es h a v e a qu ic k t urnov er, s o t h e“R uby on Ra ils”la ngu a g e t h e y learne d ma y no t e v e n b e r ele v a n t by t h e time t h e y e n ter t h e j ob market. B u t t h e s k ills t h e y learn — how t o t h i nk l og icall y t hrough a prob lem a nd org a n ize t h e r es u lts—a pp l y t o a ny c od i ng la ngu a g e, sai d De bor a h See horn, a n e du cati on c on s u lta n t for t h e state of N or t h Caroli n a.Indee d, t h e Flatiron st ud e n ts mi gh t no t go i n t o I T at all. B u t creati ng a fu t ur e arm y of c od ers is no t t h e s o le purpo se of t h e classes. T h ese k i d s are go i ng t o b e s urround e d by c o m pu ters—i n t h eir poc k ets, i n t h eir offices, i n t h eir homes— for t h e rest of t h eir li v es. T h e young er t h e y learn how c o m pu ters t h i nk, ho w t o c o a x t h e mac h i n e i n t o produ ci ng w h at t h e y wa n t—t h e earlier t h e y learn t h at t h e y h a v e t h e po wer t o do t h at—t h e b etter.21. C or ti n a ho l d s t h at earl y e xpo s ur e t o c o m pu ter scie n ce ma k es it easier t o .A.c o m p lete fu t ur e j ob trai n i ngB.r em od el t h e wa y of t h i nk i ngC.for m u late l og ical hypo t h esesD.p erfect artw ork produ cti on22. In d eli v eri ng less on s for h i gh-sc hoo lers, Flatiron has c on si d ere d t h eir.A.e xp erie n ceB.aca d emic b ac kground sC.career pros p ectsD.i n terest23. De bor a h See horn b elie v es t h at t h e s k ills learne d at Flatiron will.A. h el p st ud e n ts learn ot h er c o m pu ter la ngu a g esB.h a v e t o b e upgr a d e d w h e n n ew tec hno l og ies c o meC.n ee d im prov i ng w h e n st ud e n ts l ook for j ob sD.e n a b le st ud e n ts t o ma k e b i g qu ic k m on e y24. Acc ord i ng t o t h e last p ara gr a ph, Flatiron st ud e n ts are e xp ecte d t o .A.c o m p ete wit h a fu t ur e arm y of progr ammersB.sta y l ong er i n t h e i nfor mati on tec hno l ogy i ndu stryC.b ec o me b etter pre p are d for t h e d i g italize d w or l dD.br i ng for t h i nnov ati v e c o m pu ter tec hno l og ies25. T h e w ord “c o a x” (Li n e 4, Para. 6) is cl o sest i n mea n i ng t o .A.c h alle ng eB.p ers u a d eC.fr i gh te nD.mis gu i d eTe xt 2Bi o l og ists estimate t h at as ma ny as 2 milli on lesser prairie c h ic k e n s—a k i nd of b ird li v i ng on stretc h i ng gr assla nd s—on ce le n t r e d t o t h e of te n gr e y la nd sca p e of t h e mi d western a nd s ou t h western U n ite d States. B u t j u st s o me 22,000 b irds r emai n t od a y, o cc upy i ng a bou t 16% of t h e s p ecies’ hist or ic r a ng e.T h e cras h was a maj or r eas on t h e U.S. Fis h a nd Wil d life Service (USFWS) d eci d e d t o for mall y list t h e b ird as t hr eate n e d. “T h e lesser prairie c h ic k e n is i n a d es p erate sit u ati on,”sai d USFWS Direct or Da n iel As h e. S o me e nv ironme n talists, ho we v er, were d isa ppo i n te d. T h e y h a d pu s h e d t h e a g e n c y t o d esi gn ate t h e b ird as “e nd a ng ere d”, a stat u s t h at g i v es f e d eral off icials gr eater re gu lat ory po wer t o crac k do w n on t hr eats. B u t As h e a nd o t h ers argue d t h at t h e“t hr eate n e d”ta g g a v e t h e fe d eral gov ernme n t f le x i b ilit y t o try out n ew, po te n tiall y less c onfron tati on al c on servati on a ppro ac h es. In p artic u lar, t h e y calle d for forg i ng cl o ser c o lla bor ati on swit h western state gov ernme n ts, w h ic h are of te n un eas y wit h f e d eral acti on, a nd wit h t h e pr i v ate la ndo w n ers w ho c on trol a n estimate d 95% of t h e pr airie c h ic k e n’s h a b itat.U nd er t h e p la n, for e x am p le, t h e a g e n c y sai d it w ou l d no t pro sec u te la ndo w n ers or bu si n esses t h at un i n te n ti on all y k ill, h arm, or d ist urb t h e b ird, as l ong as t h e y h a d si gn e d a r a ng e-wi d e ma n a g eme n t p la n t o r est or e pr airie c h ic k e n h a b itat. Ne go tiate d by USFWS a nd t h e states, t h e p la n r e qu ires i nd i v i du als a nd bu si n esses t h at d ama g e h a b itat as p art of t h eir operati on s t o p a y i n t o a fund t o r e p lace e v ery acre d estroye d wit h 2 n ew acres of s u ita b le h a b itat. T h e fund will als o b e u se d t o c o m p e n sate la ndo w n ers w ho set asi d e h a b itat. USFWS als o set a n i n terim go al of r est or i ng pr airie c h ic k e n popu lati on s t o a n a nnu al a v era g e of 67,000 b irds ov er t h e n e x t 10 y ears. A nd it g i v es t h e Western Ass o ciati on of Fis h a nd Wil d life A g e n cies (WAFWA), a c o aliti on of state a g e n cies, t h e j ob of m on it or i ng progr ess. O v erall, t h e i d ea is t o let “states r emai n i n t h e dr i v er’s seat for ma n a g i ng t h e s p ecies,”As h e sai d.N o t e v eryone buy s t h e wi n-wi n rh et or ic. S o me C ongr ess mem b ers are tryi ng t o b l o c k t h e p la n, a nd at least a do ze n i ndu stry groups, four states, a nd t hr ee e nv ironme n tal group s are c h alle ng i ng it i n f e d eral c our t. N o t s urpr isi ng l y, i ndu stry group s a nd states g e n erall y argue it go es t oo f ar;e nv ironme n talists sa y it do es n’t go far e nough. “T h e f e d eral gov ernme n t is g i v i ng r es pon si b ilit y for ma n a g i ng t h e b ird t o t h e same i ndu stries t h at are pu s h i ng it t o e x ti n cti on,”sa y s b i o l og ist Ja y Li n i ng er.26. T h e maj or r eas on for listi ng t h e lesser prairie c h ic k e n as t hr eate n e d is.A.its dr asticall y d ecrease d popu lati onB.t h e und erestimate of t h e gr assla nd acrea g eC.a d es p erate a pp eal fro m s o me b i o l og istsD.t h e i n siste n ce of pr i v ate la ndo w n ers27. T h e“t hr eate n e d”ta g d isa ppo i n te d s o me e nv ironme n talists i n t h at it.A.was a g i v e-i n t o gov ernme n tal pr ess ur eB.w ou l d i nvo l v e f ewer a g e n cies i n acti onC.gr a n te d less f e d eral r e gu lat ory po werD. we n t a g ai n st c on servati on po licies28. I t ca n b e learne d fro m Para gr a ph 3 t h at un i n te n ti on al h arm-doers will no t b e pro sec u te d if t h e y .A.a gr ee t o p a y a s u m for c o m p e n sati onB.vo l un teer t o set up a n e qu all y b i g h a b itatC.off er t o s uppor t t h e WAFWA m on it or i ng j obD.pro mise t o r aise fund s for USFWS op erati on s29. Acc ord i ng t o As h e, t h e lea d i ng ro le i n ma n a g i ng t h e s p ecies is.A.t h e f e d eral gov ernme n tB.t h e wil d life a g e n ciesC.t h e la ndo w n ersD.t h e states30. Ja y Li n i ng er w ou l d m o st li k el y s uppor t.A.i ndu stry groupsB.t h e wi n-wi n rh et or icC.e nv ironme n tal group sD.t h e p la n und er c h alle ng eTe xt 3T h at e v eryone’s t oo bu s y t h ese d a y s is a clic hé. B u t on e s p ecific c o m p lai n t is ma d e es p eciall y m ournfu ll y:T h ere’s n e v er a ny time t o r ea d.W h at ma k es t h e prob lem t horn ier is t h at t h e u s u al time-ma n a g eme n t tec hn i qu es don’t seem s uff icie n t. T h e we b’s fu ll of articles off eri ng ti p s on ma k i ng time t o r ea d:“G i v e up TV” or “Carry a book wit h you at all times”. B u t i n m y e xp erie n ce, u si ng s u c h met hod s t o fr ee up t h e odd 30 mi nu tes do es n’t w ork. Sit do w n t o r ea d a nd t h e fl y w h eel of w ork-r elate d t hough ts k ee p s s p i nn i ng—or else you’r e s o e xh a u ste d t h at a c h alle ng i ng book’s t h e last t h i ng you n ee d. T h e m od ern mi nd, Tim Parks, a nov elist a nd critic, writes, “is ov erw h elmi ng l y i n cli n e d t o ward c o mm un icati on … I t is no t sim p l y t h at on e is i n terrupte d;it is t h at on e is act u all y i n cli n e d t o i n terrupti on.”Dee p rea d i ng r e qu ires no t j u st time, bu t a s p ecial k i nd of time w h ic h ca n’t b e ob tai n e d merel y by b ec o mi ng m or e efficie n t.In fact, “b ec o mi ng m or e efficie n t”is p art of t h e prob lem. T h i nk i ng of time as a res our ce t o b e ma x imise d mea n s you a ppro ac h it i n strume n tall y, j udg i ng a ny g i v e n m o me n t as well s p e n t on l y i n s o f ar as it a dv a n ces progr ess t o ward s o me go al. Immersi v e r ea d i ng, by c on trast, d e p e nd s on b ei ng willi ng t o r is k i n efficie n c y, go alless n ess, e v e n time-wasti ng. Try t o sl o t it as a t o-do list item a nd you’ll ma n a g e on l y go al-foc u se d r ea d i ng-u seful, s o metimes, bu t no t t h e m o st fu lfilli ng k i nd. “T h e fut ur e c o mes at u s li k e em p t y bo ttles al ong a n un st opp a b le a nd n earl y i nf i n ite c onv e yor b elt,”writes Gary E b erle i n h is book Sa cre d Time, a nd “w e f eel a pr ess ur e t o f ill t h ese d iffere n t-size d bo ttles (d a y s, hour s, mi nu tes) as t h e y p ass, for if t h e y g et by wit hou t b ei ng f ille d, we will h a v e waste d t h em.”N o mi nd-set c ou l d b e w or se for l o si ng your self i n a book.S o w h at do es w ork?Perha p s s urpr isi ng l y, sc h e du li ng r e gu lar times for r ea d i ng. Y ou’d t h i nk t h is mi gh t fu el t h e efficie n c y mi nd-set, bu t i n f act, E b erle no tes, s u c h r it u alistic b e h a v i our h el p s u s“ste p ou tsi d e tim e’s f l o w”i n t o “s ou l tim e”. Y ou c ou l d limit d istracti on s by r ea d i ng on l y phy sical book s, or on si ng le-purpose e-rea d ers. “Carry a book wit h you at all time s”ca n act u all y w ork, t oo —prov i d i ng you d i p i n of te n e nough, s o t h at r ea d i ng b ec o mes t h e d efa u lt state fro m w h ic h you tem por aril y s urf ace t o ta k e care of bu si n ess, b efore dropp i ng b ac k do w n. O n a r eall y good d a y, it no l ong er feels as if you’r e“ma k i ng time t o r ea d”, bu t j u st r ea d i ng, a nd ma k i ng time for e v eryt h i ng else.31. T h e u s u al time-ma n a g eme n t tec hn i qu es don’t w ork b eca u se.A.w h at t h e y ca n off er does no t ease t h e m od ern mi ndB.w h at c h alle ng i ng book s d ema nd is r e p etiti v e r ea d i ngC.w h at p e op le of te n forg et is carryi ng a book wit h t h emD.w h at d ee p r ea d i ng r e qu ires ca nno t b e gu ara n tee d32. T h e“e m p t y bo ttles”meta phor ill u strates t h at p e op le f eel a pr ess ur e t o .A.upd ate t h eir t o-do listsB.ma k e p assi ng time fu lfilli ngC.carry t h eir pla n s t hroughD.pur s u e carefree r ea d i ng.33.E b erle w ou l d a gr ee t h at sc h e du li ng r e gu lar times for r ea d i ng h el p sA.e n c our a g e t h e efficie n c y mi nd-setB.d e v el op on li n e r ea d i ng h a b itsC.pro m o te r it u alistic r ea d i ngD.ac h ie v e immersi v e r ea d i ng34. “Carry a book wit h you at all time s”ca n w ork if .A.r ea d i ng b ec o mes your pr imary busi n ess of t h e d a yB.all t h e d ail y bu si n ess h as b ee n pro m p tl y d ealt wit hC.you are a b le t o drop b ac k t o bu si n ess after rea d i ngD. time ca n b e e v e n l y s p lit for r ea d i ng a nd bu si n ess35. T h e b est title for t h is te x t c ou l d b e. .A.H o w t o E n j oy Eas y Rea d i ngB.H o w t o Fi nd Time t o Rea dC.H o w t o Set Rea d i ng G o alsD.H o w t o Rea d E x te n si v el yTe xt 4A g ai n st a b ac kdrop of dr astic c h a ng es i n ec ono m y a nd popu lati on struct ur e, young est America n s are dr awi ng a n ew 21st-ce n t ury ro a d ma p t o s u ccess, a latest po ll h as found.Across g e n erati on al li n es, America n s c on ti nu e t o pr ize ma ny of t h e same tra d iti on al milest on es of a s u ccessful life, i n cl ud i ng g etti ng marrie d, h a v i ng c h il dr e n, o w n i ng a ho me, a nd r etiri ng i n t h eir si x ties. B u t w h ile young a nd o l d m o stl y a gr ee on w h at c on stit u tes t h e f i n is h li n e of a fu lfilli ng life, t h e y off er stri k i ng l y d iffere n t p at h s for reac h i ng it.Y oung p e op le w ho are still g etti ng starte d i n life were m or e li k el y t h a n o l d er a du lts t o pr i or itize p ers on al fu lfillme n t i n t h eir w ork, t o b elie v e t h e y will a dv a n ce t h eir careers m o st by r e gu larl y c h a ng i ng j ob s, t o f a vor c o mm un ities wit h m or e pub lic services a nd a f aster pace of life, t o a gr ee t h at c oup les s hou l d b e f i n a n ciall y sec ur e b efore g etti ng marrie d or h a v i ng c h il dr e n, a nd t o mai n tai n t h at c h il dr e n are b est serve d by tw o p are n ts w ork i ng ou tsi d e t h e ho me, t h e s urv e y found.From career t o c o mm un it y a nd f amil y, t h ese c on trasts s ugg est t h at i n t h e aftermat h of t h e seari ng Great Recessi on, t ho se j u st starti ng ou t i n life are d efi n i ng pr i or ities a nd e xp ectati on s t h at will i n creasi ng l y s pr ea d t hrough v irt u all y all as p ects of America n life, fro m c on s u mer prefere n ces t o hou si ng p atterns t o po litics.Y oung a nd o l d c onv erge on on e k e y po i n t:O v erw h elmi ng maj or ities of bo t h group s sai d t h e y b elie v e it is h arder for young pe op le t od a y t o g et starte d i n life t h a n it was for earlier ge n erati on s. W h ile young er pe op le are s o mew h at m or e op timistic t h a n t h eir el d ers a bou t t h e pro s p ects for t ho se starti ng ou t t od a y, b i g maj or ities i n bo t h group s b elie v e t ho se“j u st g etti ng starte d i n life” f ace a t ough er clim b t h a n earlier g e n erati on s i n r eac h i ng s u c h si gnpo st ac h ie v eme n ts as sec ur i ng a good-p a y i ng j ob, starti ng a f amil y, ma n a g i ng d e b t, a nd f i nd i ng afforda b le hou si ng.Pete Sc hn ei d er c on si d ers t h e clim b t ough er t od a y. Sc hn ei d er, a 27-y aear-ol d a u t o tec hn icia n fro m t h e C h ica go s uburb s, sa y s h e struggle d t o f i nd a j ob after gra du ati ng from c o lle g e. E v e n no w t h at h e is w ork i ng stea d il y, h e sai d, “I ca n’t afford t o p a y m y m on t h l y m or t g a g e p a y me n ts on m y o w n, s o I h a v e t o r e n t roo ms ou t t o p e op le t o ma k e t h at h a pp e n.”L ook i ng b ac k, h e is struc k t h at h is p are n ts c ou l d prov i d e a c o mforta b le life for t h eir c h il dr e n e v e n t hough n eit h er ha d c o m p lete d c o lle g e w h e n h e was young. “I still gr ew up i n a n upp er mi dd le-class ho me wit h p are n ts w ho d i dn’t h a v e c o lle g e d e gr ees,”Sc hn ei d er sai d, “I don’t t h i nk p e op le are ca p a b le of t h ata ny m or e.”36. O n e cross-ge n erati on mark of a s u ccessful life is.A.tryi ng ou t d iffere n t lifest y lesB.h a v i ng a f amil y wit h c h il dr e nC.w ork i ng b e yond r etireme n t a g eD.setti ng up a prof ita b le bu si n ess37. I t ca n b e learne d fro m Para gr a ph 3 t h at young p e op le te nd t o .A.f a vor a sl o wer life p aceB.ho l d a n o cc up ati on l ong erC.attac h im por ta n ce t o pr e-marital f i n a n ceD. g i v e pr i or it y t o c h il d care ou tsi d e t h e ho me.38.T h e pr i or ities a nd e xp ectati on s d efi n e d by t h e young willA.b ec o me i n creasi ng l y clearB.fo c u s on materialistic iss u esC.d e p e nd largel y on po litical pr efere n cesD.r eac h alm o st all as p ects of America n life39. B o t h young a nd o l d a gr ee t h at.A.good-p a y i ng j ob s are less a v aila b leB.t h e o l d ma d e m or e life ac h ie v eme n tsC.hou si ng l o a n s t od a y are eas y t o ob tai nD.g etti ng esta b lis h e d is h arder for t h e young40.W h ic h of t h e fo ll o wi ng is true a bou t Sc hn ei d er?A.He found a dr eam j ob after gra du ati ng fro m c o lle g e.B.His p are n ts b elie v e w ork i ng stea d il y is a m u st for s u ccess.C.His p are n ts’ good life h as little t o do wit h a c o lle g e d e gr ee.D.He t h i nk s h is j ob as a tec hn icia n qu ite c h alle ng i ng.P a rt BDirecti o ns:Rea d t h e fo ll o wi ng te x t a nd a n swer t h e qu esti on s by c hoo ssi ng t h e m o st s u ita b le s ubh ea d i ng fro m t h e list A—G for eac h of t h e nu m b ere d p ara gr a ph s (41—45). T h ere are tw o e x tra s ubh ea d i ng s w h ic h you do no t n ee d t o u se. Mark your a n swers on t h e ANS W ER SHEET. (10 po i n ts)[A]. Be sill y[B]. Ha v e fun[C]. E xpr ess your em o ti on s[D]. D on’t ov ert h i nk it[E]. Be easil y p lease d[F]. N o tice t h i ng s[G]. As k for h el pAct Y o ur Sh o e Size, N ot Y o ur A g eAs a du lts, it seems t h at we are c on sta n tl y pur s u i ng h a pp i n ess, of te n wit h mi x e d r es u lts. Yet c h il dr e n a pp ear t o h a v e it do w n t o a n art—a nd for t h e m o st p art t h e y don’t n ee d self-hel p book s or t h era py. In stea d, t h e y l ook after t h eir well b ei ng i n sti n cti v el y, a nd u s u all y m or e effecti v el y t h a n we do as gro w nup s. Perha p s it's time t o learn a f ew less on s fro m t h em.41.W h at do es a c h il d do w h e n h e’s sa d?He cries. W h e n h e’s a ngry?He s hou ts. Scare d?Proba b l y a b it of bo t h. As we gro w up, we learn t o c on trol our em o ti on s s o t h e y are ma n a g ea b le a nd don’t d ictate our b e h a v i our s, w h ic h is i n ma ny wa y s a good t h i ng. B u t t oo of te n we ta k e t h is pro cess t oo f ar a nd e nd up s uppr essi ng em o ti on s, es p eciall y n e g ati v e on es. T h at’s a bou t as effecti v e as bru s h i ng d irt und er a carpet a nd ca n e v e n ma k e u s ill. W h at we n ee d t o do is f i nd a wa y t o ac kno wle dg e a nd e xpr ess w h at we f eel a ppropr iatel y, a nd t h e n—a g ai n li k e c h il dr e n—m ov e on.42.A c oup le of C hr istmases a go, m y young est ste pd a ugh ter, w ho was n i n e y ears o l d at t h e time, go t a S up erma n T-s h irt for C hr istmas. I t c o st less t h a n a f i v er but s h e was ov erj oy e d, a nd c ou l dn’t st op tal k i ng a bou t it. T oo of te n we b elie v e t h at a n ew j ob, b i gg er house or b etter car will b e t h e ma g ic sil v er bullet t h at will all o w u s t o f i n all y b e c on te n t, bu t t h e r ealit y is t h ese t h i ng s h a v e v ery little lasti ng im p act on our h a pp i n ess le v els. In stea d, b ei ng gr ateful for small t h i ng s e v ery da y is a m u c h b etter wa y t o im prov e well b ei ng.43.Ha v e you e v er notice d ho w m u c h c h il dr e n la ugh? If we a du lts c ou l d i ndu l g e i n a b it of silli n ess a nd g i gg li ng, we w ou l d r e du ce t h e stress hor m on es i n our bod ies, i n crease good hor m on es li k e e ndorph i n s, im prov e b l ood f l o w t o our h earts a nd e v e n h a v e a gr eater c h a n ce of f i gh ti ng off i nf ecti on. All of w h ic h w ou l d, of c our se, h a v e a po siti v e effect on our h a pp i n ess le v els.44.T h e prob lem wit h b ei ng a gro w nup is t h at t h ere’s a n awful l o t of seri ou s st uff t o d eal wit h—w ork, m or t g a g e p a y me n ts, f i gur i ng ou t w h at t o c ook for d i nn er. B u t as a du lts we als o h a v e t h e l uxury of b ei ng a b le t o c on trol our o w n d iaries a nd it’s im por ta n t t h at we sc h e du le i n time t o e n j oy t h e t h i ng s we l ov e. T ho se t h i ng s mi gh t b e s o cial, s por ti ng, creati v e or c o m p letel y r a ndo m (d a n ci ng around t h e li v i ng roo m,a nyon e?) —it do es n’t matter, s o l ong as t h e y’r e e n j oy ab le, a nd no t li k el y t o h a v e n e g ati v e si d e effects, s uc h as dr i nk i ng t oo m u c h alc oho l or go i ng on a wild s pe nd i ng s pr ee if you’r e on a ti gh t budg et.45.Ha v i ng sai d all of t h e a bov e, it’s im por ta n t t o a dd t h at we s hou l dn’t try t oo h ard t o b e h a ppy. Scie n tists tell u s t h is ca n b ac kf ire a nd act u all y h a v e a n e g ati v e im p act on our well b ei ng. As t h e C h i n ese ph il o s oph er C hu a ng Tz u is r e por te d t o h a v e sai d:“Ha pp i n ess is t h e a b se n ce of stri v i ng for h a pp i n ess.”A nd i n t h at, on ce m or e, we n ee d t o l ook t o t h e e x am p le of our c h il dr e n, t o w ho m h a pp i n ess is no t a go al bu t a n at ur al byprodu ct of t h e wa y t h e y li v e.Secti o n III Tr a nsl at i o n46. Directi o ns:Tra n slate t h e fo ll o wi ng te x t i n t o C h i n ese. Write your tra n slati on on t h e ANS W ER SHEET. (15 po i n ts)T h e s up ermarket is d esi gn e d t o l ur e c u st o mers i n t o s p e nd i ng as m u c h time as po ssi b le wit h i n its door s. T h e r eas on for t h is is sim p le:T h e l ong er you sta y i n t h e st or e, t h e m or e st uff you’ll see, a nd t h e m or e st uff you see, t h e m or e you’ll buy. A nd s up ermarkets c on tai n a l o t of st uff. T h e a v era g e s up ermarket, acc ord i ng t o t h e F ood Marketi ng In stit u te, carries s o me 44,000 d iffere n t items, a nd ma ny carry te n s of t hou sa nd s m or e. T h e s h eer vol u me of a v aila b le c ho ice is e nough t o se nd s hopp ers i n t o a state of i nfor mati on ov erl o a d. Acc ord i ng t o br ai n-sca n e xp erime n ts, t h ed ema nd s of s o m u c h d ecisi on-ma k i ng qu ic k l y b ec o me t oo m u c h for u s. After a bou t40 mi nu tes of s hopp i ng, m o st p e op le st op struggli ng t o b e r ati on all y selecti v e, a ndi n stea d b e g i n s hopp i ng em o ti on all y—w h ic h is t h e po i n t at w h ic h we acc u m u late t h e50 p erce n t of st uff i n our cart t h at we n e v er i n te nd e d buy i ng.Secti o nⅣW ritin gP a rt A。

2016考研英语一大纲完整版I. 考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一) 语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。

2. 词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。

除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

(二) 语言技能*1. 阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1) 理解主旨要义;2) 理解文中的具体信息;3) 理解文中的概念性含义;4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义;6) 理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7) 理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8) 区分论点和依据。

2016研究生入学统一考试试题及答案解析(英语二) Section1Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Happy people work differently.They’re more productive,more creative,and willing to take greater risks.And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work,too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more,according to a recent research paper.__2__,firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested.So they compared U.S.cities’average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__enough,firms’investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment,or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D?To find out,the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest–like size, industry,and sales–and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in,like growth in wages or population.The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to“less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.”The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy,rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view,the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility.It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future.“It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,”said one researcher.1.[A]why[B]where[C]how[D]when2.[A]In return[B]In particular[C]In contrast[D]In conclusion3.[A]sufficient[B]famous[C]perfect[D]necessary4.[A]individualism[B]modernism[C]optimism[D]realism5.[A]echo[B]miss[C]spoil[D]change6.[A]imagined[B]measured[C]invented[D]assumed7.[A]Sure[B]Odd[C]Unfortunate[D]Often8.[A]advertised[B]divided[C]overtaxed[D]headquartered9.[A]explain[B]overstate[C]summarize[D]emphasize10.[A]stages[B]factors[C]levels[D]methods11.[A]desirable[B]sociable[C]reputable[D]reliable12.[A]resumed[B]held[C]emerged[D]broke13.[A]attribute[B]assign[C]transfer[D]compare14.[A]serious[B]civilized[C]ambitious[D]experienced15.[A]thus[B]instead[C]also[D]never16.[A]rapidly[B]regularly[C]directly[D]equally17.[A]After[B]Until[C]While[D]Since18.[A]arrives[B]jumps[C]hints[D]strikes19.[A]shape[B]rediscover[C]simplify[D]share20.[A]pray for[B]lean towards[C]give away[D]send outSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college.Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses,said Tom Cortina,the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.However,Cortina said,early exposure is beneficial.When younger kids learn computer science,they learn that it’s not just a confusing,endless string of letters and numbers—but a tool to build apps,or create artwork,or test hypotheses.It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal.Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap,Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college,where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim,which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School,where people pay to learn programming,started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change.The high-schoolers get the same curriculum,but“we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,”said Victoria Friedman,an instructor.For instance,one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook.Programming languages have a quick turnover,so the“Ruby on Rails”language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market.But the skills they learn —how to think logically through a problem andorganize the results—apply to any coding language,said Deborah Seehorn,an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed,the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes.These kids are going to be surrounded by computers—in their pockets,in their offices,in their homes—for the rest of their lives.The younger they learn how computers think,how to coax the machine into producing what they want—the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that—the better.21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.plete future job trainingB.remodel the way of thinkingC.formulate logical hypothesesD.perfect artwork production22.In delivering lessons for high-schoolers,Flatiron has considered their____.A.experienceB.academic backgroundsC.career prospectsD.interest23.Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.A.help students learn other computer languagesB.have to be upgraded when new technologies comeC.need improving when students look for jobsD.enable students to make big quick money24.According to the last paragraph,Flatiron students are expected to____.pete with a future army of programmersB.stay longer in the information technology industryC.become better prepared for the digitalized worldD.bring forth innovative computer technologies25.The word“coax”(Line4,Para.6)is closest in meaning to____.A.challengeB.persuadeC.frightenD.misguideText2Biologists estimate that as many as2million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States.But just some22,000birds remain today,occupying about16%of the species’historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service(USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened.“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,”said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe.Some environmentalists,however,were disappointed.They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as“endangered,”a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened”tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new,potentially less confrontational conservations approaches.In particular,they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments,which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated95%of the prairie chicken’s habitat.Under the plan,for example,the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill,harm,or disturb the bird,as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.Negotiated by USFWS and the states,the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with2new acres of suitable habitat.The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat,USFWS also set an interim goal of restoringprairie chicken populations to an annual average of67,000birds over the next10years.And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies(WAFWA),a coalition of state agencies,the job of monitoring progress.Overall,the idea is to let“states”remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，”Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups,four states,and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court Not surprisingly,doesn’t go far enough“The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,”says biologist Jay Lininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____[A]its drastically decreased population[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]the insistence of private landowners27.The“threatened”tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer agencies in action[C]granted less federal regulatory power[D]went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph3that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.According to Ashe，the leading role in managing the species in______[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______[A]industry groups[B]the win-win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]the plan under challengeText3That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché.But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully：There’s never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient.The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read:“Give up TV”or “Carry a book with you at all times”But in my experience,using such methods to free up the odd30minutes doesn’t work.Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need.Themodern mind,Tim Parks,a novelist and critic,writes,“is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted;it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”.Deep reading requires not just time,but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact,“becoming more efficient”is part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal immersive reading,by contrast,depends on being willing to risk inefficiency,goallessness,even time-wasting.Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful,sometimes,but not the most fulfilling kind.“The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,”writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time,and“we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles(days,hours,minutes)as they pass,for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”.No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work?Perhaps surprisingly,scheduling regular times for reading.You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set,but in fact,Eberle notes,such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow”into“soul time”.You could limit distractions by reading only physical books,or on single-purpose e-readers.“Carry a book with you at all times”can actually work,too-providing you dip in often enough,so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business,before dropping back down.On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re“making time to read,”but just reading,and making time for everything else.31.The usual time-management techniques don’t work because[A]what they can offer does not ease the modern mind[B]what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[C]what people often forget is carrying a book with them[D]what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32.The“empty bottles”metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to[A]update their to-do lists[B]make passing time fulfilling[C]carry their plans through[D]pursue carefree reading33.Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps[A]encourage the efficiency mind-set[B]develop online reading habits[C]promote ritualistic reading[D]achieve immersive reading34.“Carry a book with you at all times”can work if[A]reading becomes your primary business of the day[B]all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C]you are able to drop back to business after reading[D]time can be evenly split for reading and business35.The best title for this text could be[A]How to Enjoy Easy Reading[B]How to Find Time to Read[C]How to Set Reading Goals[D]How to Read ExtensivelyText4Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure,younger Americans are drawing a new21st-century road map to success,a latest poll has found.Across generational lines,Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life,including getting married,having children,owning a home,and retiring in their sixties.But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life,they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work,to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs,to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children,and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home,the survey found.From career to community and family,these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession,those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life,from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point:Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today,big majorities in both groups believe those“just getting started in life”face a tougher a good-paying job,starting a family,managing debt,and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.Schneider,a27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.Even now that he is working steadily,he said.”I can’t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own,so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.”Looking back,he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young.“I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,”Schneider said.“I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”36.One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.[A]trying out different lifestyles[B]having a family with children[C]working beyond retirement age[D]setting up a profitable business37.It can be learned from Paragraph3that young people tend to____.[A]favor a slower life pace[B]hold an occupation longer[C]attach importance to pre-marital finance[D]give priority to childcare outside the home38.The priorities and expectations defined by the young will____.[A]become increasingly clear[B]focus on materialistic issues[C]depend largely on political preferences[D]reach almost all aspects of American life39.Both young and old agree that____.[A]good-paying jobs are less available[B]the old made more life achievements[C]housing loans today are easy to obtain[D]getting established is harder for the young40.Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A]He found a dream job after graduating from college.[B]His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.[C]His parents’good life has little to do with a college degree.[D]He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.[A]Be silly[B]Have fun[C]Express your emotions[D]Don't overthink it[E]Be easily pleased[F]Notice things[G]Ask for helpAs adults,it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness,often with mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy.instead,they look after their wellbeing instinctively,and usually more effectively than we do as grownups.Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.41.______________What does a child do when he's sad?He cries.When he's angry?He shouts.Scared?Probably a bit of both.As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours,which is in many ways a good thing.But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions,especially negative ones.that's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately,and then-again like children-move.42.____________A couple of Christmases ago,my youngest stepdaughter,who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas.It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed,and couldn't stop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job,bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content,but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels.Instead,being grateful for small things every day is amuch better way to improve wellbeing.43.______________________Have you ever noticed how much children laugh?If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling,we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies,increase good hormones like endorphins,improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off enfection.All of which,of course,have a positive effect on happiness levels.44.__________________The problem with being a grown up is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with---work,mortgage payments,figuring out what to cook for dinner.But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love.Those things might be social,sporting,creative or completely random(dancing aroud the living room,anyone?)--it doesn't matter,so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects,such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.45.___________________Having said all of the above,it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy.Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing.As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said:"Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness."And in that,once more,we need to look to the example of our children,to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.The reason for this is simple:The longer you stay in the store,the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see,the more you'll buy.And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.The average supermarket,according to the Food Marketing Institute,carries some44,00different items,and many carry tens of thousands more.The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.According to brain-scan experiments,the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.After about40minutes of shopping,most people stop struggling to be rationally selective,and instead begin shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the50percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.Section IV WritingPart ASuppose you won a translation contest and your friend Jack wrote an email to congratulate you,and ask advice on translation.Write him a reply to1)thank him;2)give your advice.You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter,use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10point)Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart.you should1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points).2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解Section I Use of English1、[答案]C how[解析]根据空格所在句子可以看出，空格处应该是一个引导宾语从句的从属连词，做influence的宾语。

2016年考研西医综合真题一、A型题：1～90小题，每小题1.5分;91~120小题，每小题2分;共195分。

在每给出的A, B, C,D四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。

1.下列关于机体内环境稳态的描述，错误的是 DA.稳态是一种动态平衡B.稳态的维持是机体自我调节的结果C.稳态调节中都有一个调节点D.稳态是指细胞内液理化性质基本恒定2.在引起和维持细胞内外Na+、K+不对等分布中起重要作用的膜蛋白是 BA.载体B.离子泵C.膜受体D.通道3.神经细胞的静息电位为一70mV, Na+平衡电位为+60mV, Na+的电化学驱动力则为 AA. -130MvB. -10mVC. +lOmVD. +130mV4.风湿热时，红细胞沉降率加快的原因是 CA.红细胞表面积/体积比增大B.血浆白蛋白、卵磷脂含量增高C.血浆纤维蛋白原、球蛋白含量增高D.红细胞本身发生病变5.阿司匹林通过减少TXA2合成而抗血小板聚集的作用环节是 AA. 抑制COXB.抑制TXA-,合成酶C.抑制PGI7合成酶D.抑制PLA26.心室肌细胞在相对不应期和超常期内产生动作电位的特点是 BA.0期去极化速度快B.动作电位时程短C.兴奋传导速度快D.O期去极化幅度大7。

在微循环中，进行物质交换的血液不流经的血管是BA.后微动脉B.通血毛细血管C.微静脉D.微动脉8.下列呼吸系统疾病中，主要表现为呼气困难的是A—A.肺气肿B.肺水肿C.肺纤维化D.肺炎9.下列关于CO影响血氧运输的叙述，错谈的是 AA. CO中毒时血02分压下降B. CO妨碍02与Hb的结合C. CO妨碍02与Hb的解离D.cO中毒时血02含量下降10.下列关于颈动脉体化学感受器的描述，错误的是 DA.其流入流出血液中的Pa02差接近零，通常处于动脉血环境中B. Pa02降低、PaC02和H+浓度升高对其刺激有协同作用c.感受器细胞上存在对02,、C02、H+敏感的不同受体D.血供非常丰富，单位时间内血流量为全身之冠11.胃和小肠蠕动频率的决定性因素是 DA. 胃肠平滑肌动作电位频率B.胃肠平滑肌本身节律活动C. 胃肠肌问神经丛活动水平D.胃肠平滑肌慢波节律12.在胃黏膜壁细胞完全缺乏时，病人不会出现的表现是 CA.维生素B12吸收障碍B.肠道内细菌加速生长C.胰腺分泌HC03-减少D.食物蛋白质消化不良13.促进胰腺分泌消化酶最主要的胃肠激素是CA.胰多肽B.促胰液素C.缩胆囊素D.胃泌素14.人体发热初期出现畏寒、寒战的原因是BA.散热过程受阻B.体温调定点上调C.体温调节中枢功能异常D.产热过程过强15.利用肾清除率概念测定GFR，被清除物除能被肾小球滤过外，尚需满足的条件是 CA.不被肾小管重吸收，但可被分泌B.可被肾小管重吸收，但不可被分泌C.不被肾小管重吸收和分泌D.可被肾小管重吸收和分泌16.肾小管重吸收Na+与水的量与肾小球滤过率成定比关系的部位是 DA.髓袢细段B.髓袢升支粗段C.远曲小管D.近端小管17.机体安静情况下，对醛固酮分泌调节不起作用的因素是 CA.高血Na+B.血管紧张素IIC.促肾上腺皮质激素D.高血K+18.视网膜中央凹处视敏度极高的原因是DA.感光细胞直径小，感光系统聚合联系B. 感光细胞直径大，感光系统单线联系C.感光细胞直径大，感光系统聚合联系D.感光细胞直径小，感光系统单线联系19.在突触传递中，与神经末梢释放递质的数量呈正相关的因素是DA.末梢内囊泡的大小B.囊泡内递质的含量C.活化区面积的大小D.进入末梢的Ca2+量20.在周围神经系统中，属于胆碱能纤维的是CA.所有副交感节后纤维B.所有支配血管的交感节后纤维C.所有自主神经节前纤维D.所有支配汗腺的交感节后纤维21.下列激素中，能使机体的能量来源由糖代谢向脂肪代谢转移的是 CA.胰岛素B.皮质醇C.生长激素D.甲状腺激素22.口服葡萄糖比静脉注射等量葡萄糖引起更多的胰岛素分泌，其原因是BA.小肠吸收葡萄糖非常完全。

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一大纲原文全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2016年版)I. 考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II. 考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。

2. 词汇考生应能掌握5 500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。

除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试(一)是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

(二)语言技能*1. 阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所读材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义;2)理解文中的具体信息;3)理解文中的概念性含义;4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8)区分论点和论据。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及答案（完整版）（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They're more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too.Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).That's because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities' average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.7 enough, firms' investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8. But it is really happiness that's linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researches controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest like size, industry , and sales-and-and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population. They link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to "less confined decision making process" and the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.'' The relationship was 15 stronger in places wherehappiness was spread more 16. Firms seem to invest more in places.17 this doesn't prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. It's not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future. It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward -thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average," said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] sure [B] odd [C] unfortunate [D] often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9.[A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C] emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D] compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send actSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It's true that high-school coding classes aren't essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon's School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it's not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers - but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It's not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving morechildren this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that's become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but "we try to gear lessons toward things they're interested in," said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won't drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the "Ruby on Rails" language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn - how to think logically through a problem and organize the results - apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ,in their offices, in their homes -for the rest of their lives, The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want -the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that -the better.21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______[A] complete future job training[B] remodel the way of thinking[C] formulate logical hypotheses[D] perfect artwork production22.In delivering lessons for high - schoolers , Flatiron has considered their________[A] experience[B] interest[C] career prospects[D] academic backgrounds23.Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ________[A] help students learn other computer languages[B] have to be upgraded when new technologies come[C] need improving when students look for jobs[D] enable students to make big quick money24.According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ______[A] bring forth innovative computer technologies[B] stay longer in the information technology industry[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world[D] compete with a future army of programmers25.The word "coax"(Line4,Para.6) is closest in meaning to ________[A] persuade[B] frighten[C] misguide[D] challengeText 2Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands-once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern UnitedStates. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species 'historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened ."The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation ," said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as "endangered," a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats .But Ashe and others argued that the" threatened" tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action. and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken's habitat.Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat .The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat , USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years .And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let "states" remain in the driver 's seat for managing the species," Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states,and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, doesn't go far enough. "The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction, " says biologist Jay Lininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____.[A]its drastically decreased population[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]the insistence of private landowners27.The "threatened" tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____.[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer agencies in action[C]granted less federal regulatory power[D]went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____.[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the speciesin______.[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______.[A]industry groups[B]the win-win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]the plan under challenge各院校2020考研招生简章汇总全国历年考研分数线及趋势图全国研究生导师数据查询系统考研百科|最全考研名词解释全国研究生院高校名单汇总研究生考试专业院校数据库Text 3That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times." But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. "The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and "we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're "making time to read," but just reading, and making time for everything else.31. The usual time-management techniques don't work because .[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32. The "empty bottles" metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to .[A] update their to-do lists[B] make passing time fulfilling[C] carry their plans through[D] pursue carefree reading33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps .[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set[B] develop online reading habits[C] promote ritualistic reading[D] achieve immersive reading34. "Carry a book with you at all times" can work if .[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business35. The best title for this text could be .[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading[B] How to Find Time to Read[C] How to Set Reading Goals[D] How to Read ExtensivelyText 4Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. Whlie younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those "just getting started in life" face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said." I can't afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen." Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young."I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn't have college degrees,"Schneider said."I don't think people are capable of that anymore. "36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is .[A] trying out different lifestyles[B] having a family with children[C] working beyond retirement age[D] setting up a profitable business37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to .[A] favor a slower life pace[B] hold an occupation longer[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance[D] give priority to childcare outside the home38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will .[A] become increasingly clear[B] focus on materialistic issues[C] depend largely on political preferences[D] reach almost all aspects of American life39. Both young and old agree that .[A] good-paying jobs are less available[B] the old made more life achievements[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain[D] getting established is harder for the young40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success[C] His parents' good life has little to do with a college degree[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challengingPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Be silly[B] Have fun[C] Ask for help[D] Express your emotions.[E] Don't overthink it[F] Be easily pleased[G] Notice thingsAct Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age.(1) As adults, it seems that we're constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.41_____ [D] Express your emotions(2) What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. That's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we feel appropriately and then-again, like children-move on.42______[F] Be easily pleasedA couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was 9 years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't bigger house or better carwill be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43_______[A] Be sillyHave you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and ever have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.44______ [B] Have funThe problem with being a grownup is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with-work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the thing we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?)-it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.45______ [E] Don't overthink itHaving said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can back fire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: "Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness." And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead began shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.【参考译文】超市旨在吸引顾客在自己店内停留尽量长的时间。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及答案（完整版）（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly -acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that" incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health -as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty asskin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter's main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish FashionInstitute .But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase "impinging on"(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models' character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever". It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air".Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain's public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn't start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon "off-plan" building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes's preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today's BritainText 3"There is one and only one social responsibility of business" wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist "That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits." But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders's money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect" whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm's political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials." says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products33. The expression "more lenient"(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online - only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't pick a year to end print," he said "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year - more than twice as much as a digital - only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive that less aggressive."36. The New York Times is considering ending it's print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a " legacy product"[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today's workplace and the "dress for success" era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what's the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41___[B] Decide if the time is rightAs an executive coach, I've seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you're not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK42_____[G]Know your goalsGet clear on what impact you're hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more "SoHo." (It's OK to use characterizations like that )43 ____[D]Understand the contextLook at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _____[E]Work with professionalsEnlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It's not as expensive as you might think.45 ______[F]Make it efficientThe point of a style upgrade isn't to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can't be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn't go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem -confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.【参考译文】46. 我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康，这种能力植根于我们自身，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口，如何修复断骨。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二考研真题及答案（完整版）Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity we re correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest –like size, industry, and sales –and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more lik ely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__ thi s doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the fut ure. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out1. [标准答案] [C]how[考点分析] 连词辨析[选项分析] 根据语境，“新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future. The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness __6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas. __7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier .But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things. The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more lik ely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was __15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality. __17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer s doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer -term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the fut ure. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher. 1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when 2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion 3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary 4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism 5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change 6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed 7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often 8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered 9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize 第 1 页 共 18 页2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二考研真题及答案（完整版）Section 1 Use of English 第2 页 共18 页10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods 11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable 12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke 13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare 14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced 15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never 16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally 17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since 18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes 19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share 20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out 1. [标准答案] [C]how [考点分析] 连词辨析连词辨析[选项分析] 根据语境，“新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, １those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up :The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry20 the woman must wait ten months.1. [A] by way of [B] on behalf of [C] as well as [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C] compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C] arrange [D] postpone4. [A] Above all [B] In theory [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] but [C] or [D] so8. [A] copy [B] test [C] recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] passing [B] lighting [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] collection [C] association [D] union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D] live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] if [D] for14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A] whatever [B] however [C] whenever [D] wherever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] withdrawn [B] invested [C] donated [D] divided19. [A] breaks [B] warms [C] shows [D] clears20. [A] so that [B] while [C] once [D] in thatSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting ex treme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to woman (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep ---and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states: “we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main to ol of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards ofa particular industry.21. According to the first Paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] New runways would be constructed.[B] Physical beauty would be redefined.[C] Websites about dieting would thrive.[D] The fashion industry would decline.22. The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?[A] New standards are being set in Denmark.[B] The French measures have already failed.[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure.[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for __________[A] pursuing perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’ character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] setting a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?[A] A C hallenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France[C] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside”alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green bel ts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off–plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas in this way. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative---the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside __________[A] didn’t start t ill the Shakespearean age[B] has brought much benefit to the NHS[C] is fully backed by the royal family[D] is not well reflected in politics27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being_____[A] gradually destroyed[B] effectively reinforced[C] largely overshadowed[D] properly protected28. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3?[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.[C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.[D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29. The author holds that George Osborne’s preference ________[A] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas[C] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph, the author show his appreciation of________[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the political life in today’s Britain[C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[D] the town-and-country planning in BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist. “That is, to use its resources and engage in ac tivities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) polic ies as a waste of shareholders’money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies ---at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a com pany’s products as an indirect way to d onate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect”, whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its me rits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Frie dman’s statement about CSR with_______[A] tolerance[B] skepticism[C] uncertainty[D] approval32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by_______[A] winning trust from consumers[B] guarding it against malpractices[C] protecting it from being defamed[D]raising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient” (line 2, Para.4) is closest in meaning to_______[A] more effective[B] less controversial[C] less severe[D] more lasting34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record_______.[A] has an impact on their decision[B] comes across as reliable evidence[C] increases the chance of being penalized[D] constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?[A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[B] The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.[C] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper – printing presses, delivery trucks –isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation may be lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figur ing out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as a blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said. “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, yo u could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year – more than twice as much as a digital–only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s b etter to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”36. The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to_____.[A] the high cost of operation[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the increasing online ad sales37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should_____.[A] seek new sources of leadership[B] end the print sedition for good[C] aim for efficient management[D] make strategic adjustments38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”______.[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that, in a changing world______.[A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B] Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand[C] Make Your print Newspapers a Luxury Good[D] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Have confidence in yourself[C] Decide if the time is right[D] Understand the context[E] Work with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range ofoptions is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakersor dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s t he best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41_________________________As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particular ly helpful duringtransitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.42________________________Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)43 ________________________Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _______________________Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professio nal photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45 ________________________The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) W e don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us.When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of i nnate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words, providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1 - 5: C-D-C-B-C6 - 10: A-B-C-D-A11-15: D-D-B-A-C16-20: A-B-D-C-BSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21 – 25 : B-D-A-C-A26 – 30: D-A-D-B-D31 – 35: B-A-C-A-B36 – 40: A-D-B-C-CPart B (10 points)41 – 45 : C-G-D-E-FPart C (10 points)46. 我们不用去学习如何保持心理健康，因为它是与生俱来的，就好像我们的身体知道如何让伤口自愈，如何修复伤骨。

桂林电子科技大学2016年研究生统一入学考试试题科目代码：211 科目名称：翻译硕士英语请注意：答案必须写在答题纸上（写在试题上无效）。

I. Vocabulary and Grammar (30 marks)Multiple Choice QuestionsDirections: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best fits the blank or best paraphrases the underlined word or words to complete each statement. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. He knows that Iran -- which has not started a war in modern history -- poses no_______ military threat to the United States.A. conceivableB. imaginableC. considerableD. forceful2. Many Chinese are fascinated by the US and it remains a top _______ for China’s young people to study.A. opportunityB. destinationC. targetD. route3. Late in the morning, we stopped where some other boats_______ in the shadows of the cliffs and jumped in for a swim.A. were anchoredB. were placedC. were attachedD. were stopped4. The way they _______ on their instruments always had melody laced in with these great guitar parts.A. constructB. writeC. workD. compose5. The girl's aunt told the police station that her niece is constantly _______ by the incident and "won't sleep by herself."A. scaredB. worriedC. shockedD. haunted6. Citizens are _______ by their government to denounce criminals, though 98.5 per cent ofcriminal investigations are never solved.A. exhortedB. exhaustedC. exertedD. excused7. We have also not _______ the subtleties of mutant screens or details of phenotypes as thesetopics have been covered in detail by a large number of excellent reviews.A. put onB. written onC. doneD. dwelt on8. Still, Canada has moved over the years _______ savings from taxation – in order to encourageinvestment – while taxing consumption.A. to spendB. to spareC. to expendD. to extend9. Due to the fact that universities can not enroll all the candidates, _______ to university iscompetitive.A．admission B．affidavit C．admiration D．allegiance10. The villagers were _______ by the news of the criminal's release from the prison.A．indignant B．puzzled C．overjoyed D．elusive11. Each individual expresses his opinion in the group by where he stands when a lot of people _______ together in a chat.A．squeeze B．stick C．pad D．cluster12. But later my hair began to fall _______, and my belly turned to water.A．off B. out C. through D. away13. At last this intermezzo _______, and I found myself in front of the gigantic City Hall.A. came to an endB. came to the endC. came to endD. came to ending14. Since he had never been in such a situation before, his apprehension was understandable.In this sentence “apprehension” means _______.A. eagernessB. fearC. hesitationD. excitement15. He tarried to tell his hostess how much he had enjoyed the party. In this sentence “tarried”means _______.A. neglectedB. attemptedC. lingeredD. struggled16. During the owners’ absence, the lawn became dreadfully _______.A. sloppyB. slipshodC. slovenlyD. unkempt17. She is looking for a more _______ place to live in.A. congenialB. congressionalC. congaingD. cognizant18. The patient read about car racing and experienced _______ thrills.A. repulsiveB. elusiveC. vicariousD. covetous19. Can you vouch for Fred’s integrity?A. withdrawB. denyC. believeD. attest to20. The newspaper tabulation will show how each precinct voted.A. chartB. tabooC. tactD. ratio21. The landlord threw them out because they hadn’t paid their rent for six months.A. evictedB. dischargedC. demolishedD. dismissed22. His apparel showed him to be a successful man.A. clothingB. confidenceC. answerD. manner23. Your mood seems very meditative this evening.A. gleefulB. thoughtfulC. desperateD. stern24. John was forced to make an extemporaneous speech.A. sharpB. foolishC. offhandD. critical25.He survey presents a useful classification of statistical data.A. breakupB. breakthroughC. breakdownD. breakaway26. You may be athletic, but a monkey is more agile.A. cleverB. nimbleC. stupidD. quick27. The picture is tilted; please straighten it.A. highB. levelC. crookedD. adjustable28. If it goes on to _______ its responsibilities, then the British government must act immediatelyin its place.A. disciplineB. abdicateC. bashD. challenge29. They tell the people in their community not to store apples in the refrigerator because freshfruit like apples is _______.A. perishableB. vanishingC. exquisiteD. fickle30. When she called me a thief, I decided to sue her for _______.A. ridiculeB. scandalC. slanderD. encumberII. Reading Comprehension (40 marks)Multiple Choice QuestionsDirections: In this section, there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AThe purpose of the home was to rehabilitate patients as far as possible, so that they could face the harsh realities of life outside hospital. Most of them not only suffered from some form of nervous disease but had other handicaps as well. (There were those who were deaf, those who were partially blind, and those who were partially paralyzed.) For most of them, the hospital had been their refuge for some time and the idea of being rehabilitated was somewhat frightening. They doubted their own capabilities, and were nervous of the effort which would be required from them.The home contains within a research unit which is mainly concerned with overcoming the technical problems which arise from the patient’s physical disabilities. Full rehabilitation involves a need for a patient to be as independent as possible physically. It is in the research center that all types of electronic equipment are pioneered, much of it exceedingly delicate and complex. One of the things I found astonishing as I watched what was going on in the workshop was the ease with which the patients became accustomed to the equipment. This of course has the dual effect of making them physically independent and giving then the psychological satisfaction of having mastered a difficult problem. And this extra confidence is, of course, a further step towards rehabilitation.While I was there, I was fortunate enough to be able to talk to a couple of patients (or rather ex-patients) who had been fully rehabilitated and who had come back for the weekend to visit their friends. One, a former physical education teacher who suffered from paralysis from the waist down, was now teaching general studies in a primary school. After his accident, he told me, he had had a complete nervous breakdown and had indeed tried to commit suicide several times. “But when I got here, I realized that there were still some things I could do, and that there were people worse off than me who were out in the world doing them,” he said.” Yes, I expect I shall get depressions again. You can’t completely cure that kind of thing. But they’ll pull me out of it, at least I know that now.” I asked him if he felt that everyone in the home could be rehabilitated. “Well, of course, one can’t really. There are some people in here with really terrible problems. But I should say that about 70% of them will be fully rehabilitated by this time next year.” And that is a fantastic claim, from my observation of what is going on, may well be substantiated.Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)1. The “home” in this passage refers to _______.A. the hospitalB. the place away from realityC. the research centerD. the refuge camp2. The word “rehabilitate” (Line 1, Para. 1) probably means _______.A. overcome physical disabilitiesB. train to get used to a new situationC. restore to relatively normal lifeD. cure nervous diseases3. The research unit aims to help people to _______.A. gain confidence about their abilitiesB. become physically independentC. solve difficult problemsD. make complex electronic equipment4. Which of the following is true about the teacher mentioned in this passage?A. He was aware that he was more fortunate than others.B. He was cured of his paralysis.C. He thought highly of the rehabilitation place.D. He had a traffic accident and almost committed suicide.5. The author thinks that the teacher’s claim of the percentage of full rehabilitation is _______.A. pessimisticB. groundlessC. underestimatedD. optimisticPassage BIf you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that's God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don't succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)6. To make your humor work, you should _______.A. take advantage of different kinds of audienceB. make fun of the disorganized peopleC. address different problems to different peopleD. show sympathy for your listeners7. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are _______.A. impolite to new arrivalsB. very conscious of their godlike roleC. entitled to some privilegesD. very busy even during lunch hours8. It can be inferred from the text that public services _______.A. have benefited many people.B. are the focus of public attention.C. are an inappropriate subject for humor.D. have often been the laughing stock.9. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered _______.A. in well-worded languageB. as awkwardly as possibleC. in exaggerated statementsD. as casually as possible10. The best title for the text may be _______.A. Use Humor EffectivelyB. Various Kinds of HumorC. Add Humor to SpeechD. Different Humor StrategiesPassage CThe fox really exasperated them both. As soon as they had let the fowls out, in the early summer mornings, they had to take their guns and keep guard; and then again as soon as evening began to mellow, they must go once more. And he was so sly. He slid along in the deep grass; he was difficult as a serpent to see. And he seemed to circumvent the girls deliberately. Once or twice March had caught sight of the white tip of his brush, or the ruddy shadow of him in the deep grass, and she had let fire at him. But he made no account of this. The trees on the wood edge were a darkish, brownish green in the full light—for it was the end of August. Beyond, the naked, copper like shafts and limbs of the pine trees shone in the air. Nearer the rough grass, with its long, brownish stalks all agleam, was full of light. The fowls were round about—the ducks were still swimming on the pond under the pine trees. March looked at it all, saw it all, and did not see it. She heard Banford speaking to the fowls in the distance—and she did not hear. What was she thinking about? Heaven knows. Her consciousness was, as it were, held back. She lowered her eyes, and suddenly saw the fox. He was looking up at her. His chin was pressed down, and his eyes were looking up. They met her eyes. And he knew her. She was spellbound—she knew he knew her. So he looked into her eyes, and her soul failed her. He knew her, he has not daunted. She struggled; confusedly she came to herself, and saw him making off, with slow leaps over some fallen boughs, slow, impudent jumps. Then he glanced over his shoulder, and ran smoothly away. She saw his brush held smooth like a feather; she saw his white buttocks twinkle. And he was gone, softly, soft as the wind.She put her gun to her shoulder, but even then pursed her mouth, knowing it was nonsense to pretend to fire. So she began to walk slowly after him, in the direction he had gone, slowly and pertinaciously. She expected to find him. In her heart she was determined to find him. What she would do when she saw him again she did not consider. But she was determined to find him. So she walked abstractedly about on the edge of the wood, with wide, vivid dark eyes, and a faint flush in her cheeks. She did not think. In strange mindlessness she walked hither and thither... As soon as supper was over, she rose again to go out, without saying why. She took her gun again and went to look for the fox. For he had lifted his eyes upon her, his knowing look seemed to have entered her brain. She did not so much think of him: she was possessed by him. She saw his dark, shrewd, unabashed eye looking into her, knowing her. She felt him invisibly master her spirit. Sheknew the way he lowered his chin as he looked up, she knew his muzzle, the golden brown, and the grayish white. And again she saw him glance over his shoulder at her, half inviting, half contemptuous and cunning. So she went, with her great startled eyes glowing, her gun under her arm, along the wood edge. Meanwhile the night fell, and a great moon rose above the pine trees…Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)11. At the beginning of the story, the fox seems to the all EXCEPT _______.A. cunningB. fierceC. defiantD. annoying12. As the story proceeds, March begins to feel under the spell of _______.A. the lightB. the treesC. the nightD. the fox13. Gradually March seems to be in a state of _______.A. blanknessB. imaginationC. sadnessD. excitement14. At the end of the story, there seems to be a sense of ____ between March and the fox.A. detachmentB. angerC. intimacyD. conflict15. The passage creates an overall impression of _______.A. mysteryB. horrorC. livelinessD. contemptPassage DIn every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized. In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defenses which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behavior: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)16. The phrase “men's sureness of their sex role” in the first paragraph suggests that they _______.A. are confident in their ability to charm womenB. take the initiative in courtshipC. have a clear idea of what is considered “manly”D. tend to be more immoral than women are17. The third paragraph does NOT claim that men _______.A. prevent women from taking up certain professionsB. secretly admire women's intellect and resolutionC. doubt whether women really mean to succeed in businessD. forbid women to join certain clubs and societies18. The third paragraph _______.A. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph19. At the end of the last paragraph the author uses humorous exaggeration in order to _______.A. show that men are stronger than womenB. carry further the ideas of the earliest paragraphsC. support the first sentence of the same paragraphD. disown the ideas he is expressing20. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph _______.A. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooerIII. Writing (30 marks)Directions: In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility.What are your opinions on this?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write an essay of about 400 words on the above topic entitled:________________________________________on the answer sheet.。