图书管理常用名词

AACR 英美编目条例专英词汇表A detailed set of standardized rules for cataloging various types of library materials that had its origin in Catalog Rules: Author and Title Entries, published in 1908 under the auspices of the American Library Association and the Library Association (UK), and the A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Entries (1949), with its companion volume Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress.academic library 高校图书馆; 学术图书馆A library that is an integral part of a college, university, or other institution of postsecondary education, administered to meet the information and research needs of its students, faculty, and staff. In the United States, the professional association for academic libraries and librarians is the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), which publishes Standards for Libraries in Higher Education. Compare with research library. See also: college library, departmental library, graduate library, undergraduate library, and university library.accession 登录；登录文献To record in an accession list the addition of a bibliographic item to a library collection, whether acquired by purchase or exchange or as a gift. In automated libraries, the addition is usually recorded by enhancing a brief order record that is expanded in cataloging to become the full bibliographic record entered permanently in the catalog. Also refers to the material added. The process of making additions to a collection is known as accessions. The opposite of deaccession. Compare with acquisitions.acquisitions 采访（部）；采购（部）；收集The process of selecting, ordering, and receiving materials for library or archival collections by purchase, exchange, or gift, which may include budgeting and negotiating with outside agencies, such as publishers, dealers, and vendors, to obtain resources to meet the needs of the institution's clientele in the most economical and expeditious manner. Also refers to the department within a library responsible for selecting, ordering, and receiving new materials and for maintaining accurate records of such transactions,usually managed by an acquisitions librarian. In small libraries, the acquisitions librarian may also be responsible for collection development, but in most public and academic libraries, this responsibility is shared by all the librarians who have an active interest in collection building, usually on the basis of expertise and subject specialization. Compare with accession.almanac 年鉴;年历;历书Originally, a book introduced by the Moors to Spain, listing the days, weeks, and months of the year and providing information about festivals, holidays, astronomical phenomena, etc. In modern usage, an annual compendium of practical dates, facts, and statistics, current and/or retrospective, often arranged in tables to facilitate comparison. Almanacs can be general (example: World Almanac and Book of Facts) or related to a specific subject or academic discipline (Almanac of American Politics). Information Please is an example of a modern online almanac.American Library Association (ALA) 美国图书馆协会he leading professional association of public and academic libraries and librarians in the United States, the ALA was founded in Philadelphia in October 1876 by a group of library leaders (90 men and 13 women) that included Melvil Dewey. An "association of associations," the ALA is organized in divisions, each with its own officers, budget, and programs, and is closely tied to over 50 state and regional chapters. The Association also sponsors round tables on specific issues and topics and is affiliated with other independent library-related organizations. Its imprint is ALA Editions. The most widely read periodicals published by the ALA are the professional journal American Libraries and the review publication Booklist. The ALA is a member of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA).American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T)美国信息科学与技术学会An affiliate of the American Library Association, ASIS&T is a nonprofit association established in 1937 to provide opportunities for professionals in the information science field to communicate across the disciplines of library science, computer science, linguistics, mathematics, and the physical sciences. Formerly the American Society for Information Science (ASIS).annotated bibliography 提要式目A bibliography in which a brief explanatory or evaluative note is added to each reference or citation.录An annotation can be helpful to the researcher inevaluating whether the source is relevant to a giventopic or line of inquiry.archives 档案（资料）；档案馆An organized collection of the noncurrent records of the activities of a business, government, organization, institution, or other corporate body, or the personal papers of one or more individuals, families, or groups, retained permanently (or for a designated or indeterminate period of time) by their originator or a successor for their permanent historical, informational, evidential, legal, administrative, or monetary value, usually in a repository managed and maintained by a trained archivist. Also refers to the office or organization responsible for appraising, selecting, preserving, and providing access to archival materials.audiovisual (AV) 视听资料; 声像资料A work in a medium that combines sound and visual images, for example, a motion picture or videorecording with a sound track, or a slide presentation synchronized with audiotape. Also spelled audio-visual and abbreviated a-v.Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) 澳大利图书情报协会The professional association for the Australian library and information services sector, ALIA seeks to empower the library profession in the development, promotion, and delivery of quality services to all Australians, through leadership, advocacy, and mutual support. ALIA sponsors a biennial national conference, presents national and regional awards, and publishes Australian Library Journal (ALJ).auxiliary schedule 辅助分类表；辅表；复分表In library classification, a separate list of classes (with their notations) that serves only to subdivide the classes listed in the main schedules.Bback issue 过刊Any issue of a periodical that precedes the current issue. Back issues are usually retained in a back file, which may be stored in a different location in the periodicals section of a library, sometimes converted to a more compact format, such as microfilm or microfiche. In the catalog record, the extent of the back file is indicated in the holdings statement. Synonymous with back number.Banned Books Week 禁书周An annual event observed in the United States since 1981 during the last week of September, Banned Books Week is sponsored by the American Booksellers Association, American BooksellersFoundation for Free Expression, American Library Association, Association of American Publishers, American Society of Journalists and Authors, and National Association of College Stores and endorsed by the Center for the Book at the Library of Congress. Libraries and bookstores throughout the country celebrate the freedom to read by displaying recently banned books and books that have been banned throughout history.bibliographic instruction (BI) 图书馆指导; 文献检索教育Instructional programs designed to teach library users how to locate the information they need quickly and effectively. BI usually covers the library's system of organizing materials, the structure of the literature of the field, research methodologies appropriate to the discipline, and specific resources and finding tools (catalogs, indexes and abstracting services, bibliographic databases, etc.). Synonymous with library instruction and library orientation. Compare with user education.bibliography 书目Strictly speaking, a systematic list or enumeration of written works by a specific author or on a given subject, or that share one or more common characteristics (language, form, period, place of publication, etc.). A bibliography may be comprehensive or selective. Long bibliographies may be published serially or in book form. The person responsible for compiling a bibliography is the bibliographer. Compare with catalog.bibliotheca 藏书楼；藏书目录；文库From the Greek biblion ("book") and theke ("to place").A library or collection of books. Also refers to a list or catalog of books, especially one prepared by a bibliographer.bibliotherapy 阅读疗法The use of books selected on the basis of content in a planned reading program designed to facilitate the recovery of patients suffering from mental illness or emotional disturbance. Ideally, the process occurs in three phases: personal identification of the reader with a particular character in the recommended work, resulting in psychological catharsis, which leads to rational insight concerning the relevance of the solution suggested in the text to the reader's own experience. Assistance of a trained psychotherapist is advised. See also: readers' advisory.branch library 图书分An auxiliary service outlet in a library system, housed馆in a facility separate from the central library, which hasat least a basic collection of materials, a regular staff,and established hours, with a budget and policiesdetermined by the central library.British National Bibliography (BNB) 英国国家书目The most comprehensive record of books and first issues of serials published since 1950 in the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland, the BNB has been the responsibility of the British Library since the library's inception in 1973. Since 1990, bibliographic records created in accordance with international cataloging standards have been contributed by all the legal depository libraries in the UK, with CIP data on forthcoming titles provided by the Bibliographic Data Services. Coverage is selective, with emphasis on mainstream monographs available through regular book-buying channels. Research reports and non-trade monographs are recorded separately in the British National Bibliography for Report Literature. The BNB is available weekly in print, monthly on CD-ROM, and online.Ccall number 索书号A unique code printed on a label affixed to the outside of an item in a library collection, usually to the lower spine of a book or videocassette, also handwritten or printed on a label inside the item. Assigned by the cataloger, the call number is also displayed in the bibliographic record that represents the item in the library catalog, to identify the specific copy of the work and give its relative location on the shelf. In most collections, a call number is composed of a classification number followed by additional notation to make the call number unique.card catalog(ue) 卡片目录A list of the holdings of a library, printed, typed, or handwritten on catalog cards, each representing a single bibliographic item in the collection. Catalog cards are normally filed in a single alphabetical sequence (dictionary catalog), or in separate sections by author, title, and subject (divided catalog), in the long narrow drawers of a specially designed filing cabinet, usually constructed of wood.cataloging-in-publicati on (CIP) 在版编目A prepublication cataloging program in which participating publishers complete a standardized data sheet and submit it with the front matter or entire text of a new book (usually still in galleys) to the Library ofCongress for use in assigning an LCCN and preparing a bibliographic record, which is sent back to the publisher within 10 days to be printed on the verso of the title page. The Library of Congress distributes CIP records to large libraries, bibliographic utilities, and book vendors on a weekly basis to facilitate book processing. If incomplete, the initial record may be amended by the Library of Congress after the U.S. Copyright Office receives the deposit copy of the published work. The CIP Program began at the Library of Congress in 1971 and is used throughout the world. British spelling is cataloguing-in-publication.catalog 目录A comprehensive list of the books, periodicals, maps, and other materials in a given collection, arranged in systematic order to facilitate retrieval (usually alphabetically by author, title, and/or subject). In most modern libraries, the card catalog has been converted to machine-readable bibliographic records and is available online. The preparation of entries for a library catalog (called cataloging) is performed by a librarian known as a cataloger. British spelling is catalogue. Abbreviated cat. Compare with bibliography and index.central library 图书总馆The administrative center of a library system where system-wide management decisions are made, centralized technical processing is conducted, and principal collections are located. Synonymous with main library. See also: branch library.Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) 英国特许图书情报专业人员协会A new professional association formed in April 2002 by the union of the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS) and the Library Association (UK), CILIP is now is the leading professional body for librarians, information specialists, and knowledge managers in the UK, with nearly 23,000 members working in all sectors, including business and industry, science and technology, education, local and central government, health services, national and public libraries, and the voluntary sector.chief information officer (CIO) 首席信息官The title of the person in a commercial company or nonprofit organization who is responsible for managing the flow of official information, including computing and any library services - a relatively new position in companies and organizations that recognize the need for such a management function.children's librarian 儿 A librarian who specializes in services and collections童图书馆员for children up to the age of 12-13. Most children'slibrarians have extensive knowledge of children'sliterature and are trained in the art of storytelling.church library 教会图书馆A library maintained on the premises of a house of worship, containing books, pamphlets, and other materials related to its faith and to the history of the institution. Very old church libraries often have rare books and manuscripts in their collections, for example, the Hereford Cathedral Library in England which owns a historical collection of chained books. Cathedral libraries may restrict the use of all or a portion of their holdings to readers who have a research interest in their collections (example: Canterbury Cathedral Library in England). Most synagogues also have a library, with some materials in Hebrew.circulating library 租借图书馆；租书处A type of library established by booksellers and other businessmen in Britain in the early 18th century that provided popular reading material to the general public for a limited period of time in exchange for payment of a modest fee (usually no more than a shilling per month), comparable to a modern rental collection. With the introduction of inexpensive paperback editions and the growth of public libraries in the early 20th century, interest in circulating libraries declined. Synonymous with two-penny library. Compare with subscription library.circulation 流通The process of checking books and other materials in and out of a library. Also refers to the total number of items checked out by library borrowers over a designated period of time and to the number of times a given item is checked out during a fixed period of time, usually one year.classification schedule 分类表The names assigned to the classes and subdivisions of a classification system, listed in the order of their symbolic notation. In a hierarchical classification system, the arrangement of the schedule(s) indicates logical subordination. For example, in Dewey Decimal Classification the schedules consist of the class numbers 000-999, the associated headings, and notes concerning use, with logical hierarchy indicated by indention and length of notation.classification scheme分类法; 分类系统See: classification system.classification system 分类系统; 分类法A list of classes arranged according to a set of pre-established principles for the purpose of organizing items in a collection, or entries in an index, bibliography, or catalog, into groups based on their similarities and differences, to facilitate access and retrieval. In the United States, most library collections are classified by subject. In the United States, most public libraries use Dewey Decimal Classification, but academic and research libraries prefer Library of Congress Classification.classification 分类The process of dividing objects or concepts into logically hierarchical classes, subclasses, and sub-subclasses based on the characteristics they have in common and those that distinguish them. Also used as a shortened form of the term classification system or classification scheme.class 类；类别；等级A grouping of objects or concepts based on one or more characteristics, attributes, properties, qualities, etc., that they have in common, for the purpose of classifying them according to an established system, represented in library classification systems by a symbolic notation. In hierarchical classification systems, the members of a class (example: books) are divided into subclasses (children's books), which are in turn subdivided into more specific subclasses (picture books), and so on.In human resources management, a group of positions within an organization for which the qualifications, duties, responsibilities, evaluation procedures, etc., are comparable and which share the same scale of rank and pay. In library employment, positions are typically classified as follows: library director, librarian, library technician, library technical assistant, and clerical assistant.closed reserve 闭架保存资料；闭架保存馆藏An item on reserve that may be checked out by a registered borrower but may not be removed from library premises. Also, a reserve collection shelved in a closed stack from which requested items must be retrieved by a member of the library staff. Compare with open reserve.closed stacks 闭架A shelving area in a library to which only members of the library staff have access, established to protect the collection or conserve space by using aisles narrower than the width that is standard in open stacks.Materials are retrieved from closed stacks by staff members upon request.collaborative reference 协作参考咨询A mode of digital reference in which reference questions are routed to reference librarians at different institutions, based on such criteria as expertise, availability, etc. The QuestionPoint service developed by OCLC and the Library of Congress, with input from participating members of the Global Reference Network, is an example of such a service. Compare with cooperative reference.college library 学院图书馆A type of academic library maintained by an independent four-year college, or by one of several colleges within a larger university, for the use of students and faculty. The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) has established Standards for Libraries in Higher Education (June 2004). Compare with undergraduate library.community information system (CIS) 社区信息系统A centralized source providing government, business, historical, and geographic information about a local community or small group of communities, intended primarily for the use of local residents, prospective residents, and visitors.community information 社区信息；社区信息格式A format in MARC 21 designed to carry descriptions of non-bibliographic resources that fulfill the information needs of a community, including programs, services, events, organizations, and individuals (storytellers, civic leaders, etc.).compact disc (CD) 激光唱盘；激光唱片A digital audiorecording medium introduced in 1982 capable of storing up to 74 minutes of high-fidelity stereophonic sound in a single spiral track on one side of a 4.75-inch disc, similar to the track on a phonograph record. Designed to be read by a laser beam and decoded inside a device called a CD player, compact discs not only provide clearer sound than phonograph records and audiotape but are capable of recording a much wider range of volume.In libraries, CDs are usually shelved separately, often in specially designed display cases. Some libraries provide listening equipment on the premises. In AACR2, the term "sound disc" is used in the physical description area of the bibliographic record representing a compact disc, with "digital" given as type of recording. See also: optical disk.conservation （文献）Physical or chemical intervention to ensure the survival修复；（文献）保护of manuscripts, books, and other documents, forexample, the storage of materials under controlledenvironmental conditions or the treatment ofmildew-infected paper with a chemical inhibitor.Non-invasive techniques are preferred as a means ofpreserving items in their original condition. In a moregeneral sense, any measures taken to protect archivalor library collections from damage or deterioration,including initial examination, documentation, treatment,and preventive care supported by research. Currentethical standards require respect for the historicalintegrity of the item. A person educated, trained, andexperienced in such procedures is a conservator.consortium （图书馆）联盟An association of independent libraries and/or library systems established by formal agreement, usually for the purpose of resource sharing. Membership may be restricted to a specific geographic region, type of library (public, academic, special), or subject specialization. In the United States, two leading examples are the Orbis Cascade Alliance, serving member colleges, universities, and community colleges in Oregon and Washington, and OhioLINK, serving the college and university libraries of Ohio and the Ohio State Library. Plural: consortia.cooperative reference 合作参考咨询Reference services provided by referring the user or the user's question(s) to library or information personnel at another institution, according to a formally established system of protocols, rather than on an informal case-by-case basis. When such services are provided digitally, the service is known as collaborative reference. The Reference and User Services Association (RUSA) of the American Library Association (ALA) has developed Guidelines for Cooperative Reference Service Policy Manuals (1998) to assist libraries in establishing and evaluating cooperative reference service.copyright 著作权；版权The exclusive legal rights granted by a government to an author, editor, compiler, composer, playwright, publisher, or distributor to publish, produce, sell, or distribute copies of a literary, musical, dramatic, artistic, or other work, within certain limitations (fair use and first sale). Copyright law also governs the right to prepare derivative works, reproduce a work or portions of it, and display or perform a work in public.corporate library 企业图书馆; 公司图书馆A type of special library established and maintained as a unit within an incorporated company or organization to meet the information needs of its employees and facilitate the achievement of its mission and goals. Some corporate libraries also serve as the repository for the official records of the organization. For internal security reasons, most corporate libraries are closed to the public except by special appointment. Synonymous with corporation library or company library.current awareness service 新书通报；最新资料通报；新知通报A service or publication designed to alert scholars, researchers, readers, customers, or employees to recently published literature in their field(s) of specialization, usually available in special libraries serving companies, organizations, and institutions in which access to current information is essential. Such services can be tailored to fit the interest profile of a specific individual or group. Synonymous with selective dissemination of information.current issue 现刊The latest number of a serial publication, bearing the most recent issue date. In some libraries, current issues are displayed with the front cover facing forward on sloping shelves or on a periodical stand to facilitate browsing. Back files are typically stored in a different location, sometimes on microfilm or microfiche to conserve space. Synonymous with current number. Compare with back issue.cybrarian 网络图书馆员A shortened form of cyberlibrarian, coined from the terms "cyberspace" and "librarian" to refer to a librarian whose work routinely involves information retrieval and dissemination via the Internet and the use of other online resources. Despite its catchy sound, the appellation has not been widely adopted within the library profession.Ddeaccession 注销馆藏（记录）The process of deleting from an accession record documents and other materials that are to be removed from a library collection. Also refers to any item so removed. The opposite of accession.departmental library 系资料室；系图书馆A type of academic library that serves the information and research needs of the faculty members of a department within an institution of higher learning, usually a large university. Departmental libraries are also used by students enrolled in courses in the discipline(s) taught by the department, especiallygraduate students. If acquisitions are funded through the department, selection is usually the responsibility of the teaching faculty in collaboration with the departmental librarian.deposit copy 呈缴本A copy of a new publication sent without charge to a copyright depository or other designated library by the author or publisher in compliance with national copyright law. In the United States, the deposit copy is sent with the completed copyright application form and copyright fee to the U.S. Copyright Office of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Synonymous with statutory copy.depository library 储存图书馆A library legally designated to receive without charge all or a portion of the government documents provided by the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) and other federal agencies to the Superintendent of Documents for distribution through the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP), having made a legal commitment to comply with federal regulations concerning maintenance and accessibility. Some federal depositories also collect publications issued by state government agencies. A regional depository library receives and retains permanently at least one copy of all the documents distributed through the FDLP, but a selective depository library receives only a percentage of the available publications and is required to retain them for a minimum of 5 years. Depository libraries are required to complete a self-study and/or undergo inspection at intervals of 6-7 years to assure compliance with FDLP rules and regulations. Compare with repository.descriptive cataloging 描述性编目The part of the library cataloging process concerned with identifying and describing the physical and bibliographic characteristics of the item, and with determining the name(s) and title(s) to be used as access points in the catalog, but not with the assignment of subject and form headings. In the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, descriptive cataloging is governed by Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2).Dewey, Melvil (1851-1931) 麦威尔•杜威One of the founders of the American Library Association, Melvil Dewey served as editor of Library Journal from 1876 to 1881, published the Dewey Decimal Classification system in 1876, and served aslibrarian at Columbia University from 1883 to 1888, where he founded the first professional library school in 1887. He became the director of the New York State Library in Albany in 1888, taking the library school with him. Dewey was also a spokesman for professionalism in librarianship, for library education, and for equality of opportunity for women in the profession. A dynamic man, he also advocated standardization of library education, methods, tools, equipment, and supplies and was an advocate of spelling reform.Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) 杜威十进分类法A hierarchical system for classifying books and other library materials by subject, first published in 1876 by the librarian and educator Melvil Dewey, who divided human knowledge into 10 main classes, each of which is divided into 10 divisions, and so on. Developed and updated continuously for the past 125 years, most recently by a 10-member international Editorial Policy Committee (EPC), DDC is the most widely used classification system in the world. According to OCLC, it has been translated into 30 languages and is used by 200,000 libraries in 135 countries. The national bibliographies of 60 countries are organized according to DDC.digital divide 数字鸿沟A term coined by former Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Telecommunication and Communication Larry Irving, Jr., to focus public awareness on the gap in access to information resources and services between those with the means to purchase the computer hardware and software and necessary to connect to the Internet and low-income families and communities that cannot afford network access. Public libraries are helping to bridge the gap between information "haves" and "have-nots" with the assistance of substantial grants from industry leaders such as Bill Gates of Microsoft. The E-rate established by the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (TCA) has helped schools, public libraries, and rural health care institutions bridge the gap. Synonymous with information gap.Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) 数字图书馆研究计划；数字图书馆工程A multi-agency interdisciplinary research program of the National Science Foundation (NSF) that provides grants to facilitate the creation of large knowledge bases, develop the information technology to access them effectively, and improve their usability in a wide。

SGML standard genenralized mark-up language ISO 8879-1986标准通用标记语言，是一种定义电子文档结构和描述其内容的国际标准语言，是所有电子文档标记语言的起源，早在Web发明之前SGML就已存在。

SGML 是1986年出版发布的一个信息管理方面的国际标准(ISO 8879)。

该标准定义独立于平台和应用的文本文档的格式、索引和链接信息，为用户提供一种类似于语法的机制，用来定义文档的结构和指示文档结构的标签。

其中Markup的含义是指插入到文档中的标记。

标记分为两种：一种称为procedardmarkup，用来描述文档显示的样式；另一种称为descriptive markup，用来描述文档中的文字的用途。

制定SGML的基本思想是把文档的内容与样式分开。

SGML规定了在文档中嵌入描述标记的标准格式，指定了描述文档结构的标准方法，目前在WEB上使用的HTML格式便是使用固定标签集的一种 SGML文档。

由于SGML可以支持无数的文档结构类型，并且可以创建与特定的软硬件无关的文档，因此很容易与使用不同计算机系统的用户交换文档。

NSDL National Science Digital Library 国家科学数字图书馆是由NSF资助、由多家单位实施的数字图书馆项目，共包括64个子项目，其目的是支持科学、技术、工程和数学教育，提供广泛接入和方便使用的分布式资源网络和学习机制。

ISSN国际标准连续出版物号（Iternational Standard Serial Number）的简称，是ISDS（国际连续出版物数据系统）国际中心为在该系统登记的连续出版物分配的号码。

采用ISSN编码系统的出版物有：期刊、会议录等。

ISSN有八位数字组成，分两部分：序号和检验码。

在联机书目中，ISSN可以作为一个检索字段，从而为用户增加了一种检索途径。

CALIS中国高等教育文献保障系统（China Academic Library Information system）的简称是经国务院批准的我国高等教育“211工程”总体规划中两个公共服务体系之一。

doi,issn,isbn等名词的定义以及编号规律概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述本篇长文旨在对诸如DOI、ISSN、ISBN等名词的定义以及编号规律进行概述和解释说明。

这些标识符在学术研究和出版领域中扮演着重要的角色，为相关信息的唯一标识和有效管理提供支持。

了解它们的概念、作用以及编号规律，可以加深我们对学术出版和图书出版行业的认知，并为相关领域的发展提供参考。

1.2 文章结构本文按照以下结构展开论述：首先介绍引言部分，概述文章内容与目的；接着分别介绍DOI、ISSN和ISBN三个名词的定义和编号规律，并探讨它们在学术研究和出版中的应用；最后进行总结，回顾文章核心要点，并对相关领域未来发展趋势进行展望。

1.3 目的本文旨在向读者介绍DOI、ISSN和ISBN这些重要名词背后的含义与作用，使其具备对该领域的基础知识了解。

同时，通过阐明它们的编号规律以及在学术研究和图书出版中的应用，希望为读者提供相关领域发展的参考和启示。

这样的了解有助于学术工作者、图书出版从业者以及相关领域的研究人员更好地理解和应用这些标识符，推动行业进步和创新。

2. DOI的定义和编号规律:2.1 DOI的概念和作用:DOI全称为数字对象标识符（Digital Object Identifier），它是一种用于标识数字对象的持久性标识符。

数字对象可以是任何形式的电子资源，如学术论文、报告、书籍、音频或视频文件等。

DOI的作用是为了确保数字对象能够在网络环境下进行准确定位和持久访问。

DOI分为两部分组成，由前缀和后缀组成，通过斜杠相连。

前缀定义了DOI的管理机构，而后缀则是由出版者根据特定规则生成并分配给特定的数字对象。

2.2 DOI的编号规律:每个DOI由字符和数字组成，并且长度可变，通常介于7到8个字符之间。

通常情况下，一个DOI号可以看作是一个网址，并且可以直接在浏览器中使用。

在编号过程中，首先需要注册并获得一个具有唯一性的前缀，并通过规定机构进行管理。

图书管理常用名词第一节文献的概念文献是有历史价值或参考价值的信息资料。

我国图书馆对文献类型的分类，习惯以出版形式为主要标志，结合文献内容和载体形态，作综合标志的分类。

本程序所涉及的有三类：1、【图书】是迄今为止文献中最普通的类型，也是图书馆藏书的主要构成部分。

形式特征是完整固定,有封面,书名页,目次,正文及版权页,并都装订成册.内容特征是主题突出,论述完整,内容成熟.出版周期较长。

图书类型的划分，习惯上有两种方法，一是就图书本身的内容性质和使用对象为标准，划分为：政治思想读物、科学专著与论文集、生产技术专著、文学艺术读物、教材及教学参考书、通俗读物、参考与检索工具书等。

这种划分方法经常用在图书馆藏书的分类统计和书库布局中。

二是单就图书的使用目的上来划分，可归为两大类：一是供读者学习阅读的，如单卷书、多卷书、丛书，二是供读者参考查阅的工具书，如书目、索引、文摘、辞典、字典、手册、年鉴、百科全书等等。

2、【期刊】期刊又名杂志，是指具有一个稳定的总名，有一定的卷期或年月标志，定期或不定期连续出版的文献形式，主要特点是出版迅速，内容新颖广泛，系统连贯。

期刊的类型划分，依照所反映的内容性质和使用目的，可分为：学术性、科普性、政论性、检索性、资料性、报导性、评述性、文艺性等。

核心期刊: 一般是指某一学科或专业期刊中，被利用和引用次数最多，能代表或反映该学科或专业水平的期刊。

3、【音像】属于特种文献，是指出版形式比较特殊的科技文献资料。

中小学图书馆主要指视听资料（音频、视频资料）等的收藏管理，诸如唱片、录音带、录像带、激光视盘、激光唱片、光盘资料等。

第二节一些“代号代指”1、【批次号】图书馆开馆以来图书采购的流水号，即图书采购批次号或称登录批号，每进行一次图书采购而相应产生一个批次号。

同一批图书应该属于同一个批次号。

采购批次号一般由采购年度月份日期组成的数字和该年度采购批次流水号组成。

如003，表明是2008年10月10日采购的、又是属于该年度的第三批次采购的图书。

图书馆专业术语1．图书馆是搜集、整理、保管和利用书籍、报刊资料，为一定社会的政治、经济服务的文化教育交流机构。

2．图书馆的构成要素有五个，即文献资源、读者、工作人员、技术方法、建筑与设备。

3．图书馆的社会职能有四个，即社会文献信息整序与传递（信息职能）、开发智力资源与进行社会教育（教育职能）、搜集和保护文化遗产（保存职能）、消遣娱乐（消遣娱乐职能）。

4．文献是记录一切知识的载体。

5．知识是人类对客观世界的认识。

人为了进行知识的传递与交流，必须使知识具有能为感觉器官所感觉的形式来进行，即借助于文字、语言、符号、代码、电磁波、图象和实物等形式进行交流与传递。

儒学通过学校教育来传递交流知识。

道学和佛学主要通过人与自然的交流与传递来传播知识。

6 .图书是指用文字、图画、或者其他符号手写或印刷在空白的纸莎草纸、羊皮纸、牛皮纸、布帛或其他载体材料上，并用一定方法固定在一起，并且有或无外壳或者封皮的一种成熟定型的出版物。

国际规定必须有49页以上的印刷品才算图书出版物，作者必须与出版社签订协议图书才允许出版。

7．信息是指一切生物（一切有生命的东西）以及具有自动控制系统的机器通过感觉器官，或者具有类似功能的外部设备与外界进行交流的一切内容。

8．文献资源是相对于天然资源的一种社会智力资源，是物化的物质财富，它是迄今为止收藏积累储存下来的文献资料的总和。

9．文献资料建设包括文献信息搜索、文献登记、文献加工整理、文献组织。

范围有馆藏规划、馆际之间的文献协作协调、馆藏评估。

10．文献馆藏指科学著作与读物、文艺作品、课外活动读物、报刊的收藏。

11．复本标准根据实际情况进行复本藏书建设。

中学一般工具书、文集、全集、教师用书1-2册、学生读物1-3册。

馆藏比例：按中国图法五大类：马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论占百分之2，哲学宗教占百分之2，社会科学占百分之54，自然科学占百分之38，综合占百分之4。

12．图书采访流程：书目搜集、图书选择、查重、图书采购、图书验收、图书登记、进入馆藏。

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陌生人，异乡人teenager （13-19岁的）青少年tourist 游客visitor 访问者；参观者；游客volunteer 志愿者，自愿兵winner 获胜者woman(复women)妇女，女人③职业职务boss 老板captain 船长，队长chairman/woman 主席coach 教练；cook 厨师dentist 牙医director主管，负责人doctor 医生driver 驾驶员；司机engineer 工程师farmer 农民fisherman 渔民；渔夫（pl. fishermen）guard 看守，卫兵king 国王leader 领导者；指挥者manager 经理，管理人monitor （班级内的）班长，纠察生；nurse 护士，保育员officer 军官；公务员，官员；警察，警官pilot 飞行员police 巡警；警察policeman(policewoman) 警察postman 邮递员president 总统pupil (小）学生queen 女王；王后scientist 科学家servant 佣人，仆人secretary 秘书soldier 士兵，战士speaker 演讲人；演说家student 学生teacher 教师，教员worker 工人；工作者 2.家庭用具、电器及文具、玩具①家庭物品basket 篮子bed 床box 盒子，箱子bottle瓶子brush 刷子chair 椅子can (美）罐头，罐子candle 蜡烛clock 钟cover 盖子，罩desk 书桌；办公桌drawer 抽屉furniture 家具handbag 手提包iron 熨斗key 钥匙，键lamp 灯lock 锁mirror 镜子photo=photograph照片picture 图片,画片，照片rope 粗绳；绳索rubbish 垃圾；废物safe 保险箱shelf 架子(复shelves) shower 淋浴soap 肥皂sofa 沙发stick 木棍；手杖；枝条table 桌子thing 事；东西，物（复数）局面；thread 线toothbrush 牙刷toothpaste牙膏towel 浴巾，毛巾umbrella 雨伞；伞watch 手表②电器camera 照相机CD 光盘CD-ROM 信息储存光盘computer 电脑；电子计算机DVD 数码影碟fan 电扇fridge 电冰箱keyboard 键盘lamp 灯，油灯；光源light 灯，灯光machine 机器phone=telephone 电话radio 无线电,收音机record 唱片recorder 录音机screen屏幕；银幕tape 磁带；录音带TV=television 电视；电视机VCD 影碟光盘video 录象；录像带③文具与玩具bag 书包；提包；口袋ball 球balloon 气球card 纸牌chess 棋crayon 蜡笔diary 日记；日记簿dictionary 字典，词典doll 玩偶，玩具娃娃eraser 橡皮gift 礼物；赠品gun 枪ink 墨水kite 风筝notebook 笔记簿paper 纸pen 钢笔pencil 铅笔postcard 明信片ruler 尺；直尺schoolbag 书包stamp 邮票tape 录音带；带子toy 玩具tool 工具 3.学校及文化科技教育①学校设施bell 钟；铃;钟（铃）声；钟形物blackboard 黑板chalk 粉笔class 班级classroom 教室desk 书桌，写字台group 小组lab =laboratory 实验室lesson 课，教训office 办公室；办公楼playground 运动场；操场row 一排；一行；一列school 学校seat 座位②课程activity 活动art 艺术；美术；艺术品chemistry 化学course 课程geography地理学；地理history 历史math(s)=mathematics 数学music 音乐，乐曲P.E.(=physical education) 体育physics 物理学science 科学subject 学科③教学术语accent 口音，重音answer 回答；答复composition 作文，作曲conversation 对话dialogue 对话difficulty 困难，难处discussion 讨论exam = examination 考试example 例子fact 事实, 事件form表，表格；grade 分数；成绩；grammar 语法handwriting 字迹homework 家庭作业knowledge 知识，学问language 语言letter 字母meaning 意思；含义；意图method 方法，办法mistake 错误note笔记；便笺point 要点practice 实践；练习progress 进步；进展；发展；前进pronunciation （单词或语言的）发音point 要点question 问题reply 回复；答复research 研究；探讨review 回顾；温习；复习rule 规则score 得分search 搜寻；搜查；探索sentence 句子speech 演讲summary 摘要，概要term 学期test 测验title 标题，题目topic 题目，话题underline 下划线unit 单元word 词，单词；话④图书报刊article 文章book 书card 卡片，名片，纸牌daily 日报diary 日记magazine 杂志；期刊mail邮政,邮件newspaper 报纸page 页;页码paragraph (文章的)段落passage 一段（文章）picture 图片,画片poem 诗；韵文report 报告；报道tale 故事，传说text 文本，课文⑤科技教育clone 克隆development发展download 下载（计算机用语）education 教育experiment 实验invention 发明物influence 影响information 信息，通知，消息machine 机器message 消息；信息robot机器人technology 科学技术 4.服装与颜色①服装clothes 衣服，各种衣物coat 外套dress 女服,连衣裙jacket 短上衣，夹克衫jeans 牛仔裤overcoat 大衣raincoat雨衣shirt 男衬衫shorts （户外活动）短裤skirt 女裙sock 短袜sweater毛线衣，厚运动衫T-shirt T恤衫trousers裤子②鞋帽配饰cap (一般无檐）帽子；glove 手套 (复. gloves) handbag 女用皮包，手提包hat 帽子（指有边的）；礼帽pocket口袋purse （女式）钱包，手提包ring 戒指；环形物scarf 围巾；头巾shoe 鞋tie 领带③颜色colour (美 color) 颜色，颜料；情调black 黑色；黑色的adj. blue 蓝色；蓝色的adj. brown 褐色；褐色的adj. green 绿色；绿色的adj. orange 橙色；橙色的adj.pink 粉红色；粉红色的adj. red 红色；红色的adj. white 白色；白色的adj. yellow 黄色；黄色的adj. 5.文娱传媒与体育运动①诗歌戏剧、传媒(影视、广播、电脑、广告等) act 行为,举动advertisement 广告art 艺术；美术；艺术品cinema 电影院e-mail 电子邮件film电影，胶卷Internet 互联网，因特网interview 采访movie 电影news 消息；新闻notice 通知，布告party 晚会programme(美program) 节目单；（电脑）程序role 角色story 故事tale 故事，传说；童话window 窗户；计算机的窗口website 网站，网点②音乐、乐器beat (音乐)节拍composition 作曲concert 音乐会dance舞蹈drum 鼓guitar 吉他group 流行音乐的乐团music 音乐piano 钢琴song 歌曲violin 小提琴③运动项目ball 球balloon 气球baseball 棒球basketball 篮球bike=bicycle 自行车chess 象棋club 俱乐部coach 教练exercise 练习；锻炼football 足球jump 跳；跃kick 踢，反冲race (速度)竞赛ride 骑脚踏车或乘交通工具旅行sport 运动swim 游泳table tennis 乒乓球tennis网球volleyball 排球walk 行走；步行④竞赛及奖项activity 活动competition竞赛conference 会议courage 勇气，胆量energy 精力game 游戏，运动honour honor （美）荣誉，光荣，尊重，勋章match 比赛, 竞赛meeting 会议；集会play 游戏；比赛prize 奖品；奖项record 记录；（尤指运动中）最高记录rest 休息；其余部分result 结果speed 速度swim 游泳swimming 游泳team 运动比赛的队ticket 票training训练turn （依次轮流的）一次机会victory 胜利 6.人体健康与情感①人体器官及部位arm 臂；胳膊；支架back 后背；背脊blood 血液body 身体；躯体；肉体brain 大脑chest 胸膛，胸脯ear 耳朵eye 眼睛face 脸fat 脂肪finger 手指foot (复feet) 脚；足hair 头发；毛发hand手head 头部heart 心，内心knee膝盖leg 腿；腿部neck 脖子；颈部mouth 嘴nose 鼻子shoulder 肩，肩膀stomach 胃，腹部；胃口tail 尾，尾巴tongue 舌头tooth 牙齿(pl.teeth) ②疾病与伤痛accident 事故，意外的事ache 疼痛blind 失明burn 烧伤火、热或酸所造成的伤害或伤痕cancer 癌症cold 伤风；感冒cough 咳嗽cut 剪；切；割disease 疾病fever 发烧；发热flu 流感headache 头痛illness 疾病；生病；不健康problem问题，难题toothache 牙疼trouble 问题，疾病；烦恼，麻烦wound 伤，伤害③药品、治疗与健康drug 药物health 健康；卫生medicine 药breath 呼吸operation 手术/操作，运转，运行sleep 睡眠treatment治疗，待遇voice 说话声；声音X-ray X光，X射线④感觉与情感ache 疼痛attention 注意，关心care 照料，保护，小心cheer 欢呼;喝彩cheat 骗取，哄骗，作弊cry 喊叫;哭doubt 怀疑；疑惑emotion 感情，情感excuse 原谅；宽恕favorite 最受喜爱的(东西）fear 恐惧，害怕feeling 感觉，知觉，触觉fun 快乐；有趣的，令人愉快的greeting 祝贺hate 恨；讨厌hobby 嗜好，兴趣interest 兴趣，爱好joy 欢乐，高兴，乐趣laugh 笑；实用文档大笑；嘲笑love 爱；热爱；很喜欢pardon 原谅，宽恕peace 和平；安宁；静寂pity 怜悯；同情pleasure 愉快；快乐；高兴praise 赞扬，表扬pride 自豪，骄傲regard 关心，注意，致意，问候，尊敬respect 尊敬，尊重regret 可惜，遗憾；痛惜；哀悼shame 羞愧，惭愧silence 寂静；沉默sense 感觉，判断力smell 气味；嗅觉smile 微笑surprise 使吃惊；景气；令人意想不到的事情sweet 甜蜜taste 尝；品尝；品味thank 感谢；谢意touch 碰，触摸wish 愿望;祝愿wonder 惊讶，惊叹；奇迹worry 烦恼；担忧；发怒；困扰victory 胜利7.食品、饮料及进餐和餐具①食品(肉食、蔬菜、水果等) apple 苹果banana 香蕉beef 牛肉biscuit饼干bread 面包butter 黄油cabbage 卷心菜cake 蛋糕；糕饼类食品candy 糖果cheese 奶酪chicken 鸡肉chocolate巧克力dumpling 饺子egg 蛋；鸡蛋food 食物，食品fruit 水果g。

library national 国家图书馆library municipal 市图书馆public library 大众图书馆school library 学校图书馆college library, university library, academic library 大学图书馆children's library 儿童图书馆acquisition department 采访部exchange of books 图书交换accessioning， accession of books 图书验收与登录accession number 登录号library stamp 图书馆馆章book card 书卡book pocket 书袋date slip 期限表cataloguing department 编目部description 著录classifying 分类cataloguing 编目re—cataloguing 目录改编cataloguer 编目员card 卡片card catalogue 卡片目录ledger catalogue 书本式目录loose—leaf catalogue 活页目录catalogue card 目录卡片classified card 分类卡author card 作者卡title card 书名卡subject card 主题卡guide card 指引卡punched card 穿孔卡Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals （CILIP）图书馆与信息注册协会Information and Communications Technology（ICT)信息通信技术Loughborough University 英国拉夫堡大学Certified Power Builder Developer(CPD) 认证考试Continuing Professional Development(CPD) 职业继续发展Library and Information Science（LIS) 图书馆学信息学University of Wales, Aberystwyth 威尔士大学阿伯里斯特威斯分校University of Maryland-College Park 马里兰大学学院园分校Welcoming address 欢迎词Convenor 召集人University of California at Los Angeles（UCLA)加州大学洛杉机分校North Yorkshire 北约克郡Copyright and other Legal Matters (CLM）（IFLA）版权和其他法律事务UNESCO 联合国教科文组织Colima， Mexico 墨西哥,科利马州Bertelsmann Stiftung 贝塔斯曼基金会Grimm Brothers 格林兄弟Oral session 口头论文报告Poster discussion session 海报论文讨论Poster session 海报论文Industry Update 行业动态federated search 分布式搜索,联邦搜索Plenary Session 全体会议Librarianship 图书馆管理业务，图书馆员的地位（职务）,图书馆Laubach Literacy International 国际劳伯扫盲组织Performance measurement 绩效评估Interlibrary Loan（ILL）馆际互借Document Delivery(DD) 文献传递Ljubljana 卢布尔雅那市(斯洛文尼亚首都)ETH Bibliothek 苏黎世理工学院图书馆Graduate School of Informatics， University of Strathclyde, Glasgow， UK英国,格拉斯哥，斯杰克莱大学,格拉斯哥息学院）Programs for International Student Assessment（PISA）国际学生基础能力评估计划Provenance 指一件藝術品所有者的完整紀錄。

图书馆、情报与文献学：图书馆学考试答案（强化练习）1、填空题单位读者是作为图书馆的团体用户，实际上是一个传递书刊资料的（）。

正确答案：中转机构2、填空题反映国外各方面艺术情况的综合性年鉴是（）。

正确答案：世界知识年鉴（江南博哥）3、填空题图书馆的读者，是指具有（）能力，与图书馆建立（）关系，利用图书馆藏书的人。

正确答案：阅读；借阅4、填空题英国《科学文摘》的主题索引是一种（）。

正确答案：叙词索引5、填空题（）；（）；（）是按文献的载体形式划分的。

正确答案：卡片目录、机读目录、书本目录6、填空题要想了解我国近三年来的经济发展状况，可以使用（）类型的工具书。

正确答案：年鉴7、填空题通过信息系统查找信息，最常用的两种方法是（）和（）。

正确答案：按信息的名称直接查找；按信息的类别逐级查找8、填空题（）是“国际儿童图书节暨中国儿童阅读日”，也是著名儿童文学作家安徒生的诞辰日。

正确答案：4月2日9、填空题在各类型图书馆中，通常认为公共图书馆、（）、高等院校图书馆是我国整个图书馆事业的三大支柱。

正确答案：科学图书馆10、填空题大量的文献信息只能按一定次序组织好，才便于检索和利用。

其编制方法是（）。

正确答案：索引法11、问答题图书馆馆藏文献数字化的基本技术？正确答案：（1）录入技术（2）扫描技术（3）压缩技术（4）光学字符识别技术（OCR）（5）音视频捕捉技术（6）馆藏文献数字化的其他技术12、填空题查找中国历史官名可利用（）。

正确答案：历代职官表13、单选科技报告的特性是（）。

A.信息新颖B.论述专深C.学术性强D.保密性强正确答案：D14、填空题文献资源布局，指在一个地区，一个系统，乃至一个国家甚至国际间，通过合理安排文献资源的分布，达到（）的目的。

正确答案：资源共享15、填空题国际标准书目著录，共设有（）个著录项目。

正确答案：816、单选（）是对一次文献信息进行整理，加工的产品。

A.零次文献B.一次文献C.二次文献D.三次文献正确答案：C17、填空题检索国内外标准文献信息的工具很多，主要分为（）、光盘版和网络版3种。