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第一讲英语基本句子成分和句子结构一、英语句子成分句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分，主要成分有主语和谓语，次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。
1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例如：Tom is a good boy. （名词）We often speak English in class. （代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式）Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）The rich should help the poor. （名词化形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language. （it为形式主语，不定式为真实主语）2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：(1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
例如：He practices running every morning.(2) 复合谓语：由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成。
例如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.We are having a quick breakfast.3. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, keep, remain, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste等）之后。
雅思英语语法材料第一章谓语动词第一讲时态一、时态表格（一）一般（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）现在时，并不难；表重复，表习惯；表状态，表客观；有频度，有次数；看主语，定单三。
（二）（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）进行（三）（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）完成（四）（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）完成进行二、基本时态演练1. Science still a cure for cancer.a. doesn‟t find c. hasn‟t foundb. haven‟t found d. aren‟t finding2. While he a route to the Indies, Columbus discovered America.a. searched c. had searched forb. was discovering d. was searching for3. Existing reserves of fossil fuel by 2045.a. have been run out c. is going to be run outb. will have run out d. have run out4. Only by investing heavily in value-added exports from the present tradeimbalance.a. the country can emerge c. can the country emergeb. the country might emerge d. the country emerged5. Until the 16th century the earth to be flat.a. is believed c. believedb. has been believed d. was believed6. If the temperature of the reactor 500C higher meltdown would have occurred.a. was c. was beingb. had been d. had7. The lecturer sai d …It‟s time you the literature review.‟a. began c. should beginb. begin d. are beginning8. After your results you should make an appointment with your tutor.a. you receiving c. you have receivedb. you would have received d. you received9. You the experiment twice, not once.a. should have carried out c. haven‟t carried outb. shouldn‟t have carried out d. couldn‟t have carried out10. The scientists were prohibited the danger zone.a. to enter c. enterb. entering d. from entering三、时态改错1. People should act according to what they are believing.2. In general, I think our government spent too much money on space travel.3. Nowadays, many people in my country have sent their children to single-sex schools.4. These days, more and more people traveling to very distant places for their holidays.5. I am hoping it is not too late to save the environment.6. The female hen laying on average 5 or 6 eggs per week.7. Younger drivers is more likely to be involved in a car accident.8. Most doctors are agreeing that the only way to lose weight is by doing more exercise.第二讲语态一、被动语态的形式二、被动语态使用情景（一）一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用被动式1. I agree with the statement that there should be no government restriction on creative artists who express themselves in the way they do and that they must be given freedom for the same. (IELTS 4, Band 7, p167)2. There is almost everything good in what is given to us through the media world which is made up of artists. (同上)3. In conclusion, I strongly agree with that children should be taught to cooperate rather than compete. (IELTS 5, Band 6, p167)4. It was opened in the year 1863, and it is already 140 years old. (IELTS 5, Band 7, p168)（二）在描述事件和客观事实的时候，被动语态用得更多1. The use of electricity in England is indispensed with. (IELTS 4, Band 6, p164)2. Demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer is illustrated in the graph. (同上)3. The use of average English home is shown in the pie chart. (同上)（三）主语是泛指很多人或者大部分人这个方面1. A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which it is thought that the proportion of elderly people will be similar in the three countries. (IELTS 5, model answer, p162)2. It can be argued that…It is advised/believed/universally accepted/generally recognized that…It is said/reported/estimated that…（四）当上下文已经说明了动作执行者时：A law was introduced to help protect people in this situation.（五）动作的执行者并不重要时：In the factory, the shoes are cleaned and packed into boxes ready for sale.（六）需要体现动作的执行者时，加by-短语：A lot of waste materials could be recycled by large manufacturers.三、改写1. To enrich vocabulary, we should read more authentic materials.可以改为：2. It is important for nations all over the world to work hard together to control the environmental pollution.可以改为：3. I am not sure whether all the college graduates can find jobs after graduation.可以改为：4. 用适当的动词形式完成下列句子：（1）My home _____________ (locate) in the western part of the city.（2）These funds can _____________ (give) to the poorer people to help them.（3）We _____________ (not tell) that the rules had changed.（4）Children need to _____________ (teach) the correct way to behave in public.5. 句子改错：（1）The house was sell for over a million dollars.（2）The class has allowed to eat in the staff dining room during the renovations.（3）The potatoes carry along a conveyor belt to a room where they wash and peel. （4）The teacher told to take her class out of the school if the fire bell rang.（5）Smoking don‟t allow in any part of the aeroplane.（6）The museum was being renovating when we were there, so we could not visit it. （7）Bus tickets can buy at any newsagents.（8）New employees have instructed not to operate the photocopier until they are trained.6. 把下面的句子改成被动语态，并决定是否需要带by-短语（1）A factory worker checks each box for quality.（2）The government does not permit children under 16 to work.（3）The washing machine is washing your clothes at the moment.（4）A mechanic will repair your car this afternoon.（5）The agent has sold our house at last.（6）Something tore the back of my coat.（7）The employer pay off the staff more for working at the weekend.（8）Burning tires give off highly toxic chemicals.第三讲虚拟语气请欣赏下列一首诗歌：If you were a teardrop in my eye,For fear of losing you, I would never cry.And if the golden sun should cease to shine its light,Just one smile from you would make my whole world bright.一、虚拟语气基本句型1. 与现在事实相反(1) If she were sick, she could stay at home and have a rest today.(2) If you watched more and talked less, we would both enjoy our film.2. 与过去事实相反(1) If they had studied earlier, they would have passed the IELTS.(2) Helen would have graduated with her class if she had been able to meet all the requirements in time.3. 与将来事实相反(1) If it snowed tomorrow, I would go skiing.(2) If it should snow tomorrow, I would go to make a snowman in front of our dormitory.(3) If you were to see your tutor, what would you tell him?4．错综的虚拟语气(1) If I were you, I wouldn‟t have told that to her. （时间错综：从句现在，主句过去）(2) Had I taken my umbrella with me in the morning, I should not be wet now. (时间错综：从句过去，主句现在)5．虚拟语气的倒装可以把条件句中的if 省略掉，同时把should, were, had 等助动词提前，构成倒装句。
雅思语法——第一讲英语基本句子成分和结构在英语中，一个句子基本上由主语、谓语和宾语组成。
主语是句子中执行动作或被描述的主要名词或代词。
谓语表示行为或状态的动词或动词短语。
宾语是受到动作影响或动作作用的名词或代词。
例如：1. She is reading a book.（主语：She，谓语：is reading，宾语：a book）2. The dog chased the cat.（主语：The dog，谓语：chased，宾语：the cat）有时候，一个句子中还会包含其他成分，比如形容词、副词、介词短语等。
形容词（adjective）用来描述或修饰名词。
例如：1. The big house is white.（形容词：big，名词：house）2. He bought a delicious cake.（形容词：delicious，名词：cake）副词（adverb）用来描述动词、形容词或其他副词，表示时间、地点、方式等。
例如：1. She ran quickly.（副词：quickly，动词：ran）2. The car drove slowly.（副词：slowly，动词：drove）介词短语（prepositional phrase）由介词及其后面的名词或代词组成，用来表示时间、地点、原因等。
例如：1. He is waiting for the bus.（介词短语：for the bus）2. She lives in New York.（介词短语：in New York）另外，句子的结构也可以包含其他修饰语或从句等。
修饰语（modifier）用来进一步修饰或限制名词、动词或句子本身。
例如：1. The tall girl with long hair is my sister.（修饰语：with long hair）2. He quickly finished his homework.（修饰语：quickly）从句（clause）是一个含有主语和谓语的句子，可以作为名词、形容词或副词的替代或补充。
第一讲英语基本句子成分和句子结构一、英语句子成分句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分，主要成分有主语和谓语，次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。
1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、和主语从句等表示。
例如：（数词）（主语从句）（it为形式主语，不定式为真实主语）2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：(1)(2) 复合谓语：由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成。
例如：3. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, keep, remain, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste等）之后。
表语须和系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语（系表结构）。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、（表语从句）4. 宾语：，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
例如：（名词）(1)间宾直宾直宾间宾※可以带双宾语的动词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do等。
(2)宾语宾语补足语5. 宾语补足语：用以补充说明宾语，并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分，叫做宾语补足语。
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make, let, see, find, name等）或介词（如with）+宾语+宾补。
宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句（从句）6. 定语（形容词）（现在分词）（过去分词）（名词）（不定式）（动名词）（介词短语）7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
（不定式）（原因状语）8. 同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列的另一个名词或代词，对前者加以解释或说明的句子成分。
它近乎于后置定语，对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，说明前面的词是“谁”、是“什么”等。
同位语通常由名词、代词或从句等担当。
例如：（同位语从句）（动名词）9. 插入语：插入语是对句子的额外补充说明，是句子主体内容之外的成分，用逗号或者破折号把插入语和主体内容隔开。
虽然处于句子内部，但是插入语的存在并不影响句子的结构。
如果将插入语去掉，则基本句在结构上仍然是完整的。
从语义上看，插入语的作用仅仅在于表明说话人对句子内容所持的态度或指出说话内容的来源、根据或评价。
插入语可以是副词、动词短语、介词短语、动词不定式短语。
例如：（副词）（动词短语）（介词短语）from an improved formula.（从句）二、英语句子结构1. 基本句型(1) 主-系-表People are clearly more curious about bad news than good ones.Traditional methods may prove economically valuable in the future.(2) 主-谓Often, governments act in an even more harmful way.This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy.(3) 主-谓-宾Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. Research into United States has shown a relationship between temperature and street riots.(4) 主-谓-宾-宾By her hard work she won herself a place in the school team.In return, we’ll send you a thank-you present, which you can choose from a list of high-quality items.(5) 主-谓-宾-补The colder water made the divers worse at simple arithmetic and other mental tasks.Those skills will make them more valuable employees in the future.2. 存在句型（there be句型）There is no such a thing as an unbiased observation.There is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg’s view.注：There之后除了使用系动词之外，也可以使用come, emerge, exist, lie, live, occur, stand, be likely to be, happen to be, turn out to be, seem to be, used to be等表示状态或发生的动词。
Now, however, there turned out to be more to the story.In the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible.3. 比较句型（形容词或副词的比较级+ than）More food is now produced per head of the world’s population than at any time in history.It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organization than a declining one.The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be.注：(1) 可用于修饰形容词或副词比较级的词much, even, still, yet, far, a lot, a great deal, twice, five times, 20%, a little, a bit, rather……(2) “最……”的其他表达法a. 运用比较级表达最高级的概念Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.Julia is taller than the other girls in her class.Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.b. 其他结构I have never heard a better voice than yours.(3) 倍数的表达A 是B的三倍大。
（A比B大两倍。
）A is 3 times bigger than B.A is 3 times as big as B.A is 3 times the size of B.A is bigger thanB by 3 times.4. 强调句型(1) It is … who/that …It is this management mechanism that has allowed the company to prosper.It was the lack of repair work which was directly responsible for the explosion.It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention. （剑4，G，TA，R）(2) 对not…until句型中的时间状语加以强调时，not也同时提前，跟在until前It wasn’t until the 1950s that the idea of an international treaty was proposed.(3) do/does/did + 动词原形这种强调句型只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种，只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调，没有疑问和否定形式。
do在句中要重读。
Do be careful next time.She did tell me about her address, but I forget all about it.ExerciseI. 确定句子成分并翻译句子1. Fish features very largely in the diet of these islanders.2. In fact, a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.3. Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years.4. In most parts of the world, the relation between population and resources is already unfavorable and will probably become even more unfavorable in the future.5. This growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace.6. The team’s victory consolidated its chance for winning the championship.7. His uncle found him a well-paid job in Shanghai.8. In order to deal with all calls effectively, we offer you a number of options.9. We will hold you responsible for all the consequences.10. They placed their children in the custody of their neighbour.II. 汉译英1. 互联网是当今世界所有知识和信息的关键。
