结构力学 structural mechanics

土木工程的名词解释土木工程是一门涵盖广泛且极为重要的工程学科，负责规划、设计、建设和维护各种基础设施，以满足人们的生活、工作和运输需求。

以下是对一些与土木工程密切相关的名词的解释，以帮助读者更好地理解这一学科。

1. 结构力学（Structural Mechanics）结构力学是土木工程的基础，研究物体受力和变形的规律。

它运用物理学和数学的原理来分析和计算建筑物、桥梁、隧道和其他结构的稳定性和强度，确保它们能够承受各种外部力量而不会倒塌或遭受损坏。

2. 桥梁工程（Bridge Engineering）桥梁工程专注于设计、建造和维护各种类型的桥梁。

它要求工程师考虑如何在不同地理环境和地质条件下创建坚固、耐久且安全的结构，以便人们可以跨越水体、山谷或其他障碍物。

3. 隧道工程（Tunnel Engineering）隧道工程涉及设计和建造各种类型的隧道，包括公路、铁路和地铁隧道。

由于其特殊的地下环境，隧道工程面临挑战，如地质构造、地下水和地下空气等因素。

工程师需要运用地质学和土力学知识，确保隧道的安全性和可用性。

4. 岩土工程（Geotechnical Engineering）岩土工程研究土壤和岩石的特性，以便应用于土木工程的设计和建设中。

它涵盖土壤力学、岩石力学、地基工程等领域，致力于解决地基稳定性、地下水流动和地震等问题。

工程师需要了解和预测不同地质条件下的材料行为，以确保工程的安全性和可持续性。

5. 水资源工程（Water Resources Engineering）水资源工程是关于水资源的管理、利用和保护的学科。

它涉及到水库、水闸、排水系统和水文学等方面的工作。

水资源工程师致力于优化供水和治理水源，确保水的安全性和可持续性，同时减轻水灾和干旱等与水相关的灾害。

6. 施工管理（Construction Management）施工管理涉及项目的组织、协调和控制，以确保工程项目按时、按预算和按规定完成。

结构力学（structural mechanics）Structural mechanics is a branch of solid mechanics, which mainly studies the laws of force and force transfer of engineering structures, and how to optimize the structure. The so-called engineering structure refers to the system that can bear and transfer the external load, including the rod, plate, shell and their combinations, such as aircraft fuselage and wing, bridge, roof truss and load-bearing wall.The task is to study structural mechanics in engineering structure under external load stress, strain and displacement law; analysis of different forms and different materials of engineering structure, analysis method and calculation formula for engineering design; engineering structure subjected to external forces and transfer; research and development of new engineering structure.The natural structure observed in nature, such as roots, stems and leaves of plants, animal bones, egg shell, can find their strength and stiffness related not only to material, but also closely related with their shape, many engineering structures are natural structures created out of inspiration. The structure design should not only consider the strength and stiffness of the structure, but also to do material saving and light weight. The weight is particularly important for some projects, such as aircraft weight can make the aircraft flight range, rising quickly, high speed and low energy consumption.A brief history of structural mechanicsHumans began to manufacture all kinds of artifacts in ancienttimes, such as houses, boats and bow, musical instruments, these are simple structure. With the progress of society, people for structural design patterns and the strength and stiffness of the structure has been gradually recognized, and accumulated experience, which is reflected in the brilliant achievements of ancient buildings, such as Egypt, Pyramid, China the Great Wall, Zhaozhou Anji bridge, Beijing the Imperial Palace. Despite the presence of mechanics in these structures in knowledge, but did not form a discipline.As far as the basic principles and methods are concerned, structural mechanics is developed simultaneously with theoretical mechanics and material mechanics. Therefore, structural mechanics is integrated with theoretical mechanics and material mechanics in the initial stage of development. By the early nineteenth Century, due to the development of industry, people began to design a variety of large-scale engineering structures, the design of these structures should be more accurate analysis and calculation. Therefore, the analysis theory and analysis method of engineering structure began to be independent. By the middle of the nineteenth Century, structural mechanics began to become an independent discipline.Many computational theories and methods of structural mechanics appeared in the nineteenth Century. At France in 1826 proposed a normal method for solving statically indeterminate structure problems. From 1830s onwards, due to the bridge by train, not only need to consider the bridge under static load problems, must also be considered to withstand the dynamic load, because the bridge span increases, the metal truss structure.In the decades since 1847, scholars have studied the force analysis of statically determinate truss structures by means of graphic method and analytic method, which laid the foundation of truss theory. In 1864, Maxwell established the unit load method and the displacement reciprocal theorem, and calculated the displacement of the truss by the unit load method. Thus, scholars finally got the method to understand the statically indeterminate problem.After the establishment of the basic theory, the new structure and its corresponding theory have been continuously developed while solving the problems of the original structure. From the late nineteenth Century to the early twentieth Century, scholars carried out a lot of mechanical research on the ship structure, and studied the dynamic theory of the beam under the moving load, as well as the problems of free vibration and forced vibration.In the early twentieth Century, the development of Aeronautical Engineering promoted the stress and deformation analysis of thin-walled structures and stiffened plates and shells, and studied the stability problems. At the same time, bridges and buildings started to use a large number of reinforced concrete materials, this requires scientists to study systematically the steel structure, the displacement method was founded in Germany in 1914 of the Dixon, for solving the problem of rigid frame and continuous beam etc.. Later, in the 20~30 century, some simple calculation methods were put forward for the complex statically indeterminate bar structures, so that the general designers could master and use them.By 1920s, people have put forward the idea of honeycomb sandwich structure. According to the concept of limit state of structure, scholars have come up with a new design and calculation theory for beams, plates and frames on elastic foundations. The mechanical problems of structures subjected to various dynamic loads (especially the action of earthquakes) have been studied in many aspects, such as experiment and theory. With the development of structural mechanics, fatigue problems, fracture problems and composite structure problems have entered the field of structural mechanics.In the middle of the twentieth Century, the advent of electronic computers and finite element methods made it possible to make complex calculations of large structures, thus bringing the level of research and application of structural mechanics to a new level.The discipline system of structural mechanicsThe general structural mechanics according to the different nature and its research object is the static structure, structural dynamics, theory, structure, fracture and fatigue theory of rod structure theory, theory of thin-walled structure and overall structure theory etc..Structural statics is the first branch of structural mechanics. It mainly studies the elastic-plastic deformation and stress state of engineering structures under static loads, and the structural optimization problems. Static load refers to the load that does not change with time, the load that changesslowly, and also can be regarded as static load approximately. Structural statics is the basis of other branches of structural mechanics.Structural dynamics is a branch of study on the response and performance of engineering structures under dynamic loads. Dynamic load refers to the load that changes with time. Under dynamic load, the stress, strain and displacement in the structure must be the function of time. Because of the time factor, the research content of structural dynamics is generally more complex than that of structural statics.The theory of structural stability is the branch of study on the stability of Engineering structures. Slender and thin structures are widely used in modern engineering, such as thin rods, thin plates and thin shells. When they are compressed, they will lose stability (wrinkling or buckling) when the internal stress is less than the yield limit, that is to say, the structure produces too large deformation, thus reducing and even completely losing the bearing capacity. Large deformation also affects other requirements of structural design, such as aerodynamic performance of aircraft. The most important content of structural stability theory is to determine the critical buckling load of structures.Structural fracture and fatigue theory is the study of engineering structures are inevitable because of internal crack, crack under external load expansion caused by fracture, caused by fatigue failure would be expanded subject in smaller amplitude under alternating load. Now, the research history of fracture and fatigue is not long and imperfect, but the theoryof fracture and fatigue is developing very fast.In structural mechanics, theoretical and experimental studies on various engineering structures, based on the research object also formed some research fields, which are the main truss structure theory, the theory of thin-walled structures and the overall structure of the theory of three categories. The whole structure is made of raw materials, machined by mechanical milling or by chemical etching. It is especially suitable for some boundary conditions and is often used as variable thickness structure. With the development of science and technology, many new structures emerge, such as sandwich structure and composite structure appearing in the middle of twentieth Century.The research methods of structural mechanics mainly include three kinds of analysis, experimental research, theoretical analysis and calculation of Engineering structure. In the structural design and research, these three aspects are often alternate and complement each other.The use analysis is in the structure use process, carries on the analysis, the comparison and the summary to the structure appears, this is easy and reliable one kind of research method. The use analysis plays an important role in the evaluation and improvement of structure. The newly designed structures also need to be used to test the performance.The experimental research can provide an important basis for the identification of structure, which is also the main means to test and develop the theory and calculation method ofstructural mechanics. The experimental research can be divided into three types: model experiment, real structural component experiment and real structure experiment. For example,Aircraft ground failure test, flight test and vehicle collision test, etc..The mechanical structure usually takes more manpower, material and financial resources, so only to a limited degree, especially in the early stages of the structural design, generally rely on theoretical analysis and calculation of the structural components.In the field of solid mechanics, provides the basic knowledge necessary for the development of material mechanics, structural mechanics, elastic mechanics and plastic mechanics is the theoretical basis of structural mechanics, structural mechanics is also combined with other physical disciplines form many interdisciplinary, such as fluid elastic force etc..Structural mechanics is an ancient discipline, and it is also a rapidly developing subject. A large number of new engineering materials and new engineering structures have provided new research contents and new requirements for structural mechanics. The development of computer provides a powerful computational tool for structural mechanics. On the other hand, structural mechanics also plays an important role in the development of mathematics and other subjects. The emergence and development of the finite element method is closely related to the study of structural mechanics.。

中文名称：结构力学英文名称：structural mechanics 定义：研究工程结构在外来因素作用下的强度、刚度和稳定性的学科。

应用学科：水利科技（一级学科）；工程力学、工程结构、建筑材料（二级学科）；工程力学（水利）（二级学科）《结构力学》是固体力学的一个分支，它主要研究工程结构受力和传力的规律，以及如何进行结构优化的学科。

结构力学研究的内容包括结构的组成规则，结构在各种效应（外力，温度效应，施工误差及支座变形等）作用下的响应，包括内力（轴力，剪力，弯矩，扭矩）的计算，位移（线位移，角位移）计算，以及结构在动力荷载作用下的动力响应（自振周期，振型）的计算等。

结构力学通常有三种分析的方法：能量法，力法，位移法，由位移法衍生出的矩阵位移法后来发展出有限元法，成为利用计算机进行结构计算的理论基础。

工作任务研究在工程结构（所谓工程结构是指能够承受和传递外载荷的系统，包括杆、板、壳以及它们的组合体，如飞机机身和机翼、桥梁、屋架和承力墙等。

）在外载荷作用下的应力、应变和位移等的规律；分析不同形式和不同材料的工程结构，为工程设计提供分析方法和计算公式；确定工程结构承受和传递外力的能力；研究和发展新型工程结构。

观察自然界中的天然结构，如植物的根、茎和叶，动物的骨骼，蛋类的外壳，可以发现它们的强度和刚度不仅与材料有关，而且和它们的造型有密切的关系，很多工程结构就是受到天然结构的启发而创制出来的。

结构设计不仅要考虑结构的强度和刚度，还要做到用料省、重量轻．减轻重量对某些工程尤为重要，如减轻飞机的重量就可以使飞机航程远、上升快、速度大、能耗低。

学科体系一般对结构力学可根据其研究性质和对象的不同分为结构静力学、结构动力学、结构稳定理论、结构断裂、疲劳理论和杆系结构理论、薄壁结构理论和整体结构理论等。

结构静力学结构静力学是结构力学中首先发展起来的分支，它主要研究工程结构在静载荷作用下的弹塑性变形和应力状态，以及结构优化问题。

Structural mechanics 中的专业词汇PREFACE AND CHAPTER 1Structural mechanics 结构力学Structural analysis 结构分析Statically determinate structures 静定结构Statically indeterminate structures超静定结构Matrix analysis of structures 结构矩阵分析Plastic analysis of structures 结构塑性分析Dynamic analysis of structures 结构动力分析Illustrative example 例题Problems 习题In civil construction 在土木工程建设中Geometric dimension 几何尺度Framed structure 杆系结构Cross-section 横截面Rectangular cross-section 矩形截面Radius 半径Diameter 直径Slab 板Shell 壳Thin-walled structure 薄壁结构Massive structure 块体结构The same order of magnitude 大小同量级Theory of Elasticity 弹性力学Aspect 方面Application of loads 荷载的作用Forces and deformations 力和形变Internal forces 内力Reasonable simplicity 合理的简化Computing model 计算模型In structural engineering 在结构工程中Dead loads 静荷载Live loads 活荷载Dynamic loads 动力荷载Movable loads 移动荷载Moving loads 运动荷载Static loads 静力荷载Response of a structure 结构响应Blast loads 爆炸荷载Impact loads 冲击荷载Centrifugal force 离心力External effect 外部作用Support settlement 支座沉陷Manufacture discrepancy 制造误差Shrinkage of material 材料收缩In generalized sense 在广义上Behavior of a structure 结构的行为Members 构件Bending moment 弯矩Shearing force 剪力Normal force 轴力Internal force component 内力分量Lateral dimension 横向尺寸Reinforced concrete beam 钢筋砼梁Engineering structure 工程结构Three dimensional 三维的Planar(plane) structure 平面结构To lie in the same plane 处在同一平面Space structure 空间结构Simplification of supports 支座的简化Restraint 约束Stationary foundation 固定的基础Roller support 辊柱支座（链杆支座）Link support 链杆支座Perpendicular to 垂直于……Hinge support 固定铰支座Horizontal 水平的Vertical 竖直的Be parallel to each other 相互平行Displacement 位移Links 链杆Rotation 转角，转动A couple 一个力偶Fixed support 固定支座Translation 平移Isometrically 等距地Respectively 分别地Simplification of joints 节点的简化Hinge joint 铰结Rigid joint 刚结Monolithic body 整体，一体Beam 梁Flexural member 受弯构件Transverse force 横向力Frame 框架Bend 弯2Shear 剪Tense 拉Compress 压Arch 拱Reaction 反力Truss 桁架Composite structure 组合结构Superposition principle 叠加原理Be subjected to 承受……Linearly 线性地Linearly elastic 线弹性的Increment 增量Be proportional to 与…成正比Stress 应力Strain 应变CHAPTER 2Geometric stability 几何稳定性Geometrically stable 几何稳定的Unstable system 不稳定体系Degrees of freedom 自由度By definition 根据定义Independent coordinate 独立坐标Planar coordinate system 平面坐标系Three dimensional coordinate system三维（空间）坐标系Rigid body 刚体Joint 节（结）点Mutual（relative） displacement 相对位移Be equivalent to 等价于…Multiple hinge 多重铰Multiple rigid joint 多重刚结点Imposed restraint 施加的约束Insufficient 不足的Sufficient 足够的Redundant 多余的Redundant restraint 多余约束Arrangement of restraints 约束的布置Necessary condition 必要条件Sufficient condition 充分条件Geometric construction analysis 几何构造分析Definite conclusion 确定的结论Substitute into 代入…Assembly 集合Kinematic analysis 机动分析A hinged triangle 一个铰接三角形Lying on the same straight line 位于同一直线Infinitesimal displacement 无穷小位移Infinitesimal rotation 无穷小转角Instantaneously unstable system 瞬变体系Jointed pairwise 两两相连的Statically determinate multi-span beam 多跨静定梁Internal stable 内部稳定的Internal stability 内部稳定性Disregard 忽视，不考虑AB and CD Intersecting at point O AB 和CD相交于点OInstantaneous centre of rotation 瞬时转动中心Instantaneous hinge 瞬铰Static determinacy 静力确定性Static equilibrium equation 静力平衡方程Arbitrary cross section 任意横截面Isolated free body 脱离（隔离）体Unique solution 唯一的解Coupled equation 耦合的方程Contradictory 矛盾的Infinite number of solutions 无穷多个解Simultaneous equations 联立方程In quantitative sense 在数量上Projection equilibrium equation 投影平衡方程Determinant method 行列式法则（克莱母法则）Determinant 行列式Coefficient of the equations 方程未知量的系数Static characteristic 静力特性Space system 空间体系Infinitely far away 无穷远处CHAPTER 3Fundamental 基础，基本原理Individual member 单一的构件Element 单元Resultant 合力Axial direction 轴向3 Axial tension 轴向拉伸Positive 正的Negative 负的Compression in the upper fibers上边受压Tension in the lower fibers 下边受拉Normal direction 法向Axis 轴线Clockwise moment 顺时针力矩Counter clockwise moment 反时钟力矩Free body 隔离体Sign convention 符号规定Moment diagram 弯矩图Tensile side of a member 构件的受拉边Method of section 截面法Monolithic system 整体系统Algebraic sum 代数和Magnitude 大小Moments about the centroid ofcross section 对截面中心的力矩Mathematical relation 数学关系Internal force diagram 内力图Differential element 微分单元As indicated 正如所示Distributed loads 分布荷载Intensity 集度Summing moments about an axisthrough the left hand face of theelement 关于穿过该单元左截面的某轴求力矩之和Higher-order term 高阶项A segment 一段Rightward 向右Downward 向下Separately 分别地Slope 斜率Extreme moment 极值弯矩Curvature 曲率Uniformly distributed 均匀分布Linear function 线性函数Inclined straight line 斜直线Quadratic function 二次函数Parabolic curve 抛物线Concave 下凸的Concentrated load 集中荷载Incremental relation 增量关系To the immediate left and tight of P P的左邻和右邻Abrupt change 突变Abruptly 突然地Integral relation 积分关系Difference between A and B A和B 的差Sum of A and B A和B的和Figure 图形Construction of shearing force diagram剪力图的绘制Terminal point 终点End couple 杆端力矩Dashed line 虚线Ordinate 纵坐标Superimpose 叠加Concave parabola 下凸抛物线Corresponding ordinate 相应的纵坐标Similar triangle 相似三角形Inclined member 斜杆Per meter 每米Curved member 曲杆Tangential direction 切向Normal direction 法向Curvature radius 曲率半径Infinitesimally small 无穷小Approach to infinity 趋于无穷Radial distributed 径向分布的Arc 弧Basic stable portion 基本部分Subsidiary portion 附属部分Symmetrical 对称的Unsymmetrical 非对称的Horizontal thrust 水平推力Construct M and Q diagrams 绘制M和Q图CHAPTER 4Statically determinate multispan beam静定多跨连续梁Static method 静力法Constituent 组成的Cantilever beam 悬臂梁Similarly 同样地（同理）Overhang beam 伸臂梁Simple supported beam 简支梁Method of virtual work 虚功法Kinematic method 机动法Principle of virtual displacement 虚位移原理4Principle of virtual work 虚功原理Virtual displacement 虚位移Consistent with 与…相容的Mechanism 机构Virtual work equation 虚功方程Unknown 未知的Projection along the force 在力方向上的投影Product of magnitude of the force and the magnitude of the displacement 力的大小与位移大小的乘积Angular displacement 角位移Corresponding displacement 相应的位移Substitute for 替换…Infinitesimal virtual displacement 无穷小虚位移In this circumstance 在这种情况下Deflect 偏转Equal in magnitude but opposite in direction 大小相等方向相反Instructive 有启发的CHAPTER 5Pinned joint 铰接Subscript 下标Control section 控制截面Foundation 基础Order of calculation 求解顺序Differential relation between M and external loads M和外力的微分关系Tension in the right fiber 右边纤维受拉Reserve 保留End bending moment 杆端弯矩Sign indication 符号标定Associate shearing force 相应的剪力Keep balance 保持平衡Uniformly distributed loads 均布荷载Satisfaction of the projection equilibrium equations 平衡方程的满足Control ordinate 控制坐标Be perpendicular to 垂直于…CHAPTER 6Span of an arch 拱跨Rise of an arch 拱的矢高Symmetrical axis 对称轴Horizontal thrust 水平推力A three arched arch with a tie 拉杆三铰拱Flatten out 变平Arbitrary cross section 任意截面Axis of abscissa 横坐标轴First derivative 一阶导数Conic parabola 二次抛物线Tabulate 把…制成表格Table 表格Column 列The cipher of column 9 第9列的值Lay off 画出…Masonry construction 砌石建筑Abutment 底座，桥墩Line of pressure 压力线Resultant 合力By graphical method 利用几何法Force Polygon 力多边形Pole 极点Intersection point 交点Funicular polygon 索多边形Polygon of resultants 合力多边形Action line for resultant 23 合力23的作用线Respective string 各自的索线In direct proportion to 正比于…Optimal centre line of arch 合理拱轴线Theoretical volume 理论值Primarily stationary load主要由固定荷载作用Reckon from 从…开始算Configuration 形状As a consequence 结果，因而Hydraulic pressure 静水压力Circular arc 圆弧A curve of circular arc 圆弧曲线Bisector 二等分线，平分线Annular shape 圆环状Under earth pressure 在土压力作用下Crown hinge 顶铰Under this circumstance 在这种情况下Differentiate with respect to x关于x求导Differential equation 微分方程Hyperbolic function 双曲函数Boundary condition 边界条件Whence 据此，由此Catenoid 悬链线5Cable 吊索Suspension system 悬挂体系A series of linear segments 一系列直线段Distortion 变形Deflection 挠度Sag 下垂度Assumption 假定Unknown force 未知力CHAPTER 7Connected by pins 用铰连接Tower 塔Roof structure 屋架（屋面）结构Frictionless pin 光滑铰Two-force member 二力杆Heavy bolted joint 强螺栓连接节点Welded joint 焊接节点Primary stress 主要应力Subsidiary stress 次要（附加）应力Top chord 上弦杆Bottom chord 下弦杆web member 腹杆Diagonals and verticals 斜杆和竖杆Panel point 节点Panel 节间Through truss 穿越（下承式）桁架Desk truss 上承式桁架Simple truss 简单桁架In alphabetical order 以字母顺序Compound truss 联合桁架Rigid framework 刚性构架Nonparallel nonconcurrent links 不相互平行也不相交于一点的链杆Cross-hatched 画阴影线的Complex truss 复杂桁架Joint method 节点法Section method 截面法concurrent forces 汇交力系Expedient 方便的Inactive member 零杆Moment centre 力矩中心Projection axis 投影轴线Pass a section 做一个截面Exceptional member 单杆Subdivided truss 再分式桁架Sub-diagonal 辅助（次）斜杆Sub-vertical 辅助（次）竖杆Sub-truss 辅助（次，子）桁架Sub-member 辅助（次）杆Sub-joint 辅助（次）节点Horseshoe-shaped 马蹄形的Graphical method 作图法Algebraic method 代数方法vertex of the polygon多边形的顶点arrow of a force 力的箭头successively 连续地by scaling 通过度量repetitional work 重复性的工作supplement 补充method of substitute member 替换杆法method of initial parameter 初参数法closed loop 闭合圈space truss 空间桁架dome 圆屋顶derrick 塔架spherical hinge 球形铰triangular pyramid 三棱锥，四面形, 四面体odd member 单杆collinear 在同一直线上的foregoing discussion 前述的讨论beam member 梁式杆flexural member 受弯杆composite joint 复合节点self-equilibrium force system 自平衡力系statically equivalent load 静力等效荷载girder 桁架梁parallel chord truss 平行弦桁架non- parallel chord truss 非平行弦桁架roof truss 屋面桁架arched truss 拱桁架（桁架拱）polygonal line truss 折线桁架designated member 指定的杆absolute value 绝对值CHAPTER 8Influence line 影响线Most severe internal forces 最不利内力Influence coefficient 影响系数Dimension 量纲Dimensionless 无量纲的6Expression 表达式Most unfavorable position 最不利位置Behavior of the structure 结构的行为Constructing influence line 作影响线Influence line for internal force内力影响线Virtual work 虚功Principle of virtual work 虚功原理Abscissa 横坐标Sign indication 符号标注To draw influence line 画影响线To be confined to 被限制在……Floor beam 楼面梁Girder 大梁，主梁Floor slab 楼板Without ambiguity 显然Eliminating a necessary restraint去除一个必要的约束Infinitesimal virtualdisplacement无穷小虚位移Vertical scale 竖标Relative angular displacement 相对角位移Relative transverse displacement相对横向位移A unit transverse slidingdisplacement 一个单位横向滑动位移Intact 未动的，完好的Three hinged arch 三铰拱A corresponding simple beam一个相应的简支梁Critical position 临界位置Most severe effect 最不利的影响Trial aided 试算By use of criteria 利用判据Standard truck 标准卡车Average loads 平均荷载Inequality 不等式Critical load position 临界荷载位置Increment 增量Decrement 减量Reverse 逆Reverse condition (d) 条件(d)的逆The peak of the triangular influencediagram 三角形影响图的顶点Numerically greatest 数量上最大的Extreme value 极值Vertexes of the influence diagram 影响图的顶点Absolute maximum bending moment 绝对最大弯矩Derivative 导数Equidistant 等距离的Without any loads going on or off thespan 没有任何荷载进入和离开梁跨A continuous function of x x的连续函数Mid-point of the span 跨中Midpoint of the span 跨中Dangerous section 危险截面Crane beam 吊车梁Envelope for bending moment 弯矩包罗图Envelope for shearing force 剪力包罗图An arbitrary section 一个任意截面Influence diagram 影响图Designated quantity 指定量值Bound of the bending moment variation弯矩变化的边界CHAPTER 9In structural design 在结构设计中Elastic displacement 弹性位移Indeterminate structure 超静定结构Most versatile method 最通用的方法Unit load method 单位荷载法Reciprocal theorem 互等定理Illustration of unit load method 单位荷载法的例子Supported settlement 支座沉降Lineardiplacement (translation) 线位移A compatible displacement 相容性位移Fictitious=virtual 虚的Virtual force 虚力Appropriate choice 适当的选择Sections adjacent to hinge C 铰C的相邻截面A unit virtual load 一个单位竖向位移A pair of unit couple 一对单位力偶Real work 实功An elastic prismatic bar 一个弹性等截面杆Elasticity modulus 弹性模量Cross-section area 横截面面积Generalized force 广义力Generalized displacement 广义位移Statically interdependent forces 静力相关力系Corresponding generalized displacement 相应的广义位移The angle of rotation θ转角θ7External work 外(力)功Internal work 内(力)功To be identical to 与……一致(样) A differential element 一个微分单元Differential virtual work 微分虚功Strain energy 应变能Virtual stain energy 虚应变能Linear elastic structure 线弹性结构Internal virtual work 内力虚功Conservation law of energy 能量守恒定理External real work 外力实功The inverse of the curvature radius 曲率半径的倒数Compatible relations 相容关系Vanish 趋于零identity relation 恒等关系式unit virtual force 单位虚力virtual force system 虚力系real displacement 实位移real strain components 实应变分量an actual geometrical problem 一个实际的几何问题a fictitious equilibrium problem一个虚平衡问题difference of temperature 温差coefficient of thermal expansion温度膨胀系数axial strain 轴向应变likewise 同理sagging sense 下凸的moment of inertia 惯性矩axial rigidity 抗拉压刚度shearing rigidity 抗剪刚度flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度principal axis of cross section截面主轴twisting moment 扭矩twisting angle 扭转角differential segment 微分段torsional constant of the crosssection 截面扭转常数neutral axis 中性轴area moment 面积矩concrete member 砼凝土构件steel member 钢构件Poisson ratio 泊松比depth-span ratio 高跨比to be inversely proportional to与……成反比in parentheses 在括号中graph multiplication 图乘法the moment of the differentialarea with respect to y axis 微分面积对y轴的矩magnitude of areas 面积的大小location of their centroids 它们的形心位置3d-degree parabola 3次抛物线additional proviso 附加条件reinforced concrete 钢砼cross-sectional dimension 横截面尺寸elasto-plastic behaviour 弹塑性行为reduction factor 折减系数a pair of concentrated unit loads一对单位集中力reciprocal theorem 互等定理theorem of reciprocaldisplacements 位移互等定理theorem of reciprocal reactions反力互等定理reaction influence coefficients反力影响系数theorem of reciprocaldisplacement-reaction 反力位移互等定理support movement 支座移动to develop a general formula 推导通用公式column 柱CHAPTER 10Force method 力法Method of consistent deformation 一致变形法Redundant structure 超静定结构Unknown force 未知力Compatibility conditions 相容性条件Redundant unknown force 多余未知力Degree of indeterminacy 超静定度Internally indeterminate 内部超静定Primary system 基本体系Primary unknowns 基本未知量Passive force 被动力Active force 主动力Inconsistency n.不相容性,不一致性Embody 体现Superimpose 叠加Flexibility coefficient 柔度系数Canonical equation 标准方程Propped cantilever beam 有支(承)悬臂梁, 有支(承)伸臂梁Highly indeterminate structures 高阶超静定结构8Square matrix 方阵Symmetrical component 对称分量Antisymmetrical component 反对称分量Asymmetrical 不对称的Inflection point 反弯点Odd number of span 奇数跨Even number of span 偶数跨Method of elastic center 弹性中心法Rigid arm 刚臂Hingeless arch 无铰拱Numerator 分子Denominator 分母Quotient 商Central angle 中心角Nonprismatic member 变截面杆（构件）Trapezoid formula 梯形公式Parabolic formula 抛物线公式Reactant bending moment 抵抗弯矩Stiffness factor 刚度系数Nonyielding support 刚性支座Lack of fit 误差Redundant beam 超静定梁Qualitative influence line 定性影响线Quantitative influence line 定量影响线CHAPTER 11Slope-Deflection method 位移法（转角位移法）Displacement method 位移法Moment distribution method 弯矩分配法Varying section 变截面Slope-deflection equation 转角位移方程Rotation stiffness 转动刚度Slidely fixed 双链杆支座的Alongside 在旁边的Analogy 模拟，类比Portal frame 门形刚架Bent frame 排架Sideway 侧移Notion=conceptStiffness matrix 刚度矩阵Coefficient of thermal expansion 温度膨胀系数CHAPTER 12Systematic approach 系统化的方法Matrix algebra 矩阵代数Routinely programmed 常规地编程discretization 离散化beam element 梁单元truss element 桁架单元flexural element 弯曲单元element analysis 单元分析global analysis 整体分析nodal displacement vector .节点位移向量nodal resultant vector 节点力向量global stiffness equation 整体刚度方程governing equation 控制方程end force 杆端力end displacement 杆端位移stiffness matrix 刚度方程starting point 起点terminal point 终点the four entries 4项oriented in positive coordinate direction 指向坐标轴的正方向subvector 子向量main diagonal 主对角线main coefficients 主元素(主系数) secondary coefficients 副系数singular 奇异的determinant 行列式inverse of the matrix 矩阵的逆the origin of the system 坐标系的原点transformation matrix 坐标转换矩阵identity matrix 恒等矩阵submatrix 子矩阵stiffness method 刚度法nodal displacement vector 节点位移向量in the assembly 在集成过程中element contribution matrix 单元贡献矩阵global stiffness matrix 整体刚度矩阵governing equation 控制方程equivalent nodal loads 等效节点荷载non-nodal loads 非节点荷载artificial rotation restraint 人为的转动约束post-processing method 后处理法pre-processing method 前处理法plane truss 平面桁架coordinate transformation 坐标变换node number 节点编号9local number 局部码local code number 局部编码global code number 整体编码encircled superscript 画圈的上标a sparse matrix 一个稀疏矩阵a banded matrix 一个带状矩阵semi-bandwidth 半带宽loading conditions 荷载条件support arrangement 支座布置CHAPTER 13Method of moment distribution 弯矩分配法A procedure of successiveapproximation 一个逐步近似的过程Successive cycle of computation逐次的计算循环Joint translation 节点平移Rotational stiffness 转动刚度Distribution factor 分配系数Fraction of total moment 总弯矩的百分比Distribution moment at the near end 在近端的分配弯矩At the far end 在远端The ratio of the far end moment to thenear end moment 远端弯矩与近端弯矩的比值Carry-over factor 传递系数Basic moment distribution process 基本的弯矩分配过程An external nodal moment 一个外加的节点弯矩Artificial restraint 人为的约束In the lock state 在锁定状态Unlocking moment 释放弯矩Unbalanced moment 非平衡弯矩Eliminating the artificial restraint解除人为约束Carry-over moment 传递弯矩。

“结构力学I”课程标准课程名称：结构力学I英文名称：Structural Mechanics I课程代码：课程类别：专业教育必修课程（专业核心课程）课程学时：56课程学分：3.5适用专业：土木工程先修课程：高等数学、理论力学、材料力学等授课学院：建筑工程学院教研室：土木工程教研室制定人：赵腾飞、袁立群、孟昭博审定人：张绪涛、孟昭博、崔诗才一、课程性质《结构力学I》是土木工程专业必修的专业核心课程之一，将为后续专业课程学习打下良好的基础。

通过本课程的学习，学生在理论力学和材料力学的基础上可以进一步掌握分析计算杆件体系的基本原理和方法，了解各类结构的受力性能，培养学生结构分析与计算的能力，为学习有关专业课程及进行结构设计和科学研究打下基础，并能够应用结构力学基本理论和方法解决工程实际问题。

二、目标要求（一）总体目标掌握结构在荷载、支座移动等因素作用下结构强度、刚度等的分析、计算方法；掌握结构的合理组成形式及分析方法；熟悉结构力学相关的基本概念，了解近似计算方法、了解计算结构力学的相关分析方法。

在头脑中初步建立结构的力学思维方式，能正确应用力学知识对结构的强度、刚度以及结构合理组成进行分析。

（二）具体目标1.知识目标（1）能理解结构力学的一般概念及结构受力、变形等特点；（2）能正确建立力学相关计算模型并对其进行结构几何组成分析；（3）能正确利用多种方法对结构进行受力分析、绘制相应的内力图；（4）能正确通过虚功法求解结构的位移，并能大致绘制结构的变形图。

2.能力目标（1）能熟练计算、绘制静定结构、超静定结构的内力；（2）能熟练求出指定截面的广义位移；（3）能判别平面杆系结构的几何组成合理性。

3.素质目标（1）能将力学知识应用于实际工程中，着力培养工程实践能力；（2）引入前延、后续课程，做好课程衔接，形成课程体系，为后学专业课学习打好基础；（3）培养学生的受力概念、直观受力感觉和力学意识，勇于担当结构安全和经济两大重任。

《结构力学》教学大纲课程名称及英文名称：结构力学Structural mechanics 课程编码：B5214009课程类别：公共基础课（）专业基础课（√）专业核心课（）课程性质：必修课（√）选修课（）适用专业：城市轨道工程技术专业学时数: 64 学时开设学期：第 3 学期执笔者：闫志红编制日期： 2012 年8 月一、课程的性质和任务：1、课程性质：结构力学是城市轨道工程技术专业的一门专业基础课。

2、课程任务：结构力学是运用力学的基本原理，研究结构在荷载等因素作用下的内力和位移的计算，研究结构的组成规律和合理形式。

通过课程学习，使学生掌握结构力学的基础知识和基本技能；学习运用结构力学的方法分析和解决工程中常见的力学问题；培养学生的力学素质；为学习专业课程和继续深造提供必要的基础。

同时，还应注意培养学生科学的思考方法和工作方法。

二、本课程与其他课程的联系与分工：结构力学是以高等数学、工程力学等课程为基础，并为钢筋混凝土技术、城市桥梁工程等课程提供分析思路和计算方法。

三、课程的主要目标、内容和学时分配1、课程的主要目标知识目标：掌握结构的组成规律，静定结构的受力分析、内力计算方法和位移计算方法，超静定的内力计算方法。

影响线的绘制方法。

能力目标：建立清晰的力学概念，掌握力学分析的基本方法。

能分析结构的组成规律，能判断结构的几何可变性。

能计算静定结构在荷载作用下的内力，能绘制内力图，能计算静定结在荷载、支座移动和温度变化所引起的位移。

能用力法、位移法、力矩分配法计算超静定解构的内力，并绘制内力图。

能作出结构的影响线。

素质目标：学习能力；解决问题的能力；可持续发展能力。

2、课程主要内容1）：绪论（2学时）主要内容：结构力学的任务，结构的计算简图与杆件结构分类，荷载的分类。

教学要求：掌握杆件结构的分类、支座分类和节点分类；理解支座的受力和节点的受力特点。

了解结构力学的任务和计算简图的确定。

2）：平面体系的几何组成分析（6学时）主要内容：自由度、约束、瞬铰、多余约束等概念, 体系自由度计算公式，平面几何不变体系的组成规则，瞬变体系的特性，静定、超静定结构的几何组成。

结构力学结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis 结构动力学structural dynamics 拱Arch 三铰拱three-hinged arch 抛物线拱parabolic arch 圆拱circular arch 穹顶Dome 空间结构space structure 空间桁架space truss 雪载[荷] snow load 风载[荷] wind load 土压力earth pressure 地震载荷earthquake loading 弹簧支座spring support 支座位移support displacement 支座沉降support settlement 超静定次数degree of indeterminacy 机动分析kinematic analysis 结点法method of joints 截面法method of sections 结点力joint forces 共轭位移conjugate displacement 影响线influence line 三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient 力矩分配moment distribution 力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution 分配系数distribution factor 矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix 总体坐标global coordinates 贝蒂定理Betti theorem 高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method 屈曲模态buckling mode 复合材料力学mechanics of composites 复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite 单向复合材料unidirectional composite 泡沫复合材料foamed composite 颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate 夹层板sandwich panel 正交层板cross-ply laminate 斜交层板angle-ply laminate 层片Ply 多胞固体cellular solid 膨胀Expansion 压实Debulk 劣化Degradation 脱层Delamination 脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress 层应力ply stress 层应变ply strain 层间应力interlaminar stress 比强度specific strength 强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy 正交各向异Orthotropy 剪滞分析shear lag analysis 短纤维chopped fiber 长纤维continuous fiber 纤维方向fiber direction 纤维断裂fiber break 纤维拔脱fiber pull-out 纤维增强fiber reinforcement 致密化Densification 最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis 混合律rule of mixture 失效准则failure criterion 蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model 断裂力学fracture mechanics 概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics 格里菲思理论Griffith theory 线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture 脆性断裂brittle fracture 解理断裂cleavage fracture 蠕变断裂creep fracture 延性断裂ductile fracture 晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack 裂缝Flaw 缺陷Defect 割缝Slit 微裂纹Microcrack 折裂Kink 椭圆裂纹elliptical crack 深埋裂纹embedded crack [钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack 预制裂纹Precrack 短裂纹short crack 表面裂纹surface crack 裂纹钝化crack blunting 裂纹分叉crack branching 裂纹闭合crack closure 裂纹前缘crack front 裂纹嘴crack mouth 裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD 裂纹阻力crack resistance 裂纹面crack surface 裂纹尖端crack tip 裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA 裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD 裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate 稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth 定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth 亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest 止裂韧度arrest toughness 断裂类型fracture mode 滑开型sliding mode 张开型opening mode 撕开型tearing mode 复合型mixed mode 撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearing modulus 断裂准则fracture criterion J积分J-integral J阻力曲线J-resistance curve 断裂韧度fracture toughness 应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate 内聚区cohesive zone 塑性区plastic zone 张拉区stretched zone 热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature 剪切带shear band 剪切唇shear lip 无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bending specimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula 空穴化Cavitation 应力腐蚀stress corrosion 概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics 损伤Damage 连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage 脆性损伤brittle damage 延性损伤ductile damage 宏观损伤macroscopic damage 细观损伤microscopic damage 微观损伤microscopic damage 损伤准则damage criterion 损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening 损伤强化damage strengthening 损伤张量damage tensor 损伤阈值damage threshold 损伤变量damage variable 损伤矢量damage vector 损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue 应力疲劳stress fatigue 随机疲劳random fatigue 蠕变疲劳creep fatigue 腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue 疲劳损伤fatigue damage 疲劳失效fatigue failure 疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack 疲劳寿命fatigue life 疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue 应力循环stress cycle 应力比stress ratio 安全寿命safe life 过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage 裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio 实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片active[strain] gage 基底材料backing material 应力计stress gage 零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement 应变计strain gage 应变指示器strain indicator 应变花strain rosette 应变灵敏度strain sensitivity 机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette 引伸仪Extensometer 应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge 粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage 粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing 电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge 电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage 集流器slip ring 应变放大镜strain amplifier 疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage 电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics 光弹性Photoelasticity 光塑性Photoplasticity 杨氏条纹Young fringe 双折射效应birefrigent effect 等位移线contour of equal Displacement 暗条纹dark fringe 条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe 等差线Isochromatic 等倾线Isoclinic 等和线isopachic 应力光学定律stress- optic law 主应力迹线Isostatic 亮条纹light fringe 光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coating Method 光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwich Method 动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering 空间频率spatial frequency 起偏镜Polarizer 反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope 残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect 应变条纹值strain fringe value 应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value 应力光图stress-optic pattern 暂时双折射效应temporary birefringent Effect 脉冲全息法pulsed holography 透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographic interferometry 网格法grid method 全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram 全息照相Holograph 全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography 全场分析法whole-field analysis 散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle 错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram 白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe [叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern 离面云纹法off-plane moire method 参考栅reference grating 试件栅specimen grating 分析栅analyzer grating 面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method 坐标变换transformation of Coordinates 计算结构力学computational structural mechanics 加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation 里茨法Ritz method 广义变分原理generalized variational Principle 最小二乘法least square method 胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle 赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle 修正变分原理modified variational Principle 约束变分原理constrained variational Principle 混合法mixed method 杂交法hybrid method 边界解法boundary solution method 有限条法finite strip method 半解析法semi-analytical method 协调元conforming element 非协调元non-conforming element 混合元mixed element 杂交元hybrid element 边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization 离散系统discrete system 连续问题continuous problem 广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load 广义应变generalized strain 广义应力generalized stress 界面变量interface variable 节点node, nodal point [单]元Element 角节点corner node 边节点mid-side node 内节点internal node 无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element 桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element 二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element 壳元shell element 厚板元thick plate element 三角形元triangular element 四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element 曲线元curved element 二次元quadratic element 线性元linear element 三次元cubic element 四次元quartic element 等参[数]元isoparametric element 超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element 节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element 拉格朗日族Lagrange family 巧凑边点元serendipity element 巧凑边点族serendipity family 无限元infinite element 单元分析element analysis 单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix 几何矩阵geometric matrix 等效节点力equivalent nodal force 节点位移nodal displacement 节点载荷nodal load 位移矢量displacement vector 载荷矢量load vector 质量矩阵mass matrix 集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix 相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix 瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping 刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix 质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements 局部坐标系local coordinate system 局部坐标local coordinate 面积坐标area coordinates 体积坐标volume coordinates 曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates 静凝聚static condensation 合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function 试探函数trial function 检验函数test function 权函数weight function 样条函数spline function 代用函数substitute function 降阶积分reduced integration 零能模式zero-energy mode P收敛p-convergence H收敛h-convergence 掺混插值blended interpolation 等参数映射isoparametric mapping 双线性插值bilinear interpolation 小块检验patch test 非协调模式incompatible mode 节点号node number 单元号element number 带宽band width 带状矩阵banded matrix 变带状矩阵profile matrix 带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method 子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method 纽马克法Newmark 威尔逊法Wilson 拟牛顿法quasi-Newtonmethod 牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method 初应变initial strain 初应力initial stress 切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration 子结构Substructure 子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element 网格生成mesh generation 结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing 后处理post-processing 网格细化mesh refinement 应力光顺stress smoothing 组合结构composite structure。

《结构力学》教学大纲【课程编码】JZZB1080 【课程名称】结构力学【英文名称】Structural Mechanics【总学时】85【学分】5【理论学时】85【实验、实践学时】0【课程类别】专业必修课【适用专业】土木工程【课程性质、目标和要求】本课程是土木工程专业重要的学科基础课，是该专业的一门主干课、必修课。

通过本课程的学习，使学生了解杆件结构的组成规律；掌握静定和超静定结构的内力和位移的计算原理和方法，提高结构计算能力，熟练分析、计算土木工程结构的力学性能，为学习有关专业课程以及毕业后从事结构设计、施工和科研工作打好理论基础，培养学生对工程结构进行分析和计算的能力。

学生学完本门课程后，应达到下列要求：1．对一般的杆件结构能选择正确的计算简图、并能分析其几何组成。

2．熟练掌握选择隔离体列平衡方程的方法，对一般静定结构能正确地进行内力分析。

3．理解影响线的概念，掌握静力法作静定梁、桁架的影响线的方法，会利用影响线求结构在移动荷载下的最大内力。

4．理解变形体虚功原理的内容及其应用，熟练掌握静定结构在荷载等因素下位移的计算方法。

5．掌握力法、位移法、力矩分配法的基本原理，并能选择适当的计算方法对一般超静定结构作熟练地计算。

会计算超静定结构的位移。

会利用对称性进行简化计算。

6．了解杆件结构动力分析的基本方法。

【教学内容和要求】第一章结构的组成分析一、学习目的要求了解结构力学的任务和方法，结构的计算简图，结构和干件结构的分类以及荷载的分类。

二、主要教学内容1、结构和结构的分类2、结构力学的人物和方法3、结构的计算简图4、杆件结构的分类5、荷载的分类第二章结构的几何组成分析一、学习目的要求1、了解几何组成分析的目的，判定杆件体系是否几何可变，从而决定其能否用作结构；研究几何不变、无多余约束体系的组成规则，以便帮助我们正确选择静力分析方法和程序；2、掌握不变无多余约束体系的三个组成规则；3、掌握结构的几何组成和静力特征之间的关系。

结构力学结构力学 structural mechanics结构分析 structural analysis结构动力学 structural dynamics拱 Arch三铰拱 three-hinged arch抛物线拱 parabolic arch圆拱 circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构 space structure空间桁架 space truss雪载［荷］ snow load风载［荷］wind load土压力 earth pressure地震载荷 earthquake loading弹簧支座 spring support支座位移 support displacement支座沉降 support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy 机动分析 kinematic analysis结点法 method of joints截面法 method of sections结点力 joint forces共轭位移 conjugate displacement 影响线 influence line三弯矩方程 three-moment equation 单位虚力 unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient 力矩分配moment distribution 力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配 moment redistribution 分配系数 distribution factor 矩阵位移法 matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵 element strain matrix总体坐标 global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料 composite material 纤维复合材料 fibrous composite 单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板 Laminate夹层板 sandwich panel正交层板 cross-ply laminate斜交层板 angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体 cellular solid膨胀 Expansion压实Debulk劣化 Degradation脱层 Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力 ply stress层应变 ply strain层间应力 interlaminar stress比强度 specific strength强度折减系数 strength reduction factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析 shear lag analysis 短纤维 chopped fiber长纤维 continuous fiber纤维方向 fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱 fiber pull-out纤维增强 fiber reinforcement致密化 Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法 netting analysis混合律 rule of mixture失效准贝 failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学 fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂 Fracture解理断裂 cleavage fracture蠕变断裂 creep fracture脆性断裂 brittle fracture延性断裂 ductile fracture晶间断裂 inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂 trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹 Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹 elliptical crack深埋裂纹 embedded crack［钱］币状裂纹 penny-shape crack 预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹 short crack表面裂纹 surface crack裂纹钝化 crack blunting裂纹分叉 crack branching裂纹闭合 crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴 crack mouth裂纹开角 crack opening angle,COA裂纹开位移crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力 crack resistance 裂纹面 crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖角 crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖开位移 crack tip opening displacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场 crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth裂纹［扩展］减速crack retardation 止裂 crack arrest止裂韧度 arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型 sliding mode开型 opening mode撕开型 tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂 Tearing撕裂模量 tearing modulus断裂准贝 U fracture criterionJ 积分 J-integralJ 阻力曲线 J-resistance curve断裂韧度 fracture toughness应力强度因子 stress intensity factorHRR 场 Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field守怛积分 conservation integral有效应力量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率 energy release rate聚区 cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone拉区 stretched zone热影响区 heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论 theory of elasticity均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress应力不变量 stress invariant应变不变量 strain invariant应变椭球 strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态 homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量 Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘 rotating circular disk 楔 wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西斯克问题 Boussinesq problem 艾里应力函数 Airy stress function克罗索夫―穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板 Plate矩形板 Rectangular plate圆板 Circular plate环板 Annular plate波纹板 Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffenedplate,reinforced Plate中厚板 Plate of moderate thickness弯［曲］应力函数Stress function of bending压入 Indentation扁壳 Shallow shell旋转壳 Revolutionary shell球壳 Spherical shell［圆］柱壳 Cylindrical shell锥壳 Conical shell环壳 Toroidal shell封闭壳 Closed shell波纹壳 Corrugated shell扭［转］应力函数Stress function of torsion翘曲函数 Warping function半逆解法 semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法 Relaxation method莱维法 Levy method松弛 Relaxation量纲分析 Dimensional analysis自相似［性］self-similarity影响面 Influence surface接触应力 Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触 Conforming contact滑动接触 Sliding contact滚动接触 Rolling contact各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity 颗粒材料 Granular material散体力学 Mechanics of granular media热弹性 Thermoelasticity超弹性 Hyperelasticity粘弹性 Viscoelasticity对应原理 Correspondence principle褶皱 Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity滑动 Sliding微滑 Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性 Nonlinear elasticity大挠度 Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形 Finite deformation格林应变 Green strain阿尔曼西应变 Almansi strain弹性动力学 Dynamic elasticity运动方程 Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性 Aeroelasticity水弹性 Hydroelasticity壳 Shell颤振 Flutter弹性波 Elastic wave简单波 Simple wave柱面波 Cylindrical wave水平剪切波 Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波 body wave无旋波 Irrotational wave畸变波 Distortion wave膨胀波 Dilatation wave瑞利波 Rayleigh wave等容波 Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波 Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形 Metal forming耐撞性 Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness拉拔 Drawing破坏机构 Collapse mechanism回弹 Springback 挤压 Extrusion冲压 Stamping穿透 Perforation层裂 Spalling塑性理论 Theory of plasticity安定［性］理论 Shake-down theory运动安定定理 kinematic shakedown theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论 rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则 Loading criterion力口载函数 Loading function力口载面 Loading surface塑性加载 Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载 Simple loading比例加载 Proportional loading卸载 Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷 Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载 nentral loading拉抻失稳 instability in tension力口速度波 acceleration wave本构方程 constitutive equation完全解 complete solution名义应力 nominal stress过应力 over-stress真应力 true stress等效应力 equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断 stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间 principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变 logarithmic strain工程应变 engineering strain等效应变 equivalent strain应变局部化 strain localization应变率 strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变 finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变 accumulated plastic strain永久变形 permanent deformation变量 internal variable应变软化 strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料 rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性 stability of material应变偏量 deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏量 deviatori tensor of stress应变球量 spherical tensor of strain应力球量 spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化 linear strain-hardening应变强化 strain-hardening随动强化 kinematic hardening各向同性强化 isotropic hardening强化模量 strain-hardening modulus幂强化 power hardening 截面形状因子 shape factor of塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment cross-section沙堆比拟 sand heap analogy塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque屈服Yield屈服条件 yield condition弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending屈服准贝yield criterion弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface屈服函数 yield function屈服面 yield surface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic 塑性势 plastic potential torsion能量吸收装置energy absorbing 粘塑性 Viscoplasticity device非弹性 Inelasticity 能量耗散率 energy absorbing理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material device塑性动力学 dynamic plasticity极限分析 limit analysis 塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic 极限设计 limit designbuckling极限面 limit surface 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response上限定理 upper bound theorem塑性波 plastic wave上屈服点 upper yield point运动容许场kinematically下限定理 lower bound theorem admissible Field下屈服点 lower yield point 静力容许场 statically admissible 界限定理 bound theoremField初始屈服面 initial yield surface流动法则flow rule后继屈服面 subsequent yield surface 速度间断 velocity discontinuity 滑移线 slip-lines屈服面［的］外凸性convexity of yieldsurface滑移线场 slip-lines field移行塑性铰 travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论 incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾一韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh- Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter 德鲁克公设 Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation连续过程 continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant燃烧不稳定性combustion instability 稀释度dilution完全离解 complete dissociation火焰传播 flame propagation组份 constituent 碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate 燃烧理论 combustion theory浓度梯度 concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定 flame stabilization火焰结构 flame structure着火 ignition湍流火焰 turbulent flame层流火焰 laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage 达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流 Hele-Shaw flow毛［细］管流 capillary flow过滤 filtration爪进 fingering不互溶驱替 immiscible displacement 不互溶流体 immiscible fluid互溶驱替 miscible displacement互溶流体 miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比 mobility ratio渗透率 permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质 porous medium比面 specific surface迂曲度 tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水 water flooding可湿性 wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学 physical oceanography大气环流 atmospheric circulation海洋环流 ocean circulation海洋流 ocean current旋转流 rotating flow平流 advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层 atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere- ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性 baroclinicity正压性barotropy 磨擦 internal friction海洋波 ocean wave盐度 salinity环境流体力学 environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数 Richardson number污染源 pollutant source污染物扩散 pollutant diffusion噪声 noise噪声级 noise level噪声污染 noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流 co-current flow对向流 counter current flow横向流 cross flow螺旋流 spiral flow旋拧流 swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层 mixing layer抖振 buffeting风压 wind pressure附壁效应 wall attachment effect, Coanda effect简约频率 reduced frequency爆炸力学 mechanics of explosion终点弹道学 terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique流体弹塑性体 hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸 explosion in air地下爆炸 underground explosion水下爆炸 underwater explosion电爆炸 discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸 laser-induced explosion核爆炸 nuclear explosion点爆炸 point-source explosion殉爆 sympathatic detonation强爆炸 intense explosion粒子束爆炸 explosion by beam radiation聚爆 implosion起爆 initiation of explosion爆破 blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar 电炮 electric gun电磁炮 electromagnetic gun爆炸洞 explosion chamber轻气炮 light gas gun马赫反射 Mach reflection基浪 base surge成坑 cratering能量沉积 energy deposition爆心 explosion center爆炸当量 explosion equivalent 火球 fire ball爆高 height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻 penetration规则反射 regular reflection崩落 spallation应变率史 strain rate history聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出［物］胀大 extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸 tubeless siphon剪胀效应 dilatancy effect孔压［误差］效应hole- pressure［error］effect剪切致稠 shear thickening剪切致稀 shear thinning触变性 thixotropy反触变性 anti-thixotropy超塑性 superplasticity粘弹塑性材料 viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料 anelastic material本构关系 constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型 power law model应力松驰 stress relaxation应变史 strain history应力史 stress history 衰退记忆 fading memory应力增长 stress growing粘度函数 voscosity function相对粘度 relative viscosity复态粘度 complex viscosity拉伸粘度 elongational viscosity拉伸流动 elongational flow第一法向应力差first normalstress difference第二法向应力差second normalstress difference德博拉数 Deborah number森贝格数 Weissenberg number动态模量 dynamic modulus振荡剪切流 oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离［子］体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层 planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流］Poiseuille- Hartman flow哈特曼数 Hartman number生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress 电气体力学electro-gas dynamics 铁流体力学 ferro-hydrodynamics 血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学 hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流 magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学 biomechanics生物流体力学 biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow 开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴曲面 applicable surface边界润滑 boundary lubrication液膜润滑 fluid film lubrication 向心收缩功 concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学 microcyclic mechanics微纤维 microfibril渗透性 permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area农业生物力学 agrobiomechanics 纤维度 fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度 stickiness嫩度 tenderness渗透流 osmotic flow易位流 translocation flow蒸腾流 transpirational flow过滤阻力 filtration resistance压扁 wafering风雪流 snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面 desert floor流沙固定 fixation of shifting sand 流动阈值 fluid threshold通类名词力学 mechanics牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学 classical mechanics静力学statics运动学 kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics细观力学 mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics一般力学 general mechanics固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学 computational mechanics 理性力学 rational mechanics 物理力学 physical mechanics 地球动力学geodynamics 力 force作用点 point of action作用线 line of action力系 system of forces力系的简化 reduction of force system 等效力系 equivalent force system 刚体 rigid body力的可传性 transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule 力三角形 force triangle力多边形 force polygon零力系 null-force system平衡 equilibrium力的平衡 equilibrium of forces 平衡条件 equilibrium condition 平衡位置equilibrium position 平衡态equilibrium state 分析力学 analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子 Lagrange multiplier 拉格朗日［量］Lagrangian拉格朗日括号 Lagrange bracket 雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function 循环坐标 cyclic coordinate 渐近稳定性 asymptotic stability 循环积分 cyclic integral 结构稳定性 structural stability 哈密顿［量］Hamiltonian 久期不稳定性 secular instability 哈密顿函数 Hamiltonian function 弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem正则方程 canonical equation 倾覆力矩 capsizing moment正则摄动 canonical perturbation 自由振动 free vibration正则变换canonical transformation固有振动 natural vibration暂态 transient state正则变量 canonical variable环境振动 ambient vibration哈密顿原理 Hamilton principle反共振 anti-resonance作用量积分 action integral衰减 attenuation哈密顿-雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 库仑阻尼 Coulomb damping作用一角度变量action-angle variables同相分量 in-phase component非同相分量 out-of -phase阿佩尔方程 Appell equationcomponent劳斯方程 Routh equation超调量 overshoot拉格朗日函数 Lagrangian function 参量［激励］振动parametric vibration诺特定理 Noether theorem模糊振动 fuzzy vibration泊松括号 poisson bracket临界转速 critical speed of边界积分法 boundary integral method rotation阻尼器damper并矢dyad半峰宽度 half-peak width运动稳定性 stability of motion集总参量系统lumped parameter 轨道稳定性 orbital stability system相平面法 phase plane method 邓克利公式 Dunkerley formula相轨迹 phase trajectory 瑞利定理 Rayleigh theorem等倾线法 isocline method 分布参量系统distributed跳跃现象 jump phenomenonparameter system负阻尼 negative damping优势频率 dominant frequency达芬方程 Duffing equation模态分析 modal analysis希尔方程Hill equation固有模态 natural mode of vibration KBM 方法 KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method同步 synchronization马蒂厄方程 Mathieu equation超谐波 ultraharmonic平均法 averaging method德波尔方程 van der pol equation组合音调 combination tone频谱 frequency spectrum解谐 detuning基频 fundamental frequency耗散函数 dissipative function WKB 方法 WKB method, Wentzel- Kramers-Brillouin method硬激励 hard excitation缓冲器buffer硬弹簧 hard spring, hardening spring风激振动 aeolian vibration谐波平衡法 harmonic balance method 嗡鸣buzz倒谱 cepstrum久期项 secular term 颤动 chatter自激振动 self-excited vibration 蛇彳亍hunting分界线 separatrix 阻抗匹配 impedance matching 亚谐波 subharmonic 机械导纳 mechanical admittance 软弹簧 soft spring ,softening spring机械效率 mechanical efficiency机械阻抗 mechanical impedance 软激励 soft excitation随机振动 stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振 vibration isolation 减振vibration reduction 应力过冲 stress overshoot 喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动 phugoid motion起伏振荡 phugoid oscillation 驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics 陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩 gyroscoopic torque 陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer 陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航 inertial guidance 姿态角attitude angle 方位角 azimuthal angle舒勒周期 Schuler period 机器人动力学 robot dynamics 多体系统multibody system 多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性 maneuverability 凯恩方法Kane method转子［系统］动力学rotor dynamics转子［一支承一基础］系统rotor- support-foundation system静平衡 static balancing动平衡 dynamic balancing静不平衡 static unbalance动不平衡 dynamic unbalance现场平衡 field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力 cross force挠性转子 flexible rotor分频进动 fractional frequency precession半频进动 half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速 rotor critical speed自动定心 self-alignment亚临界转速 subcritical speed涡动whirl。

《结构力学》课程教学大纲《结构力学》课程教学大纲一.课程编号、课程名称课程编号: 0402010课程名称: 结构力学，Structural Mechanics二.学分、学时5学分，课内教学80学时，计算机实习16学时三.教学对象工程力学等专业本科生四.先修课程高等数学、线性代数、理论力学、材料力学、计算机程序设计语言等五.课程性质、作用、教学目标本课程是土木工程专业的主要技术基础课程之一，其任务是在学习理论力学和材料力学等课程的基础上进一步学习杆系结构的计算原理和分析方法，掌握各类结构的受力特性，为学习有关专业课程、进行结构设计以及进行科学研究打好力学基础，培养结构的力学分析和计算等方面的能力。

六.教学内容基本要求(一)绪论了解结构力学的研究对象及任务、荷载的分类、结构计算简图及其分类。

(二)平面体系的几何组成分析了解几何组成分析的目的和平面体系的计算自由度；掌握平面体系的几何组成分析。

(三)静结构内力分析回顾掌握静定结构内力分析的一般方法，熟练掌握静定梁、刚架、桁架、拱和组合结构等的内力计算和内力图绘制，掌握静定结构的特征。

(四)虚功原理和结构位移计算掌握虚功原理及结构位移计算的一般公式；熟练掌握荷载作用下结构的位移计算、积分法及图乘法；掌握温度变化和支座移动引起的结构位移计算；掌握互等定理。

(五)力法了解超静定结构的概念、超静定次数的确定；理解力法的基本原理、基本系、力法的典型方程及其物理意义；熟练掌握用力法计算超静定梁、超静定刚架、超静定桁架；掌握超静定组合结构、超静定拱的计算；掌握温度变化、支座移动影响下的计算；掌握简化力法计算的方法；掌握超静定结构的位移计算、最后内力图的校核。

(六)位移法理解位移法的基本原理、基本系、位移法的典型方程及其物理意义；熟练掌握用位移法计算超静定梁、超静定刚架；熟练掌握利用对称性简化计算；掌握温度变化、支座移动影响下的计算；(七)力矩分配法理解力矩分配法的基本原理；熟练掌握荷载作用下连续梁及无侧移刚架的计算；掌握温度变化、支座移动影响下无侧移刚架的计算；掌握有侧移刚架的计算。

结构建筑专业术语1. 结构力学（Structural Mechanics）：研究力、应力和变形的科学原理，用于分析和设计建筑物的结构。

2. 设计荷载（Design Load）：在建筑物设计过程中考虑到的各种力学荷载，如自重、活荷载、雪荷载、风荷载等。

4. 结构模型（Structural Model）：用于分析和设计建筑物结构的数学模型，可以是二维或三维的。

5. 结构分析（Structural Analysis）：使用力学原理和数值计算方法，对建筑物的结构进行稳定性、强度和刚度等方面的分析。

6. 结构设计（Structural Design）：根据结构分析的结果和设计需求，确定合适的结构形式、尺寸和材料，以满足建筑物使用和安全要求的过程。

7. 结构系统（Structural System）：指建筑物的结构形式和组合方式，如框架结构、桁架结构、悬挂结构、贝壳结构等。

8. 承重墙（Load Bearing Wall）：用于承担建筑物重力荷载和横向荷载的墙体结构。

9. 钢结构（Steel Structure）：使用钢材作为主要结构材料的建筑物结构系统。

10. 混凝土结构（Concrete Structure）：使用混凝土材料作为主要结构材料的建筑物结构系统。

11. 预应力结构（Prestressed Structure）：在混凝土结构中引入预压力，以提高结构的承载能力和抗震性能。

12. 梁（Beam）：承载荷载并将其传递到支撑结构的水平构件，通常横截面为矩形或T形。

13. 柱（Column）：承载建筑物重力荷载并将其传递到地基的垂直结构元素。

14. 基础（Foundation）：将建筑物的重力荷载传递到地基并分散到地面的结构部分，通常包括浅基础和深基础。

15. 刚性连接（Rigid Connection）：将结构构件连接在一起的方法，使其能够传递力和阻止相对运动。

16. 弹性变形（Elastic Deformation）：结构在受力时通过弹性恢复能够发生的变形，超过弹性极限后会发生不可逆的塑性变形。

结构力学科技名词定义中文名称：结构力学英文名称：structural mechanics 定义：研究工程结构在外来因素作用下的强度、刚度和稳定性的学科。

应用学科：水利科技（一级学科）；工程力学、工程结构、建筑材料（二级学科）；工程力学（水利）（二级学科）《结构力学》是固体力学的一个分支，它主要研究工程结构受力和传力的规律，以及如何进行结构优化的学科。

结构力学研究的容包括结构的组成规则，结构在各种效应（外力，温度效应，施工误差及支座变形等）作用下的响应，包括力（轴力，剪力，弯矩，扭矩）的计算，位移（线位移，角位移）计算，以及结构在动力荷载作用下的动力响应（自振周期，振型）的计算等。

结构力学通常有三种分析的方法：能量法，力法，位移法，由位移法衍生出的矩阵位移法后来发展出有限元法，成为利用计算机进行结构计算的理论基础。

工作任务研究在工程结构（所谓工程结构是指能够承受和传递外载荷的系统，包括杆、板、壳以及它们的组合体，如飞机机身和机翼、桥梁、屋架和承力墙等。

）在外载荷作用下的应力、应变和位移等的规律；分析不同形式和不同材料的工程结构，为工程设计提供分析方法和计算公式；确定工程结构承受和传递外力的能力；研究和发展新型工程结构。

观察自然界中的天然结构，如植物的根、茎和叶，动物的骨骼，蛋类的外壳，可以发现它们的强度和刚度不仅与材料有关，而且和它们的造型有密切的关系，很多工程结构就是受到天然结构的启发而创制出来的。

结构设计不仅要考虑结构的强度和刚度，还要做到用料省、重量轻．减轻重量对某些工程尤为重要，如减轻飞机的重量就可以使飞机航程远、上升快、速度大、能耗低。

学科体系一般对结构力学可根据其研究性质和对象的不同分为结构静力学、结构动力学、结构稳定理论、结构断裂、疲劳理论和杆系结构理论、薄壁结构理论和整体结构理论等。

结构静力学结构静力学是结构力学中首先发展起来的分支，它主要研究工程结构在静载荷作用下的弹塑性变形和应力状态，以及结构优化问题。