【优质文档】爱人树word版本本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==爱人树她是一棵树。
他出生时，她已经在他家的庭院里生活了一百年，也等待了一百年。
当然，对于一棵树而言，一百年她才刚刚长成少女──树中的少女，从此进入清纯亮丽的青春期。
那个秋高气爽的午后，阳光炫得令人心碎，她终于见到了他──这个让她祈求了一百年、又等待了一百年的男人。
她无法不颤抖，激动和紧张令浑身的树叶在秋阳里像小风车一样滴溜溜地转。
她目不转睛地凝视着他。
他还小，搀着一位美丽少妇的手，脚步蹒跚地向她走来。
突然，他挣脱少妇的手，踉跄地朝她扑去，那架势显然是还不会走路就想跑了。
她幸福得也惊吓得要尖叫起来，简直不知道如何是好。
当他肉嘟嘟的小手触摸到她的身躯时，她的心停止了跳动──不，她整个地停止了，死了。
人们常说的“幸福死了”，大概就是这个感觉吧。
他还太小，还无法扶着她站稳脚跟。
当他摇晃着向后倒去时，她从地下抬起一条树根，稳稳地托住了他。
所幸的是，这一切不曾被少妇发现，她见小男孩骑马（树根）玩，直夸他聪明呢。
小男孩常常在树下玩，他骑树根，就像骑着战马一样驰骋沙场；他挖树皮缝儿，看有没有蚂蚁；他黏知了，却讨厌它们的歌声；他爬树，只为显示自己的能干；他撕树叶儿，这张撕成燕子，那张撕成蝴蝶，但撕了就扔……她知道，他常常在树下玩，并不是喜欢她，而是这儿好玩、有趣，可以打发寂寞的童年时光，但她依旧要感谢上苍，让她有机会共度他的童年，青梅竹马，两小无猜。
一晃十多年过去，少年的他情窦初开，有了心事。
她看到他徘徊在庭院里，听到他在黄昏里的叹息，比他自己还难过。
有一个夜晚，他步着月色，来到她的跟前，借着月光，用那把比月光还要犀利的尖刀，在她的身上刻下：“黄小玫，我爱你！”那刀子，刻在身上，痛在心里，一刀有一刀的疼痛，一刀有一刀的流血，因为黄小玫不是她；如果是她，别说是刀刻，就是死了，她也心甘情愿。
树与叶的爱恨情缘(一)树的幸福是能将叶子拥入怀里叶子的幸福是能点缀树的美丽而叶子总有要离开的那一天深秋的叶子铺满了地掩盖了地的沧桑树挽留不住什么都不说默默的放手叶子的伤感树看不到树的难过叶子没感觉到离开了树的叶子不再幸福离开了叶子的树不再美丽时光的变迁一切都在改变树的身边有了新的叶子再也记不起曾经的叶子叶子随风去了遥远的地方再也回不到树的身边爱情的结局或许就是如此即使曾依恋很深也会被时间所改变当相爱的人不在记得当相爱的人再见不到也就注定了这个结果悲伤只是一点点痛到没感觉就不会再痛(二)深秋的那一夜叶子对树说我要离开了沉默……良久，树说我会永远记得你的夜风吹过带走了叶子却没带走叶的思念每一片落叶都会忘却所有记忆随着风到达天堂而它却固执的记得着树不愿忘记所以叶子无法进入天堂再次回到了树的身边叶子觉得好幸福它问树你还记得我吗树一脸茫然叶子的心一下冷却了又是一个深秋的夜叶悠悠的说好象又是要离开的时候了又是沉默许久，树开了口我会永远记得你的听到这句话的一刹那叶子的泪流了下来夜风轻拂树枝带走了叶子树没看到叶的眼泪这是叶子为树第一次流下眼泪也是最后一次随风到天堂的叶子选择了遗忘不再记得树是谁因为叶子明白了对树来说它只是树身边的普通一叶子现在的叶子只知道自己是天堂里的一片落叶而..究竟是谁错了是树错了错在不该如此轻易忘记还是叶子错了错在不该如此在乎爱情的伤痛往往是爱的人的无所谓爱的越深痛的越明显选择忘记则是唯一的寄托不再记得就不会再难过。
一棵树的爱情
一棵树的爱情
2013-10-14 22:32:19| 分类：惠言芳语注定有一天
不属于四季
只属于一棵树的记忆
树的躯体划过你的一瞬
整个世界都随你倾斜
可是
你不知道这究竟发生了什么
愉快的毫无先兆毫无来历
许多年后
许多的切肤之快乐
都不能掩盖
那微微的顷刻
遍寻树的那片记忆之林
踪迹早已不可寻觅
午后恍惚中
才发现
那棵树始终追随在你的左右
根系便在心中了
我想此生我长不成一棵树了
我们终究还是要错过
以同一种方式站立的机会
我们隔着的不是距离
而是世界
要几百年的转世轮回
才能让我以树的姿势恋着你呢
时间的碎片
一如你纷飞的落叶
片片飘零
我束手无策
秋天不可逆转地来了我总是在心里疼痛着不知道
是因了什么
是恋你的这世
还是怕从此没了相期我的文字
从我手中流出
多么像你风华正茂的叶字字句句饱含深情
而回归大地的时候
不求掷地有声
只愿飘飘洒洒。
Study of Intelligent Control System in Air-conditioning System Experiment InstallationJiangjiang Wang and Youyin JingSchool of Energy and Power EngineeringNorth China Electric Power UniversityBaoding,Hebei Province, 071003, Chinajiangjiang3330@Abstract - Acco rding to the applicatio n situatio n o f centralair-co nditio ning system in China, an experiment installatio n o fintelligent air-conditioning system is designed which is based onBAS (Building Automation System) of EBI (Enterprise BuildingsIntegrato r) o f Auto mated Lo gic Co rpo ratio n. This study is toanalyze the co mpo sitio n and characteristics o f this installatio n.The hardware and software are presented. The software includesthe EBI and CARE (Co mputer Aided RegulationEngineering) of the corresponding upper and lower computer. At last the control strategy of the installation is discussed, which includes the cascade co ntro l and hybrid fuzzy-PID co ntro l algo rithms. Especially the supply air temperature and air-conditioning room air temperature is controlled coordinately by adjusting the air system and water system. By flexibly co nfiguring the so ftware and hardware o f the system, this installation can fulfill various research tasks as air-conditioning system characteristics, indo o r airflo w and co ntro l strategy, and the economy running mode of air-conditioning system.Index Terms – Intelligent control system, air-conditioning system, control strategy, fuzzy-PID.I.I NTRODUCTIONThe energy consumption of buildings has been about 30% to 40% of total energy consumption in the China as in [1], in which the energy consumption of heating ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is about 10% to 60% as in [2]. Indoor environment and indoor air quality are more and more exigent with the requirement of comfortable. So it is urgent to decrease the energy consumption in HVAC system on the precondition of keeping up comfort in the air-conditioning space.In all energy-saving means, the automation of buildings and the management of equipments of HVAC system are also the better manners to decrease the energy consumption. With the recent development of automation in HVAC system rapidly, it is well known that the automation has the advantages of maintaining comfortable indoor environment, saving energy and providing convenient management, etc.However, the uncertainties and factors, from the indoors and outdoors, are so many that the HVAC system is affected and the performance of control system is not ideal in China, even the automation doesn’t operate in some buildings. The operation of some control systems can not stabilize and save energy as [3]. It is important to study the HVAC system, specially the control strategy. The study of HVAC system can provide some useful data or conclusion to the design, installation, debugging and operation of HVAC system. Though some studies have already involved the advanced control algorithm in HVAC system as in [4] to [6] etc, it was regretful not to do experiments to validate. These advanced control algorithms are not validated whether the simulation can be suitable to the actual HVAC system.Considering the present status of HVAC system, we designed and constructed the air-conditioning system experiment installation, which could be used to study the characteristics of air-conditioning system, indoor airflow, economy running mode and control strategy and algorithm in air-conditioning system, even the HVAC system, etc.This intelligent control system of experiment installation was designed which was based on the Building Automation System (BAS) of Enterprise Buildings Integrator (EBI) of an Automated Logic Corporation. This paper introduces the hardware and software of the control system in the air-conditioning experiment installation, emphasizes the EBI and C omputer Aided Regulation Engineering (CARE) software of the corresponding upper and lower computer, and studies the intelligent control strategy of air-handling unit (AHU), which includes the supply air’s temperature control, the temperature and humidity control of air-conditioning room.II.D ESIGN O F I NTELLIGENT C ONTROL S YSTEMA. Air-conditioning System Experiment InstallationThe experiment equipments of air-conditioning system include AHU, electric steam boiler, water chilling unit, full-automatic water softener, feed pump, adjustable electric heater and control system, etc.There are two AHUs, K-1 and K-2, in the experiment installation. When the outdoor air does not satisfy the experiment’s required work condition, the K-1 AHU will handle the outdoor air to the setting state. The K-1 AHU mainly includes the surface air cooler, steam heater and steam humidifier. The purpose of K-1 AHU is to handle and simulate the outdoor air.The main purpose of K-2 AHU is to study the performance of air-conditioning system and correlation control strategy and algorithm.The K-2 AHU includes primary air mixture, filter, primary heater, surface air cooler, secondary air mixture, secondary heater and humidifier. The handled air by the K-2 AHU is sent to room by forced draught blower. The supply airProceedings of the2006IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation June25-28,2006,Luoyang,Chinais heated once again by the adjustable electric heater in the ending of duct, and then enters into the room.The equipments and control points in K-2 AHU are more than K-1 AHU’s and additionally the K-1 AHU is similar to the K-2 AHU. Here the monitored system of only K-2 AHU’s air system is shown Fig.1.In Fig.1 TH denotes the integrated sensor of temperature and humidity, P stands for the pressure sensor, T stands for the temperature sensor, F stands for the air flux sensor and TG stands for the high temperature alarm that keeps the electric heater from too high temperature.The monitored system of K-2 AHU’s water system is shown in Fig.2. The tap water enters into the soft water tank after softened in the automation water softener and then is sent to the electric steam boiler by the feed pump. The water in boiler is heated, evaporated and converted to saturated steam. The steam is delivered to the two AHUs’ heater and humidifier.The chilled water is supplied by the chilled unit, which is directly cooled by the air. Before the operation of air-conditioning system, the cool water system is overflow through the water replenishing. During the course of operation, the chilled water is sent from the chilled unit to the surface air cooler by the inner water circulating pump in chilled unit and then returns to the chilled water after heated by the handled air.The air-conditioning space is a standard room, which is 4.4 meters length, 2.5 meters width and 2.5 meters height. The room is assembled in heated board. Outside the room, there is an interlayer, whose air is supplied by the K-1 AHU and simulates the outdoor work condition.B. Hardware of Intelligent Control SystemThe control system of this air-conditioning system experiment installation was designed and developed in the EBI system. The whole system consists of such hardware as the central work station, direct digit controllers (DDC), sensors and performers and on.The work station is the standard computer and directly communicates with the field controller. The station mainly monitors and manages the operation of equipments of air-conditioning system and the temperature and relative humidity to satisfy the experiments.On the side, the operation parameters of air-conditioning system can be inquired or even some parameters, for example the PID control parameters, the sampling period and the setting temperature and humidity, can be modified on the work station.The DDC filed controller can independently monitor and control the temperature and humidity, the alarm of obstructed filter and the state of fan etc.The sensors in the air-conditioning system included integral temperature and humidity sensor for air duct system, and the PT1000 temperature sensor, the pressure senor for air system and flow sensor etc.The electric control valve of surface air cooler is three-way valve, which is geometric proportion characteristic. The electric valves of primary heater, secondary heater and humidifier are geometric proportion two-way steam valve.Additionally the water chilling unit and the electric steam boiler have respective controller, which connect the EBI system based on the communication protocol.C. Software of Intelligent Control SystemThe software of air-conditioning experiment system includes two subsystems. One is the monitor and management system on the work station; another is the intelligent control system on the DDC field controller. The software of station is EBI system and the software of DDC is programmed inCARE.Fig. 1 The air system of air-conditioning system installationFig. 2 The water system of air-conditioning system installationEBI is a sophisticated management and control application that:• Displays system data in a manner that you can easily understand• Allows you to control your system by sending appropriate commands• Automatically performs scheduled tasks• Notifies you of system activities, including alarms and system events• Produces comprehensive reportsEBI consists of three subsystems: building automation control system, life and safety management system, security management system.The EBI system follows the existing industrial standard and runs on the windows 2000 or windows NT. The system runs on the Ethernet, whose communication protocol is standard TCP/IP. Furthermore the EBI supports other industrial protocol such as the BACNet, OPC and LonWorks and so on.A typical EBI system consists of server, stations, controllers and the communication link etc, which is shown in Fig.3. EBI runs on the server, the main computer, which collects and processes data, administers system activities and performs automated tasks.The station is, in effect, a set of “control panels” through which we monitor and control our system. Station is a separate EBI program that runs on standard computers, as well as on the server. In our system, the station and the server run on the same computer. Station presents information as a series of displays. Each display is a “control panel” that shows a particular set or type of information, and has an appropriate set of controls, such as “buttons” and “scroll bars”. There are two basic types of display:System: These are supplied with EBI and show information in a standardized manner. For the most part, system displays consist of lists and “electronic forms” containing system configuration details.Custom: These have been created specifically for specific system, and make it much easier to interpret and control system activity. For example, a security-related display might show the layout of a particular floor, whereas an air-conditioning display might include a schematicdiagram of the air-conditioning system.Fig. 3 The configuration of a typical EBI systemThe controllers are the “hands and eyes” of actual system, controlling and collecting data from field devices, such as card readers, air conditioning units and so on. We used the CARE software to program the control program of controllers.CARE software provides graphic tools to create data files and control programs for controllers. CARE is a windows application that takes advantage of menu bars, dialog boxes, and point-and-click features. CARE provides four main functions to create program files to download to controllers: plant schematics, control strategy, switching logic, and time programs.Plant Schematics: The first step in creating a plant is to define a project. A project is a set of 1 through 30 controllers on a common bus. A controller can be assigned more than one plant. And then a schematic is created for each plant. A plant schematic is a combination of “segments” that show the equipment in the plant and how it is arranged, for example the Fig. 4, which is the K-1 AHU’s schematic. Segments are components of a control system, for example, boilers, headers, pumps, and other devices. Parts of segments include equipment such as sensors, status points, valves, and pumps.Control Strategy : After creating a schematic, we may create a control strategy that provides the controller with the intelligence to handle the system. Control strategy defines loops for decisions based on conditions, mathematical calculations, and/or time-of-day schedules. Control can depend on analogue values, digital values, or both. CARE provides standard control algorithms such as PID, minimum value, maximum value, averaging, and sequencing.Switching Logic: In addition to adding a control strategy, switching logic can be added to a schematic for digital control such as switch status. Switching logic is based on logic tables that set up logical ORs, logical ANDs, and exclusive ORs. For example, switching logic is defined to have the return fanFig. 4 The Schematic of K-1 AHUstart after a programmed delay from the time that the supply fan was started.Time Programs : Time programs are to control equipment on/off times to coincide with occupancy. Daily schedules (for example, weekdays, weekends and holidays) can be defined and assigned to weekly schedules.After completing a plant, we use other CARE functions to edit defaults and convert the plant file to controller format, and then we can download the file and test controller operation.The following Fig.5 summarizes CARE project, plant and function organization.III.C ONTROL S TRATEGYThe normal and fine operation of air-conditioning system is related not only the appropriate air-conditioning system, but also the strategy of control. The control module of this air-conditioning system experiment installation mainly includes on-off control, continuous adjusted control and interconnected control.The temperature and humidity of supply air and air-conditioning space’s air etc belong to the continuous adjusted control. The on-off control involves the on-off of chilled unit, fan and pump etc. The interconnected control prevents air-conditioning system from accident or exception condition, for example the interconnected chilled water system with fan. This experiment installation involves the control of K-1 and K-2 AHUs.The K-1 AHU is to simulate the outdoor air condition if needed. The handled air by K-1 is required that the temperature’s range is 7 to 35 ć, whose fluctuating bound is only f 0.5ć, and the relative moisture is 55f 5%. The temperature control of simulating air could be traditional PID control, which controls the valve opening of surface air cooler or heater and adjusts the cool or heat to air, thus the air is kept up stable temperature. The relative humidity of air is controlled by the opening of steam humidifier.The K-2 AHU is used to study for experiments. The control system involves the temperature and humidity of supply air and air-conditioning space. The control strategy inK-2 AHU is presented as follows.Fig. 5 The diagram of CARE functionA. Intelligent Control System of Supply Air TemperatureSome experiments need the constant temperature of supply air to study the air-flow organization and amenity, so the temperature control of supply air meets strict standard. The adjustable belt is 18 to 45 ć and the permissible fluctuating bound is f 0.5ć.Firstly the temperature of supply air can be controlled through adjusting the water system, which changes the cool or heat to air. The DDC filed controller detects the temperature at point N in Fig.2 and compares with the required temperature of supply air. Based on the error and the intelligent control algorithm, the DDC sends the signals to control the primary heater and the surface air cooler to keep up the E point’s temperature, and to control the secondary heater to keep up the N point’s temperature.Secondly the temperature of supply air can be controlled through adjusting the air system, which changes the ratio of return air’s mixture. The temperature of point E and point N can be controlled through controlling the opening ratio of valves of primary and secondary return air, which is shown asFig. 6. L Tis the temperature of point L after surface air cooler that is dew-point temperature and Ld T is the setting temperature, which is kept up to control the humidity of air-conditioning room. SN T is the supply air temperature at point N and SNd T is the setting temperature of supply air. h T is the mixture temperature of fresh air and primary return air, n k ,e k ,1k and 2k are respectively the valve jaw opening of fresh air, exhaust air, primary return air and secondary return air. n q ,e q ,1q and 2q are respectively the flow of fresh air, exhaust air, primary return air and secondary return air. 1G is the transfer function of controlled object, whose input is the ratio of fresh air and primary return air and whose output is the air temperature after mixture. 2G is also the transfer function of controlled object, whose input is the mixture air temperature and whose output is the air temperature after surface air cooler. 3G denotes the controlled object.Fig. 6 The control system of supply air temperatureThe supply air temperature can be controlled by the water system or air system. Generally, the temperature is controlled through adjusting water system first, which is to adjust the jaw opening of electric control valve on the surface air cooler and heater. If the supply air temperature can’t reach the setting temperature, the air system can be adjusted correspondingly. Sometimes the experiment needs the fixed ratio of fresh air and return air so that we only adjust the water system to control the supply air temperature.B. Intelligent Control System of Room HumidityThe relative moisture of room is controlled through controlling the dew-point temperature after the surface air cooler, the point L, in the summer work condition. The dew-point temperature’s range is 0 to 19 ć and its fluctuating bound is f0.5ć. Through adjusting the cool of surface air cooler or the ratio of fresh air and return air, the dew-point temperature can be kept up constant. The control theory through adjusting the air system is shown Fig.6.In winter work condition, the room moisture can be controlled by the steam humidifier. Based on the error of actual moisture and setting moisture, the two-way steam valve is adjusted to control the relative humidity in air-conditioning room.C. Intelligent Control System of Room TemperatureThe air-conditioning room sometime is used to study the amenity. The adjustable belt of air-conditioning room is 18 to 26ć and the permissible fluctuating bound is f0.5ć.If the temperature of supply air can be kept constant, the temperature sensor in room, the DDC field controller and the adjusted electric heater in the ending of duct compose the control system to keep the room temperature. Here the temperature control system belongs to cascade loop control.The inner loop of cascade control system has the advantages of faster response and pinpoint control to room temperature, which the room temperature does not fluctuate largely. Based on the error of setting and actual room temperature, the controller controls the electric heater to make the room temperature keep constantly.The outer loop of cascade control system can be traditional PID control, but the fuzzy-PID control in this experiment installation. Usually based on the experience, the fuzzy controller is two-dimension fuzzy control, whose inputs are the error and the error’s difference as in [7]. However, sometimes there is static error in fuzzy control system as in [8]. Considered the requirement of experiment, we used the hybrid fuzzy-PID control algorithm to keep the fast response and the stability.Fig.7 displays the hybrid fuzzy-PID control system of room temperature, where e is the error of the setting and the actual output, e is difference of error, u is the control output, the controlled variable, E is the degree of membership of error’s fuzzy state, EC is the degree of membership of error difference’s fuzzy state and C is the fuzzy state of control output u, R stands for the recognizer,F stands for the fuzzification of the input, RULE stands for the fuzzy rule and D stands for defuzzification of the fuzzy output, which defuzzifies output fuzzy set C to yield exact output data u.rTis the room temperature andrdT is the setting temperature.sJT is the supply air temperature of room at point J.sNT is thesupply air temperature after handled by K-2 AHU,2k is thejaw opening of steam valve on the secondary heater and2Q is the output heat. U is the input power of electric heater at the ending of duct. H2 stands for the transfer function ofsecondary heater.4G is the transfer function whose input isthe heat2Q and whose output is the supply air temperature atpoint N. EH stands for electric heater.5G denotes the controlled object of air-conditioning room.In the hybrid fuzzy-PID control system, the fuzzy control and PID control switch based on the error, which is identified by the recognizer. As is given as in [7], when the error is relatively large, the system runs in fuzzy control model; when the error is relatively little, the system turns into PID control model. So how is the error to switch the fuzzy and PID control?Thus the threshold valve affects the state of control system. The threshold quantity affects the control process andthe stability, etc as in [9]. It is important to choose the properFig. 7 The control system of room air temperaturethreshold valve. How to choose the threshold quantity of error? The threshold quantity is related to the division of temperature error in fuzzy control, and the quantization factor of output, etc. In the experiment installation, 0.5ć was chosen to the threshold valve of hybrid fuzzy-PID control system as in [9]IV.C ONCLUSIONThere are many high precision sensors and performers on the air-conditioning system experiment installation, and the intelligent control system can collect the real-time data, display and treat etc and study control strategy and algorithm in graphic configuration software. Thus the experiment installation can be used to study the chrematistic of air-conditioning system and control strategy and algorithm in air-conditioning system, even the HVAC system, etc, which provides some useful data or conclusion to the design, installation, debugging and operation of HVAC system.The predominant characteristics of this experiment installation in technology are two points below: one is that the K-1 AHU can handles and simulates the outdoor air work condition and provides the interlayer of air-conditioning space. Another is that the monitor station uses the distributor collector system.The air-conditioning system can satisfy the study and experiments about the performance of air-conditioning system, the air flow organization of room, the control strategy and algorithm for HVAC system and the economic operation model of HVAC system etc.A CKNOWLEDGMENTJiangjiang Wang was supported by the Youth Preliminary Research Fund of school of Energy and Power Engineering in North China Electric Power University and the major lab of power station during the course of this research.R EFERENCES[1]Z. Song, “The analysis of the current constructions economizing in ourcountry,” Journal of Shijiazhuang Institute of Railway Technology, vol.4, no. 2, pp. 79-82, June 2005.[2]J. Guo, J. Zhou and T. Cui, “Investigation of evaluating and decreasingthe energy usage of air conditioning system in supermarket,”Refrigeration, Air-conditioning, Electric Power and Mechanism, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 31-33,25, February 2005.[3]J Wang , Computer-aided Design and Simulation Analysis of BuildingEnvironment Control System Based on MATLAB/Simulink, Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2004.[4]G. Cao, G. Tu, D. An and C. Lou, “Modeling and simulation of expertPID control for air conditioning system based on MATLAB,” Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning, vol.35, no. 11, pp 111-114, November 2005.[5]Y. Chen, S. An and M. Sun, “The fuzzy-self-adaptive control of roomtemperature in VAV systems,” The Information of microcomputer, vol.21, no.07S, pp 73-75, July 2005.[6]D. An and J. Wang, “The simulation and research of the fuzzy neuralnetwork control in the temperature of air-conditioning system,”Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, Vol. 4, No.1, pp 41-44, February 2004.[7]J. Yi and Y. Hou, Intelligent Contro l, Beijing: Beijing University ofTechnology Press, 1999.[8]J. Guo, J. Zhou and T. Cui, “The application of the hybrid fuzzy controlof the furnace,” The Information of microcomputer, vol. 21, no. 07S, pp.92-94, July 2005.[9]J. Wang, D. An and C. Lou “Application of fuzzy-PID controller inheating ventilating and air-conditioning system”, unpublished.。
