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医学院校研究⽣英语读与写（第三版）词汇题与完形整理The doctor patient-relationship is the foundation of modern medical ethics. What will be the touchstone the profession may need with the charge of the doctor-relationship? 医患关系是现代医德的基础。
在医⽣关系的管理上，这个⾏业可能需要什么样的试⾦⽯？First of all, instead of governing the doctor-patient relationship by altrusim and fidelity, more patients and doctors meet each other while under contract than ever before and usually neither has truly free choice in the matter. ⾸先，与以往任何时候相⽐，更多的病⼈和医⽣在合同期内见⾯，⽽不是通过⾼视阔步和忠诚来管理医患关系，在这件事上，他们通常医⽣来说是很少见的，因为他们需要与成对和不成对的医⽣按照⼩组安排来照顾同⼀个家庭的⼏代⼈，并由管理式医疗计划选择和取消选择。
Thirdly, the information learned from or about the patient seems to be wide open and confidentiality of medical records seems like food for earthworms. Medical practice in no longer personal and the managed care's ethical foundation is population-based.第三，从病⼈⾝上学到的或关于病⼈的信息似乎是公开的，医疗记录的保密性似乎是蚯蚓的⾷物。
医学毕业考英语作文题目，Medical Graduates and English Writing。
As medical graduates, it's imperative for us to possess proficient English writing skills. In today's globalized world, English has become the lingua franca of the medical field, facilitating communication, research, and collaboration among healthcare professionals worldwide. Therefore, honing our English writing abilities isessential for effective communication, academic advancement, and career success.First and foremost, proficient English writing skills are crucial for effective communication in the medical profession. As healthcare professionals, we must be able to convey complex medical information clearly and accuratelyto patients, colleagues, and other stakeholders. Whetherit's writing patient reports, research papers, or grant proposals, our ability to communicate effectively inEnglish directly impacts patient care, research outcomes,and professional relationships.Moreover, English proficiency opens doors to a wealth of resources and opportunities for medical graduates. Much of the latest medical research and literature are published in English-language journals, and proficiency in English allows us to access and understand these resources. By staying abreast of the latest developments in our field, we can provide better care for our patients and contribute to advancements in medical science.Furthermore, English writing skills are essential for academic and career advancement in the medical field. Whether pursuing further education, applying for residency programs, or seeking employment opportunities abroad, the ability to articulate ideas clearly and persuasively in written English is a valuable asset. A well-written personal statement, research proposal, or curriculum vitae can make a significant difference in securing desired academic or professional opportunities.In addition to its practical importance, developingstrong English writing skills also fosters criticalthinking and intellectual growth among medical graduates. The process of crafting coherent arguments, analyzing evidence, and presenting ideas in writing encourages us to think critically and engage deeply with complex medical concepts. This intellectual rigor not only enhances our academic performance but also prepares us to tackle the challenges of clinical practice with confidence and competence.To cultivate proficient English writing skills, medical graduates can take proactive steps such as enrolling in language courses, participating in writing workshops, and seeking feedback from peers and mentors. Additionally, regularly reading English-language medical literature, writing practice essays, and keeping a journal can help improve vocabulary, grammar, and overall writingproficiency over time.In conclusion, as medical graduates, mastering English writing skills is essential for effective communication, academic advancement, and career success in the globalizedhealthcare landscape. By investing time and effort into honing our writing abilities, we not only enhance our professional prospects but also contribute to the advancement of medical science and the improvement of patient care worldwide.。
山西医科大学2022年博士英语试卷答案【听力材料】：(Text 1)W: What’s new with you,Jack?M:Well,I met a really nice woman.We’ve been going out for three months and things look good now.(Text 2)M: When did you first find the door broken and things missing?W:After I got up,around 5:20.Then I called the police station.(Text 3)W: Pass me the flour,please.M:Which tin is it in?W:The one at the end of the shelf.It’s slightly smaller than the others.M:Oh,right.(Text 4)W:Do you know why George hasn’t come ye t?M:Yes.He was planning to come,but his wife’s father fell downsome stairs and they had to take him to a hospital.W:I’m sorry to hear that.(Text 5)W:Hi,Tony.How did your experiment go yesterday?M: Well,it wasn’t as easy as I had thought.I have to con tinue doing it tonight.(Text 6)M:Is that Ann?W:Yes.M:This is Mike.How are things with you?W:Oh,very well,but I’m very busy.M:Busy? But you’ve finished all your exams?W:Yes,but I have to help my little sister with her foreign language.M:How about coming out with me this evening?There’s a new film on.W:I’m afraid I can’t.A friend of mine is coming from the south and I have to go to the station to meet him.M:What a pity!How about the weekend then?W:No,I’ve arranged to go to an art exhi bition with my parents.M:What about next week sometime?W:Maybe.(Text 7)W:I hear there will be a football competition between all senior schools next month.Is that so?M:That’s true.W:Would you please go into some more details?M:Well,the competition will be held in our school and it will begin on August 11.The competition will last a whole week.W:Anything else?M:Yes,both the girls and boys competition will be held at the same time.The girls competition will be held in the morning and the boys competition will be held in the afternoon.W:Yes? Sounds exciting.M:We are both members of our school football team.We should be ready for it.W:Of course.It’s a long time since we had the last football competition last time.I’m really looking forward to anothercompetition.M:Me,too.(Text 8)W: Excuse me.I am from STM.We are carrying out a survey on the traffic in our city.Do you mind if I ask you some questions?M:No,not at all.Go ahead.W:Good,thanks.What do you do,sir?M:I am a teacher.I teach children French.W:Great.Do you live far from the school? I mean,how do you usually go to work?M:Well,mostly by car.But once in a while,I prefer to ride my bike.You know,I live quite far from the school,about 20 miles.And I have to spend about an hour riding to school.But it only takes me less than a quarter of an hour to drive my car,unless the traffic is very bad.W:I see.Does this happen often? I mean the bad traffic.M:Yes,sure! I often get stuck on the way,and the problem’s getting worse and worse.W:That’s all of my questions.Thank you very much.M:You are welcome.(Text 9)M: Customer service.Andney Grant speaking.How may I help you?W:I can’t believe this is happening.I called and ordered a 32?inch bag last Friday.But today I found that you sent me a 24?inch one.I was planning to use that bag during our vacation in Mexico,but it doesn’t seem possible any more because we will take off on Saturday.It’s only two days away.What am I supposed to do?M:I’m really sorry,madam. I’ll check right away.Would you please tell me your order number?W:It’s CE2938.M:Just a minute.I do apologize,madam.There did seem to be a mistake.I’ll have the corre ct size bag sent to you by overnight mail right away.It will arrive in time for your Saturday trip.Again I apologize for any inconvenience caused by our mistake.I promise it won’t happen again.W:OK.Well,thank you.M:Thank you,madam,for choosing Linch mail.I hope you willhave a wonderful vacation.(Text 10)I wasn’t too fond of the lecture classes of 400 students in my general course.Halfway through my second term when I was considering whether or not to come back in the fall,I went on the Internet and came across Americorp.Then I joined in an organization,and that’s what I did last school year.I worked on making roads,building a house,serving as a teacher’s assistant and working as a camp officer in several projects in South Carolina and Florida.It’s been a great experience,and I’ve almost learned more than what I could have in college since I didn’t really want to be at that school and wasn’t interested in my major anyway,I thought this was better for me.After 1,700 hours of service I received 4,750 dollars.I can use that to pay off the money I borrowed from the bank or for what is needed when I go back to school this fall at Columbus State in Ohio.Classes are smaller there and I’ll be majoring in German education.After working with the kids,now I know,I want to be a teacher.1、Who is the man talking about now?A.His girlfriend.B.His sister.C.His mother.2、What are they talking about?A.A traffic accident.B.A fire.C.A crime.3、Where does the conversation most probably take place?A.At a bookshop.B.At a kitchen.C.At a bank.4、Who was injured?A.George.B.George’s wife.C.George’s wife’s father.5、What do we learn from the conversation?A.Tony could not continue the experiment.B.Tony finished the experiment last night.C.Tony will go on with his experiment.第二节(共15小题，每小题1分)听下面5段对话或独白。
医学英语期末试题一、单选题1. Any organism so small that it can only be seen with a microscope is a _____C_____.A. miniorganismB. macrogrganismC. microorganismD. microcell2. A disease that has a sudden and severe onset is described as ______C________.A.chronicdC.acuteD.infectious3. A disease that has long duration and slow progressing is described as ______A________.A.chronicdC.acuteD.infectious4. Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue is termed as ____B______.A.anemiaB.neoplasia 瘤形成C.parasitism 寄生病D.toxicity5. Heat, pain, redness, and swelling are the characteristic signs of _____C______.A.immunityB.feverC.inflammationD.healing6. Scientific name for windpipe is _____A_______.A.trachearynx 喉C.pharynx 咽D.bronchi7. Scientific name for throat（咽喉）is _____C_______.A.trachearynxC.pharynxD.bronchi8. Scientific name for voice box is _____B_______.A.trachearynxC.pharynxD.bronchi9. Difficulty in breathing is called _____D_______.A.aphasia 失语症B.apnea 窒息C.dysphonia 发声困难D.dyspnea 呼吸困难10. Difficulty in swallowing is called _____A_______.A.dysphagia 吞咽困难B.dysplasia 发育不良C.dysphoniaD.dyspnea11. A word element from which other words are formed is called _____C_______.A.prefixB.suffixC.rootbining vowel12. A word part at the beginning of a word is a (n)____D______.A.originbining formC.previewD.prefix13. A word part at the end of a word is a(n)_____C_____.A.vowelbining formC.suffixD.insertion14. The opposite of hypertension is ____C______.A.hypoglucemiaB.hyperglucemiaC.hypotensionD.hyperglycemic15. The prefix in the words prefix and pretest means _____A______.A.beforeB.finalC.fixedD.superior16. The gh in the terms cough and radiograph is pronounced as ______C_______.A.gB.hC.fD.t17. The pn in the term pneumonia is pronounced as _____D________.A.pB.hC.fD.n18. The suffixes-ia, -sis, and -ism all refer to _____A_______.A.condition ofB.disease ofC.problem ofD.specialty of19. The plural of serum is _____B_______.A.serumsB.seraC.seriaD.serina20. The singular of thrombi is _____B_______.A.thrombB.thrombusC.thrombsD.thrombis21. The suffixes -sis, -ian,and -ics are found in ____D____.A.verbsB.adjectivesC.adverbsD.nouns22. The suffixes-ic, -ous, and -al are found in ____B____.A.verbsB.adjectivesC.adverbsD.nouns23. CT stands for computerized tomography. This term represents a (n) ____B______.bining formB.acronym 首字母缩略词C.synonym 同义词D.clipping24. A dentist is a physician who specializes in study of ___A___.A.teethB.skeletonC.skinD.stomach25. Which branch of medicine is concerned with diseases of the kidneys? _____C_____A.psychologyB.pulmonologyC.nephrologyD.neurology26. A term for inflammation of the lungs is ______B______.A.bronchitisB.pneumoniaC.pleurisy 胸膜炎ryngitis27. An endotracheal tube is placed ______A________.A.within the tracheaB.beyond the tracheaC.under the tracheaD.over the trachea28. A gastroenterologist is a physician who specializes in study of _________B__________.A.mouth and teethB.stomach, intestines, and related structuresC.musculoskeletal systemD.respiratory system29. A general term for inflammation of a joint is ______A________.A.arthritisB.conjunctivitis 结膜炎C.epididymitis 附睾炎D.myocarditis30. Chondrosarcoma is a tumor that originates in _____D_______.A.boneB.muscleC.tissueD.cartilage31. A tonsillectomy is _____C_______.A.removal of a jointB.removal of a tumorC.removal of a tonsil 扁桃体D.removal of a cavity32. The neuromuscular junction is between a muscle and a _____B_______.A.glandB.neuronC.boneD.gonad33. Polymyositis is inflammation of many _____C_______.ansB.glandsC.musclesD.bones34. The term for a condition or disease of unknown etiology（病原学）is _____D_______.A.hypertrophic 肥厚的B.chronicC.acuteD.idiopathic35. Death of tissue is called ______A______.A.necrosis 坏死B.inflammationC.infectionD.spasm 痉挛36. The cervical region is the region of the ____D______.A.brainB.legC.HeartD.neck37. Difficulty in digesting is called ______C______.A.apepsia 不消化B.eupepsia 消化良好C.dyspepsiaD.dysphonia38. The quadriceps muscle group（四头肌）is made up of _____B_______.A.smooth and cardiac muscle fibersB.four muscles in the thighC.three muscles in the legD.fascia筋膜and tendon sheaths腱鞘39. The control center of the cell is the ____D____.A.membraneB.lysosome 溶酶体C.ribosome 核糖体D.nucleus40. A simple device for listening to sounds within the body is a ____B____.A.cystoscope 膀胱镜B.stethoscope 听诊器C.barometer 气压计D.speculum 窥器41. Removal of tissue for microscopic study is a(n) ____A____.A.biopsyB.aeration 通气C.endoscopyD.CT scan42. Hepatosplenomegaly means ____D____.A.removal of the liver and spleenB.prolapse下垂of the liver and spleenC.hemorrhage of the liver and spleenD.enlargement of the liver and spleen43. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and ____C____.A.lungsB.digestive organsC.blood vesselsD.endocrine system44. Erythrocyte is the scientific name for a ____B____.A.white blood cellB.red blood cellC.lymphocyteD.muscle cell45. Leukocyte is the scientific name for a___A____.A.white blood cellB.red blood cellC.lymphocyteD.muscle cell46. A deficiency of hemoglobin results in the disorder called____C____.A.hypertensionB.chromatosis 色素沉着C.anemiaD.hemophilia 血友病47. A neoplastic overgrowth of white blood cells is called ____A____.A.leukemiaB.anemiaC.fibrosisD.cystitis 膀胱炎48. The gas that is supplied to tissues by the respiratory system is ____C____.A.sulfur 硫磺B.neon 氖C.oxygenD.carbon dioxide49. The gas that is eliminated by the respiratory system is ____D____.A.sulfurB.NeonC.OxygenD.carbon dioxide50. The tubes that carry air from the trachea into the lungs are the ____D____.A.arteriesB.Nares 鼻孔C.VeinsD.bronchi二、完形填空Part II ClozeThe problem of caring for the weak and sick has existed from the earliest times. The Romans, in times of war, established infirmaries,51 were used to treat sick and injured soldiers. Later on, infirmaries were founded in the larger cities and were built out of public52 .In a way, the Roman influence was53the establishment of hospitals.54 Christianity grew, the care of the sick became the duty of the Church. The monasteries and convents provided most of the hospitals. The custom of making pilgrimages (朝圣) also helped advance the55 of hospitals. Those pilgrimages were often long, and the travelers had to stop overnight at small inns56 the road. These inns were called hospitalia, meaning a guest. The inns connected with the monasteries devoted themselves to caring for travelers who were ill or weary, and the name hospital became connected with caring for the57 .Since living conditions during the Middle Ages were not comfortable or hygienic, the hospitals were58 clean or orderly. In fact, many59 hospital would put two or more patients in the same bed.But it wasn't60 the eighteenth century that public hospitals became general in the larger towns of England. Soon, the idea of public hospitals began to spread and they appeared all over Europe.51. A. for whom B. in which C. which D. who52. A. funds B. affairs C. figures D. interests53. A. capable of B. respectful of C. accessible to D. responsible for54. A. With B. For C. If D. As55. A. tradition B.form C. Idea D. skill56. A. to B. from C. Across D. along57. A. afflicted B. affiliated C. addicted D.affirmed58. A. close to B. far from C. careful about D. considerate of59. A. a B. such C. other D. another60. A. in B. by C. up to D. until答案：51. C52.A53.D 54.D 55.C56.D 57.A 58.B 59. A 60.D三、阅读理解（一）The blue, mystic Lake Elsinore lies in an inland California valley which is teeming and steaming with hot springs. Rimmed by shaggy mountains whose forested crests are reflected in its clear waters, Lake Elsinoreis the very personification of peace—but on it rests the curse of Tondo.The lake has had a colorful history. Much of it lies buried in legend, and it is difficult to separate fact from fiction. There have been stories of underground volcanoes on the lake bottom, erupting, killing fish and discoloring the water. There have been stories of a playful sea serpent that lived in its depths.Long noted for its scenic beauty and health-giving waters, the lake was a famous resort in the Nineties. But long before the first white man had set foot along the shore of the lake, this part of California had been the home of the Soboba Indians. Their chief was Tondo, a stern and unforgiving man.He had a daughter, Morning Star, who was in love with Palo, son of the chief of the Palas, a neighboring tribe. The Sobobas and Palas were sworn enemies. For a time the lovers met secretly. Then one day they were discovered by Tondo. His rage was terrible to behold. He forbade the lovers ever to meet again.Morning Star tried in every way to appease her father’s anger, to soften his heart toward Palo. But in time she saw that it was useless; that he would never give his consent to their marriage. Vowing that they would never be separated, the Indian maid and her lover walked hand in hand into the lake, as the dreary November sun cast long shadows on the land. They were followed by a group of orphan children whom Morning Star had befriended. All walked into the lake, singing the mournful death song of their people, while Tondo stood on the shore and cursed the lovers, cursed the blue water into which they all walked to their death.Ever since that day it would seem that a jinx has been laid over Lake Elsinore. Oldtimers tell of a great upheaval in the lake which caused water to spout into the air like a geyser and turn blood-red. Later, it became known that three hundred springs of boiling mud and water were born in the valley during that upheaval. The springs reeked with sulphur.For many years after this phenomenon the lake remained peaceful. Then boats were overturned for no apparent reason, and few of their occupants ever returned to tell the story. This continued for several years. At the same time, strong swimmers dived into the lake never to reappear.In 1833 and again in 1846, fish in the lake suddenly died.In the spring of 1850 came the Battle of the Gnats. They bred in the water of the lake and swarmed over the land. They invaded the countryside until the harassed inhabitants called for help.And in July 1951, the sky-blue waters of the lake vanished like mist before a noonday sun. When the bottom was laid bare there was no trace of a volcano, the bottomless pits, or the other disturbances of legend or fact.The copious winter rains of 1951—52 have replenished the lake. But what menace does its haunting beauty hold today? For tomorrow?The once mighty Sobobas are few now. But the old men swear that their ancestors still haunt the lake. They nod grizzled head and murmur that the Great Tondo’s curse will forever remain upon the lake. Only time, the wise and silent one, can tell.61.Which of the following statements is true of Lake Elsinore?A. It is considered by legend to be rich in golb.B. It was once famous as a beautiful resort.C. It is located in a volcanic crater in California.D. It used to be the center of a mining village.62.Probably Tondo’s rage was due the fact that .A. Morning Star was too young to marryB. Tondo’s tribe and Palas’s tribe were enemiesC. Palo mistreated his Soboba girl friendD. Palas vowed meet Morning Star in secret63.According to the old-timers, on two occasions .A. the water of the lake turned redB. lake water sprouted into the airC. the Gnats invaded the countrysideD. fish in the lake suddenly died64.The word “jinx”(Line 1, Paragraph 6) probably means .A. spell of bad luckB. hot air currentC. strange tranquilityD. storm of unusual duration65.Which can be considered the best title for the passage?A. The Curse of Tondo.B. The Beautify Lake Elsinore.C. The Mysterious Indian Tribes.D. The Tragic Love of Morning Star.(二)Despite Denmark’s manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they a re to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on its tininess, its unimportance , the difficulty of its language, the general small-mindedness and self-indulgen ce of their countrymen and the high taxes. No Dane would look you in the eye and say, “Denmark is a great country.”You’re supposed to figure this out for yo urself.It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half the national budg et goes toward smoothing out life’s inequalities, and there is plenty of money f or schools, day care, retraining programmes, job seminars-Danes love seminars: t hree days at a study centre hearing about waste management is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded by English, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the English that Danish absorbs—there is no Danish Academy to defend against it —old dialects persist in Jutland that can barel y be understood by Copenhageners. It is the land where, as the saying goes,“Fe w have too much and fewer have too little, ”and a foreigner is struck by the swe e t egalitarianism that prevails, where the lowliest clerk gives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame have disappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It’s a nation of recyclers—about 55 % of Danish garbage gets made into something new—and no nuclear power plants. It’s a nation of tireless planner. Trains run on time. Things operate well in general.Such a nation of overachievers —a brochure from the Ministry of Busines s and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the world’s cleanest and most organize d countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark is the most c orruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere. ”So, of course, one’s heart l ifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti onbuildings(“Foreigne r s Out of Denmark! ”), broken beer bottles in the gutters, drunken teenagers slu mped in the park.Nonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through a Danish town, it co mes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is a field of barley, a nic e clean line: town here, country there. It is not a nation of jay-walkers. Peopl e stand on the curb and wait for the red light to change, even if it’s 2 a.m. a n d there’s not a car in sight. However, Danes don’t think of themselves as a w ai nting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people——that’s how they see Swedes and Ge r mans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people,improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is( though one should not say it)that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes. Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few n atural resources, limited manufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, and distributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, and these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern and well-maintained.The orderliness of the society doesn’t mean that Danish lives are less me s sy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. You can hear ple nty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and killed themselves. An orderly society c an not exempt its members from the hazards of life.But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship, and you shouldn’t feel bad f o r taking what you’re entitled to, you’re as good as anyone else. The rules of th e welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits you get if you lose your jo b, the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest witho ut a sense of crisis.66. The author thinks that Danes adopt a ___ attitude towards their country.A. boastfulB. modestC. deprecatingD. mysterious67. Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristic cited in the pa ssage?A. Fondness of foreign culture.B. Equality in society.C. Linguistic tolerance.D. Persistent planning.68. The author’s reaction to the statement by the Ministry of Business a nd Industry is ___.A. disapprovingB. approvingC. noncommittalD. doubtful69. According to the passage, Danish orderliness ___.A. sets the people apart from Germans and SwedesB. spares Danes social troubles besetting other peopleC. is considered economically essential to the countryD. prevents Danes from acknowledging existing troubles70. At the end of the passage the author states all the following EXCEPT that ___.A. Danes are clearly informed of their social benefitsB. Danes take for granted what is given to themC. the open system helps to tide the country overD. orderliness has alleviated unemploymentANSER66-70 B A D C D四、Summary writing （写作）Directions：In this part there is an essay in Chinese．Read it carefully and then write a summary of 250 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET．Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay．通常，王华林的一天是这样的。
山大考研817专业英语+621实践英语2013年真题一.专业英语这部分我尽量按照真题的原貌回忆的，希望能让同学们对真题的格式熟悉些Part One : linguisticsI. Define the following terms (30 points )1. Task-based Approach2. semantic field3. Politeness Principle4. paradigmatic relation5. Interpersonal function6. arbitrariness7. distinctive features8. endocentric constructions9. entailment10.mode of discourseII. Briefly answer the following questions (10 points )1.What distinction would you draw between sense and reference?2.What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics?III. Make comments on the following statements. The statement may be true or false. Make judgement first and then explain why you think so.(30 points)1.The cooperative principle proposed by the American philosopher P. Grice aims to explain how speakers perform acts with the utterances they make.2. An important difference between semantics and pragmatics is that the former traditionally studies meaning as an inherent, abstract property of language itself while the latter studies meaning as something concrete, realized in the course of communication.Part Two : English LiteratureI. Identify the writer of the works(10 points)1. The Merchant of Venice2. Samson Agonistes3. Mary Barton4. Mrs Dalloway5. A Tale of Two Cities6. Wuthering Heights7. Lyrical Ballads8. Don Juan9. Moll Flanders10. Jonathan WildII Explain the following literary terms ( 6 points)1. Ottava Rima2. stream of consciousnessIII identify the writer of following text and make a comment on the text(9 points)选自Oliver TwistIV Essay writing (15 points)Comment on the theme of King LearPart Three : American LiteratureI. Identify the writer of the works(10 points)1.The Hairy Ape2. Death of a Salesman3. The Call of the Wild4. Babbitt5. “The Road Not Taken”6. Green Hills of Africa7. Billy Budd8. “The Open Boat”9. Jennie Gerhardt10. SanctuaryII Explain the following literary terms ( 6 points)1. Puritanism2. dramatic monologueIII identify the writer of following text and make a comment on the text(9 points)选自The Great Gatsby (the end of the party)IV Essay writing (15 points)Comment on the artistic features of Emily Dickenson’s poem二．实践英语我这个强迫症患者到底还是变换了无数种关键词组合把两篇翻译原文都搜到了.题量很大，必须抓紧时间做1.十个单选（差不多专四难度，10分）2. 四篇阅读理解（比专八简单很多，都不长，完全没必要担心。
医大英语复习题MicrosoftWord文档I 交际英语1. —Hello, I?m David Potter.—Hello, I?m Kelly Smith. Just —C—.A. call my KellyB. call me at KellyC. call me KellyD. call Kelly me2. — I have a high fever.—____A_____A. You had better go to hospital at once.B. It doesn?t m atter.C. Are you sureD. What a pity!3. How are you. Bob?__BA. How are you?B. I?m fine. Thank you.C. How do you do?D. Nice to meet you.4. — Thank you for inviting me. — __C____.A. I really had a happy ti me.B. Oh, it?s too late.C. Thank you for coming.D. Oh, so slowly?5. "— Excuse me, __D____ where Main Street is?—Turn left at the second light and then go straight for two blocks."A. tell meB. can you tellC. you should tell meD. can you tell me6. —It would be great if you can play cards with us tomorrow.— _D______A. I?d love to. Where shall we meet?B.I am not OK with that.C. Who do we play with?D. That is a piece of cake.7. —Who?s _C_____? — This is Tom.A. speaksB. spokenC. speakingD. saying8. "— We made up. — ___A______."A. Good jobB. That?s OKC. Very niceD. I'm really happy for you9.— I am leaving for Harbin tomorrow. Do you want to go with me? —__B_______.A. Have a good time.B. Thank you. I?d love to.C. I have no idea.D. Not at all.10.— Shall I give you a ride as you look so tired?— Thank you. —__D______.A.It?s your duty.B. Don?t mention itC. Do as you likeD. It couldn?t be better11.— My book was published.—____A____.A.Good for youB. What a pleasureC.Best wishesD.You are lucky12.— ____C____!— Congratulations on your promotion!A.I'm engagedB.It's a boyC.I got promotedD.Thank you for your support13. —Hi, this is Alex speaking.—Sorry, __C____.A. who are you?B. tell me who that is?C. I can?t hear you well.D. I don?t know you.14—I am sorry I have the wrong number.—____C____.A.You are so careless.B.You are so considerate.C.It doesn?t matter.D.What is wrong?15. — How do you do?—______A______.A. How do you do?B. Fine, thank you.C. Very wellD. Not too bad.II 阅读理解Passage 1Over the past few years, most people have become environmentally conscious to some degree. What often begins simply as saving money turns out to have quite a positive impact.If, however, you want to do even more, there are several things you can do. Here are just five lifestyle changes which will help the environment.Use the car less. This is perhaps the simplest change in this list — reduce the time you spend behind the wheel. In addition to t he environmental benefits of doing this, you?ll probably find that you become slightly fitter; and have more money in your pocket at the end of the week.Reduce your intake of red meat. Common sources of red meat produce an enormous quantity of climate-changing gases such as methane. A slight reduction can have a dramatic effect.Become a "green consumer". When shopping, take a moment to weigh up the options. If there are alternatives, consider which product has the lowest impact on the environment.Share your "green" ideas with others. Create a blog to documents the energy-conserving changes you make in your own home. Establish a not-for-profit group to teach others how to live sustainably. Create a recycling collective with your neighbors for the collection and recycling of a particular material or product. Become politically active. By becoming involved in politics, you are able to help guide people to an incredible goal. Rather than sitting back and waiting for someone else to take action, make your own voice heard.1. How many lifestyles are mentioned to help protect the environment? BA. 3B. 5C. 7D. 92. Which one is the easiest change in our lifestyles to help the environment? CA. Reduce the intake of red meat.B. Become a “green consumer”.C. Use the car less.D. Become politically active.3. What does the phrase “behind the wheel” mean in Para. 2? AA. Driving the car.B. After the car.C. Sitting in the car.D. Playing the flying disc.4.When you buy some products, you have to take the following things into consideration except that __C____.A. the product is packed recyclablyB. the product is manufactured locallyC. the product is not expensiveD. the product is energy-saving5. “Become politically active” means __C____.A. make political speech frequentlyB. try to be a political leaderC. take actions to lead people to help the environmentD. wait for the others to protect the environmentA poor young artist came to the gate of the subway station. He put his hat on the ground and took out a large piece of paper and laid it on the ground. Then he adjusted the violin and began playing.Before long, the young violinist was surrounded with people, who were all attracted by the words on that paper. It said, “Last night, a gentleman named George Sang put an important thinginto my hat by mistake. Please come to claim it soon.”After about half an hour, a middle-aged man ran there in a hurry and rushed through the crowd to the violinist and grabbed his shoulders and said, “Yes, it?s you. You did come here. I k new that you?re an honest man and would certainly come here.”The story turned out to be this :George Sang bought a lottery ticket a few days ago. The awards opened yesterday and he won a prize of $500,000. So he felt very happy and he took out 50 dollars for the wonderful music played by the young man. However the lottery ticket was also thrown in.Later someon e asked the violinist: “At that time you needed to pay the tuition fee and had to play the violin every day to make the money. Then why didn?t you take the lottery ticket for yourself?”The violinist said, “Although I don?t have much money, I live happily; but if I lose honesty I won?t be happy forever.”Through our lives, we can gain a lot and lose so much. But being honest should always be with us. If we bear ourselves in a deceptive and dishonest way, we may succeed temporarily. However, from the long-term view, we will be a loser. Such people are just like the water on the mountain. It stands high above the masses at the beginning, but gradually it comes down inch by inch and loses the chance of going up.1. Which of the following statements about George is wrong? AA. He threw the lottery in the violinist?s hat deliberately.B. He intended to give the violinist $50.C. He finally got his lottery back because of the violinist?s honesty.D. He was very excited to get the lottery back.2. Why were the violinist surrounded with a lot of people? CA. He was playing the violin in the street.B. He was begging money in public.C. He has written something strange on paper in front of him.D. He was waiting for someone who has lost money.3. Why did the violinist return the lottery to George? CA. He was wealthy and did not need the money.B. He hoped to get some reward from George.C. He was honest and wanted to be happy.D. He was forced to give the money back to George by the police.4. What does the ph rase “bear oneself” mean in paragraph 7? BA. enjoy oneselfB. behave oneselfC. cheat oneselfD. adjust oneself.5. What kind of people can be compared to the water on the mountain? DA. intelligent peopleB. cunning peopleC. political peopleD. dishonest peopleI believe honesty is one of the greatest gifts there is. It doesn't make any difference what they call it today. It's still what makes a man a good citizen. This is my code, and I try to live by.I've been in the taxicab business for thirty-five years, and I know there is a lot about it that is not so good. Taxicab drivers have to be rough and tumble fellows to be able to take it in New York. You've got to be tough to fight the New York traffic eighthours a day these days. Because taxi drivers are tough, people get the wrong impression that they are bad. Taxi drivers are just like other people. Most of them will shake down as honest fellows. You read in the papers almost every week where a taxi driver turns in money or jewels or bonds, stuff like that, people leave in their cabs. If they weren't honest, you wouldn't be reading those stories in the papers.I was born and raised in Ireland and lived there until I was nineteen years old. I came to this country in 1913 where I held several jobs to earn a few dollars before enlisting in World War I. After being discharged, I bought my own cab and have owned one ever since.In all my years of driving a taxicab, I have never had any trouble with the public, not even with drunks. Even if they get a little headstrong once in a while, I just agree with them and then they behave themselves.People ask me about tips. As far as I know, practically everyone will give you something. Most Americans are pretty generous. I always try to be nice to everyone, whether they tip or not. I have been trying this for a long time, and the longer I try, the easier it gets.1. I am a new taxicab driver in New York.AA. FB. T2. I did some jobs to make a living before I became a taxicab driver BA. FB. T3. I am always being nice to everyone. AA. TB. F4. Honesty is the code that I live by. BA. FB. T5. People think most of the taxicab drivers are good. BA. TB. FPassage 4In choosing a friend, one should be very careful. A good friend can help you study. You can have fun together and make each other happy. Sometimes you will meet fair weather friends. They will be with you as long as you have money or luck, but when you are down, they will run away. How do I know when I have found a good friend? I look for certain qualities of character, especially understanding, honesty and reliability.A good friend, above all else, tries to understand how another person is feeling. He is not quick to judge. Instead, he tries to learn from others. He puts himself in the other person?s place, and he tries to think of ways to be helpful. He is also a good listener.At the same time, a good friend is honest. He does not look for faults in others. HeAnother quality of a friend is reliability. I can always depend on a good friend. If he tells me he will meet me somewhere at a certain time, I can be sure that he will be there. If I need a favor, he will do his best to help me. If I am in trouble, he will not run away from me.When I meet someone who is reliable, honest, and understandin g, I know I?ve found a friend !1. The writer thinks that one of the important qualities inchoosing a friend is understanding.A. TB. F2. If you have a fair weather friends, you will be lucky.A. TB. F3. Good friends need to understand each other?s feelings.A. TB. F4. This passage is mainly discussing the qualities of a friend.A. TB. F5. The meaning of the underlined phrase “a fair weather friend” in paragraph one is a friend who shares difficulties with you.A. TB. FPassage 5Martin Luther King was a black minister, who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was young, he was strongly influenced by Thoreau and Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi?s idea of non-violent resistance. Having received a Ph. D (Doctor of Philosophy) from Boston University, he became a political and religious leader of the non-violent civil rights movement in 1955. On August 28, 1963, he led over 250,000 Americans on a march in Washington D.C. to fight for the Civil Rights Law to guarantee equality for all people, and delivered his best known speech …I Have a Dream? before the Lincoln M emorial. The …dream? is a dream of brotherly love andequality for the Black and White. Thus, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964, but he was murdered four years later. Though he died, he was greatly respected and loved by the Americans, both the white and the black. By vote of Congress in 1968, the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in Luther King?s honor. He lives in people?s hearts forever.1.Martin Luther King was murdered when he was 39 years old. A(A) T (B) F2.Martin Luther King was a black minister only. B(A) T (B) F3.Martin Luther King's Day has been a federal holiday for more than 40 years. A(A) T (B) F4.The underlined word "delivered" in the second paragraph could be replaced by "gave". A(A) T (B) F5.The best title for this passage is "Civil Rights Law". BPassage 6Start your journey to a happier you by incorporating the following easy habits into your life.Eat bananas: It?s no doubt that this fruit is “top banana” when it comes to triggering happiness. Eating one banana can calm your body and mind while giving you the right amount of energy and brain power to face the day.V olunteers: It goes without saying that lending a helping hand is a reward in itself. Using your skills and expertise to assist the less fortunate can boost your happiness. Bringing some life and light back into someone?s life and see ing their happiness and gratitude is contagious.Enjoy Friendship: Laughter is one of the best prescriptions for daily happiness. Find a group of friends and enjoy a distraction-free evening reminiscing and talking about your lives together. Keep in mind that often your friends know you well enough to give you sound advice.Turn off the TV: Don?t turn on the TV while you?re doing something pleasurable and relaxing, like cooking or spending time with your family. These activities deserve your focus and will reduce your stress levels, if you aren?t multitasking.You don?t need to change your entire life to find happiness. Start with these simple habits that can help refocus your mind on what is important and increase the joy you find in everyday living.11. Banana is the top fruit that can cause the happening of happiness. AA. TB. F12. Helping others and seeing their happiness can make you happy. AA. TB. F13. Your friends can not give you sound advice before they know you well. AA. TB. F14. Having TV on in the background can decrease our stress level. AA. TB. F15. Simple habits play little role in finding happiness in everyday life. BA. TB. FIII 词汇与结构1. Your attitude, not your aptitude, will __C___ your altitude.A. underlineB. imagineC. determineD. reward2. Only when one is _ B__ of one?s getting behind is one more likely to catch up.A. feasibleB. awareC. sensitiveD. critical3. It is very important __A____a foreign language.A. to learnB. to have learnedC. learnD. being learning4. The horse is getting old and can?t run __D___ it did.A. as faster asB. so fast thanC. so faster asD. as fast as5. The earth ____D__ round the sun.A. will moveB. movedC. is movingD. moves6. The old men and the children must ___D___ in our country.A. take good careB. be taken good care7. He wandered__C___ the countryside.A. ofB. aboutC. throughD. from8. I will never recommend __D____a very low-calorie diet alone.A. eatB. ateC. eatenD. eating9. They all went to the museum, ___B__ I didn?t.A. forB. butC. orD. so10. Why not __B__ here ____ me?A. to come, to seeB. come, to seeC. came, seeingD. come, see11. It?s high time the children __C___ to school.A. goB. will goC. are goingD. went12. You?d better ___C__ a doctor as soon as possible.A. seeingB. sawC. seeD. seen13. If I ____ time, I ___C___ certainly go to the movies with you.A. had…wouldB. h ave…shouldC. have…w ouldD. had…will14. Their talks are expected to focus__A___ arms control.A.onB.withC.overD.in15.Your attitude, not your aptitude, will __C___ your altitude.A.underlineB.imagineC.determineD.reward16. Thanks __A___ the English language，we can learn a lot from other countries．A.forB.toC.ofD.with17. They will certainly need to ___D__ plenty of water.A.take upB.take outC.take downD.take in18.I tried to put ___D___ a telephone call to him, but his linewas always busy.A. overB. intoC. awayD. through19. I hadn?t seen him for years, but I ___B___his voice on the phone.A. realizedB. recognizedC. discoveredD. heard20. I ___B___ waste time when I was studying.A. was used toB. used toC. will use toD. use toIV完形填空Passage 1Did you sleep well last night? Maybe many people will answer No. In fact in the world about one in three people do not have good sleep. ___26___you say you do not have good sleep, it means waking early and not getting back to sleep, often interrupted short period of sleep, or hours of wakefulness. You ___27___ get tired, worried, and anxious. Your memory and ability to remember things will be affected. Then what should you do when you have the trouble? Do not worry about it too much. First, let?s see whether you can sleep yourself. The ways are as follows: First, ___28___ that your bedroom isn?t too cold or too hot. Keep it dark and quiet. Second, check your lifestyle:Do not drink tea, coffee, cola or chocolate four hours beforegoing to bed. Drink less liquid so that you can have no or fewer visits to the toilet.Set your body clock well by getting up and going to bed at the fixed time every day. You ___29___ take any daytime naps.Develop a relaxing bedtime habit. Read or listen to music, then take a warm bath. IfGo for a daily walk. Natural light helps you to put your body clock into correct habit, ___30___ do exercise outdoors if you can.A. make sureB. mayC. IfD. had better E so Passage 2It?s very interesting to study names of different countries. Chinese names are different __26__ foreign names. Once an English lady came to visit me. When I was introduced to her, she s aid, “Glad to meet you. Miss Ping.” Then she gave me her name card with three words on it: "Betty J. Black". So I said, “Thank you. Miss Betty.” We looked at each other and laughed heartily. Later I found that the English people __27__ their family names last and the given names first, while their middles are not used very much. I explained to her that the Chinese family name comes first, the given name last, so she __28__ never call me Miss Ping. She asked if we Chinese had a middle name. I told her we did n?t. But people may often find three words on a Chinese name card. In this case the family name still comes first, and the other words after it __29__ a two-word given name. It is quite usual in China. My sister is Li Xiaofang. She has two words in her given name instead __30__ just one like mine. A、put B、from C、should D、of E、arePassage 3Many people would agree that stress is a major problem in modern life. It is certainly true that worry and quarrel can cause all kinds of illnesses, __21__ backache to severe headaches, or even more serious complaints such as high blood pressure.Many of us think of stress as something that other people __22__ on us. We often complain about how other people put us under pressure. But we should try not to let such pressure affect us. We should not forget that we are largely __23__ for some of the stress ourselves. We sometimes take __24__ more work than our bodies and our minds can handle. We should learn to accept our limitations. We should be aware of __25__ things are really important and which are not.A. imposeB. responsibleC. which D . from E . onV英译汉（（共5题；每小题4分，满分20分）1. You will make mistakes if you do things in a hurry.2. Tomatoes are loaded with nutrients.3. I finish reading this book in a week.4. Do you think you can do it by yourself?5.I?d like to have coffee rather than tea.6. In short, our goal is to win world championship.7.In that case, you need all the help you can get.8. The more passions we have, the more happiness we are likely to experience.9.Apples here like water and sunshine.10.You should look around before you cross the street.11. All that glitters is not gold.12.It takes me an hour to walk there and back.13.He is familiar with the geography of New England.14.Tom was skilled enough in French to translate a novel.VI 写作（10分）要求在30分钟内，根据下面所给题目和提纲写出一篇不少于80词的短文。
山西医科大学学位英语考试真题**Analysis of Shanxi Medical University Degree English Exam Questions and Preparation Strategies**As a prestigious medical institution in China, Shanxi Medical University (SMU) places significant emphasis on English proficiency among its students, reflecting the global standards of medical education. The degree English examination conducted by SMU is not just a test oflinguistic skills; it's an assessment of the student's ability to comprehend and apply English in a medical context. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the recent degree English exam questions from SMU, offering insights into the exam pattern, common themes, and tips for effective preparation.**Exam Pattern and Question Types**The SMU degree English exam typically follows a standard structure, with a focus on reading comprehension, vocabulary and grammar, listening comprehension, writing, and translation. Reading comprehension questions often involve passages related to medical topics, testing thestudent's ability to extract key information and understand complex concepts. Vocabulary and grammar questions assess the student's command of the English language, while listening comprehension questions test the student'sability to understand spoken English, especially in a medical setting. Writing questions usually require the student to compose an essay or a letter, emphasizing clear communication and logical thinking. Translation questions, on the other hand, test the student's ability to translate medical terminology and concepts from English to Chinese or vice versa.**Common Themes and Topics**Medical topics and terminology are a recurrent theme in the SMU degree English exam. Questions often cover areas such as anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and medical ethics. It's crucial for students to familiarize themselves with these topics and their associated vocabulary, as they form the backbone of the exam. Additionally, questions may also touch on current medical research and advancements, highlighting the importance ofstaying up-to-date with the latest developments in the field.**Effective Preparation Strategies**Preparing for the SMU degree English exam requires a strategic approach. Here are some tips to help students ace the exam:1. **Focus on Medical Terminology:** Familiarizeyourself with medical terms and their meanings. Create flashcards or use online resources to help you memorize and practice using these terms. 2. **Read Widely:** Reading medical articles and journals can help improve your understanding of medical topics and enhance your vocabulary. This will also help you familiarize yourself with the language and tone used in medical writing. 3. **Practice Listening:** Improve your listening skills by listening to English podcasts, news, and medical lectures. This willhelp you understand spoken English better, especially in a medical context. 4. **Write Regularly:** Practice writing essays and letters related to medical topics. This willhelp you develop your writing skills and familiarizeyourself with the structure and tone of medical writing. 5.**Take Mock Tests:** Taking mock tests can help you familiarize yourself with the exam format and question types. It will also help you identify your weaknesses and work on them before the actual exam.In conclusion, the SMU degree English exam is a comprehensive assessment of the student's linguistic and medical knowledge. By focusing on medical terminology, reading widely, practicing listening, writing regularly, and taking mock tests, students can effectively prepare for the exam and achieve their desired results.。
医科大学英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分）1. The new drug is said to be so effective that it has no________ side effects.A. obviousB. severeC. seriousD. negligible答案：D2. Despite the heavy rain, the game will go on as ________.A. scheduledB. scheduleC. schedulingD. schedules答案：A3. The company has just launched a new product, ________ has attracted a lot of attention.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. whom答案：B4. It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a ________.A. professionB. hobbyC. scienceD. skill答案：C5. The doctor advised him to take a rest, saying that overwork might ________ his health.A. affectB. effectC. infectD. infect答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1Doctors have long known that stress can have a negative impact on a person's health. Recent studies have shown that chronic stress can lead to a variety of health problems, including high blood pressure, heart disease, and depression. The good news is that there are ways to manage stress effectively.Question 6: What is the main idea of the passage?A. The effects of stress on healthB. Ways to manage stressC. Chronic stress and its consequencesD. The importance of stress management答案：CQuestion 7: According to the passage, what are some of the health problems caused by chronic stress?A. High blood pressure and heart diseaseB. Heart disease and depressionC. High blood pressure, heart disease, and depressionD. Depression and high blood pressure答案：CPassage 2The role of nurses in healthcare is becoming increasingly important. Nurses not only provide direct patient care but also play a crucial role in patient education and advocacy. With the growing complexity of medical treatments, the need for skilled nursing professionals is on the rise.Question 8: What is the main focus of the passage?A. The importance of nurses in healthcareB. The complexity of medical treatmentsC. The role of nurses in patient educationD. The need for skilled nursing professionals答案：AQuestion 9: What does the passage suggest about the future of nursing?A. The role of nurses will decreaseB. The role of nurses will remain the sameC. The role of nurses will become more importantD. The role of nurses will become less complex答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of alternative therapies in medicine. These therapies include practices such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, and meditation. Many people believe that these therapies can help to improve their overall health and well-being.10. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of ________ therapies in medicine.A. alternativeB. traditionalC. modernD. conventional答案：A11. These therapies include practices such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, and ________.A. yogaB. meditationC. exerciseD. massage答案：B12. Many people believe that these therapies can help to improve their overall ________ and well-being.A. healthB. wealthC. happinessD. safety答案：A四、翻译（共30分）将下列句子从英语翻译成中文。
山西医科大学2022医学考博英语试题第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5短对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10分钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What is Agatha Christie？A. A writer.B. A bookseller.C. A detective.2. How many people are there in the woman’s family?A. 4.B. 6.C. 5.3. Why does the woman want to learn driving?A. She wants to buy a car.B. She likes driving.C. She wants to stay up-to-date.4. What is the woman looking for?A. A zoo.B. A. telephone.C. A tennis court.5. Who will pay for the lunch?A. The company.B. The woman.C. The man.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听下面一段对话，回答第6和第7题。
6. How does Lucy know there is a job opening in the toy store?A. From the personnel manager.B. From the advertisement in the newspaper.C. From the teacher.7. What is Lucy’s major?A. English.B. Business administration.C. Law. 听下面一段对话，回答第8和第9题。
1、Which of the following is a common symptom of anemia?A. HypertensionB. Low blood pressureC. Fatigue and weaknessD. Hyperglycemia (答案：C)2、The study of the structure and function of the human body is known as:A. PhysiologyB. PsychologyC. SociologyD. Anatomy (Note: While 'D. Anatomy' relates to the study of body structure, 'A. Physiology' encompasses both structure and function. In this context, 'Physiology' is a more comprehensive term. Therefore, the corrected answer should be A, assuming the question intends to encompass both structure and function.) (答案：A, corrected to include both structure and function)Note: Given the specific mention of "structure and function," the most accurate answer would be a combination of Anatomy and Physiology, but since we must choose one, Physiology (A) is more comprehensive.3、Which of the following is a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system?A. ErythrocyteB. Leukocyte (specifically, a Lymphocyte)C. PlateletD. Neuron (答案：B)4、The process by which the body converts food into energy is called:A. DigestionB. MetabolismC. RespirationD. Excretion (答案：B)5、Which of the following is a contagious viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system?A. InfluenzaB. DiabetesC. ArthritisD. Osteoporosis (答案：A)6、The medical term for an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood is:A. HypoglycemiaB. HyperglycemiaC. HypotensionD. Hypertension (答案：B)7、Which of the following organs is responsible for filtering waste and excess water from the blood, forming urine?A. HeartB. LungsC. KidneysD. Liver (答案：C)8、The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system is known as:A. CardiologyB. NeurologyC. DermatologyD. Gastroenterology (答案：B)。
一、英译汉（80分，要求全部段落进行概要性翻译）1. 第一部分（40分）The tumor-associated microenvironment, which consists of extracellular matrix (ECM), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), inflammatory immune cells, and tumor-associated vasculature, plays a critical role during tumorigenesis. CAFs, which are abundant in tumor-associated stroma, secrete several factors, including HGF and SDF1, to promote epithelial cell neoplastic transformation and cancer cell proliferation. In addition, CAFs interact with other stromal components to stimulate tumor-enhancing inflammation and angiogenesis. Moreover, ECM remodeling by CAFs is essential for tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Although CAFs are important constituents of the tumor stroma, the paracrine signals that mediate direct crosstalk between CAFs and tumor cells in metastasis are poorly understood.Exosomes are membrane vesicles that originate in large multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and are released in the extracellular milieu upon fusion of MVBs with the plasma membrane. Exosomes have the same topology as a cell and contain a broad array of biologically active material. Several cellular components of the tumor microenvironment and cancer cells secrete exosomes that function in an autocrine or paracrine manner to promote tumor-induced immune suppression, angiogenesis, and premetastatic niche formation. Currently, it is unknown whether CAFs secrete exosomes and whether these microvesicles support cancer cell metastasis.2. 第二部分（20分）Because the spectrum of cancer care includes screening as well as treatment, a comprehensive understanding of breast cancer cost must incorporate the cost of screening and associated workup. While the body of evidence concerning Medicare expenditures for cancer treatment has grown, relatively little is known about cost associated with screening Medicare beneficiaries for breast cancer. This is especially important among older women because recent guidelines have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to assess the benefits and harms of screening mammography in women 75 years or older.It is particularly timely to consider the cost implications of breast cancer screening because newer breast cancer screening technologies, such as digital mammography and computer-aideddetection (CAD), have expanded the options available to clinicians and are diffusing into clinical practice. The adoption of these new technologies can increase costs directly through reimbursement for the tests and also lead to higher rates of supplementary imaging, biopsy, or cancer detection. It is critical to assess the relation between screening expenditures and population outcomes since newer modalities can increase cancer detection rates but may not improve patient outcomes, particularly among older women.Ideally, higher breast cancer screening expenditures at the population level should correspond to earlier stage at diagnosis, lower treatment cost, or both. This can be evaluated by comparing differences in screening cost and cancer outcomes across geographic regions, hypothesizing that women living in regions that “invest” more in screening services may be less likely to be diagnosed at a later stage. However, in actual practice, it is unclear whether higher screening costs are associated with earlier stage at diagnosis or lower cancer treatment costs at the population level. To address these knowledge gaps, we estimated national breast cancer screening and treatment costs in the Medicare fee-for-service program. Our second objective was to assess regional variation in breast cancer screening cost, while our third objective was to determine the association between regional screening cost and breast cancer incidence and treatment costs. These data will inform clinicians and policy makers in a context of debate about Medicare reimbursement for various cancer screening modalities and concerns about growth in cancer expenditures.3. 第三部分（20分）The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 jointly to-John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka(山中伸弥) for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.SummaryThe Nobel Prize recognizes two scientists who discovered that mature, specialised cells can be reprogrammed to become immature cells capable of developing into all tissues of the body. Their findings have revolutionised our understanding of how cells and organisms develop. John B. Gurdon discovered in 1962 that the specialisation of cells is reversible. In a classic experiment, he replaced the immature cell nucleus in an egg cell of a frog with the nucleus from a matureintestinal cell. This modified egg cell developed into a normal tadpole. The DNA of the mature cell still had all the information needed to develop all cells in the frog.Shinya Yamanaka discovered more than 40 years later, in 2006, how intact mature cells in mice could be reprogrammed to become immature stem cells. Surprisingly, by introducing only a few genes, he could reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent stem cells, i.e. immature cells that are able to develop into all types of cells in the body. These groundbreaking discoveries have completely changed our view of the development and cellular specialisation. We now understand that the mature cell does not have to be confined forever to its specialised state. Textbooks have been rewritten and new research fields have been established. By reprogramming human cells, scientists have created new opportunities to study diseases and develop methods for diagnosis and therapy.Life, a journey towards increasing specialization. All of us developed from fertilized egg cells. During the first days after conception, the embryo consists of immature cells, each of which is capable of developing into all the cell types that form the adult organism. Such cells are called pluripotent stem cells. With further development of the embryo, these cells give rise to nerve cells, muscle cells, liver cells and all other cell types - each of them specialised to carry out a specific task in the adult body. This journey from immature to specialized cell was previously considered to be unidirectional. It was thought that the cell changes in such a way during maturation that it would no longer be possible for it to return to an immature, pluripotent stage. Frogs jump backwards in development John B. Gurdon challenged the dogma that the specialised cell is irreversibly committed to its fate. He hypothesized that its genome might still contain all the information needed to drive its development into all the different cell types of an organism. In 1962, he tested this hypothesis by replacing the cell nucleus of a frog's egg cell with a nucleus from a mature, specialized cell derived from the intestine of a tadpole. The egg developed into a fully functional, cloned tadpole and subsequent repeats of the experiment yielded adult frogs. The nucleus of the mature cell had not lost its capacity to drive development to a fully functional organism.Gurdon's landmark discovery was initially met with skepticism but became accepted when it had been confirmed by other scientists. It initiated intense research and the technique was further developed, leading eventually to the cloning of mammals. Gurdon's research taught us that thenucleus of a mature, specialized cell can be returned to an immature, pluripotent state. But his experiment involved the removal of cell nuclei with pipettes followed by their introduction into other cells. Would it ever be possible to turn an intact cell back into a pluripotent stem cell? A roundtrip journey–mature cells return to a stem cell state. Shinya Yamanaka was able to answer this question in a scientific breakthrough more than 40 years after Gurdon´s discovery. His research concerned embryonal stem cells, i.e. pluripotent stem cells that are isolated from the embryo and cultured in the laboratory. Such stem cells were initially isolated from mice by Martin Evans (Nobel Prize 2007) and Yamanaka tried to find the genes that kept them immature. When several of these genes had been identified, he tested whether any of them could reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent stem cells. Yamanaka and his co-workers introduced these genes, in different combinations, into mature cells from connective tissue, fibroblasts, and examined the results under the microscope. They finally found a combination that worked, and the recipe was surprisingly simple. By introducing four genes together, they could reprogram their fibroblasts into immature stem cells!The resulting induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) could develop into mature cell types such as fibroblasts, nerve cells and gut cells. The discovery that intact, mature cells could be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells was published in 2006 and was immediately considered a major breakthrough. From surprising discovery to medical use The discoveries of Gurdon and Yamanaka have shown that specialized cells can turn back the developmental clock under certain circumstances. Although their genome undergoes modifications during development, these modifications are not irreversible. We have obtained a new view of the development of cells and organisms. Research during recent years has shown that iPS cells can give rise to all the different cell types of the body. These discoveries have also provided new tools for scientists around the world and led to remarkable progress in many areas of medicine. iPS cells can also be prepared from human cells. For instance, skin cells can be obtained from patients with various diseases, reprogrammed, and examined in the laboratory to determine how they differ from cells of healthy individuals. Such cells constitute invaluable tools for understanding disease mechanisms and so provide new opportunities to develop medical therapies.Sir John B. Gurdon was born in 1933 in Dippenhall, UK. He received his Doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1960 and was a postdoctoral fellow at California Institute of Technology.He joined Cambridge University, UK, in 1972 and has served as Professor of Cell Biology and Master of Magdalene College. Gurdon is currently at the Gurdon Institute in Cambridge. Shinya Yamanaka was born in Osaka, Japan in 1962. He obtained his MD in 1987 at Kobe University and trained as an orthopaedic surgeon before switching to basic research. Yamanaka received his PhD at Osaka City University in 1993, after which he worked at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, USA and Nara Institute of Science and Technology in Japan. Yamanaka is currently Professor at Kyoto University, where he directs its Center for iPS Research and Application. He is also a senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes.二、汉译英（20分，要求精准翻译）1．Toru Aoyama博士最终认为，对2/3期接受D2胃切除术的胃癌患者，体重减轻为通过S-1辅助化疗依从性最重要的风险因素。
2010专业英语第一部分(语言学)70，I.解释10*2，minimal pair, constituent, derivitional morpheme, deep structure, antonymy, entailment, overgeneralization, funtional shift, register, tenor of discourse II.给语音特征写音标10*1，J1)voiced velar stop2)lateral3)voiced dental fricative4)voiceless dental fricative5)voiceless platal-alveolar affricativeIII.简答2*i(r1.differences between competence and performance?2.differences between linguistics and traditional grammar?IV.大题1*20，relative between language and society?第二部分(英国文学)1.给作品写作家10*1。
1 .Captain Singleton (Daniel Defoe)2. A Sentimental Journey (Laurence Sterne)3.The Rivals (Richard Brinsley Sheridan)4.Prometheus Unbound (Percy Bysshe Shelly)5.The Book of Snobs (William Makepeace Thackeray)6.Emma (Jane Austen)7.Jude the Obscure (Thomas Hardy)8.Pygmalion (George Bernard Shaw)9.Mrs. Dalloway (Viginia Woolf)10.??11.术语解释2*3，1.miracle2.Neo-romanticismIII.选读鉴赏Identify and comment.."I wander thro* each charter'd street,Near where the charter'd Thames does flow,And mark in every face I meetMarks of weakness, marks of woe."(London by William Blake)IV.the theme and artistic feature of Milton's Paradise Lost第三部分（美国文学）I.给作品写作家10*1'1.The Nature of True Virtue （Jonathan Edwards）2."Self-Reliance" （Ralph Waldo Emerson）3.Billy Budd （Herman Melville）4.n I heard a fly buzz when I die" （Emily Dickinson）5.The Golden Bowl （Henry James）6.The Gift of the Magi （O. Henry）7.The Jungle （Upton Sinclair）8.The Unvanquished （William Faulkner）9.Awake and Sing （Clifford Odets）10.??11.术语解释2*3」--（每年的名词解释都有特皆晃的）1.Babbittry2.ExstentialismIII.选读鉴赏Identify and comment 1*99"Why doth the minister sit yonder?" asked Pearl."He waits to welcome thee," replied her mother."Foolish child, what a question is that !" exclaimed her mother."Come and ask his blessing !"（The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne, Chapter 19）（这段中有出现He s t e r这个名字）IV.theme of Tennessee Williams1 The Glass Menagerie2011年山大英语专业考研真题（回忆版）-二外法语法语第一题：单选（1*30）第二题：阅读（1*20）第三题：用所给动词的适当形式，适当语态填空（1.5*10）（考到了条件式，虚拟式，复合过去时，未完成过去时简单过去式）第四题：法译汉（20）（关于汶川地震的文章）第五题：汉译法（1.5*10）实践英语第一题：单选（1*10）第二题：阅读（2*20）第三题：完形填空（0.5*10）（不给任何词）第四题：改错（1*10）第五题：写一篇150字左右的summary （关于英国各大学的学生对自己学校的教学满意度的文章）（15）第六题：作文work attitude （30）第七题：翻译（20*2）汉译法（关于唐玄奘西天取经的描述，开头提到了《西游记》）英译汉专业英语.语言学1.名词解释（10个）Displacementperformative parallelism clipping predication hyponymyphrase structure rules adjacent pair transferredepithet thematic structure2.简答（2个）syntagmatic and paradigmaticderivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme3.论述（与往年不同，今年给出一段话，让首先判断所说的话是否正确，再解释原因）（2个）.英国文学1.作家作品（10个）Doctor Faustus, Measure for measure, Paradise Lost, JosephAndrews, Pamela, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, Far from Madding Crowd, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Widower's Houses, Sailing to Byzantium2.名词解释（2 个）Aestheticism,Sentimentalism3.选段作品赏析4.论述：What is the differencebetween the works of Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte?.美国文学1.作家作品（10 个）Rappaccini's daughter, Song of Myself, As I Lay Dying, The Raven,The Man that Corrupted Hardleybug, A Lost Lady, McTeague, Winsburg,Ohio, U.S.A.The Emperor Jones,2.名词解释（2 个）The Lost Generation,point of view3.选段作品赏析4.论述：Analyze the character of Ahab in the"Moby Dick”.。
山西医科大学研究生学位英语考试真题Shanxi Medical University Graduate Degree English Exam1. Listening ComprehensionPart ADirections: In this part of the test, you will hear short conversations. After each conversation, you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversations and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Question 1: What is the man doing?A. Cooking dinner.B. Cleaning the living room.C. Doing laundry.D. Watching TV.Question 2: What will the woman do this weekend?A. Stay at home.B. Go to a party.C. Watch a movie.D. Go hiking.Part BDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation, you will hear several questions about the conversation. The conversations and questions will be spoken two times. They will not be printed in your test book, so you must listen carefully to understand what the speakers are saying.Question 3: What is the main topic of the conversation?A. Travel plans.B. Job interview.C. Classroom assignment.D. Book club meeting.2. Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: In this part of the test, there will be passages to read. After reading a passage, you will hear three or fourquestions about it. You must choose the best answer to each question from the four choices.Passage 1Many people believe that living in a big city is exciting and offers numerous opportunities. However, there are drawbacks as well. Traffic congestion, high cost of living, and pollution are some of the disadvantages of urban living.Question 1: What are some drawbacks of living in a big city?A. Easy transportation.B. Low cost of living.C. Pollution.D. Quiet environment.Question 2: What do many people believe about living in a big city?A. Boring.B. Exciting.C. Stressful.D. Isolating.Part BDirections: In this part of the test, you will read four passages. After reading each passage, you will answer five or six questions about it. You must choose the best answer to each question from the four choices.Passage 2Exercise is essential for maintaining physical health. It improves heart and lung function, builds muscle strength, and enhances flexibility. Regular exercise can also help prevent chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.Question 3: What are some benefits of exercise?A. Weakening muscles.B. Blood pressure reduction.C. Increased cholesterol levels.D. Lack of energy.Question 4: What can regular exercise help prevent?A. Heart disease.B. Alzheimer's.C. Asthma.D. Allergies.3. WritingPart ADirections: In this part of the test, you will read a passage. After reading the passage, you will write an essay in response to the question asked after the passage. You must clearly express your point of view and support it with reasons and examples. Your essay must be written in English.PassageSome people believe that social media is harmful because it distracts people from face-to-face interactions and promotes cyberbullying. Others argue that social media connects people around the world and allows them to share ideas and experiences.Essay Question: Do you believe that social media is harmful or beneficial? Explain your position.Part BDirections: In this part of the test, you will write an essay on a specific topic. You must write at least 250 words in response tothe topic provided. Your essay must be well-organized, clearly written, and grammatically correct.Essay Topic: Discuss the importance of higher education in today's society.Overall, the Shanxi Medical University Graduate Degree English Exam covers listening comprehension, reading comprehension, and writing skills. It is designed to assess students' ability to understand and communicate in English effectively. Good luck to all test takers!。
研究生专业英语考试试题(2012)一、将下列句子翻译成英文(1)直接用激光标刻标识刀具的工作过程如图2所示：首先对刀具信息进行编码，形成二维条码，然后通过激光标刻机，在刀具表面形成一定深度的永久性条码图象，这些条码图象经过条码识别设备进行扫描和解码处理，得到的数据通过串口(Rs232或USB)输出到计算机上保存。
条码识别设备采集的数据也可以直接集成到其它应用系统，如刀具管理系统，实现刀具数据的动态更新。
图2为刀具直接激光标刻工作过程示意图。
图3是刀具上直接标刻的条码示例。
(2)由仿真结果可见，本文的控制方法对抑制转子振动比较有效，相比于开环情形，在控制器作用下，转子的不平衡响应迅速减小，过渡吋间短，仅约为儿个毫秒，而z、y方向的振动幅值减小了约90%,仅在偏离期望位置一个较小的范围内涡动。
这充分说明，经过预辨识的非线性离散模型式(16)、式(17)12能较好地逼近实际系统，对于本例中的小位移情形，系统响应特性表现的较好；但值得指出的是，对于大位移情形，由于节流器上下限参数的限制，在控制作用施加的过渡期系统会表现出较人的过渡或振荡，与图5的曲线会存在较大弟异。
二、将下列短文翻译成中文Dragging a tool across a textured object creates rich high-frequency vibrations that distinctly convey the physical interaction between the tool tip and the object surface. Varying one's scanning speed and normal force alters these vibrations, but it does not change the perceived identity of the tool or the surface. Previous research developed a promising data-driven approach to embedding this natural complexity in a haptic virtual environment: the approach centers on recording and modeling the tool contact accelerations that occur during real texture interactions at a limited set of force-speed combinations. This paper aims to optimize these prior methods of texture modeling and rendering to improve system performance and enable potentially higher levels of haptic realism. The key elements of our approach are drawn from time series analysis, speech processing, and discrete-time control. We represent each recorded texture vibration with a low-order auto-regressive moving・average (ARMA) model, and we optimize this set of models for a specific tool-surface pairing (plastic stylus and textured ABS plastic)using metrics that depend on spectral match, final prediction error, and model order. For rendering, we stably resample the texture models at the desired output rate, and we derive a new texture model at each time step using bilinear interpolation on the line spectral frequencies of the resampled models adjacent to the user's current force and speed. These refined processes enable our TexturePad system to generate a stable and spectrally accurate vibration waveform in real time, moving us closer to the goal of virtual textures that are indistinguishable from their real counterparts・三、阅读下列短文，翻译划线句子，并写出摘要(300词以内)During sheet metal forming, the material undergoes complex strain paths involving large plastic strains. The combination of several simple loading test sequences is known to be an effective way to investigate the plastic behavior of sheet metals under such real-forming conditions. The mechanical behavior of low-carbon steels understrain-path changes has been repeatedly studied in the literature. (1) A temporary stagnation of the work・hardening rate was observed under Bauschinger sequences, whereas a strong hardening followed by softening and again hardening was found to be typical of orthogonal tensilc/shear and shear/shear defonnation sequences・ TheTEM(transmission electron microscopy) observations showed the differences in dislocation structure evolution taking place during Bauschinger and orthogonalstrain-path changes. (2) Thus, the work・hardening stagnation was shown to be associated with the partial disintegration of dislocation sheets, whereas the stress decrease at the beginning of the second path during crossJoading has been associated with the intragranular localization of the defonnation in microbands. However, these microstructure investigations were focused mainly upon morphological peculiarities, dislocation density and arrangement, whereas influence of the initial ordeformation-induced grain orientation on the microstructure evolution under strain-path changes has scarcely been considered・ On the other hand, in view of the already proved difference in microstructure evolution displayed by grains of differentorientations after monotonic loading, this kind of information is considered essential for a better understanding of the deformation mechanisms taking place under strain-path changes・A detailed analysis of the texture evolution in low-carbon steel sheets during Bauschinger and orthogonal-shear sequences was performed in References 8 and 9. In particular, it has been shown that the grain orientation (geometrical factor) may have a significant influence on the experimental work-hardening characteristics・ Both micro structural (associated with dislocation arrangement and density) and texture contributions had to be taken into account in order to completely explain the observed shapes of the stress-strain curves after strain-path changes・(3) Notwithstanding, these contributions can hardly be considered as two independent factors because the texture evolution is strongly influenced by the heterogeneity of plastic deformation, whereas micro structural changes are in turn expected to depend on the initial and deformation・induced grain orientations. That is why a simultaneous examination of the microstructure and texture evolution should be performed, in order to achieve a more comprehensive explanation of the mechanical behavior under complex strain-path changes・(4) The present article presents a systematic investigation of TEM microstructure evolution in a low・carbon Ti・killed interstitialfree (IF) steel in connection with the crystallographic grain orientation under various simple・sheai7simple shear and uniaxial・tension/simple・shear sequences・ In what follows, the performed mechanical tests are summarized in Section II, and the texture evolution measured during the various strain paths is presented in Section III and subsequently analyzed with the aid of a Taylor model that has been developed for the simulation of texture evolution during cold deformation. The various observed microstructures are described in Section IV and classified as a function of the grain orientation path predicted with the aid of the Taylor model in Section V. All these results are discussed in the context of the inter-relation between the microstructure and texture evolution and of their joint influence on the mechanical behavior・。
山西医科大学研究生学位英语考试
六级没有过390分的研究生毕业要参加学校的学位英语，如果通过，就可以拿到学位证，淘汰率是末尾10%。
一般一周内就出成绩了。
考试内容共分为4部分：一、作文：20分，要求150字。
本年题目是写大学生校外租房现象的利与弊，以及你的看法。
二、阅读：40分，一篇快速阅读，共10道题，是2006年以前的题型，每一段话都对应一个大意，然后对应选择；两篇精读，每篇5道题。
三、完形填空，20分，20道题。
四、翻译：20分，英译汉，题目给出一整段话，选中其中5句话翻译；汉译英，翻译一段话。
考试注意事项：自己最好提前准备一下作文，其他的就看平时的功底了。
而且不要准备作弊，外面人不可能有题的，因为医科大的题都是在学校的题库里抽取，都是非常古老的题目，很多年前的。
考场每个人进的时候都要扫描，考场里还有屏蔽信号的仪器，每个考场4个监考老师，还有2个培养科的老师，如果抓到作弊，那学位证肯定就没有了。
如果5月份这次校内英语没有过，6月的六级过了390也可以，同年12月还可以参加一次校内英语，而且不要延期毕业。
如果12月还没有考过，需要延期毕业一年，有2次参加六级考试的机会，而且还可以参加一次校内英语。
很多同学中都传说考试内容是近十年的六级原题，可是考完之后大家都说没有看到原题。
一、英译汉（80分，要求全部段落进行概要性翻译）1. 第一部分（40分）The tumor-associated microenvironment, which consists of extracellular matrix (ECM), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), inflammatory immune cells, and tumor-associated vasculature, plays a critical role during tumorigenesis. CAFs, which are abundant in tumor-associated stroma, secrete several factors, including HGF and SDF1, to promote epithelial cell neoplastic transformation and cancer cell proliferation. In addition, CAFs interact with other stromal components to stimulate tumor-enhancing inflammation and angiogenesis. Moreover, ECM remodeling by CAFs is essential for tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Although CAFs are important constituents of the tumor stroma, the paracrine signals that mediate direct crosstalk between CAFs and tumor cells in metastasis are poorly understood.Exosomes are membrane vesicles that originate in large multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and are released in the extracellular milieu upon fusion of MVBs with the plasma membrane. Exosomes have the same topology as a cell and contain a broad array of biologically active material. Several cellular components of the tumor microenvironment and cancer cells secrete exosomes that function in an autocrine or paracrine manner to promote tumor-induced immune suppression, angiogenesis, and premetastatic niche formation. Currently, it is unknown whether CAFs secrete exosomes and whether these microvesicles support cancer cell metastasis.2. 第二部分（20分）Because the spectrum of cancer care includes screening as well as treatment, a comprehensive understanding of breast cancer cost must incorporate the cost of screening and associated workup. While the body of evidence concerning Medicare expenditures for cancer treatment has grown, relatively little is known about cost associated with screening Medicare beneficiaries for breast cancer. This is especially important among older women because recent guidelines have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to assess the benefits and harms of screening mammography in women 75 years or older.It is particularly timely to consider the cost implications of breast cancer screening because newer breast cancer screening technologies, such as digital mammography and computer-aideddetection (CAD), have expanded the options available to clinicians and are diffusing into clinical practice. The adoption of these new technologies can increase costs directly through reimbursement for the tests and also lead to higher rates of supplementary imaging, biopsy, or cancer detection. It is critical to assess the relation between screening expenditures and population outcomes since newer modalities can increase cancer detection rates but may not improve patient outcomes, particularly among older women.Ideally, higher breast cancer screening expenditures at the population level should correspond to earlier stage at diagnosis, lower treatment cost, or both. This can be evaluated by comparing differences in screening cost and cancer outcomes across geographic regions, hypothesizing that women living in regions that “invest” more in screening services may be less likely to be diagnosed at a later stage. However, in actual practice, it is unclear whether higher screening costs are associated with earlier stage at diagnosis or lower cancer treatment costs at the population level. To address these knowledge gaps, we estimated national breast cancer screening and treatment costs in the Medicare fee-for-service program. Our second objective was to assess regional variation in breast cancer screening cost, while our third objective was to determine the association between regional screening cost and breast cancer incidence and treatment costs. These data will inform clinicians and policy makers in a context of debate about Medicare reimbursement for various cancer screening modalities and concerns about growth in cancer expenditures.3. 第三部分（20分）The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 jointly to-John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka(山中伸弥) for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.SummaryThe Nobel Prize recognizes two scientists who discovered that mature, specialised cells can be reprogrammed to become immature cells capable of developing into all tissues of the body. Their findings have revolutionised our understanding of how cells and organisms develop. John B. Gurdon discovered in 1962 that the specialisation of cells is reversible. In a classic experiment, he replaced the immature cell nucleus in an egg cell of a frog with the nucleus from a matureintestinal cell. This modified egg cell developed into a normal tadpole. The DNA of the mature cell still had all the information needed to develop all cells in the frog.Shinya Yamanaka discovered more than 40 years later, in 2006, how intact mature cells in mice could be reprogrammed to become immature stem cells. Surprisingly, by introducing only a few genes, he could reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent stem cells, i.e. immature cells that are able to develop into all types of cells in the body. These groundbreaking discoveries have completely changed our view of the development and cellular specialisation. We now understand that the mature cell does not have to be confined forever to its specialised state. Textbooks have been rewritten and new research fields have been established. By reprogramming human cells, scientists have created new opportunities to study diseases and develop methods for diagnosis and therapy.Life, a journey towards increasing specialization. All of us developed from fertilized egg cells. During the first days after conception, the embryo consists of immature cells, each of which is capable of developing into all the cell types that form the adult organism. Such cells are called pluripotent stem cells. With further development of the embryo, these cells give rise to nerve cells, muscle cells, liver cells and all other cell types - each of them specialised to carry out a specific task in the adult body. This journey from immature to specialized cell was previously considered to be unidirectional. It was thought that the cell changes in such a way during maturation that it would no longer be possible for it to return to an immature, pluripotent stage. Frogs jump backwards in development John B. Gurdon challenged the dogma that the specialised cell is irreversibly committed to its fate. He hypothesized that its genome might still contain all the information needed to drive its development into all the different cell types of an organism. In 1962, he tested this hypothesis by replacing the cell nucleus of a frog's egg cell with a nucleus from a mature, specialized cell derived from the intestine of a tadpole. The egg developed into a fully functional, cloned tadpole and subsequent repeats of the experiment yielded adult frogs. The nucleus of the mature cell had not lost its capacity to drive development to a fully functional organism.Gurdon's landmark discovery was initially met with skepticism but became accepted when it had been confirmed by other scientists. It initiated intense research and the technique was further developed, leading eventually to the cloning of mammals. Gurdon's research taught us that thenucleus of a mature, specialized cell can be returned to an immature, pluripotent state. But his experiment involved the removal of cell nuclei with pipettes followed by their introduction into other cells. Would it ever be possible to turn an intact cell back into a pluripotent stem cell? A roundtrip journey–mature cells return to a stem cell state. Shinya Yamanaka was able to answer this question in a scientific breakthrough more than 40 years after Gurdon´s discovery. His research concerned embryonal stem cells, i.e. pluripotent stem cells that are isolated from the embryo and cultured in the laboratory. Such stem cells were initially isolated from mice by Martin Evans (Nobel Prize 2007) and Yamanaka tried to find the genes that kept them immature. When several of these genes had been identified, he tested whether any of them could reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent stem cells. Yamanaka and his co-workers introduced these genes, in different combinations, into mature cells from connective tissue, fibroblasts, and examined the results under the microscope. They finally found a combination that worked, and the recipe was surprisingly simple. By introducing four genes together, they could reprogram their fibroblasts into immature stem cells!The resulting induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) could develop into mature cell types such as fibroblasts, nerve cells and gut cells. The discovery that intact, mature cells could be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells was published in 2006 and was immediately considered a major breakthrough. From surprising discovery to medical use The discoveries of Gurdon and Yamanaka have shown that specialized cells can turn back the developmental clock under certain circumstances. Although their genome undergoes modifications during development, these modifications are not irreversible. We have obtained a new view of the development of cells and organisms. Research during recent years has shown that iPS cells can give rise to all the different cell types of the body. These discoveries have also provided new tools for scientists around the world and led to remarkable progress in many areas of medicine. iPS cells can also be prepared from human cells. For instance, skin cells can be obtained from patients with various diseases, reprogrammed, and examined in the laboratory to determine how they differ from cells of healthy individuals. Such cells constitute invaluable tools for understanding disease mechanisms and so provide new opportunities to develop medical therapies.Sir John B. Gurdon was born in 1933 in Dippenhall, UK. He received his Doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1960 and was a postdoctoral fellow at California Institute of Technology.He joined Cambridge University, UK, in 1972 and has served as Professor of Cell Biology and Master of Magdalene College. Gurdon is currently at the Gurdon Institute in Cambridge. Shinya Yamanaka was born in Osaka, Japan in 1962. He obtained his MD in 1987 at Kobe University and trained as an orthopaedic surgeon before switching to basic research. Yamanaka received his PhD at Osaka City University in 1993, after which he worked at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, USA and Nara Institute of Science and Technology in Japan. Yamanaka is currently Professor at Kyoto University, where he directs its Center for iPS Research and Application. He is also a senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes.二、汉译英（20分，要求精准翻译）1．Toru Aoyama博士最终认为，对2/3期接受D2胃切除术的胃癌患者，体重减轻为通过S-1辅助化疗依从性最重要的风险因素。
