Chapter 8 Language and society
Sociolinguistics ---- a sub-field of linguists that studies the relation
between language and society, between the uses of language and
the social structures in which the users of language live.
The relatedness between language and society
----There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language
and society.
Language is often used to establish and maintain social
relationships. (e.g. greeting)
The use of language is in part determined by the user’s social
background. (social class, age, sex, education level, etc.)
Language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the
physical and the social environments of a society. (“snow” for
Eskimo)
As a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure
of the society in which it is used, the evaluation of a linguistic form
Chapter 8 Forecasting
1 Chapter 8 Forecasting Key Terms Demand management,200 Demand management is the function of recognizing and managing all demands for products. Order processing,200 The activity required to administratively process a customer’s order and make it ready for shipment or production. Trend,202 General upward or downward movement of a variable over time. Seasonality,202 A repetitive pattern of demand from year to year (or other repeating time interval) with some periods considerably higher than others. Random variation,202 A fluctuation in data that is caused by uncertain or random occurrences. Stable,203 The demand patterns which retain the same general shape are called stable. Qualitative techniques,206 Qualitative techniques are projections based on judgment, intuition, and informed opinions. Extrinsic forecasting techniques, 206 Extrinsic forecasting techniques are projections based on external (extrinsic) indicators which relate to the demand for a company’s products. Economic indicators, 206 An index of total business activities at the regional, national, and global levels. They describe economic conditions prevailing during a given time period. Intrinsic forecasting techniques,207 Intrinsic forecasting techniques use historical data to forecast. Moving average,209 An arithmetic average of certain number (n) of the most recent observations. As each new observation is added, the oldest observation is dropped. The value of n ( the number of periods to use for the average) reflects responsiveness versus stability in the same way that the choice of smoothing constant does in exponential smoothing. There are two types of moving average, simple and weighted. Exponential smoothing forecast,210 A type of weighted moving average forecasting technique in which past observations are geometrically discounted according to their age. The heaviest weight is assigned to the most recent data. The smoothing is Study Notes Prepared by Vancal MSN: raolip@
8-1 CHAPTER 8
Multiple-Choice Questions
1.
easy Which of the following is not one of the three main reasons why the auditor should properly
plan engagements?
a a. To enable proper on-the-job training of employees.
b. To enable the auditor to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence.
c. To avoid misunderstandings with the client.
d. To help keep audit costs reasonable.
2. Avoiding misunderstandings with the client is important for:
easy a. good client relations.
d b. facilitating high-quality work at a reasonable cost.
c. either a or b, but not both.
d. both a and b.
3.
easy A measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially
misstated after the audit is completed and an unqualified opinion has been issued is the:
b a. inherent risk.
b. acceptable audit risk.
光学工程专业硕士研究生培养方案
一、 培养目标及学习年限：
本专业培养德、智、体全面发展的光学工程方面的高级专门人才。要求学生遵守中华人民共和国宪法和法律，具有为科学事业献身的精神、良好的品德和科学修养、健康的身体和良好的心理素质；在本学科掌握坚实宽广的基础理论和系统深入的专业知识，掌握一至两门外国语，具有独立从事科学研究、教学或独立负担专业技术工作的基本能力，在光学工程或相关科学领域的研究或应用上做出创造性成果，成为为社会主义建设服务的高级专门人才。
学制三年。
二、 研究方向：
01新型发光器件； 02平板显示器件技术；03新型光子器件原理与技术；04全光开关技术与应用；05光机电一体化；06有机发光与显示；07光电材料及光机电系统；08宽禁带半导体光电子器件； 09光通信器件及封装技术； 10光电器件及传感测量技术； 11新型光学薄膜器件与技术；12超快信息光学与光通信技术；13光学系统设计和光电测控技术；14光电数字图像和信息处理； 15激光与太赫兹技术 ；16超高密度、高速磁存储技术； 17新型光电子器件原理和应用 ；18微纳集成光电子器件 ； 19光信息处理原理与技术；20半导体光电器件的光学设计； 21新型激光和光电器件原理与技术应用； 22显示电子技术与专用集成电路。
三、课程设置及学分要求：
必修课21学分，总学分不少于30学分。
类别 编号 课程名称 开课
学期 学时 学分 任课教师
（职称） 考核方式
必修课
公共课 第一外国语
First foreign language 秋季 36 2 大学英语教学部 考试
马克思主义理论
Theory of Marxism 春季 72 4 教育学院 考试
专业课 专业英语（光学工程）
Scientific English 秋季 72 3 理工学院 考试
30000200057 光通信原理与系统
Principle and System of Optical
