专业英语试卷
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1. 碱性氧气转炉：basic oxygen furnace2.不锈钢：stainless steel3.氧枪：oxygen lanc4. 高炉：blast furnace5.溅渣护炉：slag splashing6.LF精炼炉：Ladle—Furnace7. 造渣剂：flux 8.电弧炉：electric-arc furnace 9.焦比：coke rate10.耐火材料：refractory material1.随着对高质量钢需求的增加，炉外精炼已成为当今炼钢过程中必不可少的步骤As the demand for high quality steels increased , post—treatment became a routine step in the production of steel .2. 炼钢的原料为铁水、废钢、海绵铁、造渣剂、合金剂和脱氧剂。
The raw materials used for steelmaking are hot metal, steel scrap, sponge iron, slag formers, alloying agents and deoxidizer.3. 炉外精炼的任务主要是：脱气，脱碳和去除不必要的非金属夹杂物。
The task of secondary refining are: degassing, decarburization and removing undesirable non-metallics.4. 高炉炼铁的主要含铁原料是铁矿石、烧结矿、球团矿。
The major iron-bearing materials are iron ores, sinter and pellet in the blast furnace5.气体还原法中，还原剂是一氧化碳，氢气或这两种气体的混合物。
Reducing gases are carbon monoxide, hydrogen or mixtures of two in gas reduction process.1.The inside profile of the blast furnace is termed (from top to bottom) furnace throat, shaft，belly, bosh and hearth. The lower portion of the furnace is called the hearth.The hearth comprises carbon side wall and a central composite plug. One or more iron notches are located above the hearth, and molten iron and slag are removed through them. Above the iron notch is the slag notch. With modern low slag volume practice, the slag notch is typically for blowing-in or emergency use only. The portion above the hearth is the bosh, and the bosh angle is a critical parameter in the design of the furnace. The belly of the widest point can be cooled by a variety of methods. The bosh and stack usually have ceramic lining.高炉内型（自上而下）可以描述为炉喉，炉身，炉腰，炉腹，炉缸。
较低的部分叫炉缸，炉缸四周由碳砖砌筑，底部中心复合砌筑。
炉缸底部有一个或多个出铁口，铁水和炉渣从这些铁口排出，铁口的上部是渣口，在现代低渣量操作的情况下，渣口仅在开炉和紧急条件下使用。
炉缸上部是炉腹，炉腹角在高炉设计中是一个关键的参数。
最宽的部分是炉腰，可以通过各种方法冷却。
一般情况下，炉腹和炉身采用陶瓷内衬。
2. The transfer of the other tramp elements form the hot metal or the scrap is performed in two stages: In the first stage, the tramp elements are oxidized.They are not soluble in the liquid iron. In the second stage, they rise to the metal surface and combine with the added lime to form slag. All the heat generated by their oxidation is available, directly, to the metal and slag. As silicon is oxidized, it forms silica and produces heat. Silica accelerates dissolution of lime in slag and the process of slag formation as a whole, while the liberated heat is utilized for melting scrap. Silica is very stable, once formed, which is not again reduced in any of the basic processes.铁水和废钢中的杂质元素进入炉渣是分两个阶段进行的。
第一阶段，把杂质元素氧化，它们在铁液中不能溶解；第二阶段，它们上升到铁水表面并与加入的石灰形成炉渣，钢液和炉渣可以直接得到氧化反应产生的所有热量。
硅能被氧化成二氧化硅并放出热量，二氧化硅加速了渣中石灰的溶解及炉渣的形成进程，释放出的热量可用于熔化废钢。
二氧化硅非常稳定，一旦形成，就不会在任何碱性工艺下重新还原。
3. J ust as in the case of the hot metal, the slag formers are used to produce a reactionable low viscosity slag capable of absorbing undesired elements. Slag formers are used at all stages of iron and steel production, such as refining, pretreatment, post-treatment, and in steel casting. Slag formers consist of lime, dolomite, fluorspar, etc. Lime (CaO) and dolomite (CaCO3, MgCO3) are the two primary fluxes. Lime is obtained by calcining the carbonate minerals in rotary kilns. As slag formers, a special limitation is that dusty materials must be avoided, since dust is carried off easily by waste gases.就如铁水的（生产）情况一样，使用造渣剂会产生一种反应性好的能吸收杂质元素的低粘度炉渣。
在钢铁生产的各个阶段，如精炼阶段、预处理阶段、炉外精炼阶段以及铸钢阶段都使用造渣剂。
造渣剂有石灰、白云石、萤石等组成。
石灰和白云石是两种主要的造渣剂，石灰可以通过在回转窑内煅烧碳酸盐获得。
作为造渣剂要特别注意避免使用粉末状材料，因为废气很容易将粉末带走。
4. RH process is circulation degassing in vacuum chamber. There are two circulation legs under the vacuum chamber and the steel is cau sed to flow up into evacuated chamber for degassing by the passage of a small but continuous flow of argon gas into one leg of the chamber. Gravity causes it to leave through the other leg and return to the ladle where the outflow creates the adequate degree of circulation. The average circulation rate is usually some 12 ton per min and 20min are required to fully treat a 100 ton ladle of steel. The temperature loss will be 40 to 50℃for about 40 ton.RH法师循环真空脱气工艺。
脱气室下部设有与其相通的两根循环流管，钢液通过一根连续吹氩的管子进入真空室进行脱气。
重力的作用又导致钢液从另一根管子离开并返回到钢包中。
该工艺的平均循环流速通常是每分钟12t，20min将处理完100t的钢包，而对于大约40t 钢包来说温度损失是40~20℃。
5. Copper removal from molten steel to FeS-Na2S slag has been studied at 1853K. The mass percentage (mass Pct) of carbon in steel samples is 0.18. For comparison, the copper removal experiments were also performed in molten iron whose carbon content (mass Pct) is 4.7. It is found that with the same slag composition, the final copper content in molten iron is much lower than that in molten steel, which implies that the copper removal is more effective in molten iron. The analysis suggests that this phenomenon may originate from the high activity coefficient of copper in molten iron, which is caused by the high carbon content. To improve the copper removal effect in molten steel, more slag was added. And the copper removal ratio can reach 48.09% when the weight ratio of slag/steel is 20%. This result may be acceptable for the industrial purpose. (引自“Copper Removal From Molten Steel With FeS-Na2S Slag”，High Temperature Materials and Process V ol.28(2009), No.1-2 pp.67-72)在1853K条件下，对含有硫化亚铁-硫化钠渣的钢水进行了去除铜的研究。
